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Compared with the traditional plug-in charging method, it is safer and more convenient to employ an inductive power transfer (IPT) system to charge autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). To alleviate the strong magnetic field inside the AUV hull and the dramatic power fluctuation caused by the rotation misalignment of the AUV under the turbulent water, a three-phase IPT system with a novel coupling structure is proposed. The coupler is composed of three transmitting coils and four receiving coils connected in alternating reverse series, which can suppress the central magnetic field and improve the anti-rotation misalignment performance simultaneously. The Maxwell simulation results show that when the AUV hull rotates, the equivalent mutual inductance Meq fluctuation is less than 2%, and the magnetic field of the AUV center always maintains a low level. In addition, to simplify the system analysis, a decoupling method based on a passive component is adopted to decouple the three transmitting coils. A laboratory-scale prototype based on an LCC-S compensation topology was built to verify the feasibility of the system. Experimental results show that when AUV rotated, the output power varied from 536 W to 595 W with a maximum fluctuation of 9.91%. The maximum DC-DC efficiency of the system was 86.28%.

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与传统接触式充电方式相比,采用感应式电能传输 IPT(inductive power transfer)系统给自主水下航行器 AUVs(autonomous underwater vehicles)充电更加方便和安全。为了解决 AUV船体中心磁场强和由波浪引起的旋转偏移导致传输功率剧烈波动的问题,提出1种具有新型耦合结构的三相IPT 系统。耦合器由3个发射线圈和4个反向交替串联的接收线圈组成,该结构有利于抑制中心磁场并提高抗旋转偏移性能。Maxwell 仿真结果表明,在船体旋转时,等效互感 Meg波动小于2%,同时AUV 中心磁场始终保持在较低水平。此外,为简化系统分析,采用1种无源元件解耦的方法对3个发射线圈进行解耦。搭建了1台基于LCC-S 补偿拓扑的实验样机来验证系统的可行性,实验结果表明,当AUV 旋转时,传输功率为536~595 W,最大波动率为9.91%,系统直-直最高效率为86.28%。

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宋毅(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:1415600349@qq.com。

罗颖(1995-),女,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:2395420301@qq.com。

麦瑞坤(1980-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:无线牵引供电技术研究及其在轨道交通中的应用、无线电能传输技术及其应用、电力电子技术及其应用、动态同步相量测量技术及其工程实现、广域测量系统 PMU 数据在电力系统中的应用、系统低频振荡定位与控制方法。E-mail:mairk@swjtu.edu.cn。

朱宸彦(1996-),男,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:742816561@qq.com。

肖静(1988-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术应用。E-mail:xueshudaniu@163.com。

陈绍南(1987-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术应用。E-mail:451310528@qq.com。

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宋毅(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:1415600349@qq.com。

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宋毅(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:1415600349@qq.com。

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罗颖(1995-),女,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:2395420301@qq.com。

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罗颖(1995-),女,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:2395420301@qq.com。

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麦瑞坤(1980-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:无线牵引供电技术研究及其在轨道交通中的应用、无线电能传输技术及其应用、电力电子技术及其应用、动态同步相量测量技术及其工程实现、广域测量系统 PMU 数据在电力系统中的应用、系统低频振荡定位与控制方法。E-mail:mairk@swjtu.edu.cn。

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麦瑞坤(1980-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:无线牵引供电技术研究及其在轨道交通中的应用、无线电能传输技术及其应用、电力电子技术及其应用、动态同步相量测量技术及其工程实现、广域测量系统 PMU 数据在电力系统中的应用、系统低频振荡定位与控制方法。E-mail:mairk@swjtu.edu.cn。

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朱宸彦(1996-),男,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:742816561@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

朱宸彦(1996-),男,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:742816561@qq.com。

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肖静(1988-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术应用。E-mail:xueshudaniu@163.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

肖静(1988-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术应用。E-mail:xueshudaniu@163.com。

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陈绍南(1987-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术应用。E-mail:451310528@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

陈绍南(1987-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术应用。E-mail:451310528@qq.com。

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参数 数值
本文 文献[15] 文献[16]
单个发射线圈自感${L}_{\mathrm{P}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 94.60 71.35 49.46
单个接收线圈自感${L}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 222.65 401.96 227.05
互感$M/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 28.69 29.45 28.82
), ArticleFig(id=1154048254846160937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037281192137533, language=CN, label=表1, caption=仿真结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
本文 文献[15] 文献[16]
单个发射线圈自感${L}_{\mathrm{P}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 94.60 71.35 49.46
单个接收线圈自感${L}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 222.65 401.96 227.05
互感$M/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 28.69 29.45 28.82
), ArticleFig(id=1154048254917464107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037281192137533, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Simulation excitation parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
本文 文献[15] 文献[16]
发射线圈电流${I}_{\mathrm{P}}/\mathrm{A}$ 3.70 3.60 3.72
单个发射线圈匝数 16 19 16
接收线圈电流${I}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mathrm{A}$ 10.00 3.33 10.00
单个接收线圈匝数 16 48 16
副边安匝数 160 160 160
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参数 数值
本文 文献[15] 文献[16]
发射线圈电流${I}_{\mathrm{P}}/\mathrm{A}$ 3.70 3.60 3.72
单个发射线圈匝数 16 19 16
接收线圈电流${I}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mathrm{A}$ 10.00 3.33 10.00
单个接收线圈匝数 16 48 16
副边安匝数 160 160 160
), ArticleFig(id=1154048255055876143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037281192137533, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Experimental parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
$E/\mathrm{V}$ 140 ${C}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 14.71
$f/k\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 150 ${C}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 14.35
${L}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 9.86 ${C}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 14.59
${L}_{\mathrm{{fB}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 9.89 ${C}_{\mathrm{M}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 512.40
${L}_{\mathrm{{fC}}}/\mathrm{{\mu H}}$ 9.92 ${M}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 2.2500
${C}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 113.49 ${M}_{\mathrm{{BC}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 2.2025
${C}_{\mathrm{{fB}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 112.70 ${M}_{\mathrm{{AC}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 2.1300
${C}_{\mathrm{{fC}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 113.92 ${L}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 196.42
${L}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 84.11 ${C}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 5.736
${L}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}/\mathrm{{\mu H}}$ 85.96 ${R}_{\mathrm{L}}/\Omega$ 25.
${L}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}/\mathrm{{\mu H}}$ 84.67
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参数 数值 参数 数值
$E/\mathrm{V}$ 140 ${C}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 14.71
$f/k\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 150 ${C}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 14.35
${L}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 9.86 ${C}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 14.59
${L}_{\mathrm{{fB}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 9.89 ${C}_{\mathrm{M}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 512.40
${L}_{\mathrm{{fC}}}/\mathrm{{\mu H}}$ 9.92 ${M}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 2.2500
${C}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 113.49 ${M}_{\mathrm{{BC}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 2.2025
${C}_{\mathrm{{fB}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 112.70 ${M}_{\mathrm{{AC}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 2.1300
${C}_{\mathrm{{fC}}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 113.92 ${L}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 196.42
${L}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 84.11 ${C}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 5.736
${L}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}/\mathrm{{\mu H}}$ 85.96 ${R}_{\mathrm{L}}/\Omega$ 25.
${L}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}/\mathrm{{\mu H}}$ 84.67
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兼顾抗旋转偏移和中心磁场抑制的三相IPT 系统设计与分析
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宋毅 1 , 罗颖 1 , 麦瑞坤 1 , 朱宸彦 1 , 肖静 2 , 陈绍南 2
电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024,22(4): 219-227
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电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024, 22(4): 219-227
兼顾抗旋转偏移和中心磁场抑制的三相IPT 系统设计与分析
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宋毅1 , 罗颖1 , 麦瑞坤1 , 朱宸彦1 , 肖静2 , 陈绍南2
作者信息
  • 1 西南交通大学 电气工程学院 成都 610031
  • 2 南方电网无线传能联合实验室(广西电网有限责任公司) 南宁 530023
  • 宋毅(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:1415600349@qq.com。

    罗颖(1995-),女,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:2395420301@qq.com。

    麦瑞坤(1980-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:无线牵引供电技术研究及其在轨道交通中的应用、无线电能传输技术及其应用、电力电子技术及其应用、动态同步相量测量技术及其工程实现、广域测量系统 PMU 数据在电力系统中的应用、系统低频振荡定位与控制方法。E-mail:mairk@swjtu.edu.cn。

    朱宸彦(1996-),男,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:742816561@qq.com。

    肖静(1988-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术应用。E-mail:xueshudaniu@163.com。

    陈绍南(1987-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术应用。E-mail:451310528@qq.com。

Design and Analysis of Three-phase IPT System with Anti-rotation Misalignment and Central Magnetic Field Suppression
Yi SONG1 , Ying LUO1 , Ruikun MAI1 , Chenyan ZHU1 , Jing XIAO2 , Shaonan CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical Engineering Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
  • 2 Southern Power Grid Corporation Wireless Power Transmission Joint Laboratory, Guangxi Power Grid Co., Ltd Nanning 530023 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.219
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与传统接触式充电方式相比,采用感应式电能传输 IPT(inductive power transfer)系统给自主水下航行器 AUVs(autonomous underwater vehicles)充电更加方便和安全。为了解决 AUV船体中心磁场强和由波浪引起的旋转偏移导致传输功率剧烈波动的问题,提出1种具有新型耦合结构的三相IPT 系统。耦合器由3个发射线圈和4个反向交替串联的接收线圈组成,该结构有利于抑制中心磁场并提高抗旋转偏移性能。Maxwell 仿真结果表明,在船体旋转时,等效互感 Meg波动小于2%,同时AUV 中心磁场始终保持在较低水平。此外,为简化系统分析,采用1种无源元件解耦的方法对3个发射线圈进行解耦。搭建了1台基于LCC-S 补偿拓扑的实验样机来验证系统的可行性,实验结果表明,当AUV 旋转时,传输功率为536~595 W,最大波动率为9.91%,系统直-直最高效率为86.28%。

感应式电能传输  /  自主水下航行器  /  抗旋转偏移  /  三相  /  抑制中心磁场

Compared with the traditional plug-in charging method, it is safer and more convenient to employ an inductive power transfer (IPT) system to charge autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). To alleviate the strong magnetic field inside the AUV hull and the dramatic power fluctuation caused by the rotation misalignment of the AUV under the turbulent water, a three-phase IPT system with a novel coupling structure is proposed. The coupler is composed of three transmitting coils and four receiving coils connected in alternating reverse series, which can suppress the central magnetic field and improve the anti-rotation misalignment performance simultaneously. The Maxwell simulation results show that when the AUV hull rotates, the equivalent mutual inductance Meq fluctuation is less than 2%, and the magnetic field of the AUV center always maintains a low level. In addition, to simplify the system analysis, a decoupling method based on a passive component is adopted to decouple the three transmitting coils. A laboratory-scale prototype based on an LCC-S compensation topology was built to verify the feasibility of the system. Experimental results show that when AUV rotated, the output power varied from 536 W to 595 W with a maximum fluctuation of 9.91%. The maximum DC-DC efficiency of the system was 86.28%.

Inductive power transfer (IPT)  /  autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs)  /  anti-rotation misalignment  /  three-phase  /  suppression of central magnetic field
宋毅, 罗颖, 麦瑞坤, 朱宸彦, 肖静, 陈绍南. 兼顾抗旋转偏移和中心磁场抑制的三相IPT 系统设计与分析. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 219 -227 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.219
Yi SONG, Ying LUO, Ruikun MAI, Chenyan ZHU, Jing XIAO, Shaonan CHEN. Design and Analysis of Three-phase IPT System with Anti-rotation Misalignment and Central Magnetic Field Suppression[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 219 -227 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.219
感应式电能传输 IPT(inductive power transfer) 技术由于其无接触火花、无磨损磨耗及安全便捷的特性,被广泛应用于消费电子[1-2] 、生物医疗[3-4] 和电动汽车[5-6] 等领域。在一些特殊场合(如水下充电), 无线供电技术还具有不可替代的优势。由电池提供动力的自主水下航行器 AUVs(autonomous underwater vehicles)被广泛应用于近海测量[7] 、深海考古[8] 和水雷对抗[9] 等领域,但受其体积和电池容量的限制, AUV 需要返回基地充电而无法在水底长时间执行任务。传统的有线充电方式在水下环境中遇到极大挑战, 由于水的导电性, 需要设计复杂的充电接口和密封结构以降低漏电的风险。而 IPT 技术利用电磁感应原理,能够实现电源侧到负载侧的无接触电力传输, 确保了电路系统与水下环境的完全隔离, 降低了系统漏电风险和制造成本。
美国北卡罗来纳州立大学 Feezor M D 等[10] 最先提出在 AUV 中使用无线充电技术, 并设计了 1 种用于 AUV 电源和数据传输的无线供电系统, 其由 2 个可分离的对称铁芯组成, 线圈缠绕在倾斜表面,传输功率为${200}\mathrm{\;W}$ 时的传输效率为${79}\%$。 为适应海面波动, 1 种锥形线圈被开发并实现了$1\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的功率传输[11]。哈尔滨工业大学 Cheng Zhiyuan 等[12] 提出 1 种半封闭磁芯结构以降低海水中的涡流损耗,效率为${91}\%$ 情况下的传输功率为${10}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$。但是, 上述设计均未考虑耦合器与船体外形的兼容性, 从而增大了AUV 的航行阻力, 对航行速度和机动性产生了不利影响。为解决这一问题, 文献[13]引入同轴线圈结构, 较好地适应了 AUV 的船体, 无需改变船体形状, 然而同轴线圈产生的电磁场集中在船体中心, 较强的电磁场可能会干扰 AUV 内部电力电子器件或控制电路的正常工作, 导致 AUV 系统发生故障。为抑制 AUV 内部磁场,文献[14-15] 提出采用偶极线圈磁力耦合器或三发射线圈结构的无线充电系统, 2 种结构均能将磁场约束在线圈附近,但系统传输功率和效率对旋转偏移十分敏感,而受洋流影响,船体在充电时不可避免地发生旋转, 为保证 AUV 在任何角度下均能得到有效的充电, 系统的抗旋转偏移能力至关重要。Kan Tianze 等[16] 基于文献[15]中的三发射线圈结构,提出 1 种反向绕制的接收线圈以提高系统抗旋转偏移能力,实验结果表明系统功率为${321}\sim {745}\mathrm{\;W}$, DC-DC效率为76.24%~86.19%,功率最大波动率为 56.91%。此外, 西北工业大学Yan Zhengchao 等[17] 提出了 1 种双反绕接收线圈, 2 个接收线圈的磁通相互垂直从而维持总互感恒定, 该系统在旋转时的输出功率为${485}\sim {664}\mathrm{\;W}$,功率最大波动率为 26.95%, 系统效率约保持在 92%。但是, 上述这些具有抗旋转偏移的无线供电系统并未对 AUV 内部磁场做过多的优化。
为了同时兼顾船体中心磁场小和系统抗旋转偏移这 2 项性能, 本文提出 1 种原边为三相发射线圈, 副边为 4 个反向交替串联的接收线圈的耦合结构。其中, 原边每相线圈被分成 2 段, 相对放置, 串联在三相逆变器的某相输出, 三相发射线圈间存在交叉耦合, 可能会破坏系统平衡, 增加逆变器容量,导致系统效率下降[18]。对此,本文介绍了 1 种采用无源元件来消除原边三相线圈互感的方法, 并对解耦后的三相 IPT 系统进行了理论推导和分析, 使用有限元分析软件 ANSYS Maxwell 对所提结构进行了磁场仿真,最后搭建了1台${595}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的实验样机来验证理论分析的正确性。
三相 IPT 系统的电路拓扑如图1所示,$E$ 为直流源,经三相逆变器逆变后得到${u}_{\mathrm{A}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{B}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 这3个有效值相等、相位互差${120}^{\circ }$ 的交流电压。系统采用 LCC-S补偿拓扑,补偿电感${L}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{{fB}}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{{fC}}}$ 分别与补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{fB}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{fC}}}$ 谐振; 原边线圈${L}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}$${L}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}$ 分别与补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{fB}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{fC}}},{C}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}$ 及解耦电容${C}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 组成谐振回路; 副边线圈${L}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 和补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 谐振。${M}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}\text{、}{M}_{\mathrm{{BC}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{CA}}}$ 为发射线圈之间的互感,${M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}$ 为三相发射线圈与接收线圈之间的互感。全桥整流器将交流转换为直流, AUV 电池用直流负载电阻${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 代替。
为简化系统,设计${L}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}= {L}_{\mathrm{{fB}}}= {L}_{\mathrm{{fC}}}= {L}_{\mathrm{f}}$,则${C}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}=$ ${C}_{\mathrm{{fB}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{fC}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{f}}$,同时${L}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}= {L}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}= {L}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}= {L}_{\mathrm{P}},{C}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}=$ ${C}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{P}}$。设$\omega$ 为谐振角频率,系统参数关系可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{f}}= \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{f}}}\\\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{p}}= \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{p}}}+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{f}}}+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{M}}}\\\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{S}}= \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{f}}}\end{array}\right.$
原边线圈之间的交叉耦合会影响系统的稳定性, 同时增加系统分析的复杂度, 因此本文需要对 3 个原边线圈进行解耦。在现有学者提出的双线圈解耦方法[19] 的基础上,本文推导了三线圈结构通过无源元件解耦的条件。
图2为三线圈解耦电路, 根据基尔霍夫电压定律, 各线圈两端口的电压表达式为
$\left\{\begin{matrix}{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}= \left({\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}+ {\Delta X}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}+ \left({\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}+ {\Delta X}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}+ \\\left({\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{CA}}}+ {\Delta X}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}\\{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}= \left({\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}+ {\Delta X}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}+ \left({\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}+ {\Delta X}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}+ \\\left({\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{BC}}}+ {\Delta X}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}\\{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}= \left({\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}+ {\Delta X}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}+ \left({\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{CA}}}+ {\Delta X}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}+ \\\left({\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{CA}}}+ {\Delta X}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}\end{matrix}\right.$
式中:${\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}\text{、}{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}$${\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}$ 为流经各线圈的电流;${\Delta X}$ 为解耦元件的等效阻抗。
解耦后, 线圈的端口电压仅与流经该线圈的电流有关。因此, 实现 3 个线圈的解耦, 式(2)应满足
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}+ {\Delta X}= 0 \\\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{BC}}}+ {\Delta X}= 0 \\\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{CA}}}+ {\Delta X}= 0 \end{array}\right.$
本文中, 由于原边 3 个线圈完全相同且对称放置,因此${M}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}\text{、}{M}_{\mathrm{{BC}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{CA}}}$ 的值相同,设为${M}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}= {M}_{\mathrm{{BC}}}= {M}_{\mathrm{{CA}}}= {M}_{\mathrm{{tt}}}$,则解耦条件为
$\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{tt}}}+ {\Delta X}= 0 $
根据式(4)可知,电容元件${C}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 应满足
${\Delta X}= -\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{tt}}}= \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{M}}}$
因此无源解耦元件${C}_{\mathrm{M}}$ 的值可表示为
${C}_{\mathrm{M}}= \frac{1}{{\omega }^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{{tt}}}}$
需要注意的是, 采用此电容解耦方式时, 3 个线圈的同名端必须相连, 如图2所示, 否则不能采用该方法进行解耦。此外, 解耦元件参数是针对固定系统频率设计的, 在系统频率发生变化时, 需要重新配置无源解耦元件参数。
设直流负载${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 和全桥整流器构成的等效交流负载为${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$,根据基尔霍夫电压定律列出图1的网孔方程为
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{A}}\\ 0 \\{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{B}}\\ 0 \\{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{C}}\\ 0 \\{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{C}}\\ 0 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 0 &{Z}_{12}& 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\{Z}_{21}& 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &{Z}_{27}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 &{Z}_{34}& 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 &{Z}_{43}& 0 & 0 & 0 &{Z}_{47}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &{Z}_{56}& 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &{Z}_{65}& 0 &{Z}_{67}\\ 0 &{Z}_{73}& 0 &{Z}_{73}& 0 &{Z}_{78}& {Z}_{73}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \bullet \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{BB}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{C}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{C}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PC}}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中:$Z$ 表示互阻抗,其中
${Z}_{12}= {Z}_{21}= -\frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{f}}}\\{Z}_{34}= {Z}_{43}= -\frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{f}}}\\{Z}_{56}= {Z}_{65}= -\frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{f}}}\\{\mathrm{Z}}_{27}= {\mathrm{Z}}_{72}= -\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}\\{Z}_{47}= {Z}_{74}= -\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}\\{Z}_{67}= {Z}_{76}= -\mathrm{j}\omega {M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}$
求解式(7)可得原、副边电流的表达式为
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{fA}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PA}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{{PB}}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{{\omega }^{4}{C}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}\left({{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{A}}{M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}+ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{B}}{M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}+ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{C}}{M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}}\right)}{{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}+ {M}_{\mathrm{Q}}}\\- {j}_{\mathrm{0}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}{U}_{\mathrm{A}}\\- \frac{{\omega }^{4}{C}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}\left({{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{A}}{M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}+ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{B}}{M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}+ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{C}}{M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}}\right)}{{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}\\- {j}_{\mathrm{0}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}{U}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}+ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{C}}{M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}\\- {j}_{\mathrm{0}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}{U}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{R}}+ {\dot{V}}_{\mathrm{C}}{M}_{\mathrm{R}}+ {\dot{V}}_{\mathrm{C}}{M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}\\- {j}_{\mathrm{0}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}{U}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{R}}+ {\dot{V}}_{\mathrm{r}}{M}_{\mathrm{R}}+ {\dot{V}}_{\mathrm{C}}{M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}\\- {j}_{\mathrm{0}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}{U}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{R}}+ {\dot{V}}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}{M}_{\mathrm{R}}+ {\dot{V}}_{\mathrm{C}}{M}_{\mathrm{R}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
式中:${\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{A}}\text{、}{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{B}}\text{、}{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 分别为$\mathrm{A}$ 相、$\mathrm{B}$ 相、$\mathrm{C}$ 相电压;${\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为副边电流。
根据式 (8),输出功率${P}_{\text{out }}$ 表示为
${P}_{\text{out }}= {\left|{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{S}}\right|}^{2}{R}_{\text{eq }}= \\\frac{{\omega }^{4}{C}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}{\left|{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{A}}{M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}+ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{B}}{M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}+ {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{C}}{M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}\right|}^{2}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}$
由于${u}_{\mathrm{A}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{B}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 有效值和频率相同,相位相差${120}^{\circ }$,设其基波有效值为$U$,则有
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{A}}= U{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}0}\\{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{B}}= U{\mathrm{e}}^{{j}_{\frac{2}{3}}^{2}\pi }\\{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{C}}= U{\mathrm{e}}^{-{j}_{\frac{2}{3}}^{2}\pi }\end{array}\right.$
将式(10)代入式(9),可得
${P}_{\text{out }}= \frac{{\omega }^{4}{C}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}{U}^{2}{M}_{\text{eq }}^{2}}{{R}_{\text{eq }}}$
其中,${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 的表达式为
${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= \left|{{M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}0}+ {M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{2}{3}\pi }+ {M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\frac{2}{3}\pi }}\right|= \\\sqrt{{M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}^{2}+ {M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}^{2}+ {M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}^{2}- {M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}{M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}- {M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}{M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}- {M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}{M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}}$
${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 的关系[15] 可表示为
${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= \frac{8}{{\pi }^{2}}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}$
由于采用三相半桥逆变, 逆变器每相的输出电压脉宽恒为${180}^{\circ },{u}_{\mathrm{A}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{B}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 的基波有效值$U$ 与直流电压$E$ 的关系[20] 可表示为
$ U =\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\times \frac{2}{\pi }E =\frac{\sqrt{2}}{\pi }E $
将式(13)、式(14)代入式(11),输出功率可表示为
${P}_{\text{out }}= \frac{{\omega }^{4}{C}_{\mathrm{f}}^{2}{E}^{2}{M}_{\text{eq }}^{2}}{4{R}_{\mathrm{L}}}$
根据式(15)可以得出, 当输入电压、元件参数和负载一定时,系统输出功率仅与${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 相关。因此,当 AUV 旋转时,若${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 保持稳定,则系统输出功率恒定。
本文提出的耦合结构及尺寸如图3所示, 耦合器由 3 个相同的发射机和 1 个接收机组成。整体系统结构如图3(a)所示, 发射和接收线圈排布如图3(b)所示, 每个发射机由 2 个正对的线圈串联而成, 发射线圈 TAI 与 TAII 串联组成发射机 A, 发射线圈 TBI 与 TBII 串联组成发射机 B,发射线圈 TCI与 TCII 串联组成发射机 C。3 个发射机由 3 个有效值相同、相位互差${120}^{\circ }$ 的三相电供电。接收机由 RI、RII、RIII、RIV这 4 个正反交替排布的接收线圈串联而成, 其中 RI 与 RIII 绕向一致, RII 与 RIV绕向一致且与 RI、RIII 绕向相反。耦合器的尺寸及接收线圈的电流方向如图3(c)所示, AUV 外半径为${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,内半径为${94}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,壳体厚$6\mathrm{\;{mm}}$;原、副边均采用直径为$3\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的利兹线,绕制 16 匝, 宽 48 mm;铁氧体磁芯高 48 mm,厚 15 mm;AUV 壳体与发射线圈之间的间隙为${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
由于海水的相对磁导率非常接近 1, 因此海水可被近似为空气[15],对 AUV 的分析也均在空气中进行。为了验证所提线圈的抗旋转偏移性能, 通过有限元分析软件 ANSYS Maxwell 对线圈进行仿真分析。旋转方式规定为发射机固定不动,接收机顺时针旋转。当 AUV 无线充电系统完全对准时, 位置如图3(c)所示。
根据式 (12),${M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}\text{、}{M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}\text{、}{M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 的仿真变化曲线如图4所示。结果表明,${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 在 AUV 发生旋转偏移时可维持稳定, 偏差在 2%以内, 且以${30}^{\circ }$ 为最小周期变化。
为了研究和比较磁场, 搭建了文献[15-16]中提出的三相线圈结构和本文所提出的线圈结构。为了比较的公平性, 设 3 种线圈结构的接收线圈占据相同体积,即副边固定在大小一致的空心圆柱内[15], 且副边安匝数一致。为了方便对比, 设计 3 种线圈结构在相同的互感下,以${10}\mathrm{\;A}$ 交流充电电流传递$1\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 功率。通过改变原边线圈匝数,以获得相同的互感,仿真参数见表1,励磁电流和匝数见表2, 表中${I}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 为发射线圈电流有效值,${I}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 为接收线圈电流有效值。$M$ 在文献 [15]中代表发射线圈与相邻接收线圈之间的互感,在文献[16]和本文中指${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$。 3 种线圈结构在${YZ}$ 平面、${XY}$ 平面、${XZ}$ 平面的磁场分布分别如图5~图7所示,图中的刻度条一致, 均为$1 \times {10}^{-4}\sim {2.45}\times {10}^{-3}\mathrm{\;T}$,虚线框框出的部分代表AUV 中心位置。通过比较可以看出, 本文线圈结构在 AUV 中心区域的磁场更小, 磁通更加集中于线圈本身。在同样充电电流和传输功率条件下, 本文结构的中心磁场强度约为文献[15]结构的 1/5, 约为文献[16]结构的 $1/8$。
旋转时${YZ}$ 平面磁场分布如图8所示,可见 AUV 在偏移${15}^{\circ }$,即互感波动最大的情况下, AUV中心的磁场分布与完全对齐时一致。这说明当 AUV 发生旋转时, 中心磁场的抑制效果不会发生变化。因此, 该系统既实现了功率的抗旋转偏移, 也保证了中心磁场强度处于较低水平。
实验拟采用条形磁芯代替弧形磁芯[15-16],条形磁芯尺寸为${94}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。线圈结构的仿真模型如图9(a)所示, 并根据该模型绕制了实验线圈,如图9(b)所示。
选取 2 个旋转周期(即$0 \sim {60}^{\circ }$ )为横坐标,${M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 的仿真和实测波动曲线如图10所示。由于线圈绕制误差导致实测的${M}_{\mathrm{{AR}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{BR}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{CR}}}$${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 略小于仿真值,但其变化趋势与仿真基本一致, 表明实测值与仿真值能较好地匹配。当旋转偏移从${0}^{\circ }$ 增大至${60}^{\circ }$ 时,仿真和实测的${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 均保持平稳,变化率小于 2%。
为了验证上述分析的正确性, 搭建了基于 LCC-S 拓扑的三相 IPT 系统样机,如图11所示。 旋转角为${0}^{\circ }$ 时,系统样机参数如表3所示。图12(a)和(b)分别为${0}^{\circ }$${15}^{\circ }$ 时的三相电压${u}_{\mathrm{A}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{B}}\text{、}{u}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 及逆变器$\mathrm{C}$ 相输出电流${i}_{\mathrm{{fC}}}$ 的波形。系统输出功率和效率随旋转角度的变化如图13所示。可见: 在系统完全对准时,系统输出功率${595}\mathrm{\;W}$,效率${86.28}\%$; 当旋转角度为${15}^{\circ }$ 时,输出功率达到最小值${536}\mathrm{\;W}$;当旋转角度增大到${30}^{\circ }$ 时,功率上升至${577}\mathrm{\;W}$。随着角度继续增大至${60}^{\circ }$,功率先从${577}\mathrm{\;W}$ 下降到${536}\mathrm{\;W}$ 然后上升到${593}\mathrm{\;W}$,变化趋势与$0 \sim {30}^{\circ }$ 时一致。最大功率波动${59}\mathrm{\;W}$,波动率为${9.91}\%$,效率最高为 86.28%,最低为 85.24%。本文搭建的 IPT 系统最大功率波动率为 9.91%,比文献[16]所提出的系统最大功率波动率56.91%更小,同时效率波动小于 1.04%。实验结果与理论分析一致, 表明采用该线圈结构的三相 IPT 系统具有良好的抗旋转偏移能力。
本文提出 1 种用于 AUV 的新型三相 IPT 系统, 原边三相发射线圈每相分 2 段正对放置, 副边为 4 个反向交替串联的接收线圈, 通过原边三相供电和副边接收线圈反向交替串联, 系统的抗旋转偏移性能得到了显著改善, 同时AUV中心磁场始终保持在较低水平。通过有限元分析软件 Maxwell 验证了所提耦合结构的性能,在 AUV 旋转过程中${M}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 波动小于$2\%$,同时,在相同充电电流和传输功率下, AUV 中心磁场强度约为文献[15]的$1/5$,约为文献[16]的$1/8$。本文搭建了三相 IPT 系统原型样机,在旋转偏移时,输出功率波动范围为${536}\sim {595}\mathrm{\;W}$,最大波动率为 9.91%,系统直-直最高效率为 86.28%,最低为 85.24%。仿真和实验结果表明, 所提三相 IPT 系统 AUV 船体中心磁场强度较小, 抗旋转偏移能力较强, 发生旋转偏移时输出功率基本稳定, 且效率始终保持较高水平,故本文提出的方法有效且可行。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(51977184)
  • 无线供电及其应用四川省青年科技创新研究团队资助项目(2020JDT0004)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.219
  • 接收时间:2021-10-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-10-12
  • 修回日期:2022-03-03
  • 录用日期:2022-03-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51977184)
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(51977184)
Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team(2020JDT0004)
无线供电及其应用四川省青年科技创新研究团队资助项目(2020JDT0004)
作者信息
    1 西南交通大学 电气工程学院 成都 610031
    2 南方电网无线传能联合实验室(广西电网有限责任公司) 南宁 530023
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