Article(id=1154037273176826660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.20, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1640707200000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-29, revisedDate=1649174400000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-06, acceptedDate=1653840000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-05-30, onlineDate=1753073526900, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073526900, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073526900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073526900, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=20, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037273793389349, articleId=1154037273176826660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=DC-DC Converter Applied to Vehicle Auxiliary Power Supply, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The design of DC-DC converters which are applied to vehicle auxiliary power modules (APMs) is taken as a research object, the topology of a two-stage DC-DC converter consisting of a three-level Boost (TL-Boost) topology and a half-bridge LLC resonant topology is proposed, and its working principle is analyzed. The front-stage TL-Boost topology converts a wide range of input voltage into a stable voltage, ensuring the high-efficiency operation of the back-stage half-bridge LLC resonant topology. The feasibility and correctness of the proposed DC-DC converter were verified by establishing an experimental platform and carrying out relevant experiments.

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以应用于车载辅助电源模块 APM(auxiliary power module)的DC-DC 变换器设计为研究对象,提出1种由三电平升压型TL-Boost(three-level Boost)拓扑和半桥LLC谐振拓扑构成的两级式DC-DC变换器拓扑结构,分析其工作原理。前级 TL-Boost 拓扑将宽范围的输入电压转换为稳定电压,保证了后级半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑的高效率运行。通过搭建实验平台并进行相关实验,结果验证了所提DC-DC变换器的可行性和正确性。

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董雨坤(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:DC-DC变换器。E-mail:326909207@qq.com。

刘俊峰(1978-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、高频配电系统和运动控制。E-mail:aujfliu@scut.edu.cn。

周浩(1994-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士研究生。研究方向:高频变换器及其控制技术。E-mail:zhouhao_827@163.com。

曾君(1979-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、分布式发电的能量管理和智能控制。E-mail:junzeng@scut.edu.cn。

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董雨坤(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:DC-DC变换器。E-mail:326909207@qq.com。

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董雨坤(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:DC-DC变换器。E-mail:326909207@qq.com。

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刘俊峰(1978-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、高频配电系统和运动控制。E-mail:aujfliu@scut.edu.cn。

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刘俊峰(1978-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、高频配电系统和运动控制。E-mail:aujfliu@scut.edu.cn。

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周浩(1994-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士研究生。研究方向:高频变换器及其控制技术。E-mail:zhouhao_827@163.com。

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周浩(1994-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士研究生。研究方向:高频变换器及其控制技术。E-mail:zhouhao_827@163.com。

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曾君(1979-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、分布式发电的能量管理和智能控制。E-mail:junzeng@scut.edu.cn。

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曾君(1979-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、分布式发电的能量管理和智能控制。E-mail:junzeng@scut.edu.cn。

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figureFileBig=m/1vwA0BO6IbAFGvsMc0Fg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048250941268355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037273176826660, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Adjustment strategy for switch tube conduction time, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样对比 ${d}_{1}$ ${d}_{2}$
${V}_{{C}_{1}}> {V}_{{C}_{2}}$ 增大 减小
${V}_{{C}_{1}}< {V}_{{C}_{2}}$ 减小 增大
${V}_{\text{in }}> {V}_{\text{inr }}$ 减小 减小
${V}_{\text{in }}< {V}_{\text{inr }}$ 增大 增大
), ArticleFig(id=1154048251008377220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037273176826660, language=CN, label=表1, caption=开关管导通时间调整策略, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样对比 ${d}_{1}$ ${d}_{2}$
${V}_{{C}_{1}}> {V}_{{C}_{2}}$ 增大 减小
${V}_{{C}_{1}}< {V}_{{C}_{2}}$ 减小 增大
${V}_{\text{in }}> {V}_{\text{inr }}$ 减小 减小
${V}_{\text{in }}< {V}_{\text{inr }}$ 增大 增大
), ArticleFig(id=1154048251067097477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037273176826660, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Characteristics of different working modes of half-bridge LLC resonant topology, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开关频率与谐振频率关系 工作模式
${f}_{\mathrm{s}}< {f}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 原边开关管无法实现 ZVS 开通
${f}_{\mathrm{m}}< {f}_{\mathrm{s}}< {f}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 原边开关管 ZVS 开通、副边整流二极管 ZCS 关断
${f}_{\mathrm{s}}> {f}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 副边无法实现 ZCS 关断
), ArticleFig(id=1154048251125817734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037273176826660, language=CN, label=表2, caption=半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑不同工作模式特点, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开关频率与谐振频率关系 工作模式
${f}_{\mathrm{s}}< {f}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 原边开关管无法实现 ZVS 开通
${f}_{\mathrm{m}}< {f}_{\mathrm{s}}< {f}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 原边开关管 ZVS 开通、副边整流二极管 ZCS 关断
${f}_{\mathrm{s}}> {f}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 副边无法实现 ZCS 关断
), ArticleFig(id=1154048251226481031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037273176826660, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Experimental parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
变换器输入电压/V 250~400
前级输出电压/V 500
变换器输出电压/V 12
前级开关管开关频率/kHz 50
后级开关管开关频率/kHz 100
变压器匝数比 20:1:1
前级开关管型号 STW75NF30
后级开关管型号 IPW65R150CFD
$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 860
${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 470
${C}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 87
${L}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{\mu H}}$ 24
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 195
), ArticleFig(id=1154048251281006984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037273176826660, language=CN, label=表3, caption=实验参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
变换器输入电压/V 250~400
前级输出电压/V 500
变换器输出电压/V 12
前级开关管开关频率/kHz 50
后级开关管开关频率/kHz 100
变压器匝数比 20:1:1
前级开关管型号 STW75NF30
后级开关管型号 IPW65R150CFD
$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 860
${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 470
${C}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 87
${L}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{\mu H}}$ 24
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 195
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一种应用于车载辅助电源的DC-DC变换器
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董雨坤 1 , 刘俊峰 1 , 周浩 2 , 曾君 3
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(4): 20-28
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(4): 20-28
一种应用于车载辅助电源的DC-DC变换器
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董雨坤1 , 刘俊峰1 , 周浩2 , 曾君3
作者信息
  • 1 华南理工大学 自动化科学与工程学院 广州 510640
  • 2 华南理工大学 吴贤铭智能工程学院 广州 511442
  • 3 华南理工大学 电力学院 广州 510640
  • 董雨坤(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:DC-DC变换器。E-mail:326909207@qq.com。

    刘俊峰(1978-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、高频配电系统和运动控制。E-mail:aujfliu@scut.edu.cn。

    周浩(1994-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士研究生。研究方向:高频变换器及其控制技术。E-mail:zhouhao_827@163.com。

    曾君(1979-),女,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子应用、分布式发电的能量管理和智能控制。E-mail:junzeng@scut.edu.cn。

DC-DC Converter Applied to Vehicle Auxiliary Power Supply
Yukun DONG1 , Junfeng LIU1 , Hao ZHOU2 , Jun ZENG3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Automation Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
  • 2 Shien-ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 511442 China
  • 3 School of Electric Power Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.20
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以应用于车载辅助电源模块 APM(auxiliary power module)的DC-DC 变换器设计为研究对象,提出1种由三电平升压型TL-Boost(three-level Boost)拓扑和半桥LLC谐振拓扑构成的两级式DC-DC变换器拓扑结构,分析其工作原理。前级 TL-Boost 拓扑将宽范围的输入电压转换为稳定电压,保证了后级半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑的高效率运行。通过搭建实验平台并进行相关实验,结果验证了所提DC-DC变换器的可行性和正确性。

辅助电源  /  三电平Boost  /  半桥 LLC  /  DC-DC变换器

The design of DC-DC converters which are applied to vehicle auxiliary power modules (APMs) is taken as a research object, the topology of a two-stage DC-DC converter consisting of a three-level Boost (TL-Boost) topology and a half-bridge LLC resonant topology is proposed, and its working principle is analyzed. The front-stage TL-Boost topology converts a wide range of input voltage into a stable voltage, ensuring the high-efficiency operation of the back-stage half-bridge LLC resonant topology. The feasibility and correctness of the proposed DC-DC converter were verified by establishing an experimental platform and carrying out relevant experiments.

Auxiliary power supply  /  three-level Boost (TL-Boost)  /  half-bridge LLC  /  DC-DC converter
董雨坤, 刘俊峰, 周浩, 曾君. 一种应用于车载辅助电源的DC-DC变换器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.20
Yukun DONG, Junfeng LIU, Hao ZHOU, Jun ZENG. DC-DC Converter Applied to Vehicle Auxiliary Power Supply[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 20 -28 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.20
为了改善能源短缺和空气污染等全球性问题, 电动汽车逐渐成为人们首选的出行工具。辅助电源模块 APM(auxiliary power module)是电动汽车必不可少的部件, 而大功率 DC-DC 变换器是 APM 的核心。电动汽车在运行过程中会面临各种复杂车况, 导致动力电池供给 APM 的电压有较大波动, 再加上车内空间有限, 因此在 APM 应用场景, 所设计的 DC-DC 变换器应具备在宽输入电压范围下仍能高效工作,同时还具有体积小、质量轻、可靠性高等特点。
采用单级结构的中、大功率$\mathrm{{DC}}- \mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器, 移相全桥拓扑和 LLC 谐振拓扑得到了广泛应用[1-9]。但在宽范围电压输入条件下,移相全桥拓扑的电路损耗会随着输入电压升高引起无功环流时间的增加而显著增大, 副边输出整流二极管上的寄生振荡会带来严重的电磁干扰[1-2]; LLC 谐振拓扑需要具有较宽的开关频率范围, 但这样不利于磁性元件的设计[3]。为了改善这些问题,科研人员已提出许多解决方案,如增加辅助电路[4-5] 、LLC 谐振腔优化[6-7] 及变模态控制[8-9] 等,但这些方案均在一定程度上增加了电路或控制方法的复杂性。在单级 DC-DC 变换器的效率在此类应用难以保证的条件下,两级式 DC-DC 变换器受到关注[10-13],文献[11]提出 1 种传统 Boost-半桥LLC两级式变换器, 在高压输入时传统 Boost 变换器会产生较大的电压变化率,功率器件的电压和电流等级也随之提高, 升压电感需要设计的较大, 且电感电流纹波难以抑制; 文献[12]提出 1 种双管 Buck/Boost-LLC 两级式变换器, 结合了 Buck/Boost 宽电压范围和 LLC 高效率的优点, 但前级电路所需器件较多, 变换器峰值效率仅为 92%; 文献[13]提出 1 种交错并联 Buck+ 全桥 LLC 两级式变换器, 交错并联技术可减小开关管的电流应力和输出电流纹波, 但为了保证并联支路的均流, 控制的复杂度较高。
基于上述研究现状和分析,本文提出 1 种由 TL-Boost 拓扑和半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑构成的两级式 DC-DC 变换器。首先, 对前级 TL-Boost 拓扑的工作原理进行分析, 采用交错控制策略以降低升压电感电流纹波和输出电压纹波, 旨在使所需升压电感的感值可以大幅降低, 减小电感体积的同时也降低成本, 通过动态调整开关管的导通时间来实现电容均压; 其次, 给出后级半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑的设计过程; 最后, 通过搭建实验平台并进行相关实验, 验证所提 DC-DC 变换器的可行性和正确性。
本文提出的变换器拓扑如图1所示, 该变换器初级侧由 1 个 TL-Boost 拓扑和 1 个半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑构成。在前级 TL-Boost 拓扑中,${V}_{\text{in }}$ 为系统的输入电压;$L$ 为升压电感;${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 为 MOSFET 开关管;${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 为整流二极管;${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 为均压电容,且${C}_{1}= {C}_{2};2$ 个均压电容的电压分别为${V}_{{C}_{1}}$${V}_{{C}_{2}}$,两者之和${V}_{\mathrm{{bo}}}$ 为前级拓扑的输出电压,并作为后级拓扑的输入电压。在后级半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑中,${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 为 MOSFET 开关管;${L}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为谐振电感;${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为励磁电感;${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为谐振电容。变换器次级侧使用全波整流器,${\mathrm{D}}_{3}$${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 为整流二极管;${C}_{0}$ 为系统的输出滤波电容;${R}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为电阻负载;${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为系统的输出电压; 变压器$\mathrm{T}$ 的变比为$n : 1 : 1$
TL-Boost 拓扑具有输出谐波含量低、开关损耗小、功率器件电压应力低和电磁干扰较小等优点, 被广泛应用于高压大功率场合[14]图2为前级 TL-Boost 拓扑工作的主要波形。
图2中,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 采取交错控制,假设 2 个驱动信号的占空比均为$d$,相位差为$\alpha$,则每个周期内电感电流的脉动量为
$\Delta {i}_{L}= \frac{{V}_{i}{Td}}{L\left({1 - d}\right)}\left({1 - d -\frac{\alpha }{2\pi }}\right)$
式中,${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为前级的开关周期。由式 (1) 可以看出, 在$0 <\alpha <\pi$ 范围内,移相角越大,电流纹波越小,因此可将 2 个驱动信号的相位差设置为${180}^{\circ }$,具体控制策略如图3所示,其中${V}_{\text{inr }}$ 为前级输出参考电压。与传统 Boost 拓扑类似, 在工作中, TL-Boost 拓扑电感电流存在连续模式 CCM、临界导通模式 CRM 及断续模式 DCM 这 3 种模式。对于大功率应用, CCM 模式具有更高的效率, 本节仅对 CCM 模式进行分析。TL-Boost 拓扑可能存在 4 个工作模态, 如图4所示。
图4发现: 当$0 < d <{0.5}$ 时, TL-Boost 拓扑的工作模式不包含模态 1 ; 当 0.5 < d < 1 时, TL-Boost 拓扑的工作模式不包含模态 3。下面对前级拓扑每个开关周期的工作模态进行分析:
模态 1:${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 导通,此时${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 反向截止,${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 为后级拓扑供电,升压电感$L$ 由电源供电, 电感电流线性增加。
模态 2:${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 关断、${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 导通,此时${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 导通,${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 反向截止,电源通过升压电感$L$、续流二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 及开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 形成的回路同分压电容${C}_{2}$ 一起向后级拓扑传输能量。
模态 3:${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{2}$ 关断,此时${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 正向导通, 电源对分压电容和后级电路同时放电, 电感电流线性下降。
模态 4:${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 导通、${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 关断,此时工作状态与模态 2 类似, 不再赘述。
当占空比 0<d<0.5 时,由电感两端电压在 1 个开关周期内的伏秒平衡原理可推导出
$\left({{V}_{\text{in }}- {V}_{{C}_{2}}}\right){d}_{1}+ \left({{V}_{\text{in }}- {V}_{{C}_{1}}}\right){d}_{2}= $
$\left({{V}_{{C}_{1}}+ {V}_{{C}_{2}}- {V}_{\text{in }}}\right)\left({1 -{d}_{1}- {d}_{2}}\right)$
式中,${d}_{1}$${d}_{2}$ 分别为${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的占空比。由式(2)可得
${V}_{\text{in }}= \left({1 -{d}_{1}}\right){V}_{{C}_{1}}+ \left({1 -{d}_{2}}\right){V}_{{C}_{2}}$
因为${C}_{1}= {C}_{2}$,若$d ={d}_{1}= {d}_{2}$,则式(3)可变为
$\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{bo}}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}= \frac{1}{1 - d}$
由同样的方法可推导出当占空比${0.5}< d < 1$ 时 TL-Boost 拓扑输入、输出的关系,其表达式与式(4) 相同。
实际中由于开关管、电容等器件自身参数不一致等原因使得分压电容中点电位不相等, 其差值会增加部分元件的电流和电压应力, 因此保证其中点电位平衡十分重要。
在模态 4 下,电容${C}_{1}$ 释放能量,电容${C}_{2}$ 储存能量,其均压电容之间的电压差与${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的导通时间有关; 在模态 2 下, 均压电容的储能情况与之相反。 因此,为了调整下 1 个开关周期中功率器件${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 的导通时间,需要在前 1 个开关周期结束时,采样电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 的电压差作为反馈输入。表1为前级开关管导通时间调整策略。
在前级电路可以维持输出稳定电压的情况下, 后级半桥 LLC 拓扑设计可以针对固定的输入电压进行参数优化, 系统运行时具有高转换效率的性能优势。半桥 LLC 拓扑的开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 交替工作并基本保持导通占空比为 50%。另外, LLC 谐振拓扑结构有 2 个谐振频率,一个为电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 与电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 产生的谐振频率${f}_{\mathrm{r}}$; 另一个为电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 加上电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 与电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 产生的谐振频率${f}_{\mathrm{m}}$,即
${f}_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{1}{{2\pi }\sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{r}}{C}_{\mathrm{r}}}}$
${f}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{1}{{2\pi }\sqrt{\left({{L}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{m}}}\right){C}_{\mathrm{r}}}}$
由于存在 2 个谐振频率, 在额定负载条件下, 开关频率的不同会使 LLC 在工作时位于不同的频率区间,即${f}_{\mathrm{s}}< {f}_{\mathrm{m}}\text{、}{f}_{\mathrm{m}}< {f}_{\mathrm{s}}< {f}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}> {f}_{\mathrm{r}}$。运用基波分析法可得到半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑的直流增益[15]
${M}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left({k,{f}_{\mathrm{n}}, Q}\right)= \frac{1}{2n}{\left(\sqrt{{\left( 1 +\frac{1}{k}- \frac{1}{k{f}_{\mathrm{n}}^{2}}\right)}^{2}+ {Q}^{2}{\left({f}_{\mathrm{n}}- \frac{1}{{f}_{\mathrm{n}}}\right)}^{2}}\right)}^{-1}$
式中:$k$ 为电感系数比,$k ={L}_{\mathrm{m}}/{L}_{\mathrm{r}};{f}_{\mathrm{n}}$ 为归一化频率,${f}_{\mathrm{n}}= {f}_{\mathrm{s}}/{f}_{\mathrm{r}};Q$ 为品质因数,$Q ={\pi }^{3}{f}_{\mathrm{r}}{L}_{\mathrm{r}}/4{n}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{o}}$。由式 (1) 可以看出直流电压增益${M}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$$k\text{、}{f}_{\mathrm{n}}\text{、}Q$、匝比$n$ 紧密相关。为了直观地分析这些参数对${M}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 的影响,利用 MATHCAD 软件可绘制出 LLC 谐振拓扑直流增益曲线, 如图5所示。
根据图5, 可总结出半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑在不同频率区间下的性能特点, 如表2所示。可知, 为满足变换器在 APM 应用场景下高效率运行的性能需求,应使半桥 LLC 拓扑工作在区间${f}_{\mathrm{m}}< {f}_{\mathrm{s}}< {f}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 内。
在前级 TL-Boost 拓扑的作用下, 后级的输入能够始终保持稳定, 因此可将半桥 LLC 拓扑按照在谐振工作点处运行的情况进行设计, 此时拓扑的直流增益为 1,则匝数比$n$
$ n =\frac{M{V}_{\mathrm{i}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{i}}}{2{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}$
但实际上, 变压器次级侧的漏感不能忽略, 因此变压器实际匝比应根据所测得的变压器漏感来进行调整。
提高开关频率可以减小磁性元件的体积, 但是会增加电路损耗, 降低整体效率。综合考虑确定开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}= {100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$
在前级 TL-Boost 拓扑作用下, 半桥 LLC 拓扑的输入能够始终保持稳定, 这就意味着其直流增益也为固定值。在开关频率确定的基础上,${f}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 可设计为 1.1 倍的开关频率,即${f}_{\mathrm{r}}= {110}\mathrm{{kHz}}$
死区时间${t}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 的时长应保证在这段时间内谐振电流对开关管的寄生电容进行充放电, 从而为软开关创造条件, 但如果设置的太大则谐振网络的谐振电流将在充电和放电后发生反转, 失去软开关条件。为了实现开关管的软开关,死区时间${t}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 应满足
${t}_{\mathrm{{off}}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{c}}\leq {t}_{\mathrm{d}}\leq {t}_{\mathrm{{off}}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{c}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{{di}}}$
式中:${t}_{\text{off }}$ 为开关管关断时间;${t}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为开关管换向时间;${t}_{\mathrm{{di}}}$ 为开关管反向导通时间。${t}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 的设计应依据所选用开关管的相关参数并按式(9)确定。
由于后级半桥 LLC 的输入电压及输出电压均为稳定值, 理论上本文所提变换器在不同负载条件下均能以谐振频率工作, 此时半桥 LLC 拓扑的效率受到开关管开通损耗和关断损耗的影响, 上述损耗与励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 的大小有关,下面进行进一步分析: 在${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 确定的条件下,$k$$Q$ 的乘积为定值, 即
${kQ}= \frac{{2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{r}}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 为半桥$\mathrm{{LLC}}$ 初级交流等效电阻,其与负载电阻${R}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 的关系为
${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= \frac{8{n}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{\pi }^{2}}$
可以发现,增大$k$$Q$ 均能起到增大励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 的效果。但由图5可知,当$k$ 为定值,$Q$ 值增大时,增益曲线的峰值会靠近谐振频率点,但$Q$ 值过大会使谐振腔电流滞后电压的相位角变小, 增加实现 ZVS 的难度[16],因此$Q$ 值不宜太大。文献[17] 给出了半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑原边电流有效值${i}_{\mathrm{{RMS}}\_ \mathrm{p}}$、 次级电流有效值${i}_{\mathrm{{RMS}}\_ \mathrm{s}}$ 和励磁电感电流峰值${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}\_ \mathrm{{pk}}}$, 分别为
${i}_{\mathrm{{RMS}}\_ \mathrm{p}}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{8n}{R}_{\mathrm{o}}}\sqrt{8{\pi }^{2}+ \frac{2{n}^{4}{R}_{\mathrm{o}}^{2}}{{f}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}}$
${i}_{\mathrm{{RMS}}- \mathrm{s}}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{4n}{R}_{\mathrm{o}}}\sqrt{\frac{\left({5{\pi }^{2}- {48}}\right){n}^{4}{R}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{12}{\pi }^{2}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}+ 1}$
${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}- \mathrm{{pk}}}= \frac{{4n}{V}_{\mathrm{o}}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}$
结合式(12)$\sim$ 式(14)可以看出, LLC 原边通态损耗、LLC 副边通态损耗和初级开关管关断损耗分别与${i}_{\mathrm{{RMS}}\_ \mathrm{p}}$${i}_{\mathrm{{RMS}}\_ \mathrm{s}}$${i}_{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}\_ \mathrm{{pk}}}$ 成正比,励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 越大,即$k$ 值越大,损耗越小,变换器效率越高。由式(7)可知,过大的$k$ 值会使 LLC 直流增益变小, 减弱其调压能力, 但由于所提半桥 LLC 拓扑对直流增益要求不高,因此$k$ 可选择较大值,综合考虑, 确定$k = 8$。在$k$ 值确定且输入电压恒定的情况下, 为使 LLC 能够实现全范围的 ZVS,品质因数$Q$ 所能取得的最大值选取应满足以下约束条件[18]
${Q}_{\max }\leq \min \left\{{{Q}_{Z\mathrm{{VS}}1},{Q}_{Z\mathrm{{VS}}2}}\right\}$
${Q}_{Z\mathrm{{VSI}}}= \frac{1}{k{M}_{\max }}\sqrt{k +\frac{{M}_{\max }^{2}}{{M}_{\max }^{2}- 1}}$
${Q}_{Z\mathrm{{VS}}2}= \frac{2{f}_{\mathrm{n}\max }{t}_{\mathrm{d}}}{\pi \left\lbrack {\left({1 + k}\right){f}_{\mathrm{n}\max }- 1}\right\rbrack {R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 为半桥$A$ 点处对地等效电容;${M}_{\max }$ 为变换器的最大增益,其值设计为 1.1 倍的${M}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,即${M}_{\max }= {1.1}$。实际选取的品质因数$Q$ 应保留一定裕量, 取
$ Q ={0.95}{Q}_{\max }$
由 3.3 节可知,电感系数比$k$ 和品质因数$Q$ 已确定,故根据式(10)可得到励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$
${L}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{{kQ}{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}}{{2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{r}}}$
从而可得到${L}_{\mathrm{r}}$
${L}_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}{k}$
再结合式(5), 可得到
${C}_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{1}{4{\pi }^{2}{f}_{\mathrm{r}}^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{r}}}$
针对所提出的两级式$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器拓扑,设计了 1 台额定功率为${1.2}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的实验样机,如图6所示, 其主要参数如表3所示。
图6给出了前级 TL-Boost 拓扑分别在占空比$d <{0.5}$$d >{0.5}$ 条件下的关键波形。其中${I}_{L}$ 为电感电流、${V}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{1}}$${V}_{{\mathrm{S}}_{2}}$ 分别为 2 个开关管的驱动电压,${V}_{\mathrm{{bo}}}$ 为输出电压。
图7可以看出: 电路的工作状态与模态分析相符, 验证了理论分析的正确性; 采用 TL-Boost 结构, 开关管的电压应力仅为传统 Boost 电路的$1/2$,减小了开关管的导通和关断损耗,提高了效率; 通过移相${180}^{\circ }$ 的交错控制策略,减小了电感电流纹波的同时也降低了前级输出电压的纹波。图8(a)给出了前级电路稳态运行时 2 个均压电容的电压波形,电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 的端电压几乎相等;图8(b)给出了 2 个均压电容在所提变换器从满载切换至半载的电压波形。可以看出, 前级电路在稳态运行时实现了良好的均压效果; 当负载突变时, 也能够按照表1所示的动态控制策略实现中点电位平衡。
图9给出了后级半桥 LLC 拓扑在半载和满载条件下所测开关管的${V}_{\mathrm{{gs}}}$${V}_{\mathrm{{ds}}}$ 电压波形。可以看出, 当输出位于半载、满载点时, 后级拓扑的开关管实现了 ZVS 导通, 降低了开关损耗, 保证了变换器在不同负载条件下均可以高效率运行。图10给出了 LLC 谐振拓扑的谐振电流和谐振腔电压波形。可以看出: 电流波形表现出轻微振荡,这是因为在谐振过程中有${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 的参与; 当负载增大时, 开关管的工作频率有所降低, LLC 逐渐偏离谐振点,但仍工作在区间${f}_{\mathrm{m}}< {f}_{\mathrm{s}}< {f}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 内。
图11给出了变换器次级侧整流二极管的电压电流和变换器输出电压波形。可以发现: 在半载和满载条件下, 整流二极管在关断前其电流均下降到接近于 0,避免了二极管产生过大的反向恢复损耗;在整流二极管导通时, 初始电流以较低的斜率缓慢上升, 产生的交叉损耗也很小。这是由于电路中存在元件寄生电容的干扰,其与${L}_{\mathrm{r}}$${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 产生谐振, 使得电压波形产生了一定的振荡。
图12给出了本文所提变换器从满载切换至半载运行时的输出电压和电流波形。可以看出, 变换器在负载突变时依然能够维持稳定, 变载前、后输出电压峰峰值最大为${0.6}\mathrm{\;V}$,纹波率不超过$5\%$,具有较好的自均衡效果。
图13(a)给出了变换器在不同输入电压条件下的运行效率。可以看到: 通过前述控制方案和参数设计, 变换器在整个输入电压范围内均保持了较高的效率;当负载不变时,变换器的效率随输入电压的增大而升高;当输入电压固定时,变换器的效率在 90%负载条件下达到峰值。
图13(b)为本文所提变换器与文献[13]所提两级式 DC-DC 变换器在最佳输入条件下效率随负载变化的结果。可以看出:本文所提变换器在 30% 负载以下时的效率略低, 但随着负载逐渐变大, 对比文献[13]中变换器的效率,在 50% 负载及以上时可维持在 94%以上,但不再显著增加;本文所提变换器效率在 50% 负载时已超过 94%, 且随着负载不断变大, 变换器的效率继续增加, 峰值效率可达到 95.1%,可见变换器性能满足设计预期。
本文提出了 1 种由 TL-Boost 拓扑和半桥 LLC 谐振拓扑构成的两级式 DC-DC 变换器。前级 TL-Boost 拓扑采用移相${180}^{\circ }$ 的交错控制策略有效降低了电感电流纹波; 通过动态调整开关管导通时间实现了分压电容均压。前级的稳定输出使得后级半桥 LLC 拓扑设计可以针对固定的输入电压进行参数优化, 在运行时发挥了其高转换效率的性能优势。实验结果验证了本文所提 DC-DC 变换器的正确性和有效性。该变换器具有适应宽范围电压输入、控制简单、开关器件少及转换效率高等优点。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(62173148)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877085)
  • 广州市科技计划科学研究专项资助项目(202002030373)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.20
  • 接收时间:2021-12-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-29
  • 修回日期:2022-04-06
  • 录用日期:2022-05-30
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(62173148)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(62173148)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51877085)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51877085)
Guangzhou Science and Technology Program Scientific Research Project(202002030373)
广州市科技计划科学研究专项资助项目(202002030373)
作者信息
    1 华南理工大学 自动化科学与工程学院 广州 510640
    2 华南理工大学 吴贤铭智能工程学院 广州 511442
    3 华南理工大学 电力学院 广州 510640
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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