Article(id=1154037269284512526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.228, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1633795200000, receivedDateStr=2021-10-10, revisedDate=1637769600000, revisedDateStr=2021-11-25, acceptedDate=1639929600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-12-20, onlineDate=1753073525972, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073525972, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073525972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073525972, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=228, endPage=235, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037269691360017, articleId=1154037269284512526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research and Improvement of Mutual Inductance Drop at Corner in Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles, columnId=1152281494212408178, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Wireless Power Transfer, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At present, the transmitting coil in a dynamic wireless charging system for electric vehicles usually adopts a segmented guide rail structure to realize the relay dynamic wireless charging. However, the problem of mutual inductance drop will occur at the switching of the guide rail and result in the reduction of the system transmission efficiency, and this is more prominent at the corner. A corner dynamic wireless charging model was established, and the relationship between the mutual inductance of primary and secondary coils and the deflection angle was deduced through theoretical analysis. An improved structure of the guide rail transmitting coil at the corner was proposed and simulated, and a corner dynamic wireless charging platform based on resonance magnetic coupling was built. Simulation and experimental results show that by using the improved guide rail transmitting coil structure, the mutual inductance drop of the wireless charging system was significantly reduced, and the system transmission efficiency was improved by 8.66% at the maximum deflection angle, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the improved coil structure.

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针对目前电动汽车动态无线充电系统的发射线圈多采用分段导轨结构实现接力式动态无线充电,但系统在导轨切换处存在较大的互感跌落导致系统传输效率降低且在弯道处更加突出这一问题,建立弯道动态无线充电模型,通过理论分析推导原、副线圈互感与偏转角度的关系,提出1种弯道处导轨发射线圈的改进结构并进行仿真分析,搭建基于共振磁耦合的弯道动态无线充电平台并进行实验。仿真与实验结果表明,采用改进型导轨发射线圈结构后无线充电系统互感跌落现象显著减小,在偏移角度最大处系统传输效率提升了8.66%,验证了改进型线圈结构的有效性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=+DU1/K+eRAAxB/KgHi8aEA==, magXml=yqjRyC4H+VpuLLYBcEUdWw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=g9K38oIHXL7Fp7XiU29HJg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=j14PsSN7lWqpgJBzrGI5zA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

朱郭福(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: zgf960823@qq.com。

李建贵(1983-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:新型电机及控制、电动汽车驱动及控制、新型磁性材料与可再生能源发电。E-mail: jianguili@whut.edu.cn。

王隆扬(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 741740427@qq.com。

李强(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 1245305151@qq.com。

陈晨(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 1310118324@qq.com。

刘珊(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车有序充电。E-mail: 1063871010@qq.com。

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朱郭福(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: zgf960823@qq.com。

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朱郭福(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: zgf960823@qq.com。

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李建贵(1983-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:新型电机及控制、电动汽车驱动及控制、新型磁性材料与可再生能源发电。E-mail: jianguili@whut.edu.cn。

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李建贵(1983-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:新型电机及控制、电动汽车驱动及控制、新型磁性材料与可再生能源发电。E-mail: jianguili@whut.edu.cn。

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王隆扬(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 741740427@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王隆扬(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 741740427@qq.com。

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李强(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 1245305151@qq.com。

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李强(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 1245305151@qq.com。

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陈晨(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 1310118324@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

陈晨(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 1310118324@qq.com。

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刘珊(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车有序充电。E-mail: 1063871010@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

刘珊(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车有序充电。E-mail: 1063871010@qq.com。

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articleId=1154037269284512526, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameters of coil structure, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
发射线圈尺寸(改进前)/mm ${200}\times {200}$ (线圈边长)
发射线圈尺寸(改进后)/mm 200(宽)×200(内边长)
接收线圈尺寸/mm ${200}\times {200}$ (线圈边长)
线圈匝数 10
发射、接收线圈间距/mm 75
弯道半径/mm 1750
), ArticleFig(id=1154048202253787576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269284512526, language=CN, label=表1, caption=线圈结构参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
发射线圈尺寸(改进前)/mm ${200}\times {200}$ (线圈边长)
发射线圈尺寸(改进后)/mm 200(宽)×200(内边长)
接收线圈尺寸/mm ${200}\times {200}$ (线圈边长)
线圈匝数 10
发射、接收线圈间距/mm 75
弯道半径/mm 1750
), ArticleFig(id=1154048202304119225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269284512526, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameters of wireless charging system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 参数 数值
发射端 (改进前) 发射线圈自感${L}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 52.157
发射线圈补偿电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 5.216
发射线圈侧补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 672.148
发射线圈侧补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 74.687
发射端 (改进后) 发射线圈自感${L}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 54.393
发射线圈补偿电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 5.439
发射线圈侧补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 644.590
发射线圈侧补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 71.617
接收端 接收线圈自感${L}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 34.316
接收线圈侧补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 102.166
), ArticleFig(id=1154048202379616698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037269284512526, language=CN, label=表2, caption=无线充电系统参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 参数 数值
发射端 (改进前) 发射线圈自感${L}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 52.157
发射线圈补偿电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 5.216
发射线圈侧补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 672.148
发射线圈侧补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 74.687
发射端 (改进后) 发射线圈自感${L}_{\mathrm{b}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 54.393
发射线圈补偿电感${L}_{\mathrm{a}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 5.439
发射线圈侧补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 644.590
发射线圈侧补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 71.617
接收端 接收线圈自感${L}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 34.316
接收线圈侧补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{n}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 102.166
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电动汽车动态无线充电系统弯道互感跌落研究及改进
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朱郭福 , 李建贵 , 王隆扬 , 李强 , 陈晨 , 刘珊
电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024,22(4): 228-235
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电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024, 22(4): 228-235
电动汽车动态无线充电系统弯道互感跌落研究及改进
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朱郭福 , 李建贵 , 王隆扬 , 李强 , 陈晨 , 刘珊
作者信息
  • 武汉理工大学 机电工程学院 武汉 430070
  • 朱郭福(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: zgf960823@qq.com。

    李建贵(1983-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:新型电机及控制、电动汽车驱动及控制、新型磁性材料与可再生能源发电。E-mail: jianguili@whut.edu.cn。

    王隆扬(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 741740427@qq.com。

    李强(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 1245305151@qq.com。

    陈晨(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail: 1310118324@qq.com。

    刘珊(1997-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电动汽车有序充电。E-mail: 1063871010@qq.com。

Research and Improvement of Mutual Inductance Drop at Corner in Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles
Guofu ZHU , Jiangui LI , Longyang WANG , Qiang LI , Chen CHEN , Shan LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.228
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针对目前电动汽车动态无线充电系统的发射线圈多采用分段导轨结构实现接力式动态无线充电,但系统在导轨切换处存在较大的互感跌落导致系统传输效率降低且在弯道处更加突出这一问题,建立弯道动态无线充电模型,通过理论分析推导原、副线圈互感与偏转角度的关系,提出1种弯道处导轨发射线圈的改进结构并进行仿真分析,搭建基于共振磁耦合的弯道动态无线充电平台并进行实验。仿真与实验结果表明,采用改进型导轨发射线圈结构后无线充电系统互感跌落现象显著减小,在偏移角度最大处系统传输效率提升了8.66%,验证了改进型线圈结构的有效性。

电动汽车  /  动态无线充电  /  弯道  /  互感跌落  /  改进线圈结构

At present, the transmitting coil in a dynamic wireless charging system for electric vehicles usually adopts a segmented guide rail structure to realize the relay dynamic wireless charging. However, the problem of mutual inductance drop will occur at the switching of the guide rail and result in the reduction of the system transmission efficiency, and this is more prominent at the corner. A corner dynamic wireless charging model was established, and the relationship between the mutual inductance of primary and secondary coils and the deflection angle was deduced through theoretical analysis. An improved structure of the guide rail transmitting coil at the corner was proposed and simulated, and a corner dynamic wireless charging platform based on resonance magnetic coupling was built. Simulation and experimental results show that by using the improved guide rail transmitting coil structure, the mutual inductance drop of the wireless charging system was significantly reduced, and the system transmission efficiency was improved by 8.66% at the maximum deflection angle, thereby verifying the effectiveness of the improved coil structure.

Electric vehicle  /  dynamic wireless charging  /  corner  /  mutual inductance drop  /  improved coil structure
朱郭福, 李建贵, 王隆扬, 李强, 陈晨, 刘珊. 电动汽车动态无线充电系统弯道互感跌落研究及改进. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 228 -235 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.228
Guofu ZHU, Jiangui LI, Longyang WANG, Qiang LI, Chen CHEN, Shan LIU. Research and Improvement of Mutual Inductance Drop at Corner in Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Electric Vehicles[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 228 -235 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.228
近年来, 全球电动汽车保有量快速增长, 我国也将电动汽车确定为国家战略性新兴产业。在推广过程中, 电动汽车的续航里程和充电时间成为制约其发展的重要瓶颈, 而无线充电技术的应用为解决这些问题提供了新途径[1]
现有的电动汽车行驶动力来自于电池组供电 (如电动小汽车)或由天线供电(如无轨电车)。前者充电费时且电池自重耗能, 后者行驶路径受限, 常作为运营使用。若在道路下铺设能进行无线充电的轨道, 让带有小容量电池的电动汽车在这种道路上边充电边行驶[2],即可从根本上解决电动汽车续航里程短、充电时间长的问题。
近年来, 国内外诸多企业与学者针对电动汽车动态无线充电问题进行了研究。美国橡树岭国家实验室对电动汽车动态无线充电系统的频率选择、磁场泄露、 通信速度及材料损耗进行了详细分析[3-5];韩国科学技术院 KAIST(Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)研发了 2 条在线电动公交线路, 能够在${24}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 线路上传输${100}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的功率[6-8]; 文献[9]针对电动汽车动态无线充电过程中耦合系数随汽车位置偏移而发生变化的情况, 提出 1 种基于加权平均效率的 LCC-S 拓扑结构参数优化设计方法, 提高了系统在不同偏移情况下的综合效率;文献[10-11] 针对分段式发射线圈导轨结构, 提出 1 种具有分散控制逻辑的接力方法, 设计了 1 种具有在宽偏移范围内保持传输功率稳定特性的$\mathrm{T}$ 型补偿拓扑,并搭建了${500}\mathrm{\;W}$ 原理样机;文献[12]针对动态无线充电过程中原、副线圈互感下降问题,提出接收端采用内嵌入圆形线圈进行补偿, 并通过遗传算法、理论推导和仿真验证, 得到了补偿线圈最优化匝数和统一规格参数。
综上所述, 原、副线圈偏移带来的系统效率跌落是制约电动汽车动态无线充电发展与应用的难点。现有研究大多针对直线供电导轨结构及供电控制策略方面进行优化设计, 对弯道处的功率跌落问题考虑较少。在弯道动态无线充电过程中, 传统的矩形线圈导轨因其内外半径不同, 使得相邻导轨之间产生更大的间距, 导致拾取功率进一步降低。针对此问题, 本文提出一种基于共振磁耦合的动态无线充电策略及弯道发射线圈改进结构,较好地降低了动态无线充电弯道处的互感波动, 提高了弯道处充电效率。
根据发射线圈结构与铺设方式的差别, 可将充电轨道分为长导轨式和分段导轨式[13]。长导轨式方案抗偏移能力强, 能保证较长距离内的功率稳定传输, 但同时也带来了电磁泄漏、能量损耗严重等问题[14]。相较于长导轨式布局,分段导轨式布局采用局域供电方式, 实现接力式的动态无线充电, 其电磁泄漏和能量损耗大大降低, 因此该布局常被应用于电动汽车动态无线充电[15-16]
共振磁耦合无线充电系统补偿机构常通过直接在线圈上串、并联电阻来实现, 常见的拓扑结构可分为串-串结构(S-S)、串-并结构(S-P)、并-并结构(P-P)和并-串结构(P-S)[17]。这 4 种基本形式的拓扑结构简单易于实现, 但存在谐振容量小、开关器件损耗严重的问题[18],同时其接收端的状态变化会对发射端电流造成较大影响, 因此不适用于电动汽车动态充电。针对电动汽车动态无线充电过程的动态偏移特性, LCC-S 补偿结构因其具有较好的恒流特性, 同时能减少系统开关器件的损耗, 提高系统整体效率,更适合对电池进行大功率充电[19-20],其等效模型如图1所示。
图1中:${U}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$ 为电源电压;${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为发射线圈侧补偿电感;${L}_{\mathrm{b}}$${L}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为发射线圈和接收线圈电感;${C}_{\mathrm{s}}$${C}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为发射线圈侧补偿电容;${C}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为接收线圈侧补偿电容;$M$ 为线圈互感;${R}_{1}$${R}_{2}$ 分别为发射侧和接收侧线圈内阻;${R}_{3}$ 为负载的阻值;${R}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}$ 为电源内阻;$\omega$ 为系统谐振频率;${\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{b}}$${\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为流经补偿电感、发射线圈和接收线圈电感的电流。
系统的谐振频率仅与系统补偿结构的电感、电容有关, 与线圈之间的互感无关, 因此 LCC 补偿结构及$\mathrm{S}$ 拓扑结构的谐振条件构成了集成线圈 LCC-S 的谐振条件, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{C}_{\mathrm{s}}= 1 \\\omega {L}_{\mathrm{b}}- \frac{1}{\omega {C}_{\mathrm{m}}}= \frac{1}{\omega {C}_{\mathrm{s}}}\\{\omega }^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{s}}{C}_{\mathrm{s}}= 1 \end{array}\right.$
图1可列基尔霍夫电流定律方程
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{a}}= \frac{{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{ab}}}}{{Z}_{0}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{b}}= \frac{1/\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{t}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{r}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{b}}+ 1/\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{s}}+ 1/\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{m}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{\mathrm{j}{\omega M}{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{r}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${Z}_{0}$ 为发射侧的输入阻抗;${Z}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为接收侧在发射侧的折射阻抗;${Z}_{1}$ 为接收侧电路阻抗。
则该系统下输入功率${P}_{\text{in }}$、输出功率${P}_{\text{out }}$ 及系统效率$\eta$ 可分别表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\text{in }}= {U}_{\text{ab }}^{2}/\left\lbrack {{R}_{\text{ab }}+ \frac{{\left(\omega {L}_{\text{a }}\right)}^{2}\left({{R}_{2}+ {R}_{3}}\right)}{{R}_{1}{R}_{3}+ {R}_{1}{R}_{2}+ {\left(\omega M\right)}^{2}}}\right\rbrack \\{P}_{\text{out }}= {\left|{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{c}}\right|}^{2}{R}_{3}= \frac{{\left({\omega }^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{a}}M\right)}^{2}{U}_{\text{ab }}^{2}{R}_{3}}{{\left\lbrack {Z}_{1}{Z}_{0}\left({R}_{1}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{r}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}}\\\eta =\frac{{P}_{\text{out }}}{{P}_{1}}= \frac{{\left({\omega }^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{a}}M\right)}^{2}{R}_{3}}{Z{Z}_{1}^{2}{\left({R}_{1}+ {Z}_{0}\right)}^{2}}\times {100}\%\end{array}\right.$
分析式(3)可得, 在 LCC-S 补偿结构中, 在原、 副线圈间电压、线圈内阻和系统角频率等电路参数不变的情况下, 线圈互感的变化会显著影响系统输入、输出功率,进而影响系统传输效率。原、副线圈间的互感越大, 系统传输效率越高。因此, 在发射电路参数基本不变的前提下, 提高动态无线充电过程中的原、副线圈的互感,能有效增大该系统的输出功率,提高电能传输效率。
由上文分析可知, 磁耦合机构是无线充电系统的关键组成部分, 系统输出功率和传输效率的大小与互感有极大关系。考虑到在分段式导轨动态无线充电原、副线圈互感会随相对偏移的变化而改变, 因此有必要建立模型分析偏移对线圈互感的影响。 动态无线充电系统中, 导轨弯道发射线圈结构拓扑如图2所示。
在原、副线圈发生偏移时, 线圈相对位置的变化导致耦合面积变小, 进而导致接收线圈拾取的磁通量减小。线圈互感与磁通量的关系可表示为
$ M =\frac{{\varphi }_{\mathrm{S}}}{{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{b}}}= \frac{\int {\int }_{{S}_{1}}B\mathrm{\;d}S}{{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{b}}}$
式中:${\varphi }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为磁通;${S}_{1}$ 为耦合面积;$B$ 为磁场强度。
在弯道耦合过程中, 原、副线圈将出现偏移和偏转, 此时仅考虑横向偏移的互感计算公式将不再适用。依据 Neumann 公式, 矩形平面螺旋线圈间的互感$M$ 为 4 条边互感之和,即
$ M =\frac{{N}_{1}{N}_{2}{\mu }_{0}}{4\pi }\times \oint \oint \frac{\mathrm{d}{l}_{1}\mathrm{\;d}{l}_{2}}{{r}_{12}}$
式中:${N}_{1}\text{、}{N}_{2}$ 分别为原、副线圈匝数;${\mu }_{0}$ 为磁常量;$\mathrm{d}{l}_{1}$$\mathrm{d}{l}_{2}$ 分别为原、副线圈回路上的微小线元素;${r}_{12}$ 为 2 个微小线元素之间的距离。
发射、接收线圈的空间关系如图3所示。以发射线圈${ABCD}$ 平面建立空间直角坐标系,原点$O$ 位于发射线圈${ABCD}$ 中心。设${O}^{\prime }$ 为弯道圆心,$R$ 为弯道半径;发射线圈${ABCD}$、接收线圈${A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }{C}^{\prime }{D}^{\prime }$ 为正方形且等大,边长为$l;\angle A{O}^{\prime }O$$\alpha,\angle B{O}^{\prime }O$$\beta$,接收线圈${A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }{C}^{\prime }{D}^{\prime }$ 相对于发射线圈${ABCD}$ 的偏转角度为$\theta ;{O}^{\prime }A = a,{O}^{\prime }B = b$,发射、接收线圈垂直高度为$h$
根据图3所示空间关系, 可得各点坐标:
$ A\left({-\frac{l}{2},\frac{l}{2},0}\right)\text{、}B\left({-\frac{l}{2},- \frac{l}{2},0}\right)\text{、}C\left({\frac{l}{2},- \frac{l}{2},0}\right)\text{、}D\left({\frac{l}{2},\frac{l}{2},0}\right)\text{;}\\{A}^{\prime }\left\lbrack {a\sin \left({\theta -\alpha }\right), R - a\cos \left({\theta -\alpha }\right), h}\right\rbrack \text{、}{B}^{\prime }\lbrack b\sin \left({\theta -\alpha }\right), R -\\\left.{b\cos \left({\theta -\alpha }\right), h}\right\rbrack \text{、}{C}^{\prime }\left\lbrack {b\sin \left({\theta +\beta }\right), R - b\cos \left({\theta +\beta }\right), h}\right\rbrack \text{、}\\{D}^{\prime }\left\lbrack {a\sin \left({\theta +\alpha }\right), R - a\cos \left({\theta +\alpha }\right), h}\right\rbrack \text{。}$
根据图中几何关系,可得:$\sin \alpha =\frac{l}{2a}\text{、}\cos \alpha =$ $\frac{R - l/2}{a}$$\sin \beta =\frac{l}{2b}$$\cos \beta =\frac{R + l/2}{b}$
利用两点式可求得各直线表达式为
${y}_{{C}^{\prime }{D}^{\prime }}= -\cot \theta \cdot x +\frac{l}{2\sin \theta }+ R $
${y}_{{D}^{\prime }{A}^{\prime }}= \tan \theta \cdot x -\frac{R - l/2}{\cos \theta }+ R $
${A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }$ 边为例,分别对${AB}\text{、}{BC}\text{、}{CD}\text{、}{DA}$ 这 4 条边求互感得
${M}_{{A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }\mid {AB}}= \frac{{\mu }_{0}}{4\pi }\cdot {\int }_{-\frac{l}{2}}^{\frac{l}{2}}{\int }_{b\sin \left({\theta -\alpha }\right)}^{a\sin \left({\theta -\alpha }\right)}.\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{y}_{1}\mathrm{\;d}{x}_{2}}{\sqrt{{\left({x}_{2}+ l/2\right)}^{2}+ {\left\lbrack -\cos \theta \cdot {x}_{2}- l/\left( 2\sin \theta \right)+ R -{y}_{1}\right\rbrack }^{2}+ {h}^{2}}}$
${M}_{{A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }\mid {BC}}= \frac{{\mu }_{0}}{4\pi }\cdot {\int }_{-\frac{l}{2}}^{\frac{l}{2}}{\int }_{b\sin \left({\theta -\alpha }\right)}^{a\sin \left({\theta -\alpha }\right)}.\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{x}_{1}\mathrm{\;d}{x}_{2}}{\sqrt{{\left({x}_{2}- {x}_{1}\right)}^{2}+ {\left\lbrack -\cos \theta \cdot {x}_{2}- l/\left( 2\sin \theta \right)+ R + l/2\right\rbrack }^{2}+ {h}^{2}}}$
${M}_{{A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }\mid {CD}}= \frac{{\mu }_{0}}{4\pi }\cdot {\int }_{-\frac{l}{2}}^{\frac{l}{2}}{\int }_{b\sin \left({\theta -\alpha }\right)}^{a\sin \left({\theta -\alpha }\right)}.\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{y}_{1}\mathrm{\;d}{x}_{2}}{\sqrt{{\left({x}_{2}- l/2\right)}^{2}+ {\left\lbrack -\cos \theta \cdot {x}_{2}- l/\left( 2\sin \theta \right)+ R -{y}_{1}\right\rbrack }^{2}+ {h}^{2}}}$
${M}_{{A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }\mid {DA}}= \frac{{\mu }_{0}}{4\pi }\cdot {\int }_{-\frac{l}{2}}^{\frac{l}{2}}{\int }_{b\sin \left({\theta -\alpha }\right)}^{a\sin \left({\theta -\alpha }\right)}.\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{x}_{1}\mathrm{\;d}{x}_{2}}{\sqrt{{\left({x}_{2}- {x}_{1}\right)}^{2}+ {\left\lbrack -\cos \theta \cdot {x}_{2}- l/\left( 2\sin \theta \right)+ R - l/2\right\rbrack }^{2}+ {h}^{2}}}$
(11)式中:${x}_{1}\text{、}{y}_{1}$ 分别为副线圈微小线元素的横、纵坐标;${x}_{2}$ 为原线圈${AD}\text{、}{BC}$ 边上微小线元素的横坐标。
依据 Neumann 公式, 矩形平面螺旋线圈间的互感为 4 条边互感之和与匝数${N}_{1}\text{、}{N}_{2}$ 的乘积,则原、副线圈互感$M$ 可表示为
$ M ={N}_{1}{N}_{2}\left({{M}_{{A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }\mid {AB}}+ {M}_{{A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }\mid {BC}}+ {M}_{{A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }\mid {CD}}+ }\right.\\{M}_{{A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }\mid {DA}}+ {M}_{{B}^{\prime }{C}^{\prime }\mid {AB}}+ {M}_{{B}^{\prime }{C}^{\prime }\mid {BC}}+ {M}_{{B}^{\prime }{C}^{\prime }\mid {CD}}+ \\{M}_{{B}^{\prime }{C}^{\prime }\mid {DA}}+ {M}_{{C}^{\prime }{D}^{\prime }\mid {AB}}+ {M}_{{C}^{\prime }{D}^{\prime }\mid {BC}}+ {M}_{{C}^{\prime }{D}^{\prime }\mid {CD}}+ \\{M}_{{\left.{C}^{\prime }{D}^{\prime }\right|}_{DA}}+ {M}_{{\left.{A}^{\prime }{B}^{\prime }\right|}_{DA}}+ {M}_{{\left.{D}^{\prime }{A}^{\prime }\right|}_{AB}}+ {M}_{{\left.{D}^{\prime }{A}^{\prime }\right|}_{BC}}+ \\\left.{{M}_{{D}^{\prime }{A}^{\prime }\mid {CD}}+ {M}_{{D}^{\prime }{A}^{\prime }\mid {DA}}}\right)$
分析式(12)可知,弯道动态无线充电过程中, 发射、接收线圈互感$M$ 随偏转角度$\theta$ 的增大而减小, 从而导致系统传输效率降低。为提高动态无线充电过程中弯道处系统传输效率, 可针对发射线圈导轨结构进行一定的优化, 减少两相邻发射线圈之间的外边间距, 从而减小弯道处的互感跌落, 以达到提高系统传输效率的目的。
为减小弯道处导轨切换过程中由原、副线圈互感跌落造成的充电效率跌落问题带来的的影响, 在不改变弯道半径大小及弯道处分段式发射线圈导轨基本尺寸的情况下, 本文提出 1 种改进型弯道处发射线圈导轨结构。通过改变发射线圈导轨外边形状, 使之贴合弯道半径变化趋势,在不改变发射线圈导轨宽度的同时减小两相邻发射线圈导轨间的间距,达到减小漏磁现象与互感跌落, 进而减小充电效率跌落的目的。 改进后的弯道发射线圈拓扑如图4所示。
为验证改进后的发射线圈导轨结构是否可达到减小互感波动, 本文基于有限元仿真软件, 设计了表1所示的线圈结构参数, 对改进前、后发射线圈导轨与接收线圈的互感进行了仿真分析。
仿真过程模拟了接收线圈从进入到离开发射线圈充电工作区域的全过程,偏转角度为$-{3.5}^{\circ }\sim$ ${3.5}^{\circ }$。改进前、后原副线圈互感与线圈偏转角度的关系如图5所示。可知, 采用改进型线圈拓扑结构, 弯道处原、副线圈间互感明显提升。
为了验证上述改进型弯道线圈拓扑结构对系统传输效率的影响,本文基于仿真尺寸与参数搭建了 1 套电源电压为${30}\mathrm{\;V}$、系统工作频率为${85}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 的系统实验平台。平台由直流电源、信号发生器、 逆变电路、LCC-S 补偿电路、电磁耦合机构、整流电路及电子负载组成。实验平台如图6所示, 系统参数见表2
为测得系统最优负载${R}_{3}$,通过调整电子负载大小, 分别测量了发射线圈结构改进前、后的无线充电系统在偏转角度为${0}^{\circ }$ 处的系统传输效率。系统传输效率与负载大小关系如图7所示。可见, 发射线圈改进前、后的无线充电系统均在负载${R}_{3}= {10\Omega }$ 时,传输效率达到最大。故设置${R}_{3}= {10\Omega }$ 为系统最优负载,测得 2 种结构下偏转角度最大$\left({3.5}^{\circ }\right)$ 与最小$\left({0}^{\circ }\right)$ 时无线充电系统的传输性能参数,系统输出功率与传输效率随偏转角度变化曲线如图8所示。可见,在偏转角度最小$\left({0}^{\circ }\right)$ 时,分别采用改进前、后 2 种发射线圈结构的无线充电系统的传输效率差别较小,仅为${0.38}\%$;但在偏转角度最大$\left({3.5}^{\circ }\right)$ 时,采用改进发射线圈结构的无线充电系统传输效率为 58.21%,未采用改进发射线圈结构的无线充电系统传输效率为49.55%,前者相较后者提升了8.66%。 多次实验, 改进后较改进前系统效率提升在 8%~9%。
通过以上实验可以看出, 动态无线充电导轨切换处会不可避免地产生系统效率跌落, 但通过改变弯道处的发射线圈导轨结构, 适配对应的弯道半径, 使内外导轨间距保持一致, 能显著提高动态无线充电过程中弯道导轨处的系统充电效率, 减小能量损失。
本文通过理论推导得出了电动汽车动态无线充电过程中分段式发射线圈导轨与接收线圈的互感、偏转角度之间的关系;从理论上分析了弯道处线圈间互感进一步跌落的原因, 并针对其互感跌落问题提出了 1 种改进型弯道无线充电发射线圈导轨结构, 通过有限元仿真分析得到了改进前、 后结构的互感特性并进行了实验验证。实验结果表明, 改进型弯道处发射线圈导轨结构能显著降低弯道导轨切换处的互感跌落, 进而较大程度地提高无线充电系统的充电效率, 效率提升了 8.66%,可为电动汽车动态无线充电的应用提供参考。
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.228
  • 接收时间:2021-10-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-10-10
  • 修回日期:2021-11-25
  • 录用日期:2021-12-20
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    武汉理工大学 机电工程学院 武汉 430070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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