Article(id=1154037280319722297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.143, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1642694400000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-21, revisedDate=1649520000000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-10, acceptedDate=1649779200000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-13, onlineDate=1753073528603, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073528603, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073528603, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073528603, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=143, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037281116640060, articleId=1154037280319722297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Optimal Allocation of Hybrid Energy Storage Capacity of Urban Rail Transit Based on Wavelet Packet Decomposition, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Affected by factors such as wind speed and light intensity, wind power generation has characteristics of randomness, intermittence and large fluctuation, so its direct grid connection will cause damage to power grid. To realize a smooth grid connection of wind power and provide safe and reliable power supply to an urban rail transit system, a hybrid energy storage system composed of super capacitors and lithium batteries is proposed as a stabilizing measure. As the traction load of urban rail transit also fluctuates greatly, the hybrid energy storage system not only stabilizes the output of wind and photovoltaic (PV), but also stabilizes the traction load. The wavelet packet decomposition technology is used to decompose and reconstruct the traction load and wind and PV output power signals on multiple scales, the low-frequency wind and PV grid-connected power and medium-and high-frequency components are obtained, and batteries and super capacitors are used to absorb the medium-and high-frequency components, respectively. Aimed at the minimum comprehensive cost of hybrid energy storage system, the state-of-charge and power limit of the hybrid energy storage system are taken as constraints. The differential evolution particle swarm optimization algorithm with shrinkage factor is used to minimize the annual comprehensive cost of

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受风速和光照强度等方面影响,风光发电具有随机性、间歇性、波动较大等特点,其直接并网会对电网造成损害。为实现风电平滑并网并对城市轨道交通系统进行安全可靠供电,提出1种由超级电容/锂电池组 成的混合储能系统进行平抑。由于城市轨道交通牵引负荷也具有较大波动,混合储能系统在对风、光出力平抑的同时也对牵引负荷进行了平抑。首先,采用小波包分解技术对牵引负荷与风、光输出功率信号进行多尺度分 解与重构得到低频风、光并网功率和中高频分量,使用电池与超级电容分别吸收中频与高频分量。然后,以混 合储能系统最小综合成本为目标,混合储能系统荷电状态、功率限制等为约束条件。采用增加收缩因子的差分 进化粒子群优化算法进行优化求解,实现混合储能系统年综合成本最小化和内部功率容量配置优化方案。最后, 基于某地当日风电、光伏功率数据为例进行分析,结果表明所提方法能够有效抑制风电功率波动,可有效为城 市轨道交通进行供电。

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刘仕兵(1970-),男,硕士,教授。研究方向:新能源在城市轨道交通中的应用及储能技术。E-mail:1604034505@qq.com。

武沛池(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源在城市轨道交通中的应用。E-mail:1160386068@qq.com。

喻星(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:混合储能在城市轨道交通系统中的应用。E-mail: 470588989@qq.com。

但业光(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:图像处理。E-mail: 354178653@qq.com。

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刘仕兵(1970-),男,硕士,教授。研究方向:新能源在城市轨道交通中的应用及储能技术。E-mail:1604034505@qq.com。

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刘仕兵(1970-),男,硕士,教授。研究方向:新能源在城市轨道交通中的应用及储能技术。E-mail:1604034505@qq.com。

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武沛池(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源在城市轨道交通中的应用。E-mail:1160386068@qq.com。

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武沛池(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源在城市轨道交通中的应用。E-mail:1160386068@qq.com。

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喻星(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:混合储能在城市轨道交通系统中的应用。E-mail: 470588989@qq.com。

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喻星(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:混合储能在城市轨道交通系统中的应用。E-mail: 470588989@qq.com。

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但业光(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:图像处理。E-mail: 354178653@qq.com。

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但业光(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:图像处理。E-mail: 354178653@qq.com。

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设备 参数 数值
锂电池 运维成本${m}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 0.05
单位容量成本${k}_{\mathrm{B},\mathrm{E}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元 }\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 2700
单位功率成本${k}_{\mathrm{B},\mathrm{P}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元 }\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 2500
单位功率处置单价${l}_{\mathrm{{bat}},\mathrm{p}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 120
单位容量处置单价${l}_{\text{bat, c }}$ /[元・${\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}\rbrack$ 40
充放电效率${\eta }_{\mathrm{b}}$ 0.95
使用年限${T}_{\mathrm{B}}/\mathrm{a}$ 5
SOC $\left\lbrack {{0.2},{0.8}}\right\rbrack$
超级电容 运维成本${m}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{p}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 0.05
单位容量成本${k}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{E}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元 }\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 27000
单位功率成本${k}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{P}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元 }\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 2300
单位功率处置单价${l}_{\mathrm{{cap}},\mathrm{p}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 60
单位容量处置单价${l}_{\mathrm{{cap}},\mathrm{c}}/\left\lbrack {\overrightarrow{\mathrm{元}}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 300
充放电效率${\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 0.95
使用年限${T}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{a}$ 20
SOC [0.05,0.95]
), ArticleFig(id=1154048228115861584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280319722297, language=CN, label=表1, caption=混合储能系统参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备 参数 数值
锂电池 运维成本${m}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 0.05
单位容量成本${k}_{\mathrm{B},\mathrm{E}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元 }\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 2700
单位功率成本${k}_{\mathrm{B},\mathrm{P}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元 }\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 2500
单位功率处置单价${l}_{\mathrm{{bat}},\mathrm{p}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 120
单位容量处置单价${l}_{\text{bat, c }}$ /[元・${\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}\rbrack$ 40
充放电效率${\eta }_{\mathrm{b}}$ 0.95
使用年限${T}_{\mathrm{B}}/\mathrm{a}$ 5
SOC $\left\lbrack {{0.2},{0.8}}\right\rbrack$
超级电容 运维成本${m}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{p}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 0.05
单位容量成本${k}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{E}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元 }\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 27000
单位功率成本${k}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{P}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元 }\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 2300
单位功率处置单价${l}_{\mathrm{{cap}},\mathrm{p}}/\left\lbrack {\text{元}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 60
单位容量处置单价${l}_{\mathrm{{cap}},\mathrm{c}}/\left\lbrack {\overrightarrow{\mathrm{元}}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ 300
充放电效率${\eta }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 0.95
使用年限${T}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{a}$ 20
SOC [0.05,0.95]
), ArticleFig(id=1154048228178776146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280319722297, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Results optimized by PSO algorithm, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 储能 方式 额定功率/ kW 额定容量/(kW·h) 储能年综合 成本/万元
PSO Bat 5673.24 317.42 563.42
Cap 8642.60 39.46
), ArticleFig(id=1154048228220719188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280319722297, language=CN, label=表2, caption=PSO 优化结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 储能 方式 额定功率/ kW 额定容量/(kW·h) 储能年综合 成本/万元
PSO Bat 5673.24 317.42 563.42
Cap 8642.60 39.46
), ArticleFig(id=1154048228266856534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280319722297, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Results optimized by DE-PSO algorithm with shrinkage factor, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 储能 方式 额定功率/ kW 额定容量/(kW·h) 储能年综合 成本/万元
DE-PSO Bat 4892.70 361.90 487.86
Cap 8115.97 33.27
), ArticleFig(id=1154048228333965400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037280319722297, language=CN, label=表3, caption=增加收缩因子差分进化粒子群算法优化结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 储能 方式 额定功率/ kW 额定容量/(kW·h) 储能年综合 成本/万元
DE-PSO Bat 4892.70 361.90 487.86
Cap 8115.97 33.27
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基于小波包分解的城市轨道交通混合储能容量优化配置研究
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刘仕兵 , 武沛池 , 喻星 , 但业光
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(4): 143-151
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(4): 143-151
基于小波包分解的城市轨道交通混合储能容量优化配置研究
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刘仕兵 , 武沛池 , 喻星 , 但业光
作者信息
  • 华东交通大学 电气与自动化工程学院 南昌 330013
  • 刘仕兵(1970-),男,硕士,教授。研究方向:新能源在城市轨道交通中的应用及储能技术。E-mail:1604034505@qq.com。

    武沛池(1996-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:新能源在城市轨道交通中的应用。E-mail:1160386068@qq.com。

    喻星(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:混合储能在城市轨道交通系统中的应用。E-mail: 470588989@qq.com。

    但业光(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:图像处理。E-mail: 354178653@qq.com。

Research on Optimal Allocation of Hybrid Energy Storage Capacity of Urban Rail Transit Based on Wavelet Packet Decomposition
Shibing LIU , Peichi WU , Xing YU , Yeguang DAN
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Automation Engineering East China Jiaotong University Nanchang 330013 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.143
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受风速和光照强度等方面影响,风光发电具有随机性、间歇性、波动较大等特点,其直接并网会对电网造成损害。为实现风电平滑并网并对城市轨道交通系统进行安全可靠供电,提出1种由超级电容/锂电池组 成的混合储能系统进行平抑。由于城市轨道交通牵引负荷也具有较大波动,混合储能系统在对风、光出力平抑的同时也对牵引负荷进行了平抑。首先,采用小波包分解技术对牵引负荷与风、光输出功率信号进行多尺度分 解与重构得到低频风、光并网功率和中高频分量,使用电池与超级电容分别吸收中频与高频分量。然后,以混 合储能系统最小综合成本为目标,混合储能系统荷电状态、功率限制等为约束条件。采用增加收缩因子的差分 进化粒子群优化算法进行优化求解,实现混合储能系统年综合成本最小化和内部功率容量配置优化方案。最后, 基于某地当日风电、光伏功率数据为例进行分析,结果表明所提方法能够有效抑制风电功率波动,可有效为城 市轨道交通进行供电。

城市轨道交通  /  混合储能系统  /  小波包分解  /  差分进化粒子群优化

Affected by factors such as wind speed and light intensity, wind power generation has characteristics of randomness, intermittence and large fluctuation, so its direct grid connection will cause damage to power grid. To realize a smooth grid connection of wind power and provide safe and reliable power supply to an urban rail transit system, a hybrid energy storage system composed of super capacitors and lithium batteries is proposed as a stabilizing measure. As the traction load of urban rail transit also fluctuates greatly, the hybrid energy storage system not only stabilizes the output of wind and photovoltaic (PV), but also stabilizes the traction load. The wavelet packet decomposition technology is used to decompose and reconstruct the traction load and wind and PV output power signals on multiple scales, the low-frequency wind and PV grid-connected power and medium-and high-frequency components are obtained, and batteries and super capacitors are used to absorb the medium-and high-frequency components, respectively. Aimed at the minimum comprehensive cost of hybrid energy storage system, the state-of-charge and power limit of the hybrid energy storage system are taken as constraints. The differential evolution particle swarm optimization algorithm with shrinkage factor is used to minimize the annual comprehensive cost of

Urban rail transit  /  hybrid energy storage system  /  wavelet packet decomposition  /  differential evolution particle swarm optimization
刘仕兵, 武沛池, 喻星, 但业光. 基于小波包分解的城市轨道交通混合储能容量优化配置研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 143 -151 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.143
Shibing LIU, Peichi WU, Xing YU, Yeguang DAN. Research on Optimal Allocation of Hybrid Energy Storage Capacity of Urban Rail Transit Based on Wavelet Packet Decomposition[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 143 -151 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.143
伴随城市轨道系统的快速发展, 其已逐渐成为城市交通的骨干。城市轨道交通具有运营范围密集、节能等特点[1]。现阶段,国家大力发展新能源, 使用风光发电对城市轨道交通进行供电逐渐受到关注。风力发电具有季节性和间歇性等特点, 而光伏发电受昼夜及阴晴等气象条件影响, 将二者联合发电可实现能源上的互补[2]
由于风光发电与牵引负荷具有波动性特点, 需使用储能装置进行平抑。常见的储能方式有能量型储能, 功率型储能和混合储能等。其中, 能量型储能以蓄电池为代表,具有能量密度高、充放电速度快的特点, 但不能频繁充放电; 以超级电容为代表的功率型储能具有功率密度大的特点,但能量密度较低[3]; 而由二者构成的混合储能系统可有效抑制风光波动, 提高电能利用率。近几年, 关于混合储能系统容量优化配置的研究一直是该领域的热点话题, 诸多学者对此做了大量研究。文献[3]提出一种变分模态分解的功率分配方法, 将光伏功率分解成符合标准的并网功率和高低频补偿功率, 分别由蓄电池和超级电容器进行补偿;文献[4]利用蓄电池和超级电容互补的特性, 以全生命周期费用理论为基础建立储能容量优化目标函数, 采用改进混沌算法进行优化求解, 但未考虑荷电状态 SOC(state of charge)的约束; 文献[5]采用混合储能回收高铁制动能量, 并使用混合整数线性规划方法优化使其获得最大效益;文献[6]提出了一种新的平滑度指标 LOS(level of smoothness), 并采用 EMD 分解技术对风功率进行分解, 以综合成本最低为目标函数, 应用遗传算法对其进行优化, 实现了混合储能最优容量配置, 但 EMD 本身存在边界效应和模态混叠等问题; 文献[7]采用小波分解平抑风电波动, 以系统经济型最优为目标进行容量优化配置并使用机会约束修正平抑目标值, 但小波分解不能对信号的细节成分继续分解; 文献[8]从调频运行收益数学模型的建立及储能参与调频运行结果的仿真与分析入手, 对调频经济效益进行了相关分析。
综上所述, 本文将风光能源与城市轨道交通互补结合, 针对牵引负荷波动性较大以及风光输出功率波动性、不稳定性的特点, 首先采用小波包分解技术将风光输出功率与牵引负荷功率分解成符合条件的风光低频并网功率、中频分量和高频分量, 且中频分量和高频分量分别由锂电池、超级电容器进行补偿; 然后, 以混合储能最小综合成本为目标, 功率. SOC 为约束条件, 建立混合储能最优容量配置模型, 采用增加收缩因子差分进化粒子群优化 DE-PSC (differential evolution particle swarm optimization)算法求解; 最后, 以某地风光电站数据进行验证分析, 旨在有效抑制风电功率波动, 有效地为城市轨道交通进行供电。
城市轨道交通风光互补供电模型如图1所示, 其中${P}_{\mathrm{W}}\left( t\right)$ 为风电场输出功率,${P}_{\mathrm{G}}\left( t\right)$ 为光伏电站输出功率,${P}_{\mathrm{{HESS}}}$ 为混合储能输出功率。风光发电通过逆变器与交流母线相连至牵引变电站, 而牵引变电站将电网电压降压后经过整流器变成直流电, 给城市轨道交通供电。由于风光发电具有间歇性、不稳定性等特点,因此将其通过混合储能系统进行平抑, 以减小其对电网的冲击力。城市轨道交通在制动时会产生制动能量, 采用混合储能系统可对其进行吸收利用,减少购电成本。
传统的小波变换仅对输出功率信号低频部分进行分解, 而对于高频部分不再进行进一步分解, 因此小波变换仅对低频部分有较高的分辨率, 不能较好地分解大量细节信息的信号。小波包分解作为一种更为精细的分解方法, 不仅对低频部分进行分解, 还对高频部分进行分解, 提高了时频分辨率。 常见的小波包分解示意图如图2所示。
观察图2可知, 小波包分解是在小波变换的基础上进一步对高频分量进行分解得到的。其中$B$ 为原信号,进行$n$ 层分解后,低频部分为${B}_{n,0}$,高频部分为${B}_{n, i}$。设低通滤波系数为${a}_{j -{2z}}$,高通滤波系数为${b}_{j -{2z}}$,则分解算法为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{n,0}^{n}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}{a}_{j -{2z}}{P}_{n - 1,0}\left( t\right)\\{P}_{n,1}^{n}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}{b}_{j -{2z}}{P}_{n - 1,0}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中,${P}_{n,0}^{n}\left( t\right)$${P}_{n,1}^{n}\left( t\right)$ 分别为小波包分解的低频与高频系数。
重构算法为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{n,0}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}\left\lbrack {{d}_{z -{2j}}{P}_{n,0}^{2n}\left( t\right)+ {e}_{z -{2j}}{P}_{n,0}^{{2n}+ 1}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \\{P}_{n,1}\left( t\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}\left\lbrack {{d}_{z -{2j}}{P}_{n,1}^{2n}\left( t\right)+ {e}_{z -{2j}}{P}_{n,1}^{{2n}+ 1}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
式中:${P}_{n,0}^{{2n}+ 1}\left( t\right)$${P}_{n,0}^{2n}\left( t\right)$ 为低频重构系数;${d}_{z -{2j}}$${e}_{z -{2j}}$ 分别为$n$ 层小波包重构的低通、高通滤波系数;${P}_{n,0}\left( t\right)$${P}_{n,1}\left( t\right)$ 分别为重构的低频与高频信号;${P}_{n,1}^{2n}\left( t\right)$${P}_{n,1}^{{2n}+ 1}\left( t\right)$ 为高频重构系数。
进行小波包分解时,分解层数$n$ 设置不宜过多和过少,当$n$ 过多时,混合储能系统出力增加; 当$n$ 过少时,低频功率达不到并网要求。根据$\mathrm{{GB}}/\mathrm{T}$ 19963-2011《风电场接入电力系统技术规定》[9], 装机容量小于${30}\mathrm{{MW}},1\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 有功功率变化的最大限制不超过$3\mathrm{{MW}}$,装机容量为${30}\sim {150}\mathrm{{MW}},1\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 有功功率变化的最大限值不超过装机容量的$1/{10}^{\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack }$。当风电场输出功率满足上述要求时,可直接并网;如不满足并网要求, 则用小波包变换进行分解与重构,对风电输出功率${P}_{\mathrm{W}}\left( t\right)$ 进行$n$ 层小波包分解得到低频部分为${B}_{n,0}$,高频部分为${B}_{n, i}$。若低频部分${B}_{n,0}$ 波动满足$1\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 中波动允许范围,则可确定分解层数为${n}_{0}$,其余分量${B}_{n,1}\sim {B}_{n, i}$ 为波动分量, 由混合储能系统进行平抑。
根据中、高频率特性曲线确定中、高频的分界频率${f}_{\mathrm{z}}$,中频分量由锂电池进行平抑,高频分量由超级电容器进行平抑。其充、放电指令为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{b}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{z}{P}_{n, j}\left( t\right)\\{P}_{\mathrm{{sc}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = x + 1}}^{{{2}^{n}- 1}}{P}_{n, j}\left( t\right)\end{array}\right.$
考虑城市轨道交通在引入锂电池和超级电容后的成本问题[11-12],本文以混合储能系统年综合成本为目标, 以锂电池与超级电容器荷电状态和功率为约束条件, 采用改进粒子群算法进行优化求解, 以期将混合储能系统荷电状态及充、放电功率限制在规定范围,得到最优配置方案。
混合储能系统容量优化配置的目标函数为系统年综合成本最小, 其中年综合成本包括投资成本、维护成本和处置成本。本文在设置维护成本与处置成本时, 采用费用现值法, 其表达式为
$\min {C}_{j}= \min \left\{{{C}_{\mathrm{B}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{C}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{kp}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}}\right\}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{B}}$ 为锂电池投资成本;${C}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 为超级电容投资成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{kp}}}$ 为维护成本;${C}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}$ 为混合储能系统处置成本。锂电池和超级电容器投资成本与单位功率成本、容量成本有关, 其表达式为
${C}_{\mathrm{B}}= \left({{k}_{\mathrm{B},\mathrm{P}}{P}_{\mathrm{B}}+ {k}_{\mathrm{B},\mathrm{E}}{E}_{\mathrm{B}}}\right)\frac{\alpha {\left( 1 +\alpha \right)}^{{T}_{\mathrm{B}}}}{{\left( 1 +\alpha \right)}^{{T}_{\mathrm{B}}}- 1}$
${C}_{\mathrm{C}}= \left({{k}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{P}}{P}_{\mathrm{C}}+ {k}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{E}}{E}_{\mathrm{C}}}\right)\frac{\alpha {\left( 1 +\alpha \right)}^{{T}_{\mathrm{C}}}}{{\left( 1 +\alpha \right)}^{{T}_{\mathrm{C}}}- 1}$
式中:${k}_{\mathrm{B},\mathrm{P}}\text{、}{k}_{\mathrm{B},\mathrm{E}}\text{、}{k}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{P}}\text{、}{k}_{\mathrm{C},\mathrm{E}}$ 为锂电池和超级电容的单位功率成本和单位容量成本;$\alpha$ 为贴现率;${P}_{\mathrm{B}}$ .${P}_{\mathrm{C}}$${E}_{\mathrm{B}}$${E}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 为储能系统的额定功率与容量;${T}_{\mathrm{B}}$${T}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 为电池与超级电容使用寿命。
维护成本与处置成本的表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{C}_{\mathrm{{kp}}}= \frac{{\left( 1 + x\right)}^{N}- 1}{x{\left( 1 + x\right)}^{N}}{C}_{\mathrm{k}}\\{C}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}= \frac{1}{{\left( 1 + x\right)}^{N}}{C}_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right.$
${C}_{\mathrm{k}}= N\left({{m}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}{c}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}+ {m}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{p}}{c}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{p}}}\right)$
${C}_{\mathrm{s}}= {l}_{\mathrm{{bat}},\mathrm{p}}{P}_{\mathrm{{Bt}}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{{bat}},\mathrm{c}}{C}_{\mathrm{{Bt}}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{{cap}},\mathrm{p}}{P}_{\mathrm{{Bp}}}+ {l}_{\mathrm{{cap}},\mathrm{c}}{C}_{\mathrm{{Cp}}}$
式中:$x$ 为利率;${m}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{t}}$${m}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{p}}$ 为锂电池、超级电容器的维护单价;${l}_{\mathrm{{bat}},\mathrm{p}}$${l}_{\mathrm{{bat}},\mathrm{c}}$${l}_{\mathrm{{cap}},\mathrm{p}}$${l}_{\mathrm{{cap}},\mathrm{c}}$ 为锂电池、超级电容器的功率处置单价、容量处置单价。
防止超级电容与锂电池出现过充过放, 对其荷电状态(SOC)进行约束
1)混合储能系统 SOC 约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{bat }- \text{ min }}\leq \mathrm{{SOC}}\leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{bat }- \text{ max }}\\{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{cap }- \text{ min }}\leq \mathrm{{SOC}}\leq {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{cap }- \text{ max }}\end{array}\right.$
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right)= {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{b}}\left({t - 1}\right)+ \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right){\Delta t}{\eta }_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{c}}}{{E}_{\mathrm{b}}}\;{P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right)< 0 $
${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right)= {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{b}}\left({t - 1}\right)+ \frac{{P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right){\Delta t}}{{E}_{\mathrm{b}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{d}}}\;{P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right)> 0 $
式中:${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{bat-min }}$${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{bat-max }}$${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{cap-min }}$${\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\text{cap-max }}$ 为锂电池、超级电容荷电状态上、下限;${\eta }_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{c}}$${\eta }_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为锂电池的充、放电效率;${E}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 为锂电池的容量;${P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)> 0$ 代表放电,${P}_{\mathrm{b}}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)< 0$ 代表充电,同理超级电容约束表达式分别如式(10)、式(12)所示。
2)功率约束
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}- {P}_{\mathrm{{Bn}}}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{B}}\left( t\right)\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{Bn}}}\\- {P}_{\mathrm{{Cn}}}\leq {P}_{\mathrm{C}}\left( t\right)\leq {P}_{\mathrm{{Cn}}}\end{array}\right.$
${P}_{\text{Bat, c, max }}\left( t\right)= \\\min \left\{{{P}_{\mathrm{b},\text{ cmax }},\frac{\left\lbrack {{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{b},\max }- {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{b}}\left({t - 1}\right)}\right\rbrack {E}_{\mathrm{b}}}{{\Delta t}{\eta }_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{c}}}}\right\}\\{P}_{\text{Bat, d, max }}\left( t\right)= \\\min \left\{{{P}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{{dmax}}},\frac{\left\lbrack {{\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{b}}\left({t - 1}\right)- {\mathrm{{SOC}}}_{\mathrm{b},\min }}\right\rbrack {E}_{\mathrm{b}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{d}}}{\Delta t}}\right\}$
(15)式中:${P}_{\mathrm{{Bat}},\mathrm{c},\max }\text{、}{P}_{\mathrm{{Bat}},\mathrm{d},\max }$ 分别为$t$ 时刻锂电池最大充、放电功率;${P}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{c}\max }$${P}_{\mathrm{b},\mathrm{d}\max }$ 分别为$t$ 时刻锂电池自身特性决定的最大充、放电功率值。
粒子群算法是一种群体随机优化方法, 其初始化为一随机粒子, 通过层层迭代得出最优解, 相较于其他优化算法具有迭代格式简单及收敛速度快的特点[13],但易陷入局部最优,产生较大误差。针对这一问题, 本文采用增加收缩因子的差分进化粒子群算法进行求解并与常规粒子群优化 PSO (particle swarm optimization)算法进行对比分析。改进算法将 PSO 算法与差分进化 DE(differential evolution) 算法进行结合, 避免其陷入局部最优[14-15],可提高搜索精度,并可取消对速度的边界限制。其速度、位置公式为
${v}_{i.f}\left({t + 1}\right)= \lambda \left\{{{v}_{i.f}\left( t\right)+ {c}_{1}{r}_{1}\left\lbrack {{x}_{i}\left({g + 1}\right)- {x}_{i.f}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack +}\right.$
$\left.{{c}_{2}{r}_{2}\left\lbrack {{p}_{g.f}- {x}_{i.f}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\}\\{x}_{i.f}\left({t + 1}\right)= {x}_{i.f}\left( t\right)+ {v}_{i.f}\left({t + 1}\right), \\\lambda =\frac{2}{\left| 2 -{C}_{i}- \sqrt{{C}_{i}^{2}- 4{C}_{i}}\right|},{C}_{i}= {c}_{1}+ {c}_{2}\text{,且}{C}_{i}> 4 $
式中:${x}_{i}\left({g + 1}\right)$ 为经过差分优化的全局最优位置;$\lambda$ 为收缩因子,相较于惯性权重系数$\omega$,局部搜索能力更强。具体操作步骤如下:
(1)利用差分进化算法对粒子进行变异、交叉、选择操作,产生最新个体${x}_{i}\left({g + 1}\right)$,其变异操作[16-17]
${s}_{i}\left({g + 1}\right)= {x}_{{r}_{1}}\left( g\right)+ F\left\lbrack {{x}_{{r}_{2}}\left( g\right)- {x}_{{r}_{3}}\left( g\right)}\right\rbrack $
式中:$F$ 为缩放因子;${x}_{{r}_{1}}\text{、}{x}_{{r}_{2}}\text{、}{x}_{{r}_{3}}$ 为种群中互不相同的个体。
交叉操作
${l}_{j, i}\left({g + 1}\right)= \\\left\{\begin{array}{l}{s}_{j, i}\left({g + 1}\right)\;\operatorname{rand}\left({0,1}\right)\leq \mathrm{{CR}}\text{ 或 }j ={j}_{\text{rand }}\\{x}_{j, i}\left( g\right),\text{ 其他 }\end{array}\right.$
选择操作
${x}_{i}\left({g + 1}\right)= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{l}_{i}\left({g + 1}\right)& f\left({{l}_{i}\left({g + 1}\right)}\right)\leq f\left\lbrack {{x}_{i}\left( g\right)}\right\rbrack \\{x}_{i}\left( g\right)& f\left({{l}_{i}\left({g + 1}\right)}\right)\geq f\left\lbrack {{x}_{i}\left( g\right)}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
(2)通过差分进化算法得到的最优种群带入粒子群算法速度更新公式取代个体最优, 得到全新的速度公式(式(16)), 实现二者之间的合作。算法流程, 如图3所示。
城市轨道交通制动能量具有高功率和高能量的特点, 而混合储能系统的特性与制动能量特性类似。当城市轨道交通${P}_{\text{load }}< 0$ 时,锂电池与超级电容处于充电状态, 锂电池优先进行, 当其最大充电功率不能将制动功率完全吸收时则启动超级电容工作; 当${P}_{\text{load }}> 0$ 时,由于超级电容的快充快放特性, 超级电容优先放电, 当超级电容放电功率不满足负荷功率时, 则启动锂电池进行放电工作。
取某一风电场和光伏电站历史数据及某地城市轨道交通牵引负荷数据(风电场装机容量${30}\mathrm{{MW}}$,光伏电站装机容量${18}\mathrm{{MW}}$ )为例,采样时间为$1\mathrm{\;d}$,时间间隔${\Delta t}= 5\mathrm{\;{min}}$,共设 288 个采样点进行分析, 锂电池和超级电容 SOC 适用范围分别为$\left\lbrack {{0.2},{0.8}}\right\rbrack$$\left\lbrack {{0.05},{0.95}}\right\rbrack$。混合储能系统参数见表1
风光输出功率、列车牵引负荷功率分别如图4图5所示。对风光混合功率与牵引负荷进行小波包分解, 根据风光功率并入电力系统标准规定, 确定分解层数$n = 3$,将低频重构信号作为并网功率, 如图6所示。中、高频分量分别由锂电池和超级电容进行平抑, 平抑后效果分别如图7图8所示。
图6可知, 经小波包分解后的并网功率曲线更加平滑, 且对原始功率曲线能够进行快速跟踪, 获得较为平滑的功率, 无延迟。由图7可知, 城市轨道交通牵引负荷经小波包分解, 混合储能平抑后功率曲线更为平滑, 上下波动大幅减小。由图8可知, 锂电池充放电较为缓慢, 吸收经分解后的低频部分; 而超级电容则具有快充快放特性, 吸收混合储能系统中高频部分。综上可见, 采用基于小波包分解的功率分配方法可避免锂电池频繁充、放电, 可提高整个系统的使用寿命。
与小波分解相比,小波包分解不仅对低频部分进行分解, 同时还对高频部分做进一步的分解, 可提高时频分辨率,并且经小波包分解的风光混合功率波动率相比平抑前明显更低, 如图9所示, 可见经小波包分解后,其波动率为 0.06%,均在规定范围内。
分别采用 PSO 算法和增加收缩因子 DE-PSO 算法对混合储能系统容量配置进行优化求解, 迭代次数为 100 次, 种群规模 50 个, 经过优化后的混合储能年综合成本、功率和容量分别如表2表3所示。
通过对比表2表3可知, 采用增加收缩因子 DE-PSO 算法进行优化相较于传统 PSO 算法, 其储能年综合成本下降 75.56 万元, 可在很大程度上节约投资成本,同时也间接地说明了该方法的有效性。
图10为锂电池和超级电容混合储能系统 SOC 变化曲线, 可见锂电池与超级电容荷电状态初始时刻均为 0.5, 结束时刻分别为 0.5671、0.5580, 均在 0.5 附近, 避免了内部容量的浪费, 提高了系统整体使用效率。
针对利用可再生能源给城市轨道交通系统供电所面临的可靠性问题, 本文首先采用小波包分解方法对风光出力及牵引负荷功率高频部分进行细节化处理, 将风光输出功率及牵引负荷功率分别分解成低频风光并网功率分量。然后, 采用混合储能系统对风光输出功率及牵引负荷功率的中、高频分量进行平抑达到平滑输出目的, 减少了对电网的损害,可保障列车安全稳定运行。除此之外,混合储能系统可将再生制动能量进行回收利用, 减少购电次数。最后,运用增加收缩因子差分进化粒子群算法进行仿真分析, 对混合储能系统内部功率和容量进行优化分配, 其 SOC 均在 0.5 附近波动, 可避免储能设备陷入过充过放,从而提高了混合储能系统的性能。综上所述, 本文所提方法避免了陷入局部最优, 并使混合储能系统年投资成本最小, 极大节省了系统总成本。
  • 江西省科技厅重点研发计划一般项目(GJJ150530)
  • 轨道交通风光储多时空尺度互补供电关键技术(20192BBH80005)
  • 轨道交通基础设施性能监测与保障国家重点实验室开放课题项目(GJJ 210652)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.143
  • 接收时间:2022-01-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-21
  • 修回日期:2022-04-10
  • 录用日期:2022-04-13
基金
General Project of Key Research and Development Plan of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(GJJ150530)
江西省科技厅重点研发计划一般项目(GJJ150530)
Key Technologies of Multi Temporal and Spatial Scale Complementary Power Supply for Wind-PV-Energy Storage of Rail Transit(20192BBH80005)
轨道交通风光储多时空尺度互补供电关键技术(20192BBH80005)
Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Performance Monitoring and Protecting of Rail Transit Infrastructure(GJJ 210652)
轨道交通基础设施性能监测与保障国家重点实验室开放课题项目(GJJ 210652)
作者信息
    华东交通大学 电气与自动化工程学院 南昌 330013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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