Article(id=1154037277744419631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.112, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1642608000000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-20, revisedDate=1648569600000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-30, acceptedDate=1649174400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-06, onlineDate=1753073527990, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1722268800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073527990, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073527990, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073527990, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154037268550509325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='338', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073525798, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780979931, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004546338804562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154037268550509325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=112, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154037278390342450, articleId=1154037277744419631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Analysis of Formation Mechanism of Internal Voltage Amplitude/Frequency in Current Control of Phase-locked Synchronous Grid-connected Converter, columnId=1152281492550987902, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Renewable Energy System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the traditional power system, the synchronous generator independently forms the internal voltage amplitude/frequency, which is connected to grid to establish the system voltage. However, the establishment of grid voltage at present is increasingly dependent on renewable energy equipment. Under the phase-locked synchronization, the grid-connected converter needs to detect the grid voltage to form the internal voltage, which seems to be different from the synchronous machine that independently forms the internal voltage and further establishes the system voltage. On this basis, the mechanism of internal voltage amplitude/frequency formed by the current control of the phase-locked synchronous converter is studied, and it is explicitly stated that the internal voltage amplitude/frequency is uniquely determined by current, which is essentially the same as the synchronous generator independently forming the internal voltage to establish the system voltage. In this paper, based on the control structure and the nature of forming the AC instantaneous value, it is explained that the converter output is essentially the internal voltage amplitude/frequency. Then, starting from the closed-loop dynamic process of equipment and network, the redundant relationship between terminal voltage and current is clarified. After the input current is determined, the internal voltage amplitude/frequency can be uniquely determined accordingly. Finally, combined with the simulation analysis, the correctness of uniquely determining the internal voltage amplitude/frequency by input current is demonstrated.

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传统电力系统中,同步发电机独立形成内电势幅值/频率,接入电网建立系统电压。然而目前电网电压的建立越来越依赖于可再生能源设备,在锁相同步下并网变换器形成内电势需检测电网电压,看似与同步机独立形成内电势并建立系统电压不同。针对此问题,研究锁相同步下变换器电流控制形成内电势幅值/频率的机制,明确内电势幅值/频率由电流唯一确定,阐明锁相同步设备在本质上与同步发电机独立形成内电势建立电压相同。首先,基于控制结构与交流瞬时值形成的本质,说明变换器的输出实质上为内电势幅值/频率。然后,从设备与网络闭环动态过程出发,明确端电压与电流的冗余关系,在输入电流确定后内电势幅值/频率即可相应地唯一确定。最后,结合仿真分析,说明输入电流唯一确定内电势幅值/频率的正确性。

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洪宇(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: hongyu_2019@hust.edu.cn。

袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定性分析及其控制。E-mail: yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

龚轩(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统运行与控制。E-mail:gong_xuan@hust.edu.cn。

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洪宇(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: hongyu_2019@hust.edu.cn。

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洪宇(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: hongyu_2019@hust.edu.cn。

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袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定性分析及其控制。E-mail: yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

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袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定性分析及其控制。E-mail: yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

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龚轩(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统运行与控制。E-mail:gong_xuan@hust.edu.cn。

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龚轩(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统运行与控制。E-mail:gong_xuan@hust.edu.cn。

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锁相同步并网变换器电流控制内电势幅值/频率形成机制分析
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洪宇 , 袁小明 , 龚轩
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(4): 112-120
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(4): 112-120
锁相同步并网变换器电流控制内电势幅值/频率形成机制分析
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洪宇 , 袁小明 , 龚轩
作者信息
  • 华中科技大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430074
  • 洪宇(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统运行与控制。E-mail: hongyu_2019@hust.edu.cn。

    袁小明(1966-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定性分析及其控制。E-mail: yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

    龚轩(1995-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统运行与控制。E-mail:gong_xuan@hust.edu.cn。

Analysis of Formation Mechanism of Internal Voltage Amplitude/Frequency in Current Control of Phase-locked Synchronous Grid-connected Converter
Yu HONG , Xiaoming YUAN , Xuan GONG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.112
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传统电力系统中,同步发电机独立形成内电势幅值/频率,接入电网建立系统电压。然而目前电网电压的建立越来越依赖于可再生能源设备,在锁相同步下并网变换器形成内电势需检测电网电压,看似与同步机独立形成内电势并建立系统电压不同。针对此问题,研究锁相同步下变换器电流控制形成内电势幅值/频率的机制,明确内电势幅值/频率由电流唯一确定,阐明锁相同步设备在本质上与同步发电机独立形成内电势建立电压相同。首先,基于控制结构与交流瞬时值形成的本质,说明变换器的输出实质上为内电势幅值/频率。然后,从设备与网络闭环动态过程出发,明确端电压与电流的冗余关系,在输入电流确定后内电势幅值/频率即可相应地唯一确定。最后,结合仿真分析,说明输入电流唯一确定内电势幅值/频率的正确性。

并网变换器  /  电流控制  /  内电势幅值/频率  /  形成机制

In the traditional power system, the synchronous generator independently forms the internal voltage amplitude/frequency, which is connected to grid to establish the system voltage. However, the establishment of grid voltage at present is increasingly dependent on renewable energy equipment. Under the phase-locked synchronization, the grid-connected converter needs to detect the grid voltage to form the internal voltage, which seems to be different from the synchronous machine that independently forms the internal voltage and further establishes the system voltage. On this basis, the mechanism of internal voltage amplitude/frequency formed by the current control of the phase-locked synchronous converter is studied, and it is explicitly stated that the internal voltage amplitude/frequency is uniquely determined by current, which is essentially the same as the synchronous generator independently forming the internal voltage to establish the system voltage. In this paper, based on the control structure and the nature of forming the AC instantaneous value, it is explained that the converter output is essentially the internal voltage amplitude/frequency. Then, starting from the closed-loop dynamic process of equipment and network, the redundant relationship between terminal voltage and current is clarified. After the input current is determined, the internal voltage amplitude/frequency can be uniquely determined accordingly. Finally, combined with the simulation analysis, the correctness of uniquely determining the internal voltage amplitude/frequency by input current is demonstrated.

Grid-connected converter  /  current control  /  internal voltage amplitude/frequency  /  formation mechanism
洪宇, 袁小明, 龚轩. 锁相同步并网变换器电流控制内电势幅值/频率形成机制分析. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 112 -120 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.112
Yu HONG, Xiaoming YUAN, Xuan GONG. Analysis of Formation Mechanism of Internal Voltage Amplitude/Frequency in Current Control of Phase-locked Synchronous Grid-connected Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 112 -120 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.112
发电设备通过内电势幅值/频率接入电网, 建立系统电压幅值/频率[1-2]。而系统电压幅值/频率引起电荷流动进而决定各设备间的功率交换, 是电力系统运行的基础, 也是电力系统动态过程中的核心指标[3]。在传统电力系统中,系统电压由处于主导地位的同步发电机建立。但在能源结构深入改革的背景下,通过变换器并网的风电、光伏装机容量持续提升,大幅增长。变换器并网设备正在逐步取代同步发电机,成为系统中的主要发电设备, 系统电压的建立也越来越依赖于变换器并网设备。因此, 研究可再生能源发电设备内电势幅值/ 频率的形成机制对认识电力系统的动态过程具有重要意义。
在以往的研究中, 学界围绕变换器并网设备接入电网后系统的动态分析开展过大量研究, 包括变换器建模[4-7] 、稳定性分析[8-9] 及控制设计[10-11] 等。 上述这些研究仅是初步涉及了变换器内电势的研究,并未对其重点关注。还有少数研究[12-13],虽提及了变换器内电势是主题的重要组成部分, 但尚未对内电势的形成机制进行深入的探讨。因此, 为深入认识系统电压与频率动态, 亟需针对变换器并网设备内电势形成机制展开研究。
变换器并网设备内电势由变换器产生。从控制电路可知, 变换器电流控制形成内电势不仅需要输入电流, 还与端电压有关, 端电压由全网设备共同决定, 因此变换器并网设备的内电势形成似乎取决于外界电网, 看似不具备建立系统电压的能力。而同步发电机由旋转磁动势切割定子绕组形成内电势, 与外界电网信息无关, 能够承担建立电压的责任。由此看来, 并网变换器与同步发电机似乎在内电势形成及系统电压建立上有所不同。然而, 变换器并网设备正逐步成为系统的主要电源, 需要其能够像同步发电机一样承担建立电网电压的责任。针对这一问题, 本文将阐释设备与网络闭环系统中电气量动态更新的物理过程, 分析端电压与电流的冗余关系, 明确在设备和网络关系共同决定下, 变换器内电势由输入电流唯一确定, 在本质上与同步发电机独立形成内电势建立电压相同。此外, 本文还将针对变换器并网设备内电势幅值/频率形成机制进行研究, 首先介绍并网变换器电流控制、锁相环的基本结构与工作原理; 然后基于控制结构与交流瞬时值形成的本质, 说明变换器实质上是通过控制形成内电势旋转矢量的幅值/频率, 从而确定内电势三相瞬时值; 继而基于设备和网络闭环动态过程, 从数学框图与物理本质这 2 个角度对内电势的形成机制进行分析; 最终得出在确定输入电流后, 并网变换器电流控制形成的内电势即可唯一确定的结论, 并通过仿真进行说明。
为实现 “双碳” 目标, 风电与光伏等可再生能源发电规模逐渐增大。为将其生产的电能以合适的电压与频率接入电网, 可再生能源设备一般通过电压源型变换器 VSC(voltage source converter) 形成内电势, 其中电流控制是形成内电势的直接环节[14]
三相并网 VSC 的硬件电路由直流电容与开关器件、续流二极管构成的桥臂组成;控制方式通常采用电网电压定向的多级 PI 控制, 与锁相环共同形成开关控制指令。多级 PI 控制的内环通常采用电流控制, 其与锁相环的常见控制策略如图1所示, 为简化分析过程, 本文忽略了电压前馈与交叉解耦环节。图1中:${\mathbf{U}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为端电压矢量;$\mathbf{I}$ 为电流矢量;$\mathbf{E}$ 为内电势矢量;${I}_{\text{ref }}$ 为电流参考值;${\theta }_{\text{pll }}$ 为锁相环输出相位;${\alpha \beta }$ 表示两相静止坐标系;${dq}$ 表示以锁相环输出相位为定向的两相旋转坐标系(以下简称锁相坐标系); 下标$\alpha$$\beta$ 表示电气量在两相静止坐标系下的分量; 下标$d$$q$ 表示电气量在锁相坐标系下的分量。
在电网电压定向矢量控制方式下, VSC 按照$d$ 轴与$q$ 轴分别控制。电流控制的$d/q$ 轴控制环节将各自的电流反馈与电流指令相减, 得到电流误差, 并经过 PI 控制器得出内电势在锁相坐标系下的$d/q$ 轴分量,即${E}_{d}/{E}_{q}$$d/q$ 轴电流反馈由检测所得交流电流在锁相坐标系下分解得到,$d/q$ 轴电流指令由外环控制给出, 外环控制根据实际需求可有多种结构, 此处不做赘述。
与此同时, 锁相环检测端电压输出锁相相位, 具体实现方式有多种,图1所示为较为常见的 1 种。具体而言, 是将交流端电压在反馈回的锁相相位上进行$d/q$ 分解,将$q$ 轴分量经过$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制得到锁相频率${\omega }_{\mathrm{{pll}}}$, 再积分得到锁相相位${\theta }_{\mathrm{{pll}}}$。此相位用于交流电流三角变换得到$d/q$ 轴电流反馈,以及${E}_{d}/{E}_{q}$ 在此相位基础上合成内电势旋转矢量。再由内电势矢量经过 PWM 调制得到开关器件的控制脉冲, 使得变换器输出交流电压为所需的内电势, 此内电势作用于网络形成相应电气量反馈回控制器, 如此循环迭代最终使各控制器反馈与指令的误差为 0,从而达到所需的运行状态。
VSC 输出的三相交流电压由各桥臂开关器件受到开关指令控制形成, 而开关指令又由控制环节产生的内电势旋转矢量经过 PWM 调制得到。而在实际上, 电流控制与锁相环通过产生幅值与频率来决定内电势旋转矢量。因此, 在不考虑开关器件工作引起误差的情况下, 变换器输出交流电压与内电势旋转矢量等效,由控制环节形成幅值/频率而决定。
电流控制与锁相环产生内电势旋转矢量的幅值/频率,投影得到的交流信号, 经过 PWM 调制得到控制脉冲,控制环节形成幅值/频率的过程为: 电流反馈与电流指令的误差经过 PI 控制器形成内电势$d/q$ 轴分量${E}_{d}/{E}_{q}$,再以锁相环输出的相位${\theta }_{\text{pll }}$$d$ 轴位置合成内电势矢量,内电势矢量合成关系如图2所示。
图2中,${E}_{d}/{E}_{q}$ 的大小决定了内电势矢量$\mathbf{E}$ 的幅值,$\mathbf{E}$$d$ 轴的夹角${\delta }_{dq}$${E}_{d}$${E}_{q}$ 决定,$d$ 轴位置由锁相相位${\theta }_{\mathrm{{pll}}}$ 决定。因此,内电势矢量的幅值$\left|\mathbf{E}\right|$${E}_{d}$${E}_{q}$ 得到,频率${\omega }_{E}$${E}_{d}/{E}_{q}$ 所决定的夹角变化率与锁相坐标系旋转频率${\omega }_{\mathrm{{pll}}}$ 得到,具体关系为
$\left|\mathbf{E}\right|= \sqrt{{\left({E}_{d}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({E}_{q}\right)}^{2}}$
${\omega }_{E}= \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}t}\left({\arctan \frac{{E}_{q}}{{E}_{d}}}\right)+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{{pll}}}$
虽然变换器输出的电压经检测后得到的是三相交流瞬时值, 但是究其本质, 此三相瞬时值由内电势旋转矢量所决定。电流控制与锁相环形成内电势旋转矢量, 投影得到的交流指令经过 PWM 调制得到控制脉冲, 使开关器件生成对应的交流电压, 即从变换器工作原理的角度分析, 变换器输出的三相交流瞬时值的本质为内电势旋转矢量。并且, 在数学与物理本质上, 三相交流瞬时值仅为旋转矢量的投影, 是最终呈现的结果, 并非本质。各相瞬时值之间存在数值及相位上的联系, 其根源在于交流瞬时值是由同一个旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上投影而得到的, 这使得三相值间存在数学约束, 如图3所示。因此, 无论从变换器工作原理分析, 还是从数学与物理本质的角度分析, 变换器输出交流电压的本质均为内电势旋转矢量。
内电势旋转矢量由控制产生, 在空间中进行旋转运动, 其基本特征是矢量的长短及旋转速度, 即旋转矢量的幅值与频率。需要注意的是, 通常关注的相位是频率的积分, 无法刻画矢量的旋转状态, 只能体现各个时刻矢量所处位置, 并不能直接体现旋转运动的特征。然而旋转矢量由控制产生, 在动态过程中控制器输出时刻变化, 则矢量的旋转速度也时刻处于变化之中, 此时相位更加无法描述矢量状态。并且, 相位、频率的关系与投影、矢量的关系类似, 相位是矢量旋转的结果, 根本上由频率决定, 相位的本质仍是频率。可参照同步发电机工作原理辅助理解, 同步机旋转磁动势切割定子绕组感应产生三相电压, 决定电压的关键即是磁动势的大小与旋转速度, 而非相位。除此之外, 幅值/频率与电力系统所关注的电能指标十分契合, 以幅值/ 频率为内电势的状态在动态过程分析时可直接与系统指标对应。由此可见, 内电势旋转矢量的状态是幅值与频率。
综上分析可知, 变换器输出交流电压的本质是内电势旋转矢量, 矢量的特征是幅值/频率, 因此可再生能源设备与网络的接口本质上是内电势旋转矢量。内电势矢量由控制产生后,其幅值/频率与其他设备共同形成系统电压的幅值/频率。
可再生能源设备通过内电势旋转矢量接入电网,外环控制通过生成$d/q$ 轴电流指令参与电流控制形成内电势的过程。由于串级控制设计要求外环的响应速度慢于内环, 电流指令为外环输出, 在考虑电流控制形成内电势的内环动态时, 可以忽略电流指令的变化[15]。因此,本文在研究电流控制与锁相环形成内电势的机制时, 认为电流指令为常量, 以交流电流与端电压作为输入。
可再生能源设备与其他设备通过电力网络连接, 共同构成电力系统。可再生能源设备以内电势旋转矢量为接口作用于网络, 与其他设备共同确定电网各处输送的电流和功率等电气量, 各设备检测到这些电气量的变化调整自身运行状态, 使输出内电势作出相应的改变, 再接入网络构成系统闭环。 具体到交流电流的时间尺度[1],可再生能源设备检测系统的交流电流与端电压, 送往电流控制与锁相环得到内电势矢量, 内电势作用于网络与其他设备共同形成系统各处的电压、电流及功率等电气量。 这些电气量经过检测反馈回设备, 继续提供给电流控制与锁相环等环节, 更新下一时刻的内电势。此内电势再作用于网络, 更新网络中的各电气量。如此循环下去, 不断更新系统各状态电气量, 这就是电力系统由设备与网络共同决定的闭环动态过程。
由设备与网络组成的系统闭环动态过程可知, 作为设备输入的电流与端电压实际上是从系统反馈回的电气量, 是本设备内电势作用于网络与其他设备内电势共同决定的。并且, 内电势与端电压作为滤波电感两端的电压, 此电流流经电感, 那么电流、端电压、内电势之间还应满足电感关系的约束。 由变换器控制逻辑可知, 内电势受电流、端电压决定, 由网络可知二者的取值又需满足与内电势的关系。因此, 电流与端电压并非为完全独立、可自由变化的电气量, 而是受到物理与数学关系相互制约的电气量。
既然电流和端电压并非完全独立, 那么二者同时作为设备关系的输入显然不符合物理本质, 需要基于系统闭环重新分析设备的输入/输出关系。电流及端电压由本设备内电势与外部其他设备共同决定, 然而在建立本设备关系的角度上, 外部信息未知, 看似电流和端电压无法确定, 只能分别作为设备关系的独立输入, 但实际上二者却与内电势满足电感约束。因此可以假设出电流波形, 以其作为输入, 由反馈回的内电势与电流经过电感关系计算出端电压, 再由此端电压与电流输入经过设备控制环节, 更新本设备下一时刻的内电势, 更新后的内电势再与电流此时的假设值计算端电压。如此迭代下去, 即可在假定电流输入后唯一确定本设备内电势。因为该迭代过程立足于系统, 设备与网络均有涉及, 所以假定电流输入后唯一确定本设备内电势的关系即为基于闭环系统的设备关系。
需注意的是, 由于存在电感及 PI 控制等非即时关系, 动态过程中内电势并非仅与当前时刻的电流输入有关, 还与电流过去时刻的取值有关。因此, 在电流输入唯一确定内电势输出的设备关系中电流输入并非单个取值, 而应是一系列与时间对应的值, 类似波形。上述详细的设备输入/输出及电气量关系如图4(a)所示, 电气量间的角度关系如图4(b)所示。
图4中, 电流作为设备输入, 在 1 条支路中经过派克变换(Park’s Transformation)分解,与电流指令的误差通过电流控制得到${E}_{d}/{E}_{q}$,二者在锁相环输出的锁相相位${\theta }_{\mathrm{{pll}}}$ 基础上得到内电势$\mathbf{E}$。同时,${E}_{d}/{E}_{q}$ 经过模块$\mathrm{A}$ 表示的反正切计算后得到${E}_{q}$ 所对夹角${\delta }_{dq}$,计算过程为
${\delta }_{dq}= \arctan \left(\frac{{E}_{q}}{{E}_{d}}\right)$
在另 1 条支路中, 电流与本设备输出的内电势$\mathbf{E}$,通过电感关系得到端电压及端电压与内电势间的夹角$\delta$,模块$\mathrm{B}$ 即表示此过程。实际功角$\delta$${E}_{d}/{E}_{q}$ 所决定的功角${\delta }_{dq}$ 之差即为锁相环的角度误差${\Delta \delta },{\Delta \delta }$ 经过锁相环的$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 控制与积分环节得到锁相相位${\theta }_{\text{pll}}$,此过程即为锁相环原理的本质。其中,控制环节代表设备关系,电感代表网络关系。 由图4(a)可知,在设备与网络组成的系统动态中, 可再生能源设备电流控制与锁相环形成的内电势是由输入电流唯一确定的, 内电势旋转矢量的状态幅值/频率也唯一确定。若电网电压${V}_{g}$ 的幅值/频率发生变化,将通过端电压影响内电势,但由上述分析可知, 端电压在输入电流给定后便相应地确定, 这是由闭环过程决定的。因此,即使${V}_{g}$ 发生变化,内电势幅值/频率在输入电流给定后相应地唯一确定。
3.2 节中设备关系可简化为图5(a), 其中模块$\mathrm{C}$ 表示设备中相应的控制环节,模块$\mathrm{D}$ 表示电感关系。电流${I}_{\alpha \beta }$ 与端电压${\mathbf{U}}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 经过设备控制环节更新内电势$\mathbf{E}$,且电流与内电势决定端电压,此端电压再与电流更新下一时刻内电势。即在输入电流的参与下,内电势与端电压构成闭环, 动态过程中二者相互确定、循环更新, 仅需给定电流即可确定内电势与端电压。因此, 从闭环关系可知, 给定输入电流后,内电势即可唯一确定,端电压仅为其中 1 个中间变量, 真正决定内电势的只有输入电流。
设备与网络共同决定的电流/内电势关系, 其本质与基本闭环系统类似。图5(b)为基本闭环系统,输入$a$ 与反馈量$b$ 之差经前向通道得到输出$c$,$c$ 再经过反馈通道得到$b$。从表面上来看,输出取决于误差, 不仅与输入有关, 而且更与反馈量有着密切关系。然而, 反馈量取决于输出, 显然这一闭环关系中给定输入即可确定输出。由此可见, 反馈量仅是 1 个中间变量, 给定输入后即可相应地确定, 不可自由取值, 即无需作为输入专门给出。这与上文所述的电流/内电势关系十分类似, 输入对应电流, 反馈量对应端电压, 输出即为内电势, 前向通道即电流控制和锁相环等设备环节,反馈通道即为电感关系。从此角度理解, 能够更为清楚地理解给定电流后内电势唯一确定的内涵。需要注意的是, 内电势的值确实与电流、端电压有关, 但本文研究的重点是设备激励/响应关系, 因而在此关系中, 电流作为输入给定后, 端电压也为相应地唯一确定, 即内电势的值与端电压有关, 但形成内电势的关系仅有电流这 1 个输入。
变换器并网设备的内电势唯一取决于输入电流的关系不仅在数学上是成立的, 而且从不同电气量间物理关系分析上也是成立的。内电势与外界设备决定各处电流与电压, 而当通过假设电流将其作为设备关系的输入时, 假设的过程已使给出的电流能够反映未知的外界信息。对于设备关系, 电流作为唯一输入, 应代表外界对本设备的激励, 这与电流反映外部信息完全契合。外部激励作为设备各变量产生的源头投射在输入电流上, 使其能够形成作为结果的端电压、内电势等电气量。因此, 从电气量物理本质的角度分析, 设备内电势在输入电流给定后同样能够唯一确定。需要注意的是, 开关过程的死区会对变换器输出电压波形产生影响, 但其属于设备内部因素, 不涉及外部变量, 设备仍独立形成内电势幅值/频率。
经上述分析可知, 锁相同步下的变换器并网设备虽然表面上检测电网电压形成内电势, 但其本质仍然是由单一电流激励形成内电势幅值/频率。本文从系统闭环过程出发, 认识变换器并网设备的物理本质, 澄清其在本质上与同步发电机一致, 能够独立形成内电势并建立电网电压, 对认识设备与系统具有重要意义。在对设备本质有较为清晰的认识后, 需要对其建立数学模型分析其特性, 后续工作可以此为重点进行研究。
本节基于MATLAB/Simulink软件搭建仿真模型, 说明第 3 节所提内电势幅值/频率在输入电流给定后即可唯一确定的关系。由于直驱风机即是在电网电压锁相同步方式下经变换器形成内电势并入电网, 符合本文的研究前提, 因此本文仿真以直驱风机为例。首先, 搭建单台直驱风机接入电网的仿真模型, 用以表示闭环系统; 然后, 再取闭环系统中的电流, 经过电流控制、锁相环与电感关系等环节形成内电势, 表示开环关系; 最后, 将开环关系仿真所得的内电势幅值/频率与闭环仿真内电势进行对比, 两者一致则可以说明上文分析的正确性。闭环与开环仿真结构, 如图6所示。
图7为在输入相同电流情况下闭环仿真所产生的内电势与开环仿真得到的内电势对比, 在 0 时刻前系统运行在稳定状态, 在 0 时刻电势发生微小相位跳变。可知, 2 种模型下的内电势瞬时值、幅值及频率分别对应一致, 说明在电网电压锁相同步方式下,可再生能源设备所形成的内电势幅值/频率在输入电流给定后即相应地唯一确定。
更进一步,若图6(a)所示闭环仿真中的电网电压发生变化, 端电压也会受到其影响相应地发生改变。此时, 提取闭环仿真的电流波形, 作为输入给到图6(b)所示的电流输入/内电势输出开环仿真, 将闭环仿真与开环仿真所得到的内电势波形进行对比,即可验证在电网电压及端电压变化时, 输入电流给定后内电势仍是唯一确定的。本文以电网电压幅值变化为例进行仿真对比, 其频率变化与此同理。图8(a)$0 \sim {0.1}\mathrm{\;s}$ 设定的电网电压幅值变化波形; 为便于观察,图8(b)以端电压幅值的变化表征此动态过程中端电压的变化;图8(c)为电流的 A 相瞬时值波形, 该三相电流既为闭环仿真中的电流, 同时也为开环仿真的输入电流;图8(d)~(f)为开环与闭环的内电势仿真结果对比。可知, 在电网电压及端电压变化时, 电流作为输入给定后, 变换器并网设备的内电势幅值/频率同样是唯一确定的。
本文针对锁相同步下变换器电流控制形成内电势幅值/频率的机制进行研究。首先说明变换器输出的本质是内电势幅值/频率, 然后基于设备与网络闭环动态过程, 明确端电压与电流的冗余关系,即内电势幅值/频率在输入电流确定后即可唯一确定, 最后结合仿真分析说明此认识的正确性。综上所述, 锁相同步下并网变换器形成内电势幅值/频率的机制, 在本质上与同步发电机独立形成内电势并建立系统电压一致。需要注意的是, 分析并网变换器内电势的形成机制是为了认识由其主导的电力系统, 后续在对设备有一定认识后仍需将该系统的母线电压作为重点开展相关的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金智能电网联合基金资助项目(U1866601)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.112
  • 接收时间:2022-01-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-20
  • 修回日期:2022-03-30
  • 录用日期:2022-04-06
基金
Smart Grid Joint Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U1866601)
国家自然科学基金智能电网联合基金资助项目(U1866601)
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    华中科技大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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