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To obtain the state-of-charge (SOC) estimation value well, a second-order equivalent circuit model is selected as the research object. Aimed at the disadvantage that the recursive least squares method with a forgetting factor is easy to be disturbed by environmental factors such as noises in the parameter identification, a bias compensation recursive least squares method is proposed to realize the accurate identification of model parameters, and the SOC is estimated combined with the unscented Kalman filter algorithm. In view of the disadvantages of the unscented Kalman filter algorithm such as poor stability, the weight vectors are used to update the Kalman filter gain in the filter algorithm. Experimental results show that the total error of the proposed algorithm in estimating SOC was controlled within 2.7%, which verified the robustness and effectiveness of the algorithm.

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为更好地获得锂离子电池荷电状态 SOC(state-of-charge)估计值,选用二阶等效电路模型作为研究对象,针对带有遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法在参数辨识中易受到噪声等环境因素干扰的缺点,提出偏差补偿最小二乘法来实现模型参数的准确辨识,并结合无迹卡尔曼滤波算法对SOC进行估计。针对无迹卡尔曼滤波算法稳定性差等缺点,提出利用权重向量更新滤波算法中的卡尔曼滤波增益。实验结果表明,所提算法估计 SOC 的总误差可控制在2.7%以内,验证了算法的鲁棒性和有效性。

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王语园(1981-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:yuyuan2657@126.com。

安盼龙(1978-),男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:光电技术。E-mail:telecom_physics@163.com。

惠亮亮(1989-),男,硕士,讲师。研究方向:电能质量分析与控制。E-mail:huiliang19890228@163.com。

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王语园(1981-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:yuyuan2657@126.com。

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王语园(1981-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:yuyuan2657@126.com。

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安盼龙(1978-),男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:光电技术。E-mail:telecom_physics@163.com。

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惠亮亮(1989-),男,硕士,讲师。研究方向:电能质量分析与控制。E-mail:huiliang19890228@163.com。

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ArticleFig(id=1154048191407317158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=图1, caption=二阶等效电路模型, figureFileSmall=UkpfdhAyQEDiM8zJLbcsjw==, figureFileBig=qg5tkjNAbzgNCj4lMjaX8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048191445065895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Flow chart of parameter identification based on BCRLS algorithm, figureFileSmall=scmdFehUQKnTEMcwRh/M+Q==, figureFileBig=AQaDACO3OAfhEQjfQIhqyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048191499591848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于 BCRLS 算法的参数辨识流程, figureFileSmall=scmdFehUQKnTEMcwRh/M+Q==, figureFileBig=AQaDACO3OAfhEQjfQIhqyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048191545729193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Flow chart of SOC estimation based on improved UKF method, figureFileSmall=WELkEo1c34JmsJxAxbqBGg==, figureFileBig=xGqi1aGDQS+tNhhqIVXIRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048191608643755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于改进的 UKF 算法的 SOC 估计流程, figureFileSmall=WELkEo1c34JmsJxAxbqBGg==, figureFileBig=xGqi1aGDQS+tNhhqIVXIRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048191675752621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Experimental data of battery under BJDST working condition test, figureFileSmall=3uk3t6+x3Ei75gzUmLjcDw==, figureFileBig=5zs+n05Yn9u45c5RJ1Spmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048191747055792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=图4, caption=电池在 BJDST 工况测试下的实验数据, figureFileSmall=3uk3t6+x3Ei75gzUmLjcDw==, figureFileBig=5zs+n05Yn9u45c5RJ1Spmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048191801581746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Estimation results and corresponding errors of voltage and SOC under BJDST working condition, figureFileSmall=pkHn5eC4wfWm/k4dxThFvg==, figureFileBig=HaPb+tMgRoDMgR8bn+UDSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048191856107701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=图5, caption=BJDST 工况下电压和 SOC 的估计结果和相应误差, figureFileSmall=pkHn5eC4wfWm/k4dxThFvg==, figureFileBig=HaPb+tMgRoDMgR8bn+UDSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048191910633655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Experimental data of battery under US06 working condition test, figureFileSmall=EwQ0sSQlP0tSsaY5haEpIw==, figureFileBig=trfQYmuwzP5xwK3nUenxOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048191986131130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=图6, caption=电池在 US06 工况测试下的实验数据, figureFileSmall=EwQ0sSQlP0tSsaY5haEpIw==, figureFileBig=trfQYmuwzP5xwK3nUenxOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048192032268475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Estimation results and corresponding errors of voltage and SOC under US06 working condition, figureFileSmall=DKPVC2n9AHv/8pv5Os/yjA==, figureFileBig=oTFLl6eVck4nUFxa8ZcYZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048192082600124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=图7, caption=US06 工况下电压和 SOC 的估计结果和相应误差, figureFileSmall=DKPVC2n9AHv/8pv5Os/yjA==, figureFileBig=oTFLl6eVck4nUFxa8ZcYZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048192187457725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameter identification results of different algorithms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 SOC/% ${R}_{0}/\Omega$ ${R}_{1}/\Omega$ ${R}_{2}/\Omega$ ${C}_{1}/\mathrm{F}$ ${C}_{2}/\mathrm{F}$
FFRLS 30 0.071 0.028 0.062 67.01 312.22
50 0.065 0.023 0.084 70.13 379.24
70 0.058 0.025 0.072 51.13 343.21
BCRLS 30 0.07 0.036 0.073 76.32 304.78
50 0.063 0.033 0.091 62.67 297.32
70 0.059 0.044 0.082 43.59 361.11
), ArticleFig(id=1154048192267149502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同算法的参数辨识结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 SOC/% ${R}_{0}/\Omega$ ${R}_{1}/\Omega$ ${R}_{2}/\Omega$ ${C}_{1}/\mathrm{F}$ ${C}_{2}/\mathrm{F}$
FFRLS 30 0.071 0.028 0.062 67.01 312.22
50 0.065 0.023 0.084 70.13 379.24
70 0.058 0.025 0.072 51.13 343.21
BCRLS 30 0.07 0.036 0.073 76.32 304.78
50 0.063 0.033 0.091 62.67 297.32
70 0.059 0.044 0.082 43.59 361.11
), ArticleFig(id=1154048192321675455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Model based on different variables, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 变量
UKF1 FFRLS
UKF2 BCRLS
UKF3 BCRLS+改进的 UKF 算法
), ArticleFig(id=1154048192384590016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=表2, caption=基于不同变量的模型, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 变量
UKF1 FFRLS
UKF2 BCRLS
UKF3 BCRLS+改进的 UKF 算法
), ArticleFig(id=1154048192451698881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Estimated terminal voltage and SOC under BJDST working condition, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 SOC 端电压 (MAE)/% V
MAE/% RMSE/%
UKF1 3.01 2.06 3.89
UKF2 2.72 1.98 3.54
UKF3 2.36 1.75 3.01
), ArticleFig(id=1154048192527196355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=表3, caption=BJDST 工况下的端电压和 SOC 估计值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 SOC 端电压 (MAE)/% V
MAE/% RMSE/%
UKF1 3.01 2.06 3.89
UKF2 2.72 1.98 3.54
UKF3 2.36 1.75 3.01
), ArticleFig(id=1154048192598499527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Estimated terminal voltage and SOC under US06 working condition, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 SOC 端电压 (MAE)/% V
MAE/% RMSE/%
UKF1 3.15 2.11 5.04
UKF2 2.88 2.02 4.51
UKF3 2.67 1.84 4.45
), ArticleFig(id=1154048192657219785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=表4, caption=US06 工况下的端电压和 SOC 估计值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 SOC 端电压 (MAE)/% V
MAE/% RMSE/%
UKF1 3.15 2.11 5.04
UKF2 2.88 2.02 4.51
UKF3 2.67 1.84 4.45
), ArticleFig(id=1154048192728522955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Comparison between proposed SOC estimation method and existing methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 测试电池 SOC 估计误差
LSTM+RNN[11] 18650 LIB MAE<2.09% RMSE<2.44%
$\mathrm{{EKF}}+ {\mathrm{{NN}}}^{\left\lbrack {12}\right\rbrack }$ LiFePO4 MAE<4%
EKF+RLS [13 ] LIB MAE<3%
UKF+FFMILS [14 ] LIB RMSE<2%
UKF+BCRLS BJDST:RMSE=1.75%
(所提方法) LIB US06:RMSE=1.84%
), ArticleFig(id=1154048192791437519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037271872398109, language=CN, label=表5, caption=所提 SOC 估计方法与现有方法的对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 测试电池 SOC 估计误差
LSTM+RNN[11] 18650 LIB MAE<2.09% RMSE<2.44%
$\mathrm{{EKF}}+ {\mathrm{{NN}}}^{\left\lbrack {12}\right\rbrack }$ LiFePO4 MAE<4%
EKF+RLS [13 ] LIB MAE<3%
UKF+FFMILS [14 ] LIB RMSE<2%
UKF+BCRLS BJDST:RMSE=1.75%
(所提方法) LIB US06:RMSE=1.84%
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基于卡尔曼滤波算法的电池状态估计
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王语园 , 安盼龙 , 惠亮亮
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(4): 243-250
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(4): 243-250
基于卡尔曼滤波算法的电池状态估计
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王语园 , 安盼龙 , 惠亮亮
作者信息
  • 陕西铁路工程职业技术学院 铁道动力学院 渭南 714000
  • 王语园(1981-),男,通信作者,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:yuyuan2657@126.com。

    安盼龙(1978-),男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:光电技术。E-mail:telecom_physics@163.com。

    惠亮亮(1989-),男,硕士,讲师。研究方向:电能质量分析与控制。E-mail:huiliang19890228@163.com。

Battery State Estimation Based on Kalman Filter Algorithm
Yuyuan WANG , Panlong AN , Liangliang HUI
Affiliations
  • Railway Power Department Shaanxi Railway Institute Weinan 714000 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.243
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为更好地获得锂离子电池荷电状态 SOC(state-of-charge)估计值,选用二阶等效电路模型作为研究对象,针对带有遗忘因子的递推最小二乘法在参数辨识中易受到噪声等环境因素干扰的缺点,提出偏差补偿最小二乘法来实现模型参数的准确辨识,并结合无迹卡尔曼滤波算法对SOC进行估计。针对无迹卡尔曼滤波算法稳定性差等缺点,提出利用权重向量更新滤波算法中的卡尔曼滤波增益。实验结果表明,所提算法估计 SOC 的总误差可控制在2.7%以内,验证了算法的鲁棒性和有效性。

电池管理系统  /  锂离子电池  /  荷电状态  /  偏差补偿最小二乘法  /  无迹卡尔曼滤波  /  权重向量

To obtain the state-of-charge (SOC) estimation value well, a second-order equivalent circuit model is selected as the research object. Aimed at the disadvantage that the recursive least squares method with a forgetting factor is easy to be disturbed by environmental factors such as noises in the parameter identification, a bias compensation recursive least squares method is proposed to realize the accurate identification of model parameters, and the SOC is estimated combined with the unscented Kalman filter algorithm. In view of the disadvantages of the unscented Kalman filter algorithm such as poor stability, the weight vectors are used to update the Kalman filter gain in the filter algorithm. Experimental results show that the total error of the proposed algorithm in estimating SOC was controlled within 2.7%, which verified the robustness and effectiveness of the algorithm.

Battery management system  /  lithium-ion battery  /  state-of-charge (SOC)  /  bias compensation recursive least squares method  /  unscented Kalman filter  /  weight vector
王语园, 安盼龙, 惠亮亮. 基于卡尔曼滤波算法的电池状态估计. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 243 -250 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.243
Yuyuan WANG, Panlong AN, Liangliang HUI. Battery State Estimation Based on Kalman Filter Algorithm[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 243 -250 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.243
荷电状态SOC(state-of-charge)作为电池管理系统的重要参数, 反映电池剩余容量和额定容量的比率[1],其主要功能是指示电池的工作状态。但电池内部是 1 个强非线性系统, 因此准确获得 SOC 的估计结果是目前的研究热点[2]
SOC 估计算法有多种: 其中安时积分法[3] 是通过对电流进行积分获得准确的 SOC, 主要缺点是在求解中, 其准确性依赖于测试环境, 且当 SOC 初值无法确定时,极易产生较大偏差; 开路电压法[4] 需对电池进行长时间静置, 用来标定 SOC; 神经网络法[5] 通过电池外部参数建立与SOC之间的非线性关系, 但在参数寻优时易陷入局部最优; 支持向量机[6] 是基于统计学习理论的 1 种算法,通过寻找最小结构化风险训练模型, 缺点是依赖数据的质量和数量。在众多模型中, 等效电路模型可较好地反应电池内部特性, 并且基于该模型的卡尔曼滤波算法得到了应用[7]。文献[8]建立 Thevenin 模型,利用递推最小二乘法RLS(recursive least squares)完成模型的参数辨识, 并结合扩展卡尔曼滤波 EKF (extended Kalman filter)实现 SOC 估计, 但 EKF 方法忽略了高阶项;文献[9]利用混合功率脉冲特性完成等效电路模型的参数辨识, 采用无迹卡尔曼滤波 UKF(unscented Kalman filter)对电池SOC进行估计, 相比 EKF 方法, 估计精度得到提升, 但未考虑该算法在迭代过程中的误差累积。
针对上述问题, 本文基于二阶等效电路模型, 提出利用偏差补偿最小二乘法 BCRLS(bias compensation recursive least squares)完成模型参数的辨识; 同时, 提出 1 种改进的 UKF 算法改善传统方法稳定性弱等缺点; 最后,通过实验验证所提算法的可行性。
为了比较模型的准确性和计算复杂性[10],本文将二阶等效电路模型作为研究的电池模型,如图1所示, 其中${U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}$ 为动力电池的开路电压,${R}_{\mathrm{d}}$${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为电化学极化电阻和极化电容,${R}_{\mathrm{c}}$${C}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为浓差极化电阻和极化电容。
根据基尔霍夫定律, 等效电路模型的状态方程表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}{U}_{\mathrm{d}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= -\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{d}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{d}}{R}_{\mathrm{d}}}+ \frac{{i}_{\mathrm{L}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{d}}}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{U}_{\mathrm{c}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= -\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{c}}{R}_{\mathrm{c}}}+ \frac{{i}_{\mathrm{L}}}{{C}_{\mathrm{c}}}\\{U}_{\mathrm{L}}= {U}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {U}_{\mathrm{d}}- {U}_{\mathrm{c}}- {R}_{\mathrm{d}}{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${U}_{\mathrm{d}}\text{、}{U}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为动力电池的极化电压;${U}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为动力电池的端电压;${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为动力电池电流;${R}_{0}$ 为动力电池电极材料、电解液、隔膜电阻及各部分零件的接触电阻。
电池在实际应用中, 由于环境等外界因素的干扰, 其内部参数不断变化。因此在 SOC 估计之前, 需对模型进行参数辨识。将式(1)离散化为
$\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)- {U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}\left( s\right)}{{i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)} =- \left({{R}_{0}+ \frac{{R}_{\mathrm{c}}}{1 +{R}_{\mathrm{c}}{C}_{\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{s}}+ \frac{{R}_{\mathrm{d}}}{1 +{R}_{\mathrm{d}}{C}_{\mathrm{d}}\mathrm{s}}}\right)$
式中:${U}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)$${U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}\left( s\right)$ 分别为动力电池端电压和动力电池开路电压的传递函数;${i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)$ 为动力电池电流传递函数;$\mathrm{s}$ 为拉普拉斯算子。利用变换公式$\mathrm{s}=$ $\frac{2}{t}\frac{\lambda - 1}{\lambda + 1}$ 将式(2)变换得到参数向量的输出矩阵$\mathbf{y}$、参数矩阵$\mathbf{\theta }$ 和数据矩阵$\mathbf{\tau }$ 分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{y}}_{t}= {U}_{\mathrm{L}, t}= {\tau }_{t}{\mathbf{\theta }}_{t}^{\mathrm{T}}\\{\mathbf{\theta }}_{t}= \left\lbrack {\left({1 -{a}_{1}- {a}_{2}}\right)\cdot {U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}, t},{a}_{1},{a}_{2},{a}_{3},{a}_{4},{a}_{5}}\right\rbrack \\{\mathbf{\tau }}_{t}= \left\lbrack {1,{U}_{\mathrm{L}, t - 1},{U}_{\mathrm{L}, t - 2},{i}_{\mathrm{L}, t},{i}_{\mathrm{L}, t - 1},{i}_{\mathrm{L}, t - 2}}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
式中:${U}_{\mathrm{L}, t}$$t$ 时刻的动力电池端电压;${\mathbf{\theta }}_{t}^{\mathrm{T}}$$t$ 时刻的参数矩阵;${U}_{\mathrm{{OC}}, t}$$t$ 时刻的动力电池开路电压;${i}_{\mathrm{L}, t}$$t$ 时刻的动力电池电流;$a =\left\lbrack {{a}_{1},{a}_{2},{a}_{3},{a}_{4}}\right.$,$\left.{a}_{5}\right\rbrack$ 为式(3)的系数。电流和电压在实际采集中会受到测量设备和外界噪声的干扰, 影响参数辨识结果。因此, 本文采用 BCRLS 来削弱噪声的干扰, 提高参数辨识精度。具体的参数辨识流程如图2所示。
UKF 方法是通过无迹变换的方法达到对状态分布的逼近, 且该算法不需要对非线性函数进行计算求导, 使模型的估计精度更准确。根据图1可以得到卡尔曼滤波算法状态方程和观测方程分别为
$\mathbf{x}\left({t + 1}\right)= \left(\begin{matrix}{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{\Delta t}}{{\tau }_{1}}}& 0 & 0 \\ 0 &{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{\Delta t}}{{\tau }_{2}}}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{matrix}\right)\mathbf{x}\left( t\right)+ \left(\begin{matrix}{R}_{\mathrm{d}}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{\Delta t}}{{\tau }_{1}}}}\right)\\{R}_{\mathrm{c}}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{\Delta t}}{{\tau }_{2}}}}\right)\\\frac{-{\tau \Delta t}}{{C}_{\mathrm{s}}}\end{matrix}\right). \\ i\left( t\right)+ r\left( t\right)\\\mathbf{y}\left( t\right)= {U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}}\left( t\right)- {U}_{\mathrm{d}}\left( t\right)- {U}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right)- {R}_{0}\left( t\right){i}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( t\right)+ v\left( t\right)$
式中:$\mathbf{x}= {\left\lbrack {U}_{\mathrm{d}},{U}_{\mathrm{c}},\mathrm{{SOC}}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}};{\Delta t}$ 为采样时刻;${\tau }_{1}$${\tau }_{2}$ 均为时间常数;${C}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为电池容量;$i\left( t\right)$ 为充放电电流;$r\left( t\right)$$v\left( t\right)$ 为系统噪声。将式(4)和式(5)离散化得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{k + 1}= {\mathbf{A}}_{k}{x}_{k}+ \left\lbrack {f\left({{\widehat{x}}_{k},{u}_{k}}\right)- {\mathbf{A}}_{k}{\widehat{x}}_{k}}\right\rbrack +{R}_{k}\\{y}_{k}= {\mathbf{C}}_{k}{x}_{k}+ \left\lbrack {h\left({{\widehat{x}}_{k},{u}_{k}}\right)- {\mathbf{C}}_{k}{\widehat{x}}_{k}}\right\rbrack +{V}_{k}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${A}_{k}= \frac{\partial f}{\partial {x}_{k}}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 &\exp \left({-\frac{T}{{\tau }_{1}}}\right)& 0 \\ 0 & 0 &\exp \left({-\frac{T}{{\tau }_{2}}}\right)\end{matrix}\right\rbrack$,
${C}_{k}= \frac{\partial h}{\partial {x}_{k}}= \left\lbrack {\frac{\partial {U}_{\mathrm{{oc}}, k}}{\partial {x}_{k}}- 1 - 1}\right\rbrack。$
综上所述, 利用 UKF 算法完成 SOC 估计, 具体步骤如下。
步骤 1 初始化状态向量和协方差矩阵, 导入并计算 Sigma 点和权重向量, 即
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{\xi }_{0}= \bar{x}\\{\xi }_{i}= \bar{x}+ \sqrt{\left({n +\lambda }\right){P}_{z}}\\{\xi }_{i + n}= \bar{x}- \sqrt{\left({n +\lambda }\right){P}_{z}}\\{\omega }_{0}= \frac{\lambda }{n +\lambda }\\{\omega }_{i}= \frac{\lambda }{n +\lambda }\left({1 -{\alpha }^{2}+ \beta }\right)\\{\omega }_{i}= \frac{1}{n +\lambda }\left({1 -{\alpha }^{2}+ \beta }\right)\end{array}\;i = 1,2,\ldots, n}\right.$
步骤 2 状态先验更新, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\xi }_{k \mid k - 1}^{* }= f\left({\xi }_{k - 1}\right)\\{\bar{x}}_{k \mid k - 1}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{{2n}}{\omega }_{i}^{m}{\xi }_{k \mid k - 1}^{* }\\{P}_{k \mid k - 1}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{{2n}}{\omega }_{i}^{c}{\left({\xi }_{i, k \mid k - 1}^{* }- {\bar{x}}_{k \mid k - 1}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}{\left({\xi }_{i, k \mid k - 1}^{* }- {\bar{x}}_{k \mid k - 1}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}+ {R}_{k - 1}\end{array}\right.$
步骤 3 更新测量向量, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{\gamma }}_{i, k \mid k - 1}= h\left({\xi }_{k \mid k - 1}\right)\\{\overline{\mathbf{y}}}_{k \mid k - 1}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{{2n}}{\omega }_{i}^{m}{\mathbf{\gamma }}_{i, k \mid k - 1}\end{array}\right.$
步骤 4 更新协方差矩阵, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{P}}_{{\bar{y}}_{k},{\bar{y}}_{k}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{{2n}}{\omega }_{i}^{c}\left({{\mathbf{\gamma }}_{i, k \mid k - 1}- {\bar{\mathbf{y}}}_{k \mid k - 1}}\right){\left({\mathbf{\gamma }}_{i, k \mid k - 1}- {\bar{\mathbf{y}}}_{k \mid k - 1}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}+ {V}_{k - 1}\\{\mathbf{P}}_{{\bar{x}}_{k},{\bar{y}}_{k}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 0}}^{{2n}}{\omega }_{i}^{c}\left({{\mathbf{\gamma }}_{i, k \mid k - 1}- {\bar{\mathbf{x}}}_{k \mid k - 1}}\right){\left({\mathbf{\gamma }}_{i, k \mid k - 1}- {\bar{\mathbf{y}}}_{k \mid k - 1}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}\end{array}\right.$
步骤 5 更新卡尔曼增益, 即
${\mathbf{K}}_{k}= {\mathbf{P}}_{{x}_{k}}^{- }{\mathbf{C}}_{{x}_{k}}^{\mathrm{T}}{\left({\mathbf{C}}_{{x}_{k}}{\mathbf{P}}_{{x}_{k}}^{- }{\mathbf{C}}_{{x}_{k}}^{\mathrm{T}}+ {\mathbf{V}}_{x, k - 1}\right)}^{-1}$
步骤 6 更新状态向量和误差协方差矩阵, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{k + 1}= {\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{x, k}+ {\mathbf{K}}_{k}{\mathbf{o}}_{k}\\{\mathbf{P}}_{{x}_{k}}= \left({I -{\mathbf{K}}_{{x}_{k}}{\mathbf{C}}_{{x}_{k}}}\right){\mathbf{P}}_{{x}_{k}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,${o}_{k}$ 表示新息,为预测电压和实际电压之间的相对误差。
由于 UKF 算法在迭代过程中易造成误差的累积, 为了提高UKF算法在非线性系统中的适应性, 本文改进了 UKF 算法, 将原有新息扩展为新息向量, 进而将新息向量拓展为新息矩阵。改进的新息矩阵为
$\mathbf{o}\left({p, k}\right)= {\left\lbrack \mathbf{o}\left( k\right),\mathbf{o}\left( k - 1\right),\cdots,\mathbf{o}\left( k - p + 1\right)\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}\in {R}^{n}$
同时为提高模型的适应性, 将卡尔曼滤波增益$K\left( k\right)$ 重新定义为
$\mathbf{K}\left({p, k}\right)= \left\lbrack {K\left( k\right), K\left({k - 1}\right),\cdots, K\left({k - p + 1}\right)}\right\rbrack $
因此, 基于改进的卡尔曼增益计算的后验估计定义为
${\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{k + 1}= {\widehat{\mathbf{x}}}_{k}+ \mathbf{K}\left({p, k}\right)\mathbf{o}\left({p, k}\right)$
除此之外, 由于计算的新息每时每刻都发生变化, 基于此, 引入权值向量更新新息矩阵, 对接近最新观测值的新息分配更高的权重, 反之则权重更小。选用高斯函数来定义该变化,即
$ f\left( x\right)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }\sigma }{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{\left( x -\mu \right)}^{2}}{2{\sigma }^{2}}}$
通过式(16)可以计算出每一时刻新息的权值$\mathbf{\beta }\left({k - j + 1}\right)$,即
$ o\left({k - j + 1}\right)= y\left({k - j + 1}\right)- \bar{y}\left({k - j + 1}\right)$
$\mathbf{\beta }\left({k - j + 1}\right)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }\sigma }{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{-{\left( k - j + 1\right)}^{2}}{2{\sigma }^{2}}}$
式中:$\mathbf{o}\left({k - j + 1}\right)$ 为新息矩阵$\mathbf{E}\left({p, k}\right)$ 中第$j$ 个新息向量;$\mathbf{\beta }\left({k - j + 1}\right)$ 为第$j$ 个新息权值向量。对$\mathbf{\beta }\left({k - j + 1}\right)$ 进行归一化处理
$\overline{\mathbf{\beta }}\left({k - j + 1}\right)= \frac{\mathbf{\beta }\left({k - j + 1}\right)}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m}\mathbf{\beta }\left({k - j + 1}\right)}\;j = 1,2,\cdots, m $
由式(19)可知每时刻的新息权值, 且在标准算法中每个新息的权重均为 1, 因此新息权重可重新定义为
$\overline{\mathbf{\beta }}\left({k - j + 1}\right)= m\overline{\mathbf{\beta }}\left({k - j + 1}\right)$
综上, 本文所提基于改进的 UKF 算法的 SOC 估计流程如图3所示。
为验证所提方法的可行性, 搭建了实验平台, 其由温箱、电池测试系统和上位机组成。首先利用温箱控制实验过程的温度为${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,选用蓝电测试系统对电池进行充、放电实验,选用容量为${2.0}\mathrm{{Ah}}$ 的三元锂电池$\mathrm{{Li}}\left(\mathrm{{NiCoMn}}\right){\mathrm{O}}_{2}\left(\mathrm{{NCM}}\right)$ 作为测试对象, 分别在北京动态应力测试工况 BJDST(Beijing Dynamic Stress Test)和美国城市工况(US06)完成相应的电池参数获取, 并通过 CAN 总线将数据传输给上位机。在 BJDST 工况下测得相应的端电压和 SOC 如图4所示。
分别利用遗忘因子递推最小二乘法(FFRLS) 和偏差补偿递推最小二乘法(BCRLS)完成模型
参数辨识, 辨识的具体参数如表1所示。
根据表1不同辨识方法辨识的参数, 分别利用 UKF 算法和改进的 UKF 算法对电池的端电压和 SOC 进行估计, 从收敛性和准确性来分析所提算法的有效性。为了更清晰地完成算法对比, 基于不同变量的模型如表2所示。
为了评价所提模型的有效性,采用 2 种常用的评价指标, 均方根误差 RMSE(root mean squared error) 和最大绝对误差 MAE(maximum absolute error), 分别定义为
$\operatorname{RMSE}= \sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{K - 1}}^{N}{\left({y}^{\partial }- {y}^{\beta }\right)}^{2}}$
$\mathrm{{MAE}}= \max \left|{{y}^{\delta }- {y}^{\beta }}\right|$
式中:${y}^{\delta }$ 为模型的估计值;${y}^{\beta }$ 为实际值。为了证明算法的自适应性,将 SOC 的初值设置为 0.7。由图5表3可以得出, 基于 UKF1 算法估计端电压和 SOC 的最大绝对误差 MAE 分别为${3.89}\%\mathrm{\;V}$ 和 3.01%, 基于 UKF2 算法估计端电压和 SOC 的最大绝对误差 MAE 分别为${3.54}\%\mathrm{\;V}$${2.72}\%$。相比 UKF1 算法的估计结果, 基于 UKF2 算法估计的端电压和 SOC 精度分别提高了 8.9%和 9.6%。实验结果表明, 在相同的 UKF 算法下, 基于 BCRLS 辨识的参数可以有效提高模型的估计精度, 减小因不确定性因素造成的误差。
同时,为了减小传统 UKF 算法在估计过程中受到噪声等因素的干扰, 本文对 UKF 算法进行了改进, 利用权重向量调节卡尔曼增益和新息。由图5(d)表3可知, 基于 UKF3 算法估计 SOC 的 MAE 和 RMSE 分别为 2.36%和 1.75%,相比 UKF2 算法, 模型的稳定性提高了 11.6%, SOC 的估计精度提高了 13.2%,验证了所提算法的有效性。
为进一步验证所提算法的有效性, 在 US06 工况下对电池进行测试, 相应的电压和 SOC 如图6所示。
与 BJDST 工况类似, 为了验证算法的鲁棒性, 将 SOC 初值设置为 0.7。由图7(b)和(d)可知, 基于 UKF1 和 UKF2 算法估计端电压和 SOC 的 MAE 分别为${5.04}\%\mathrm{\;V}$${3.15}\%$${4.51}\%\mathrm{\;V}$${2.88}\%$。相比 UKF1 算法的估计结果, 基于 UKF2 算法估计端电压和 SOC 的精度分别提高了 10.5%和 8.6%,实验结果进一步说明了 BCRLS 辨识法的优越性。
同样地, 利用改进的 UKF 算法结合 BCRLS 算法辨识的参数对 SOC 进行估计, 结果如图7中 UKF3 曲线所示。结合表4可知, 基于 UKF3 算法估计 SOC 的 MAE 和稳定性参数 RMSE 分别为 2.67%和 1.84%,相比 UKF2 算法,模型的稳定性提高了${8.9}\%,\mathrm{{SOC}}$ 的估计精度提高了${7.3}\%$。 实验结果进一步验证了改进UKF算法的可行性和鲁棒性。
为进一步评估所提算法的性能, 将现有 SOC 估计方法与本文所提方法进行对比,结果见表5。 与现有 SOC 估计技术相比, 基于 UKF-BCRLS 的估计方法具有较好优越性和鲁棒性。例如, 利用NN[12] 和RLS[13] 辨识的模型参数,结合$\mathrm{{EKF}}$ 估计的 SOC 最大误差分别为 MAE<4%和 MAE<3%, 而本文建立的 UKF1 算法估计的 SOC 最大误差为 3.01%~3.15%,表明在相同的辨识方法下,基于 UKF 估计的 SOC 略优于 EKF 算法。文献[14]提出的基于 FFMILS 辨识法, 将参数辨识结果结合 UKF 进行 SOC 估计, RMSE<2%, 而本文提出的 UKF+BCRLS 改进了 SOC 估计结果, RMSE 为 1.75%~1.84%,估计精度得到了明显提升。
为了减小电路模型对 SOC 估计产生的影响, 本文利用 BCRLS 辨识法对二阶等效电路模型的参数进行辨识。同时,引入权重向量更新卡尔曼增益和新息矩阵来提高 UKF 算法在非线性系统的适应性和稳定性。通过不同的实验验证表明, 基于 BCRLS 辨识的参数结合改进后的 UKF 算法可提高 SOC 的估计能力, 验证了所提算法的有效性。
  • 陕西省自然科学基础研究计划资助项目(2021 JM-542)
  • 渭南市重点研发科技计划项目(STYKJ2022-4)
  • 陕西省教育厅一般专项科研计划项目(22JK0327)
  • 陕西铁路工程职业技术学院电能质量科技创新团队(KJTD202104)
  • 陕西铁路工程职业技术学院科研计划项目(2023KYYB-18)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.243
  • 接收时间:2021-09-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-28
  • 修回日期:2021-12-15
  • 录用日期:2022-01-18
基金
Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(2021 JM-542)
陕西省自然科学基础研究计划资助项目(2021 JM-542)
Weinan Science and Technology Plan Project(STYKJ2022-4)
渭南市重点研发科技计划项目(STYKJ2022-4)
General Special Scientific Research Projects of Education Department of Shaanxi Provincial Government(22JK0327)
陕西省教育厅一般专项科研计划项目(22JK0327)
Power Quality Science and Technology Innovation Team Project of Shaanxi Railway Institute(KJTD202104)
陕西铁路工程职业技术学院电能质量科技创新团队(KJTD202104)
Scientific Research Fund Project of Shaanxi Railway Institute(2023KYYB-18)
陕西铁路工程职业技术学院科研计划项目(2023KYYB-18)
作者信息
    陕西铁路工程职业技术学院 铁道动力学院 渭南 714000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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