Article(id=1154037276901364524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.12, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1642435200000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-18, revisedDate=1648051200000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-24, acceptedDate=1650556800000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-22, onlineDate=1753073527789, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073527789, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073527789, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073527789, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=12, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037277765391152, articleId=1154037276901364524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Fixed-frequency Sliding Mode Control with Load Disturbance Observation for Boost Converter, columnId=1152281491305755501, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional linear control method for a Boost converter has a poor dynamic performance and weak robustness to load disturbance. To solve this problem, a fixed-frequency sliding mode current control method based on power balance is proposed. First, the observed value of load current is used to calculate the input power, which is required to maintain the stability of output voltage. Then, the input power of the converter is adjusted by controlling the inductor current, so that the system's state trajectory is restrained on the sliding mode surface that possesses invariance to load disturbance, thus ensuring the system's large signal stability and improving its dynamic performance. Finally, based on the equivalent control principle, the equivalent sliding mode control is achieved through the PWM technique to avoid problems of chattering and unstable switch frequency. Simulations of the Boost converter under the condition of step load change are carried out in Simulink, and the proposed method is compared with the traditional linear control method. Results show that when using the proposed method, the system's dynamic performance is better and its large signal stability under large load disturbances is guaranteed.

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针对传统线性控制方法下 Boost 变换器存在系统动态性能差和对负载扰动鲁棒性不强的问题,从功率平衡的角度提出 1 种定频滑模电流控制方法。首先,利用负载电流观测值计算维持输出电压稳定所需的输入功率;其次,通过控制电感电流调整变换器输入功率,从而将系统的状态轨迹限制在对负载扰动具有不变性的滑模面上,保证系统大信号稳定并提升其动态性能;最后,基于等效控制原理,通过 PWM 技术实现等效滑模控制,避免了传统滑模控制中存在的抖振及开关频率不稳定问题。在Simulink 中对 Boost 变换器负载阶跃变换的工况进行仿真,将所提方法与传统线性控制方法对比。结果表明,采用所提方法,系统的动态性能更好,且能保证系统在负载大范围扰动下的大信号稳定。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=i4HX0IP7LWt6U/wFUxk2Og==, magXml=t9UGJ5rQMYjgeadGF0SVZQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=2i4kAezoJYMtU6g/s8RVPA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=jqeHX/e5klB3CWxAHKvIow==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

许加柱(1980-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:交直流电能变换新技术。E-mail: xujiazhu@126.com。

王家禹(1998-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:源网荷储协同控互动。E-mail: i908495726@163.com。

刘裕兴(1991-),男,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:电气化轨道交通。E-mail: liuyuxing@hnu.edu.cn。

曾林俊(1993-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力系统优化运行、综合能源规划与运行。E-mail: zenglj@hnu.edu.cn。

梁志宏(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:新型电力系统负荷预测。E-mail: 846852290@qq.com。

钟朝峰(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网低电压治理。E-mail: 1634368676@qq.com。

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许加柱(1980-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:交直流电能变换新技术。E-mail: xujiazhu@126.com。

"}, bioImg=M7knYG+jebghJDZj9W6lMg==, bioContent=

许加柱(1980-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:交直流电能变换新技术。E-mail: xujiazhu@126.com。

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王家禹(1998-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:源网荷储协同控互动。E-mail: i908495726@163.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

王家禹(1998-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:源网荷储协同控互动。E-mail: i908495726@163.com。

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刘裕兴(1991-),男,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:电气化轨道交通。E-mail: liuyuxing@hnu.edu.cn。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

刘裕兴(1991-),男,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:电气化轨道交通。E-mail: liuyuxing@hnu.edu.cn。

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曾林俊(1993-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力系统优化运行、综合能源规划与运行。E-mail: zenglj@hnu.edu.cn。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

曾林俊(1993-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力系统优化运行、综合能源规划与运行。E-mail: zenglj@hnu.edu.cn。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154048238681313661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154048238689702270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, companyId=1154048238681313661, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154048239239156115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, companyId=1154048238681313661, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院 长沙 410082)])]), Author(id=1154048240921072117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=846852290@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1154048242300998174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, authorId=1154048240921072117, language=EN, stringName=Zhihong LIANG, firstName=Zhihong, middleName=null, lastName=LIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1154048242359718431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, authorId=1154048240921072117, language=CN, stringName=梁志宏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院 长沙 410082, bio={"content":"

梁志宏(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:新型电力系统负荷预测。E-mail: 846852290@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

梁志宏(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:新型电力系统负荷预测。E-mail: 846852290@qq.com。

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154048238681313661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154048238689702270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, companyId=1154048238681313661, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154048239239156115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, companyId=1154048238681313661, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院 长沙 410082)])]), Author(id=1154048242435215905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1634368676@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1154048242896589361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, authorId=1154048242435215905, language=EN, stringName=Chaofeng ZHONG, firstName=Chaofeng, middleName=null, lastName=ZHONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1154048242976281141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, authorId=1154048242435215905, language=CN, stringName=钟朝峰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院 长沙 410082, bio={"content":"

钟朝峰(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网低电压治理。E-mail: 1634368676@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

钟朝峰(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网低电压治理。E-mail: 1634368676@qq.com。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154048246642102988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154037276901364524, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameters of Boost converter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电路参数 数值
输入电压幅值${V}_{\text{in }}/\mathrm{V}$ 50
额定输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{V}$ 400
升压电感$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 500
滤波电容$C/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 700
额定负载电阻$R/\Omega$ 100
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电路参数 数值
输入电压幅值${V}_{\text{in }}/\mathrm{V}$ 50
额定输出电压${V}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{V}$ 400
升压电感$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 500
滤波电容$C/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 700
额定负载电阻$R/\Omega$ 100
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引入负载扰动观测的 Boost 变换器定频滑模控制
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许加柱 , 王家禹 , 刘裕兴 , 曾林俊 , 梁志宏 , 钟朝峰
电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024,22(4): 12-19
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电源学报 | DC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(4): 12-19
引入负载扰动观测的 Boost 变换器定频滑模控制
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许加柱 , 王家禹 , 刘裕兴 , 曾林俊 , 梁志宏 , 钟朝峰
作者信息
  • 湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院 长沙 410082
  • 许加柱(1980-),男,博士,教授,博士生导师。研究方向:交直流电能变换新技术。E-mail: xujiazhu@126.com。

    王家禹(1998-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:源网荷储协同控互动。E-mail: i908495726@163.com。

    刘裕兴(1991-),男,博士,助理研究员。研究方向:电气化轨道交通。E-mail: liuyuxing@hnu.edu.cn。

    曾林俊(1993-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力系统优化运行、综合能源规划与运行。E-mail: zenglj@hnu.edu.cn。

    梁志宏(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:新型电力系统负荷预测。E-mail: 846852290@qq.com。

    钟朝峰(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:配电网低电压治理。E-mail: 1634368676@qq.com。

Fixed-frequency Sliding Mode Control with Load Disturbance Observation for Boost Converter
Jiazhu XU , Jiayu WANG , Yuxing LIU , Linjun ZENG , Zhihong LIANG , Chaofeng ZHONG
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  • College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.12
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针对传统线性控制方法下 Boost 变换器存在系统动态性能差和对负载扰动鲁棒性不强的问题,从功率平衡的角度提出 1 种定频滑模电流控制方法。首先,利用负载电流观测值计算维持输出电压稳定所需的输入功率;其次,通过控制电感电流调整变换器输入功率,从而将系统的状态轨迹限制在对负载扰动具有不变性的滑模面上,保证系统大信号稳定并提升其动态性能;最后,基于等效控制原理,通过 PWM 技术实现等效滑模控制,避免了传统滑模控制中存在的抖振及开关频率不稳定问题。在Simulink 中对 Boost 变换器负载阶跃变换的工况进行仿真,将所提方法与传统线性控制方法对比。结果表明,采用所提方法,系统的动态性能更好,且能保证系统在负载大范围扰动下的大信号稳定。

Boost 变换器  /  等效滑模控制  /  负载扰动  /  功率平衡  /  大信号稳定

The traditional linear control method for a Boost converter has a poor dynamic performance and weak robustness to load disturbance. To solve this problem, a fixed-frequency sliding mode current control method based on power balance is proposed. First, the observed value of load current is used to calculate the input power, which is required to maintain the stability of output voltage. Then, the input power of the converter is adjusted by controlling the inductor current, so that the system's state trajectory is restrained on the sliding mode surface that possesses invariance to load disturbance, thus ensuring the system's large signal stability and improving its dynamic performance. Finally, based on the equivalent control principle, the equivalent sliding mode control is achieved through the PWM technique to avoid problems of chattering and unstable switch frequency. Simulations of the Boost converter under the condition of step load change are carried out in Simulink, and the proposed method is compared with the traditional linear control method. Results show that when using the proposed method, the system's dynamic performance is better and its large signal stability under large load disturbances is guaranteed.

Boost converter  /  equivalent sliding mode control  /  load disturbance  /  power balance  /  large signal stability
许加柱, 王家禹, 刘裕兴, 曾林俊, 梁志宏, 钟朝峰. 引入负载扰动观测的 Boost 变换器定频滑模控制. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.12
Jiazhu XU, Jiayu WANG, Yuxing LIU, Linjun ZENG, Zhihong LIANG, Chaofeng ZHONG. Fixed-frequency Sliding Mode Control with Load Disturbance Observation for Boost Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.12
随着 “双碳” 目标的提出及能源结构转型, 负载特性更加灵活的电力电子装置得到了广泛的应用。其中 Boost 变换器因其结构简单, 性能稳定, 被广泛应用于通信电源、光伏和储能系统等领域[1]。灵活的应用场景及复杂的运行工况对 Boost 变换器的动态性能及负载鲁棒性提出了更高的要求。
在采用传统的线性控制方法下, 如双闭环 PI 控制, 系统对负载扰动的鲁棒性不强。其原因在于当负载发生大范围扰动时, 在原先工作点处建立的小信号模型不再适用, 导致控制器失效。这一问题在 Boost 变换器上体现为输出电压超调, 且电压稳定过渡时间较长[2-3]。特别地, Boost 变换器运行在连续电流模式 CCM(continuous current mode)下会出现右半平面零点, 这一特性降低了其动态性能[4]。 在器件和拓扑结构一定的情况下, 从控制层面提出改进 Boost 变换器性能的方法是目前亟待解决的问题。
目前, 针对以上问题的解决思路主要有 2 种。 第 1 种思路是基于传统的线性控制方法, 根据工况调节控制器参数, 使系统适配新的工作点。文献[5-6] 通过建立模糊规则修改 PI 控制器参数, 提高了控制器对负载扰动的鲁棒性; 文献[7-8]设计了神经网络控制器, 通过学习不同工况下的电压响应特性来设计控制器参数, 提升了系统的动态性能。第 2 种思路是采用基于现代控制理论的方法, 比如能量控制[9] 、变结构控制[10] 、电流前馈控制[11] 、状态反馈线性化控制[12] 及自适应控制[13] 等方法,提升变换器的动态性能, 减小负载突变时电压波动, 缩短过渡时间。然而这些控制方法对 Boost 变换器的建模精度要求严格, 且设计较为复杂, 实现成本较高。 上述 2 种思路均属于控制适配负载的被动方法, 且实施时所受约束条件较多。如能采取 1 种简易的控制方法, 使系统运行在对负载扰动具有不变性的状态下, 则由负载扰动引起的输出电压超调及稳定过渡时间长的问题便可得到解决。基于该思想, 本文针对 Boost 变换器提出一种引入负载扰动观测的滑模电流控制 SMCC(sliding mode current control)方法。首先, 利用 Boost 变换器负载电流构建滑模面, 从几何角度说明其对负载扰动的不变性, 并在 Lyapunov 定义下证明系统在滑模面上的稳定性; 然后,介绍实施 SMCC 方法的过程及各模块的基本结构;最后,通过仿真,检验 SMCC 方法下系统的大信号稳定性, 并对比 SMCC 与传统线性控制方法下系统的动态性能。 发在 Boost 变换器负载短时间发生阶跃变换的大范围扰动情况下, SMCC 方法可有效减小输出电压超调量,并缩短电压稳定过渡时间。
滑模控制是一种非线性控制方法, 通过切换系统结构, 使其状态轨迹沿滑模面运动并在受到负载扰动时具有不变性[14]。本文提出的引入负载扰动观测的 SMCC 方法原理如图1所示。该方法由负载扰动观测器、参考电流发生器及滑模电流控制器 3 个模块实施。其中, 负载扰动观测器通过估计负载电流${i}_{0}$ 向参考电流发生器提供负载功率变化的信息; 参考电流发生器根据负载电流估计值${\widetilde{i}}_{0}$ 及电压误差计算幅值随负载变化的参考电流信号${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$; 滑模电流控制器使电感电流${i}_{L}$ 跟踪参考电流${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$,调整输人功率。
Boost 变换器在 CCM 模式下的状态空间方程[15]
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{i}}_{L}= -\frac{\bar{u}}{L}{v}_{\mathrm{o}}+ \frac{1}{L}{v}_{\text{in }}\\{\dot{v}}_{\mathrm{o}}= \frac{\bar{u}}{C}{i}_{L}- \frac{1}{{R}_{\mathrm{L}}C}{v}_{\mathrm{o}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\dot{i}}_{L}$${\dot{v}}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 分别为电感电流${i}_{L}$ 及输出电压${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 对时间的导数;$L\text{、}C\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}$${v}_{\text{in }}$ 分别为储能电感、滤波电容、负载电阻与输入电压;$u$ 为控制变量,表示开关管的状态:$u = 1$ 表示开关管导通,$u = 0$ 表示开关管截至,$\bar{u}$$u$ 的逆逻辑。
定义负载电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}= {v}_{\mathrm{o}}/{R}_{\mathrm{L}}$,利用${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 计算维持输出电压${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 稳定在参考电压${V}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 所需的参考电流${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$,${i}_{\mathrm{r}}= k{i}_{\mathrm{o}}$,系数$k$ 为变换器的电压增益,$k ={V}_{\mathrm{r}}/{v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$。在开关频率无穷大的理想情况下, 滑模电流控制器仅需电感电流的误差信号${x}_{1}= \left({{i}_{\mathrm{r}}- {i}_{L}}\right)$ 就可实现电流控制[16]。但在开关频率有限的情况下,还需引入误差的积分项${x}_{2}$、二重积分${x}_{3}$ 来减小稳态误差[17],即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{1}= {i}_{\mathrm{r}}- {i}_{L}\\{x}_{2}= \int {x}_{1}\mathrm{\;d}t \\{x}_{3}= \int {x}_{2}\mathrm{\;d}t \end{array}\right.$
利用上述状态反馈变量及滑模系数${\alpha }_{1}\text{、}{\alpha }_{2}$${\alpha }_{3}$ 的线性组合定义系统的滑模面$S$
$ S ={\alpha }_{1}{x}_{1}+ {\alpha }_{2}{x}_{2}+ {\alpha }_{3}{x}_{3}$
滑模面$S$ 对负载扰动的不变性可从几何角度直观说明。选取电感电流${i}_{L}$、输出电压${v}_{0}$ 及负载电流${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 描述变换器的状态轨迹$T\left({{i}_{L},{v}_{\mathrm{o}},{i}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)$。Boost 变换器在控制量$\bar{u}$ 取 0 或 1 时具有不同的子结构,其状态轨迹也不同。SMCC 方法通过切换系统结构, 引导状态轨迹$T$ 从任意初始位置${T}_{0}$ 靠近滑模面$S$,然后滑模面上的参考轨迹向平衡点$O$ 运动,最终停留在该点。上述过程即系统进行滑模运动的到达、滑动及稳定 3 个阶段, 它们的顺利实施依赖于滑模系数的合理设计。
首先,在到达阶段,控制量$\bar{u}$ 引导系统从任意初始位置${T}_{0}$ 接近并最终抵达滑模面$S$ 或其临近范围$\left|\delta \right|$ 内。以系统在$\bar{u}= 1$ 时的子结构为例, 其在状态空间${R}^{3}= \operatorname{span}\left({{i}_{L},{v}_{\mathrm{o}},{i}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)$ 中不同初始条件下的状态轨迹如图2所示。负载${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 不同时,状态轨迹$T$ 位于不同的相平面${R}_{1}^{2}$${R}_{2}^{2}$ 上。相平面上${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$${i}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 满足比例关系,${R}_{1}^{2}= \operatorname{span}\left({{v}_{\mathrm{o}}= {R}_{\mathrm{L}1}{i}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)$,${R}_{2}^{2}= \operatorname{span}\left({{v}_{\mathrm{o}}= {R}_{\mathrm{L}2}{i}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)$,滑模面$S$ 在空间${R}^{3}$ 中以平面$S =\operatorname{span}\left({{i}_{L}= k{i}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)$ 的形式呈现。两平面的交线${\zeta }_{1}$,${i}_{L}= \left({k/{R}_{\mathrm{L}1}}\right){v}_{\mathrm{o}}$${\zeta }_{2},{i}_{L}= \left({k/{R}_{\mathrm{L}2}}\right){v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 组成了系统在不同负载情况下的参考轨迹。在平面${R}^{2}$ 上,系统在$\bar{u}= 1$ 时的子结构的状态轨迹如图3中弧线所示, 状态轨迹均在有限时间内收敛于点$\left({{v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}/{R}_{\mathrm{L}},{v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}\right)$; 系统在$\bar{u}= 0$ 时的状态轨迹如图3中斜率为负的直线所示, 状态轨迹不会收敛。
为了满足可达性条件,参考轨迹$\zeta$ 必与系统的状态轨迹相交。在此前提下, 通过设计合适的控制率$\bar{u}$ 切换系统结构,即可使状态轨迹$T$ 到达滑模面$S$,根据图3,可设计控制率为
$\bar{u}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1 & S < 0 \\ 0 & S > 0 \end{array}\right.$
其次,在滑动阶段,控制量$u$ 应将状态轨迹$T$ 束缚在滑模面$S$ 上或其临近范围$\left|\delta \right|$ 内运动。为确保状态轨迹$T$ 在向平衡点运动的过程中保持在滑模面上,状态方程式(1)在滑模面$S$ 上应满足局部可达性条件[14],即
$\mathop{\lim }\limits_{{S \rightarrow 0}}S\dot{S}< 0 $
式中,$\dot{S}$ 为式 (3) 对时间的导数。根据状态轨迹$T$ 接近滑模面$S$ 方向的不同,分 2 种情况讨论。
情况$1 : S \rightarrow {0}^{+ }$,则$S > 0,\bar{u}= 0$。根据式(5),$\dot{S}$ 应小于 0,将式(1)和式(4)代入式(5),可得存在条件 1, 即
${\alpha }_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{r}}}{\mathrm{d}t}- {\alpha }_{1}{v}_{\text{in }}+ {\alpha }_{2}{x}_{1}+ {\alpha }_{3}{x}_{2}< 0 $
情况 2:$S \rightarrow {0}^{- }$,则$S < 0,\bar{u}= 1$。根据式 (5),$\dot{S}$ 应大于 0,将式(1)和式(4)代入式(5),可得存在条件 2,即
${\alpha }_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{r}}}{\mathrm{d}t}- {\alpha }_{1}\frac{{v}_{\text{in }}- {v}_{o}}{L}+ {\alpha }_{2}{x}_{1}+ {\alpha }_{3}{x}_{2}> 0 $
式(6)和式(7)限制了滑模系数的取值范围。采取反证法讨论滑模系数的取值范围, 假设系统状态轨迹$T$ 在滑模面$S$ 的理想情况,则${i}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{x}_{1}$${x}_{2}$ 均为 0, 则式(6)和式(7)可简化为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} 0 <{\alpha }_{1}{v}_{\text{in }}\\ 0 >{\alpha }_{1}\frac{{v}_{\text{in }}- {v}_{\text{o }}}{L}\end{array}\right.$
式(8)中,输入电压${v}_{\text{in }}$、电感$L$ 均大于 0,且由于 Boost 变换器的升压特性,${v}_{\text{in }}- {v}_{\mathrm{o}}< 0$,则滑模系数${\alpha }_{1}$ 仅需取大于 0 的值即可满足滑模运动存在条件。${\alpha }_{2}$${\alpha }_{3}$ 的取值可根据 Ackerman 公式设计。由于滑模面表达式 (2) 为相位正则形式[18],因此在滑模运动期间, 可将电流环整理为标准二阶系统形式,即
${\alpha }_{2}{x}_{2}+ {\alpha }_{1}\frac{\mathrm{d}{x}_{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {\alpha }_{3}\int {x}_{2}\mathrm{\;d}t = 0 $
根据 Ackerman 公式, 在临界阻尼情况下, 滑模系数与电流环带宽${f}_{\mathrm{{BW}}}$ 的关系[19]
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{{\alpha }_{2}}{{\alpha }_{1}}= {4\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{{BW}}}\\\frac{{\alpha }_{3}}{{\alpha }_{1}}= 4{\pi }^{2}{f}_{\mathrm{{BW}}}^{2}\end{array}\right.$
因此,滑模系数${\alpha }_{2}$${\alpha }_{3}$ 的取值应大于 0,其值分别与带宽的一次方${f}_{\mathrm{{BW}}}$ 和二次方${f}_{\mathrm{{BW}}}^{2}$ 成正比。
最后,在稳定阶段,状态轨迹$T$ 在滑模面$S$ 上应收敛至稳定的平衡点。在滑模面$S$ 上,系统的状态方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{L}= {i}_{\mathrm{r}}\\{\dot{v}}_{\mathrm{o}}= \frac{{v}_{\text{in }}}{C{v}_{\mathrm{o}}}{i}_{\mathrm{r}}- \frac{1}{{R}_{\mathrm{L}}C}{v}_{\mathrm{o}}\end{array}\right.$
定义 Lyapunov 函数$V\left({{i}_{L},{v}_{\mathrm{o}}}\right)$
$ V =\frac{{e}_{1}^{2}+ {e}_{2}^{2}}{2}$
式中:${e}_{1}$ 为电流误差,${e}_{1}= {i}_{L}- {i}_{\mathrm{r}};{e}_{2}$ 为电压误差,${e}_{2}= {v}_{\mathrm{o}}- {V}_{\mathrm{r}}$。求$V$ 对状态轨迹的微分,并将式(11) 代入式(12)可得
$\dot{V}= \frac{1}{C}\left({\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}{{v}_{\mathrm{o}}}k{i}_{\mathrm{o}}- \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{o}}}{R}}\right)\left({{v}_{\mathrm{o}}- {V}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)$
$= -\frac{1}{RC}{e}_{2}^{2}$
根据式 (13),当${e}_{2}\neq 0$ 时,$\dot{V}< 0$,因此系统在 Lyapunov 定义下是稳定的。
为了消除滑模控制普遍存在的抖振问题, 以及避免出现开关频率过高的现象, 本文采用 PWM 技术实施定频滑模控制。将式(4)所示的离散控制函数$\bar{u}$ 用平滑函数${u}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 代替[20]。求式(3)对时间的导数,可得${u}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 的表达式为
${u}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= 1 -\frac{1}{{v}_{\mathrm{o}}}\left\lbrack {-L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{r}}}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {K}_{1}{x}_{1}+ {K}_{2}{x}_{2}+ {v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}}\right\rbrack $
式中:${K}_{1}= L\left({{\alpha }_{2}/{\alpha }_{1}}\right);{K}_{2}= L\left({{\alpha }_{3}/{\alpha }_{1}}\right)$
滑模电流控制器通过 PWM 将连续的等效控制律函数${u}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 转换为离散的控制脉冲,其原理如图4所示。其中${v}_{\text{ram }}$ 为载波信号,幅值为${v}_{\mathrm{o}};{K}_{\mathrm{v}}$ 为调制波增益;${v}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为调制波信号,其表达式为
${v}_{\mathrm{c}}= - L\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{r}}}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {K}_{1}L{x}_{1}+ {K}_{2}L{x}_{2}+ {v}_{\text{in }}$
电感电流${i}_{L}$ 与负载电流${i}_{0}$ 应满足比例关系${i}_{L}= k{i}_{0}$。为了不增加额外的电流传感器,本文采用负载扰动观测器估计负载电流${i}_{0}{}^{\left\lbrack {11}\right\rbrack }$。其基本工作原理是根据$\mathrm{{KCL}}$ 定律计算二极管电流${i}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 与电容电流${i}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的差值;观测器通过对电容电流进行积分获得输出电压的估计值${\widetilde{v}}_{0}$,将估计值与测量值的误差滤除高次谐波后作为负载电流的估计值${\widetilde{i}}_{0}$,其原理如图5所示。根据功率平衡,利用负载电流估计值${\widetilde{i}}_{o}$ 计算参考电流的幅值,则${i}_{\mathrm{r}}= \left({{V}_{\mathrm{r}}/{V}_{\text{in }}}\right){\widetilde{i}}_{\mathrm{o}}$。然而,在实际应用时, 必然存在 Boost 变换器由于实际运行损耗造成电感电流指令值计算不准确从而造成静态误差[9] 的情况。为此,本文将滑模电流控制器作为电流内环, 利用电压误差信号构成电压外环补偿参考电流, 其原理如图6所示。
通过 Simulink 仿真验证 SMCC 方法的有效性, 包括系统的大信号稳定性及系统在负载突变时的动态性能。Boost 变换器系统的主要控制参数有: 控制器参数${K}_{1}= 5 \times {10}^{3},{K}_{1}= 5 \times {10}^{6}$ (取带宽${f}_{\mathrm{{BW}}}=$ ${400}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ); 电压环$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制器比例系数${K}_{\mathrm{p}}= {0.4}$,积分系数${K}_{\mathrm{i}}= {30};\mathrm{{PWM}}$ 载波幅值为$4\mathrm{\;V}$,调制波增益为 0.01 ; 额定开关频率为${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$。Boost 变换器主电路参数见表1
系统在 SMCC 控制下由零状态启动,在${0.1}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时运行状态从额定负载$\left({100\Omega }\right)$ 阶跃变换至${20}\%$ 额定负载$\left({400\Omega }\right)$; 在${0.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时阶跃变换至${300}\%$ 额定负载$\left({30\Omega }\right)$,在${0.3}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时阶跃变换为额定负载。仿真相关波形如图7所示。
图7(a)中,负载电流估计值${\widetilde{i}}_{0}$ 能够约在${0.02}\mathrm{\;s}$ 稳定在实测值${i}_{0}$,验证了扰动观测器的有效性。
图7(b)中,电感电流${i}_{L}$${0.1}\mathrm{\;s}$ 负载第 1 次发生阶跃变化时,其稳定时间约为${0.03}\mathrm{\;s}$; 在${0.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ 负载第 2 次发生阶跃变化时,其稳定时间约为${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$; 在${0.3}\mathrm{\;s}$ 负载第 3 次阶跃变化时,其稳定时间约为${0.05}\mathrm{s}$。由此可知,电感电流${i}_{L}$ 在负载发生扰动时能快速的响应负载变化。
图7(c)~7(d)可知,输出电压${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 在 3 次负载阶跃变化下的波动范围为${350}\sim {450}\mathrm{\;V}$,在每次负载变化后均可约在${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$ 稳定,然后逐渐收敛至参考值。 以${0.2}\mathrm{\;s}$${0.3}\mathrm{\;s}$ 处发生的负载变化为例,负载在${0.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ 突增为 3 倍额定负载,输出电压${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 可约在${0.23}\mathrm{\;s}$ 稳定在${380}\mathrm{\;V}$ 左右,随后逐渐收敛至${400}\mathrm{\;V}$;负载在${0.3}\mathrm{\;s}$ 又骤降至额定负载,${v}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 可约在${0.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 稳定在${400}\mathrm{\;V}$。验证了系统对负载扰动的鲁棒性。综上,经过 3 次负载阶跃变换, 系统状态轨迹先后稳定在${O}_{1}\left({{32},{400},4}\right)\text{、}{O}_{2}\left({8,{400},1}\right)$${O}_{3}\left({{107},{400},{13}}\right)$,验证了 SMCC 方法下系统的大信号稳定性。
通过仿真对比 SMCC 方法与传统双闭环 PI 控制方法和负载电流前馈 PI 控制方法下系统的动态性能。其中 PI 控制器参数按额定工况下电流环带宽为${100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,相位裕度为${60}^{\circ }$;电压环带宽为${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,相位裕度为${60}^{\circ }$;开关频率为${100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$, 电流环$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制器${K}_{\mathrm{p}}= {0.44},{K}_{\mathrm{i}}= 4 \times {10}^{4}$; 电压环控制器${K}_{\mathrm{p}}= {2.08},{K}_{\mathrm{i}}= {291}$,仿真结果如图8所示。其中, 在${0.175}\sim {0.320}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时间范围内,负载${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$${50\Omega }$${600\Omega }$ 之间阶跃变换。负载变化情况如图8(a)所示, 不同控制方法下输出电压得响应特性如图8(b)所示。可见: 在双闭环 PI 控制方法下, 输出电压在 300~550 V 波动,最大超调量为${150}\mathrm{\;V}$,约在${0.45}\mathrm{\;s}$ 稳定; 在负载电流前馈 PI 控制策略下, 输出电压在${380}\sim {500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 波动,最大超调量为${80}\mathrm{\;V}$,约在${0.40}\mathrm{\;s}$ 稳定;在 SMCC 方法下,输出电压在${390}\sim {420}\mathrm{\;V}$ 波动,最大超调量为${20}\mathrm{\;V}$,约在${0.35}\mathrm{\;s}$ 稳定。由上述结果可知, SMCC 方法相比其他 2 种方法, 可使 Boost 变换器在负载短时间大范围阶跃变换, 减少输出电压的超调量及过渡时间。
为验证$\mathrm{{SMCC}}$ 方法的有效性,本文利用电力电子小步长仿真机 NI PXIe-1071 进行半实物实时仿真实验, 如图9所示; 变换器负载从 20%额定负载突增至 300%负载后又突减为 20%额定负载的实验波形如图10所示。
图10可知, 当负载由 20%突增至 300%, 输出电压出现约${30}\mathrm{\;V}$ 超调,经约${40}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 稳定至约${400}\mathrm{\;V}$ 左右;当负载由${300}\%$ 突减至${20}\%$,输出电压出现约${40}\mathrm{\;V}$ 超调,经约${50}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 稳定在${400}\mathrm{\;V}$ 左右。可见实验结果与仿真结果相符, 验证了 SMCC 方法的有效性。
本文针对在传统线性控制方法下 Boost 变换器系统动态性能较差, 以及对负载扰动鲁棒性不强的问题, 提出了 1 种引入负载扰动观测的 Boost 变换器定频滑模电流控制方法, 并开展了相应的理论研究及仿真验证, 最后得出如下结论。
(1)利用负载电流所构造的滑模面对负载扰动具有不变性, 保证了系统的对负载扰动的鲁棒性。
(2)在本文设计的滑模面上,系统能够自动满足 Lyapunov 稳定条件, 保证了系统的大信号稳定性。
(3)基于等效控制原理,将原离散控制信号转化为平滑连续信号, 再通过 PWM 技术加以实施, 避免了传统滑模控制中存在的抖振及开关频率不稳定问题。
(4)滑模电流控制器提升了系统的动态性能。 在负载发生扰动时, 变换器可迅速调节输入功率, 将输出电压波动限制在较小的范围内。
(5)滑模电流控制器组成的电流环与 PI 控制器组成的电压环优势互补, 得益于电流环良好的动态性能, 电压环 PI 控制器可在额定工作点附近有效运行, 从而消除因参考电流计算不准确造成的电压误差。
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.12
  • 接收时间:2022-01-18
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-18
  • 修回日期:2022-03-24
  • 录用日期:2022-04-22
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    湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院 长沙 410082
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