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With a substantial increase in the proportion of power electronic grid-connected devices in a power system, the output characteristics on the power supply side are obviously different from the output characteristics of traditional power supply represented by synchronous generators. The fault analysis of power electronics dominated power systems, especially the network asymmetrical fault analysis, faces new challenges. However, the existing fault analysis methods basically do not realize the time-varying amplitude/frequency characteristics of the devices' internal voltage, and the available time-varying amplitude/frequency symmetrical components method based on time-varying amplitude/frequency signals is just a set of mathematical decomposition formulas without explicit physical connotation as a support. Under this background, the characteristics of the relationship between the three-phase instantaneous values formed by the positive-and negative-sequence time-varying amplitude/frequency rotating vector are analyzed, and the

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随着电力电子化并网设备在电力系统中所占比例的大幅增加,电源侧的输出特性明显区别于传统以同步发电机为代表的电源输出特性,电力电子化电力系统故障分析尤其是网络不对称故障分析面临新的挑战。然而现有的故障分析方法基本未认识到设备内电势的时变幅频特征,仅有的基于时变幅频信号提出的时变幅频对称分量法也仅是1组数学化的分解公式,无明确的物理内涵作为方法支撑。针对此,通过分析正/负序时变幅频旋转矢量投影三相瞬时值间关系的特征,诠释了时变幅频对称分量法的物理本质。首先,研究时变幅频内电势旋转矢量的产生机制;然后,基于正/负时变幅频旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上投影瞬时值特性建立描述各相的旋转相量概念及正/负序三相旋转相量图;最后,基于上述旋转矢量投影等效三相旋转相量的过程建立时变幅频对称分量法的物理内涵,由此将不对称故障点电压等效为正/负序旋转相量,并结合仿真进行分析。分析结果表明,所提故障分析方法为时变幅频内电势激励下网络不对称故障分析提供了基础理论。

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王巧(1998-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统故障暂态分析方法。E-mail: 1069205162@qq.com。

袁小明(1966-), 男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定行分析及其控制。E-mail: yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

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王巧(1998-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统故障暂态分析方法。E-mail: 1069205162@qq.com。

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王巧(1998-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统故障暂态分析方法。E-mail: 1069205162@qq.com。

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袁小明(1966-), 男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定行分析及其控制。E-mail: yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

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袁小明(1966-), 男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定行分析及其控制。E-mail: yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

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正负序时变幅频旋转矢量及其在三相静止坐标系上投影瞬时值间关系的特征及仿真分析
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王巧 , 袁小明
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(4): 100-111
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(4): 100-111
正负序时变幅频旋转矢量及其在三相静止坐标系上投影瞬时值间关系的特征及仿真分析
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王巧 , 袁小明
作者信息
  • 华中科技大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430074
  • 王巧(1998-),女,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子化电力系统故障暂态分析方法。E-mail: 1069205162@qq.com。

    袁小明(1966-), 男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:可再生能源发电设备及其控制、直流输电系统及其控制、电力电子化电力系统安全稳定行分析及其控制。E-mail: yuanxm@hust.edu.cn。

Characteristics and Simulation Analysis of Positive- and Negative-sequence Time-varying Amplitude/Frequency Rotating Vector and Relationship between Instantaneous Values Formed by Projection in Three-phase Stationary Coordinate Reference Frame
Qiao WANG , Xiaoming YUAN
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
出版时间: 2024-07-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.100
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随着电力电子化并网设备在电力系统中所占比例的大幅增加,电源侧的输出特性明显区别于传统以同步发电机为代表的电源输出特性,电力电子化电力系统故障分析尤其是网络不对称故障分析面临新的挑战。然而现有的故障分析方法基本未认识到设备内电势的时变幅频特征,仅有的基于时变幅频信号提出的时变幅频对称分量法也仅是1组数学化的分解公式,无明确的物理内涵作为方法支撑。针对此,通过分析正/负序时变幅频旋转矢量投影三相瞬时值间关系的特征,诠释了时变幅频对称分量法的物理本质。首先,研究时变幅频内电势旋转矢量的产生机制;然后,基于正/负时变幅频旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上投影瞬时值特性建立描述各相的旋转相量概念及正/负序三相旋转相量图;最后,基于上述旋转矢量投影等效三相旋转相量的过程建立时变幅频对称分量法的物理内涵,由此将不对称故障点电压等效为正/负序旋转相量,并结合仿真进行分析。分析结果表明,所提故障分析方法为时变幅频内电势激励下网络不对称故障分析提供了基础理论。

电力电子化并网设备  /  正/负序时变幅频旋转矢量  /  正/负序三相旋转相量  /  物理本质  /  不对称故障点电压

With a substantial increase in the proportion of power electronic grid-connected devices in a power system, the output characteristics on the power supply side are obviously different from the output characteristics of traditional power supply represented by synchronous generators. The fault analysis of power electronics dominated power systems, especially the network asymmetrical fault analysis, faces new challenges. However, the existing fault analysis methods basically do not realize the time-varying amplitude/frequency characteristics of the devices' internal voltage, and the available time-varying amplitude/frequency symmetrical components method based on time-varying amplitude/frequency signals is just a set of mathematical decomposition formulas without explicit physical connotation as a support. Under this background, the characteristics of the relationship between the three-phase instantaneous values formed by the positive-and negative-sequence time-varying amplitude/frequency rotating vector are analyzed, and the

Power electronic grid-connected device  /  positive- and negative-sequence time-varying amplitude/frequency rotating vector  /  positive- and negative-sequence three-phase rotating phasor  /  physical nature  /  asymmetrical fault point voltage
王巧, 袁小明. 正负序时变幅频旋转矢量及其在三相静止坐标系上投影瞬时值间关系的特征及仿真分析. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (4) : 100 -111 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.100
Qiao WANG, Xiaoming YUAN. Characteristics and Simulation Analysis of Positive- and Negative-sequence Time-varying Amplitude/Frequency Rotating Vector and Relationship between Instantaneous Values Formed by Projection in Three-phase Stationary Coordinate Reference Frame[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (4) : 100 -111 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.100
近年来, 国内外电力系统已相继发生多起由故障引起的大面积停电等事故, 尤其是电力电子化设备规模化地取代同步发电机后, 复杂的网络故障特性给电力系统安全稳定运行带来了新的挑战[1-3]。 因此研究电力电子化设备规模化并网后的网络故障分析至关重要。分析所得网络中的电压、电流是继电保护装置的整定和安装、电网运行控制及电气设备选型的重要依据[4]。而不对称故障在各种类型的故障中所占比例最大,复杂程度也远高于对称故障, 因此故障分析重点研究的是线路发生不对称故障时的电气量特征。
传统同步发电机主导的电力系统在网络发生故障时的动态过程特征是: 同步发电机转子转速主导的机电动态过程时间尺度远大于输电线路中电压、 电流的电磁暂态过程, 因此在分析网络时近似地将同步机等效为常数幅频交流电源串电抗,在此常数幅频内电势激励下无源网络中的电气量也呈现常数幅频的特征[5]。由此,可通过相量去刻画具有该特征的电压、电流瞬时值, 不仅将各电气量之间的差异和联系表述得更清晰直观, 还可将交流电路的微积分运算转化为复代数运算[6]。在此基础上,通过以相量描述的对称分量法[7] 将三相不对称电路转化为 3 组对称电路的求解, 极大地简化了计算。
目前, 由于电力电子化并网设备控制具有多时间尺度特征, 设备中快时间尺度控制器的参与使得电源的动态过程包含了与网络类似时间尺度的动态过程, 因此在网络故障分析过程中不能将电源认为是常数幅频的激励。当电力电子化并网设备输入/ 输出有功/无功功率不平衡时, 设备内部的控制环节将会迅速动作,调整内电势幅值/频率,使得输出的内电势在动态过程中呈现时变幅频的特征[8]。 在此激励下, 得到的网络中经微积分或代数运算后形成的电气量也是时变幅频的。因此, 现在的电力电子化电力系统在网络故障时, 整体表现为时变幅频三相交流系统。
然而, 目前对于电力电子化电力系统的故障分析,大多基于传统的理论与方法或加以修改[9-12],并未认识到当前系统中信号的时变幅频本质。文献[11] 建立了故障时风电机组的动态等效模型, 但并未反映装备中内电势形成的物理机制, 仍基于相量法求解网络中初始和稳态电压、电流; 文献[12]提出了适用于新能源接入的电网短路计算方法, 但仍沿用对称分量法, 仅是在序网对电源的等值模型中进行了相应的修改,并未考虑故障过程中电源幅值频率变化的实际情况。因此, 针对时变幅频三相交流系统这一新对象, 在网络不对称故障分析方面尚存在理论空白。
综上, 对于时变幅频三相交流系统, 网络不对称故障分析亟需建立时变幅频信号分析所需的基本概念, 深入反映各相瞬时值之间的关系, 并在此基础上提出不对称故障分析的基础理论。对于不对称电路而言, 直接分析其所对应的原始方程组十分复杂, 一般性的思路是将三相不对称电路转化为 3 组对称电路的分析。文献[13]提出时变幅频对称分量法, 但仅在数学上证明了 3 个时变幅频不对称电压可以唯一分解为 3 组对称电压分量, 缺乏基于信号形成物理机制建立分析时变幅频信号的基本概念, 以及分解对应的物理依据。
综上所述, 本文针对时变幅频内电势激励下的故障暂态过程, 首先研究设备中时变幅频内电势旋转矢量的产生机制;接着基于设备中正序旋转矢量投影对应的三相瞬时值特性, 建立描述各相信号的旋转相量概念及三相交流系统的时变幅频三相旋转相量图; 研究负序三相交流信号的瞬时值特性, 建立负序时变幅频三相旋转相量图; 最后, 在建立正/负序三相旋转相量图概念的基础上, 阐明时变幅频对称分量法中将不对称故障点电压等效为正序和负序旋转相量的物理依据, 并结合仿真进行分析。由此, 时变幅频对称分量法不再是数学化的分解公式, 而是时变幅频内电势激励网络中具有明确物理内涵的不对称故障分析理论, 可为电力电子化电力系统中设备的设计与选型、继电保护装置的整定与安装奠定重要基础。
三相交流信号的产生,均为设备根据输入有功/ 无功功率与输出有功/无功功率的平衡, 通过控制可调节幅值与频率形成内电势旋转矢量, 再经过三相静止坐标系投影形成电压三相瞬时值[14]。本文以同步发电机和电压源型并网变换器 VSC(voltage source converter)为例, 说明动态过程中时变幅频内电势旋转矢量的产生机制。
同步发电机通过旋转磁场切割三相绕组建立三相交变电压, 这三相电压可用空间中 1 个内电势旋转矢量描述, 其在各相轴线处的投影即为各相电压瞬时值, 如图1(a)所示。内电势的幅值和频率取决于转子转速与励磁电流。动态过程中, 伴随着励磁电流及转子转速的变化, 内电势的幅值和频率均是时变的,时变幅频内电势旋转矢量$\mathbf{E}$ 可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathbf{E}= E\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}{\theta }_{e}\left( t\right)} \\{\theta }_{e}\left( t\right)= {\int }_{{0}^{- }}^{t}{\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +\varphi \end{array}\right.$
式中:$E\left( t\right)$${\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)$ 分别为内电势旋转矢量随时间变化的幅值和角频率;${\theta }_{e}\left( t\right)$ 为角频率${\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)$ 对时间积分确定的随时间变化的相位;$\varphi$ 为空间旋转矢量$\mathbf{E}$ 相对于参考轴的初始相位,是 1 个常数。
对于基于电力电子变换的发电设备, 以目前应用较为广泛的 VSC 接口的电力设备为例, 变换器交流侧的逆变电压被定义为设备的内电势, 现在常见的内电势是通过控制开关管进行空间矢量脉宽调制形成[15]。内电势旋转矢量$\mathbf{E}$ 的形成原理如图1(b)所示, 由电流控制器和锁相环最终形成 VSC 并网设备内电势的幅值/频率。图1(b)中:${i}_{d\text{ref }}^{\mathrm{p}}\text{、}{i}_{q\text{ref }}^{\mathrm{p}}$ 分别为锁相坐标系下$d\text{、}q$ 轴电流指令值;${i}_{d}^{\mathrm{p}}\text{、}{i}_{q}^{\mathrm{p}}$ 分别为锁相坐标系下$d\text{、}q$ 轴反馈电流;${E}_{d}^{\mathrm{p}}\text{、}{E}_{q}^{\mathrm{p}}$ 分别为内电势在锁相坐标系上$d\text{、}q$ 轴分量;${\theta }_{\mathrm{t}}$ 为端电压相位;${\theta }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为锁相角。动态过程中,功率波动引起电流控制器与锁相环的输出变化, 使得内电势呈现时变幅频的特征,因此也可基于式(1)进行描述。
由上述分析可知, 无论是同步发电机还是电力电子并网设备, 其输出的三相电压瞬时值均是由内电势幅值/频率空间旋转矢量在发电机三相对称绕组或者变换器开关桥臂上投影形成, 因此对于动态过程中三相电压瞬时值的形成, 均可用空间三相静止坐标系中 1 个时变幅频旋转矢量每时每刻同时向 abc 这 3 个轴投影来描述。正常情况下, 设备产生的是正序旋转矢量, 在三相静止坐标系中逆时针旋转, 接下来将分析其对应的三相电压瞬时值特性。
图2所示,正序旋转矢量$\mathbf{E}$ 以时变的幅值$E\left( t\right)$、时变的角频率${\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)$ 在空间三相静止坐标系上逆时针旋转,若自$\mathrm{a}$ 轴始先经过${120}^{\circ }$ 旋转到$\mathrm{b}$ 轴, 再经过${120}^{\circ }$ 到达$\mathrm{c}$ 轴……。$t$ 时刻$\mathbf{E}$ 旋转到空间某位置,以幅值$E\left( t\right)$ 同时向空间互差${120}^{\circ }$ 的 3 个轴投影得到该时刻的三相电压瞬时值${e}_{\mathrm{a}}$${e}_{\mathrm{b}}$${e}_{\mathrm{c}}$,其中$\mathbf{E}$$\mathrm{a}$ 轴上的投影夹角为初始时刻与$\mathrm{a}$ 轴的夹角再叠加角频率对时间的积分形成, 由于各幅值轴之间的空间位置差,在$\mathrm{b}$ 轴和$\mathrm{c}$ 轴上的投影夹角在此基础上$\pm {120}^{\circ }$ 即可。由此,根据正序旋转矢量与频率形成各时刻的三相电压瞬时值。
三相电压瞬时值的解析式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{e}_{\mathrm{a}}= E\left( t\right)\cos \left({{\int }_{{0}^{- }}^{t}{\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{0}}\right)\\{e}_{\mathrm{b}}= E\left( t\right)\cos \left({{\int }_{{0}^{- }}^{t}{\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{0}- \frac{2}{3}\pi }\right)\\{e}_{\mathrm{c}}= E\left( t\right)\cos \left({{\int }_{{0}^{- }}^{t}{\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{0}+ \frac{2}{3}\pi }\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$E\left( t\right)$${\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)$ 分别为三相电压在$t$ 时刻的瞬时幅值和瞬时频率, 分别对应于旋转矢量的幅值和角频率, 在电力系统动态过程中均随时间瞬时变化;${\varphi }_{0}$$\mathbf{E}$ 初始时刻相对于$\mathrm{a}$ 轴的夹角,为 1 个已知量, 为方便分析通常取值为 0。
根据这一投影关系,将$\mathrm{a}$ 轴位置定义为与描述旋转矢量的参考实轴重合,可得$\mathbf{E}$ 与三相投影瞬时值之间的关系为
$ E =\frac{2}{3}\left({{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}0}{e}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{2\pi }{3}}{e}_{\mathrm{b}}+ {\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{-{2\pi }}{3}}{e}_{\mathrm{c}}}\right)$
对于上述正序旋转矢量对应的三相电压瞬时值, 本文以正序旋转矢量幅值/频率随时间正弦变化的情况为例, 得到时变幅频旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上投影形成的三相电压瞬时值波形, 如图3所示。仿真参数: 幅值变化规律为$E\left( t\right)= 1 +{0.2}\times$ $\cos \left({{10}\times {2\pi t}}\right)$; 频率变化规律为${\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)= {2\pi }\times {50}-$ ${2\pi }\times {10}\sin \left({{10}\times {2\pi t}}\right)$; 相位${\varphi }_{0}= 0$。由图3可见,时变幅频情况下三相之间不再是传统三相正弦信号之间的波形关系,即将其中一相在时间轴上超前/滞后${120}^{\circ }$ 对应的时间与另外两相波形重合。此时, 幅值与频率每时每刻均随时间变化, 需要从信号形成的物理机制重新认识式(2)中时变幅频三相交流信号之间的幅值/频率及相位关系, 为下文建立适用时变幅频信号分析的基本概念奠定了基础。
对于正序三相电压瞬时值之间的幅值/频率关系, 由图3可知, 不同于三相正弦交流信号, 各相瞬时值的幅值与频率难以从波形中直接获取, 三相之间的幅频关系更是不得而知, 设备输出的三相电压幅值与频率之间是否仍具备三相正弦交流信号之间幅频相等的关系, 需要基于信号的来源认识。 对于单相电压瞬时值的产生, 是内电势旋转矢量在单相轴上投影的结果, 该相电压的瞬时幅值与瞬时频率为形成其旋转矢量的瞬时幅值与瞬时频率。由于任一时刻三相电压的瞬时值是同一个空间矢量同时在$\mathrm{a}$ 轴、$\mathrm{b}$ 轴和$\mathrm{c}$ 轴上投影形成的,因此每时每刻各相电压的瞬时幅值与瞬时频率相等,均等于该时刻空间中那个内电势旋转矢量的瞬时幅值与瞬时频率, 并且跟随内电势的幅值与频率随时间不断变化。三相电压瞬时值的幅值与频率如图4(a)所示, 仿真参数同图3
对于三相瞬时值之间的相位关系, 由于各相的幅值和频率随时间变化, 各相先后达到同一相位时幅值不同,且各相相位每${120}^{\circ }$ 对应的时间是变化的,因此在相位坐标上向前/向后搬移${120}^{\circ }$ 或在时间坐标上向前/向后搬移一定时间, 各相波形不再重合, 即对于三相瞬时值之间的相位关系需要形成更本质的认识。此时理解式(2)中三相相位之间的${120}^{\circ }$ 角度差,以及超前/滞后关系必须回到旋转矢量投影的原始过程。当旋转矢量运动到空间任一位置时,同时向$\mathrm{a}\text{、}\mathrm{\;b}\text{、}\mathrm{c}$ 这 3 个轴投影,形成三相瞬时值, 由于三相静止坐标系中各轴在空间位置上互差${120}^{\circ }$,则 3 个投影夹角之间相差的固定值为${120}^{\circ }$,矢量与每个轴的投影夹角即为该相相位,因此三相相位之间每时每刻始终相差${120}^{\circ }$。又因为矢量总是先旋转到相对 a 轴某位置再经过${120}^{\circ }$ 到达相对$\mathrm{b}$ 轴同一位置再经过${120}^{\circ }$ 到达相对$\mathrm{c}$ 轴同一位置,所以相位上是$\mathrm{a}$ 相相位超前$\mathrm{b}$${120}^{\circ }$, 超前$\mathrm{c}$${120}^{\circ }$,即超前/滞后是旋转矢量到达相对各轴同一位置的先后, 这是由 3 个轴的空间位置分布决定的。其中各相电压先后达到相同相位所经过的时间总是不同的,但相位上总是经过了${120}^{\circ }$。三相电压相位随时间的变化如图4(b)所示, 相位与时间不再是一次函数的线性关系, 但每时每刻仍是三相相位互差${120}^{\circ }$
综上, 时变幅频情况下, 正序三相电压之间每时每刻幅值/频率相等,跟随正序旋转矢量的幅值/ 频率变化规律; 正序三相电压之间每时每刻在相位上总是互差${120}^{\circ }$,表现为$\mathrm{a}$ 相超前$\mathrm{b}$${120}^{\circ }$,超前$\mathrm{c}$${120}^{\circ }$; 根据图2的投影关系可得,正序旋转矢量在运动过程中的任何时刻和任何位置, 投影形成的三相电压瞬时值之和恒为 0。这是时变幅频概念下对正序三相电压之间关系的基本认识。
为了几何化地描述具有上述特征的时变幅频信号, 刻画三相瞬时值之间的相互关系, 以适用于时变幅频三相交流系统的网络不对称故障分析等, 需要建立描述各单相时变幅频信号的旋转相量概念及三相交流系统中的旋转相量图。
传统的对于系统中出现的正弦交流信号几何化的描述方法是相量法。对于一相正弦交变的瞬时值, 通常采用在复平面上构造 1 个模值为${U}_{m}$、旋转角速度为$\omega$、与实轴初始夹角为$\phi$、逆时针旋转的有向线段来刻画, 其每时每刻在实轴上的投影即为各时刻瞬时值,这个旋转的有向线段被定义为旋转相量, 根据公式表示为${U}_{m}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left({{\omega t}+ \phi }\right)}$。由于在正弦稳态电路中信号的幅值与频率为常数且频率为工频, 信号之间的差别仅体现在幅值与初相位上, 因此可隐去频率信息, 将幅值和初相表示的复数定义为相量${U}_{m}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\phi }$。以此将正弦稳态电路的微积分运算转化为复代数运算,可大大简化电路分析与计算[6,16]。由于传统网络故障分析可等效为恒定幅频电源激励下的无源网络分析,因此可基于相量法进行分析[4,17]
本文设备中输出的三相电压瞬时值为时变幅频信号, 几何化地描述各相时变幅频信号, 将其用于时变幅频三相交流系统的分析十分重要, 不仅可以直观地反映交流信号的幅频时变特性, 还能清晰地刻画各相瞬时值之间的关系。此时, 在复平面上描述一相幅值与频率时变的瞬时值必须重新让 “静态” 的相量旋转起来, 即使其具备瞬时模值与瞬时角速度, 才能表示每时每刻幅值与频率在不断变化的瞬时值。以式(2)中 a 相瞬时值为例,在复平面上构造 1 个模值为$E\left( t\right)$、旋转角速度为${\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)$、与实轴初始夹角为${\varphi }_{0}$、逆时针旋转的有向线段, 该旋转有向线段的模值与角速度随时间不断变化, 每时每刻在实轴上的投影即为该时刻的瞬时值, 将该旋转的有向线段定义为时变幅频旋转相量$\dot{U}$,数学描述为$E\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left\lbrack {\int {\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{0}}\right\rbrack }$。当$E\left( t\right)$${\omega }_{e}\left( t\right)$ 为常数时即为上述常数幅频的旋转相量,因此所建立的时变幅频旋转相量才是一般化描述, 后文将略去时变幅频,统称为旋转相量。旋转相量幅值/频率时变,且不同电气量的相对关系是时变的, 因此不能隐去频率信息, 需要在复平面上用动态的旋转相量代替 “静态” 的相量, 以描述单相时变幅频瞬时值,如图5所示。
对于构造的旋转相量的幅值与频率, 由于旋转相量为在复平面上旋转过程中每时每刻在实轴上的投影, 对应的是旋转矢量在空间旋转过程中每时每刻在单个轴上产生的单相瞬时值, 因此旋转相量的幅值与频率在任何时刻均等于空间旋转矢量的幅值与频率, 由此基于旋转矢量建立时变幅频情况下描述单相电压瞬时值旋转相量的概念。
由上述分析可知, 时变幅频情况下单相电压瞬时值可用复平面上的 1 个旋转相量描述,则正序旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上投影形成的三相电压瞬时值可用复平面上的 3 个旋转相量描述。对于这 3 个旋转相量之间的关系,取决于正序旋转矢量投影形成三相电压瞬时值的物理过程。由于三相静止坐标系中 3 个轴在空间上互差${120}^{\circ }$,当旋转矢量某时刻处于空间某位置时,相对于$\mathrm{a}$ 轴、$\mathrm{b}$ 轴、$\mathrm{c}$ 轴的夹角分别为$\theta$${120}^{\circ }- \theta$${240}^{\circ }- \theta$,如图6(a)所示。
图6(a)中各矢量在各轴上投影形成的各相电压瞬时值,对应图2中正序旋转矢量同时在三相轴上投影产生三相电压瞬时值的实际情况,当$\mathrm{a}\text{、}\mathrm{\;b}\text{、}\mathrm{c}$ 这 3 个轴按空间互差${120}^{\circ }$ 排布时,这 3 个旋转矢量在空间上重合,即对应空间上那个旋转矢量。基于此, 若将图6(a)中 3 个轴均统一为实轴, 则 3 个旋转矢量即对应复平面上几何描述三相瞬时值的 3 个旋转相量, 各旋转相量在实轴上的投影分别对应空间$\mathrm{a}\text{、}\mathrm{\;b}\text{、}\mathrm{c}$ 轴上交变的各相瞬时值,将这 3 个旋转相量表示在同一复平面上, 构成时变幅频三相交流系统中的正序三相旋转相量图, 如图6(b)所示。
图6(b)中, 三相旋转相量在复平面上逆时针旋转, 由单相旋转相量的构造可知, 三相旋转相量的幅值${E}_{\mathrm{a}}\left( t\right)\text{、}{E}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right)$${E}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right)$ 与频率${\omega }_{\mathrm{a}}\left( t\right)\text{、}{\omega }_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right)$${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right)$ 每时每刻均等于正序旋转矢量的幅值与频率, 因此三相旋转相量之间每时每刻幅值/频率相同, 且随时间变化。由图6可得, 将各轴统一到实轴上是三相旋转相量任一时刻同时相对于实轴互差${120}^{\circ }$,因此相位关系是$\mathrm{a}$ 相超前$\mathrm{b}$ 相,超前$\mathrm{c}$${120}^{\circ }$,本质上是旋转矢量在空间上先到达相对$\mathrm{a}$ 轴某位置,再经过${120}^{\circ }$ 到达$\mathrm{b}$ 轴同一位置,然后到达相对$\mathrm{c}$ 轴同一位置。综上,正序三相旋转相量图中 3 个旋转相量均在复平面上逆时针旋转, 每时每刻幅值/频率相等,且随时间变化,相位上始终是 a 相${120}^{\circ }$ 超前$\mathrm{b}$${120}^{\circ }$,超前$\mathrm{c}$${120}^{\circ }$,直观地反映了三相瞬时值间的关系。
设备与网络中, 在物理操作或不对称情况下会形成负序电压, 如同步发电机中将定子任意两相绕组对调形成负序三相电压, 或不对称网络三相电压中包含的负序分量。类比正序三相电压瞬时值, 负序三相电压瞬时值也可描述为 1 个时变幅频的负序旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上的投影, 与正序旋转矢量不同的是, 负序旋转矢量以时变的角频率在静止三相坐标系上顺时针旋转, 根据其投影形成的三相电压瞬时值特性建立等效的三相旋转相量。
在动态过程中,负序旋转矢量${\mathbf{E}}^{- }$ 以时变的幅值${E}^{- }\left( t\right)$ 和时变的角频率${\omega }_{e}^{- }\left( t\right)$ 在三相静止坐标系上顺时针旋转,若自$\mathrm{a}$ 轴始为先经过${120}^{\circ }$ 旋转到 c 轴,再经过${120}^{\circ }$ 到达$\mathrm{b}$ 轴……,如图7所示,$t$ 时刻${\mathbf{E}}^{- }$ 旋转到空间某位置,以幅值${E}^{- }\left( t\right)$ 同时向空间互差${120}^{\circ }$ 的 3 个轴投影得到该时刻的三相电压${e}_{\mathrm{a}}^{- }$${e}_{\mathrm{b}}^{- }$${e}_{\mathrm{c}}^{- }$
负序三相电压瞬时值的解析式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{e}_{\mathrm{a}}^{- }= {E}^{- }\left( t\right)\cos \left({{\int }_{{0}^{- }}^{t}{\omega }_{e}^{- }\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{0}^{- }}\right)\\{e}_{\mathrm{b}}^{- }= {E}^{- }\left( t\right)\cos \left({{\int }_{{0}^{- }}^{t}{\omega }_{e}^{- }\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{o}^{- }- \frac{2}{3}\pi }\right)\\{e}_{\mathrm{c}}^{- }= {E}^{- }\left( t\right)\cos \left({{\int }_{{0}^{- }}^{t}{\omega }_{e}^{- }\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{0}^{- }+ \frac{2}{3}\pi }\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:${E}^{- }\left( t\right)$${\omega }_{e}^{- }\left( t\right)$ 分别为三相电压信号在$t$ 时刻的瞬时幅值和瞬时频率,分别对应于负序空间旋转矢量的幅值和角频率, 在电力系统动态过程中均随时间瞬时变化;${\varphi }_{0}^{- }$${\mathbf{E}}^{- }$ 相对于静止坐标系$a$ 轴的初始夹角, 是 1 个常数。
需要指出的是, 式(4)所示的负序三相电压瞬时值也可看作是正序旋转矢量切割负序分布(空间三相绕组按 abc 顺时针分布,互差${120}^{\circ }$ )的三相对称绕组形成的, 如同步发电机中将定子任意两相绕组对调,此时旋转矢量仍是自$\mathrm{a}$ 轴始,先经过${120}^{\circ }$ 旋转到$\mathrm{c}$ 轴,再经过${120}^{\circ }$ 到达$\mathrm{b}$ 轴……,即正序旋转矢量切割负序绕组产生的三相电压与负序旋转矢量切割正序绕组产生的电压是等同的。
同样,定义$\mathrm{a}$ 轴位置为空间矢量的参考轴,负序空间旋转矢量与投影三相瞬时值之间的关系为
${E}^{- }= \frac{2}{3}\left({{e}_{\mathrm{a}}^{- }+ {e}_{\mathrm{b}}^{- }\alpha +{e}_{\mathrm{c}}^{- }{\alpha }^{2}}\right)$
对于负序三相电压瞬时值, 类似于正序情况, 从以上负序旋转矢量投影形成负序三相电压瞬时值的物理过程认识到, 各相的幅值与频率均来源于那个旋转矢量, 因此每时每刻三相之间的幅值/频率相等, 并且随时间不断变化; 对于负序三相电压瞬时值之间的相位关系, 由于旋转矢量总是先到达相对 a 轴某位置再顺时针旋转${120}^{\circ }$ 到达相对$\mathrm{c}$ 轴同一位置,然后再旋转${120}^{\circ }$ 到达相对$\mathrm{b}$ 轴同一位置, 因此在三相轴上投影形成的三相电压是 a 相相位超前$\mathrm{c}$${120}^{\circ }$,超前$\mathrm{b}$${120}^{\circ }$。其中每时每刻三相之间${120}^{\circ }$ 的相位差是由于旋转矢量在处于空间某位置时,对于空间分布互差${120}^{\circ }$ 的三相坐标系,同时与 3 个轴之间有${120}^{\circ }$ 的位置差;超前/滞后是指旋转矢量到达相对各轴同一位置的先后。
综上, 动态过程中, 负序三相电压瞬时值之间的关系是每时每刻幅值/频率相等,且随负序旋转矢量的幅值/频率随时间不断变化;相位上依次是$\mathrm{a}$ 相超前$\mathrm{c}$${120}^{\circ },\mathrm{b}$${120}^{\circ }$; 负序旋转矢量在运动过程中的任何时刻和任何位置, 投影形成的三相电压瞬时值之和恒为 0。这是时变幅频概念下基于物理本质对负序三相电压之间关系的基本认识。
由上文建立的旋转相量概念可知, 单相时变幅频瞬时值对应 1 个旋转相量描述, 因此负序旋转矢量投影形成的三相瞬时值对应 3 个旋转相量描述。 对于负序三相旋转相量之间的关系, 同样需要基于矢量形成三相电压的物理机制来认识。负序旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系中顺时针旋转, 当矢量某时刻处于空间某位置时,相对于$\mathrm{a}$ 轴、$\mathrm{b}$ 轴和$\mathrm{c}$ 轴的夹角分别为$\theta$${120}^{\circ }+ \theta$${120}^{\circ }- \theta$,如图8(a)所示。 将图中 3 个相轴统一为实轴, 则 3 个旋转矢量对应复平面上描述三相瞬时值的三相旋转相量,由此在复平面上建立时变幅频三相交流系统中的负序三相旋转相量图,如图8(b)所示。
图8(b)中, 三相旋转相量在复平面上逆时针旋转, 三相之间幅值/频率每时每刻相同, 均等于负序旋转矢量的幅值/频率,且随时间不断变化。同时根据图8中等效三相旋转相量的过程, 各相同时相对于实轴互差${120}^{\circ }$,因此各相旋转相量之间的相位关系是$\mathrm{a}$ 相超前$\mathrm{c}$${120}^{\circ }$,超前$\mathrm{b}$${120}^{\circ }$,本质上是矢量先到达相对 a 轴某位置,再旋转${120}^{\circ }$ 到达相对$\mathrm{c}$ 轴同一位置,然后旋转${120}^{\circ }$ 到达相对$\mathrm{b}$ 轴同一位置。综上, 负序三相旋转相量图中 3 个旋转相量均在复平面上逆时针旋转, 每时每刻幅值/频率相等,且随时间变化,相位上始终是$\mathrm{a}$ 相超前 c 相 120°,超前 b 相 120°。
由于网络一般是无源的, 因此流经网络中各线路的电流信号及各节点的电压信号实际是由各内电势激励网络所对应的三相交流电路进行数学运算后形成的。可以证明, 在动态过程中, 时变幅频内电势经过微积分或者代数的数学运算后形成的网络中电压、电流也为时变幅频信号[13]。因此,在时变幅频内电势激励下, 设备与网络中的三相电压、电流均为时变幅频信号, 基于上文旋转矢量和旋转相量概念建立适用于时变幅频三相交流系统的故障分析理论。
故障情况下, 网络分析的挑战主要是对线路发生不对称故障的分析。当线路发生不对称故障时, 直接对 3 个单相分别列写基于内电势与网络电压、 电流之间的线性非齐次微分方程来求解是十分复杂的。为了简化计算, 对不对称电路分析的一般性思路是将其转化为 3 组对称电路的求解, 将各组结果进行叠加从而得到故障电气量。正如传统对称分量法的重要性不仅在于数学上运算方便, 也在于其物理内涵的需要, 时变幅频信号下的对称分量更有其在物理机理方面的需要, 如对元件尤其是磁性元件的设计等。文献[13]在数学上证明了时变幅频不对称三相电压可以唯一分解为 3 组正序时变幅频旋转相量、负序时变幅频旋转相量和零序时变幅频旋转相量, 分解公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}}= {\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}1}+ {\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}2}+ {\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}0}\\{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{b}}= {\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}1}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{2\pi }{3}}+ {\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}2}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{2\pi }{3}}+ {\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}0}\\{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{c}}= {\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}1}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{2\pi }{3}}+ {\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}2}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\frac{-{2\pi }}{3}}+ {\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}0}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{b}}$${\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为$\mathrm{a}\text{、}\mathrm{\;b}$$\mathrm{c}$ 三相不对称旋转相量;${\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}1}\text{、}{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}2}$${\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}0}$ 分别为$\mathrm{a}$ 相正序、负序和零序旋转相量。可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}}= {E}_{\mathrm{a}}\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left\lbrack {{\int }_{0}^{t}{\omega }_{\mathrm{a}}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{a}}}\right\rbrack }\\{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{b}}= {E}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left\lbrack {{\int }_{0}^{t}{\omega }_{\mathrm{b}}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{b}}}\right\rbrack }\\{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}}= {E}_{\mathrm{a}}\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left\lbrack {{\int }_{0}^{t}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{c}}}\right\rbrack }\end{array}\right.$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}1}= {E}_{\mathrm{a}1}\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left\lbrack {{\int }_{0}^{t}{\omega }_{\mathrm{a}1}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{a}1}}\right\rbrack }\\{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}2}= {E}_{\mathrm{a}2}\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left\lbrack {{\int }_{0}^{t}{\omega }_{\mathrm{a}2}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{a}2}}\right\rbrack }\\{\dot{E}}_{\mathrm{a}0}= {E}_{\mathrm{a}0}\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}\left\lbrack {{\int }_{0}^{t}{\omega }_{\mathrm{a}0}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t +{\varphi }_{\mathrm{a}0}}\right\rbrack }\end{array}\right.$
但是, 文献[13]缺乏实际的物理内涵作为分解支撑, 因此本文在此基础上, 根据上述建立的旋转矢量与旋转相量概念, 试图在物理上诠释时变幅频对称分量法的分解机理, 使之成为具有明确物理内涵的不对称故障分析方法, 以弥补文献[13]在正/负序三相旋转相量形成机理及分解物理依据上的欠缺, 为后续建立时变幅频情况下的三序网络以分析故障电压、电流, 及基于序量的物理机理设计磁性元件等奠定基础。
首先, 需要认识线路发生不对称故障时, 故障点三相剩余电压形成的原始物理过程。以同步发电机情况为例, 输电线路考虑典型电感线路, 当线路发生故障时,由于定子绕组到线路上相当于 1 个电感,而电感一般较小,可忽略不计或等效到定子绕组上, 那么线路上的故障可以认为直接发生在同步发电机定子三相绕组上, 如单相接地故障时, 相当于将一相定子绕组短接。因此, 线路发生不对称故障时, 故障点剩余电压形成的原始过程为时变幅频空间旋转磁场切割故障后不对称三相绕组感应出的三相交变电压, 而在多个设备内电势激励情况下是类似的, 此时原始物理过程相当于多个正序旋转矢量切割不对称绕组相应相叠加形成故障点电压。
基于这一不对称故障点三相剩余电压形成的原始关系及上文建立的旋转相量概念, 时变幅频对称分量法即是将旋转矢量切割不对称三相绕组形成的不对称三相电压等效为 1 个正序旋转矢量切割正序分布的三相对称绕组形成的正序三相电压和 1 个正序旋转矢量切割负序分布的三相对称绕组形成的负序三相电压, 相应相叠加即为故障点三相剩余电压, 这是时变幅频对称分量法分解的物理依据。其中: 不对称三相电压对应 3 个不对称旋转相量描述; 正序旋转矢量切割正序分布的三相对称绕组形成的正序三相电压对应正序三相旋转相量;正序旋转矢量切割负序分布的三相对称绕组形成的负序三相电压对应负序三相旋转相量。当故障类型为接地故障时, 还需要在三相对称绕组上叠加 3 个幅值/频率相同、相位相同的零序电压分量,由于零序分量形成的物理机理及其对应的旋转矢量形式是值得长期深入的方向, 且在变压器或发电机的中性点不接地、忽略对地电容等情况下无零序通路,因此本文暂不考虑其中的零序分量。
VSC 并网设备激励的线路发生不对称故障时, 也能形成类似的物理本质认识, 即线路的故障可认为直接发生在桥臂上, 三相投影坐标系的平衡损坏, 即正序旋转矢量在不对称三相坐标系上投影形成故障点三相电压。时变幅频对称分量法的物理本质是将原始关系为正序旋转矢量在不对称三相坐标系上投影, 等效为正序旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上投影和负序旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上投影,然后相应相叠加即为故障点电压。其中: 正序旋转矢量在不对称三相坐标系上投影对应 3 个不对称旋转相量描述;正序旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上投影对应正序三相旋转相量;负序旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上投影对应负序三相旋转相量。
综上, 在数学分解成立的基础上, 结合对时变幅频对称分量法物理本质的认识, 可将时变幅频内电势激励下不对称故障点三相剩余电压等效为正序三相旋转相量与负序三相旋转相量,如图9所示。
以单台电力电子并网设备激励的电感线路中间发生两相短路故障为例进行仿真分析, 其等效的三相电路如图10所示。其中,$L$ 为该电路两侧各相的等效电感,${e}_{\mathrm{a}}\text{、}{e}_{\mathrm{b}}$${e}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为时变幅频内电势旋转矢量在静止三相坐标系上投影形成的三相瞬时电压,在线路中间$k$ 点处发生两相接地故障,${u}_{\mathrm{a}}$${u}_{\mathrm{b}}$${u}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为故障点对地三相电压瞬时值。
依据时变幅频三相电压信号的特征, 给定时变幅频三相电压源的幅值与频率, 按正弦形式变化, 可表示为
$\begin{array}{l}\left\{{{e}_{\mathrm{a}}= \left\lbrack {{1.1}+ {0.05}\times \sin \left({{10}\times {2\pi t}}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot }\right\}\\\left\{\begin{matrix}\cos \left\{{{\int }_{0}^{t}\left\lbrack {{100\pi }+ {4\pi }\times \sin \left({20\pi t}\right)}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}t}\right\rbrack \\\cos \left\{{\left\lbrack {{1.1}+ {0.05}\times \sin \left({{10}\times {2\pi t}}\right)}\right\rbrack \cdot }\right\}\end{matrix}\right\}\\\left\{\begin{matrix}\cos \left\{{{\int }_{0}^{t}\left\lbrack {{100\pi }+ {4\pi }\times \sin \left({20\pi t}\right)}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}t -\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right\}\\\cos \left\{\left\lbrack {{1.1}+ {0.05}\times \sin \left({{10}\times {2\pi t}}\right)}\right\rbrack \right\}\cdot \end{matrix}\right\}\\\cos \left\{{{\int }_{0}^{t}\left\lbrack {{100\pi }+ {4\pi }\times \sin \left({20\pi t}\right)}\right\rbrack \mathrm{d}t +\frac{2\pi }{3}}\right\}\end{array}$
将不对称故障点$k$ 处的三相电压利用时变幅频对称分量法公式分解,可得到$\mathrm{a}$ 相、$\mathrm{b}$ 相和$\mathrm{c}$ 相正序、负序和零序三相旋转相量的幅值与频率,如图11所示。
根据式(3)与式(5)得到正序三相瞬时值对应的正序旋转矢量的幅值/频率和负序三相瞬时值对应的负序旋转矢量的幅值/频率,如图12所示。可见, 正序旋转矢量的幅频等于正序 3 个旋转相量的幅频, 负序旋转矢量的幅频等于负序 3 个旋转相量的幅频,从而验证了 1 个正/负序旋转矢量与正/负序三相电压瞬时值及正/负序三相旋转相量的一一对应关系, 同时也验证了时变幅频对称分量法将不对称故障点电压等效为正/负序旋转矢量投影叠加的物理本质。
本文从动态过程中设备内电势的形成机制出发, 分析了正/负序时变幅频旋转矢量在三相静止坐标系上的投影三相瞬时值特性, 并以此建立正/负序三相旋转相量图, 最后将其应用在不对称故障点三相电压等效中,即在旋转矢量与旋转相量这些物理概念的支撑下,将不对称故障点三相电压等效为正序三相旋转相量与负序三相旋转相量的叠加。本文阐明了三相瞬时值间的关系,并在此基础上建立了三相旋转相量概念, 且在物理概念的支撑下诠释了时变幅频对称分量法分解的物理本质, 与时变幅频对称分量法数学上的推导共同形成时变幅频对称分量法初步理论, 为电力电子化电力系统网络故障分析提供了重要的基础理论。
  • 国家自然科学基金委—国家电网公司“智能电网联合基金”集成项目(U1866601)
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2024年第22卷第4期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.4.100
  • 接收时间:2021-12-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-30
  • 修回日期:2022-03-17
  • 录用日期:2022-03-25
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China-State Grid Corporation of China(U1866601)
国家自然科学基金委—国家电网公司“智能电网联合基金”集成项目(U1866601)
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    华中科技大学 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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