Article(id=1154049586126644128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.38, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702396800000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-13, revisedDate=1705507200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-18, acceptedDate=1706716800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-01, onlineDate=1753076462536, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076462536, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076462536, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076462536, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049586541880230, articleId=1154049586126644128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Modeling of Thermal Resistance of Thyristor Converter Valve Considering Water-cooling Circuit, columnId=1154049574160294800, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Device Modeling, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The thermal resistance model of a thyristor converter valve considering its water-cooling circuit is estab-lished by combining the mechanism of a thyristor connected in series with the water-cooling circuit, which can calculate the water temperature at the inlet of each heat sink, as well as the junction temperature of each thyristor accordingly. This model is used to calculate the thermal resistance of each component in the converter valve in an example, and a steady-state thermal resistance model is built to calculate the junction temperature of the thyristor. Calculation results show that the maximum calculation error of thyristor junction temperature can reach 10.81% when considering the differ-ence of coolant temperature in the water-cooling circuit.

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结合晶闸管串联水冷回路机构,建立了考虑水冷回路的晶闸管换流阀热阻模型。该模型能够计算出各散热器进水口处的水温,并在此基础上对各级晶闸管的结温进行计算。利用所建模型对换流阀中各组件的热阻进行算例计算;建立稳态热阻模型,对晶闸管结温进行计算。结果表明,考虑水冷回路中冷却液水温差异前后,晶闸管结温计算结果的误差最高可达到10.81%。

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蒋张威(1992-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。Email:jiangzw1118@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

廖彦铭(1990-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。E-mail:liaoym0015@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

傅孝韬(1982-),男,通信作者,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。Email:fuxt0019@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

张智勇(1979-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。E-mail:zhangzy0185@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

郎作云(1985-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。E-mail:langzy535x@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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蒋张威(1992-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。Email:jiangzw1118@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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蒋张威(1992-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。Email:jiangzw1118@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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廖彦铭(1990-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。E-mail:liaoym0015@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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傅孝韬(1982-),男,通信作者,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。Email:fuxt0019@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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张智勇(1979-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。E-mail:zhangzy0185@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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郎作云(1985-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。E-mail:langzy535x@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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郎作云(1985-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。E-mail:langzy535x@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

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Machine Design and Manufacturing Engineering, 2018. 47(4): 105-110 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=The simulation of water distribution of suspension converter valve based on Fluent, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154049612575924434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049586126644128, awardId=521962220004, language=EN, fundingSource=State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Science and Technology Project(521962220004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154049612643033299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049586126644128, awardId=521962220004, language=CN, fundingSource=国网四川省电力公司科技资助项目(521962220004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154049608780079254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049586126644128, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049608788467863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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材料 半径/m 厚度/m 热导率/(W/(m・K))
硅片 0.069 0.0012 149
钼片 0.069 0.0006 135
铜座 0.069 0.0145 397
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材料 半径/m 厚度/m 热导率/(W/(m・K))
硅片 0.069 0.0012 149
钼片 0.069 0.0006 135
铜座 0.069 0.0145 397
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入水口温度/℃ 数值
${T}_{\text{inl }}$ 40.74
${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}2}$ 47.12
${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}3}$ 41.28
${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}4}$ 46.05
${T}_{\text{in5 }}$ 42.34
${T}_{\text{in6 }}$ 44.99
${T}_{\text{in7 }}$ 43.40
${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}8}$ 44.46
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入水口温度/℃ 数值
${T}_{\text{inl }}$ 40.74
${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}2}$ 47.12
${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}3}$ 41.28
${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}4}$ 46.05
${T}_{\text{in5 }}$ 42.34
${T}_{\text{in6 }}$ 44.99
${T}_{\text{in7 }}$ 43.40
${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}8}$ 44.46
), ArticleFig(id=1154049612374597840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049586126644128, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Calculation results of thyristor junction temperature, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
晶闸管 实验 结温/℃ 计算结温/℃ 误差/%
考虑水路温差 不考虑水路温差
1 59.94 59.42 58.68 1.24
2 66.32 65.79 58.68 10.81
3 60.57 59.95 58.68 2.12
4 63.89 64.73 58.68 9.34
5 62.31 61.02 58.68 3.83
6 62.97 63.67 58.68 7.84
7 63.54 62.08 58.68 5.47
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晶闸管 实验 结温/℃ 计算结温/℃ 误差/%
考虑水路温差 不考虑水路温差
1 59.94 59.42 58.68 1.24
2 66.32 65.79 58.68 10.81
3 60.57 59.95 58.68 2.12
4 63.89 64.73 58.68 9.34
5 62.31 61.02 58.68 3.83
6 62.97 63.67 58.68 7.84
7 63.54 62.08 58.68 5.47
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考虑水冷回路的晶闸管换流阀热阻模型建模
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蒋张威 , 廖彥铭 , 傅孝韬 , 张智勇 , 郎作云
电源学报 | 功率器件建模 2024,22(3): 38-45
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电源学报 | 功率器件建模 2024, 22(3): 38-45
考虑水冷回路的晶闸管换流阀热阻模型建模
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蒋张威 , 廖彥铭 , 傅孝韬 , 张智勇 , 郎作云
作者信息
  • 国网四川省电力公司 特高压直流中心 成都 610000
  • 蒋张威(1992-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。Email:jiangzw1118@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

    廖彦铭(1990-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。E-mail:liaoym0015@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

    傅孝韬(1982-),男,通信作者,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。Email:fuxt0019@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

    张智勇(1979-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。E-mail:zhangzy0185@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

    郎作云(1985-),男,本科。研究方向:特高压直流输电。E-mail:langzy535x@sc.sgcc.com.cn。

Modeling of Thermal Resistance of Thyristor Converter Valve Considering Water-cooling Circuit
Zhangwei JIANG , Yanming LIAO , Xiaotao FU , Zhiyong ZHANG , Zuoyun LANG
Affiliations
  • Ultra High Voltage DC Center State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Chengdu 610000 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.38
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结合晶闸管串联水冷回路机构,建立了考虑水冷回路的晶闸管换流阀热阻模型。该模型能够计算出各散热器进水口处的水温,并在此基础上对各级晶闸管的结温进行计算。利用所建模型对换流阀中各组件的热阻进行算例计算;建立稳态热阻模型,对晶闸管结温进行计算。结果表明,考虑水冷回路中冷却液水温差异前后,晶闸管结温计算结果的误差最高可达到10.81%。

晶闸管  /  水冷回路  /  热阻  /  结温计算

The thermal resistance model of a thyristor converter valve considering its water-cooling circuit is estab-lished by combining the mechanism of a thyristor connected in series with the water-cooling circuit, which can calculate the water temperature at the inlet of each heat sink, as well as the junction temperature of each thyristor accordingly. This model is used to calculate the thermal resistance of each component in the converter valve in an example, and a steady-state thermal resistance model is built to calculate the junction temperature of the thyristor. Calculation results show that the maximum calculation error of thyristor junction temperature can reach 10.81% when considering the differ-ence of coolant temperature in the water-cooling circuit.

Thyristor  /  water-cooling circuit  /  thermal resistance  /  junction temperature calculation
蒋张威, 廖彥铭, 傅孝韬, 张智勇, 郎作云. 考虑水冷回路的晶闸管换流阀热阻模型建模. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 38 -45 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.38
Zhangwei JIANG, Yanming LIAO, Xiaotao FU, Zhiyong ZHANG, Zuoyun LANG. Modeling of Thermal Resistance of Thyristor Converter Valve Considering Water-cooling Circuit[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 38 -45 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.38
为了减少交流电在远距离输电中产生的损耗, 直流输电的应用越来越广泛, 人们越来越重视换流阀的安全运行[1]。晶闸管是 HVDC(high voltage direct current)换流阀的核心器件, 晶闸管的可靠运行不仅会影响到换流阀的整体可靠性, 还会对电力系统的安全稳定运行产生进一步的影响[3-4]。晶闸管的内部结构由 3 个不同的 P-N 结组成,当 P-N 结在多子扩散和少数漂移之间取得平衡时, 将形成空间势垒区,$\mathrm{P}- \mathrm{N}$ 结可视为容量。电压和电流水平的升高不仅会增加晶闸管的电应力,还会增加其热应力。 已有研究[6] 表明,半导体器件的工作特性和使用寿命与器件的结温有直接关系。当晶闸管长时间在高温状态下运行时, 其寿命周期会大大缩短, 性能也会下降, 如漏电流过大使得晶闸管丧失阻断能力, 从而发生不受控的误导通现象,对换流阀的工作造成不良影响。在一些极端情况下, 晶闸管的内部结温过高,会导致晶闸管热击穿,造成芯片局部或大面积烧毁。因此,无论是在器件设计阶段尽可能延长其使用寿命, 还是运维监测时保证其运行的安全可靠,对结温的预测计算均十分重要[7-9]
目前晶闸管结温的计算主要包括有限元分析法和热网络模型法。文献[10]根据晶闸管的物理结构, 建立了热传导方程并确定了方程的初始条件及边界, 然后利用有限元方法求解晶闸管的瞬态热阻抗, 进而计算出晶闸管结温。有限元分析法计算结果准确, 但需要已知器件的物理结构与材料特性, 建模过程较复杂, 需要更长的计算时间。而热网络模型法则是按照晶闸管的物理结构,将每层结构看作是热容和热阻的组合单元,得到器件的等效热网络模型, 从而对晶闸管的内部结温进行求解。热网络模型结构简单、计算速度快,在实践中具有更广泛的应用范围[11-12]
热网络模型包括 Cauer 网络模型和 Foster 网络模型这 2 种结构。其中, Foster 模型的 RC 参数可以通过拟合晶闸管的瞬态温度响应曲线获取。瞬态温度响应曲线是在环境温度恒定情况下对晶闸管施加阶跃功率后晶闸管结温的变化曲线。而 Cauer 网络模型可以由 Foster 网络模型进行网络等效变换得到, 也可以根据器件的物理结构与材料特性计算得出。与 Foster 网络相比, Cauer 网络具有明确的物理意义, Cauer 网络中的各阶 RC 单元与半导体器件的各层物理结构一一对应, 利用 Cauer 网络进行温度分析计算, 可以得出各层物理结构的温度响应,在实际应用中更具指导意义[13-14]。然而,目前的研究大多仅关注了换流阀晶闸管的热网络, 较少考虑换流阀中晶闸管水冷散热回路的热网络模型。事实上, 由于热量的传递与积累, 晶闸管串联水冷回路中各入水口的水温存在一定差异, 这种温度差异对各级晶闸管的结温分布会产生不可忽略的影响[15-16]
综上所述, 本文提出一种热网络模型建模方法, 根据换流阀组件的具体物理结构、尺寸及材料特性计算出晶闸管及其水冷回路的热阻。同时考虑各个晶闸管两侧散热器回路进、出水温度的差异, 建立换流阀晶闸管组件的热阻抗模型, 利用该模型可以求解出每一晶闸管的内部结温。
目前,直流输电工程中使用的晶闸管大多采用平板冷焊封装技术,由晶闸管芯片、导热材料层、管座和管盖压接而成,结构如图1 所示,其封装结构对称。晶闸管的中心是硅片,硅片的两面是钼片,钼和硅的膨胀系数相似, 可以防止热应力造成的损坏。为了更好地散热, 在钼片外侧安装了大面积的铜层,铜层扩展到外围,形成外壳和阴极法兰,其与散热器良好接触,并将热量传递到外层空间。这种金属结构侧面是一个绝热陶瓷外壳, 可以保护晶闸管,使操作和组装更容易。
图1 所示, 管壳和铜座之间的密闭空腔中充满惰性气体,与通过铜压块传递的热量相比,通过惰性气体传递的热量非常小,因此阀板和壳体之间的热交换可以忽略不计。
稳态运行时, 晶闸管内部达到热平衡, 晶闸管结温保持恒定。晶闸管硅片因功率损耗产生热量, 热量以硅片为中心面沿轴向分别向两侧通过晶闸管内部的钼片、铜座等金属材料层以热传导的形式从硅片传递至散热器。晶闸管包括多个不同材料和几何形状的层,不同材料内部保持不同的温降。为了有效冷却,晶闸管两侧还装有散热器,其内部循环的冷却液通过热对流的形式吸收部分热量,并将热量释放到换流阀的外部环境中。由于晶闸管结构的对称性, 在对晶闸管进行热传导分析时, 可以从中心平面取 1/2 作为分析对象, 建立稳态热阻网络,如图2 中的一侧所示。其中,${P}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为晶闸管的功率损耗;${R}_{\mathrm{{th}}- \mathrm{{Si}}}\text{、}{R}_{\mathrm{{th}}- \mathrm{{Mo}}}$${R}_{\mathrm{{th}}- \mathrm{{Cu}}}$ 分别为硅片、钼片和铜座的热阻;${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$${T}_{\text{case }}$ 分别为结温和外壳温度。
热量在晶闸管内部主要以热传导的形式传播。 对于晶闸管内部的硅片、钼片、铜座及外壳,热阻计算公式为
${R}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{K}_{\mathrm{m}}{A}_{\mathrm{m}}}$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为各阶热阻;${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为层材料厚度;${K}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为各层材料热导率;${A}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为各层材料垂直热流方向截面积;
$ m \in \{\mathrm{{Si}},\mathrm{{Cu}},\mathrm{{Mo}}\}\text{。}$
则晶闸管的结-壳热阻为
${R}_{\mathrm{{thy}}}= {R}_{\mathrm{{Si}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{Cu}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{Mo}}}$
晶闸管换流阀的散热器大部分采用水冷散热方式。四川省内部分换流站采用平板式多通道水冷散热器,其工程实物和结构如图3 所示,其中,$e$ 为散热片宽度,$b$ 为水路通道宽度,$a$ 为散热器宽度,$L$ 为散热器长度,$H$ 为通道 (散热片) 高度,$d$ 为散热板厚度。
平板式水冷散热器的尺寸及参数关系为
${D}_{\mathrm{h}}= \frac{2bH}{b + H}$
${P}_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{H}{b}$
${A}_{\mathrm{c}}= {NbH}$
${v}_{\mathrm{m}}= \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{c}}}$
式中:${D}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 为水路通道水路直径;$N$ 为通道数;${P}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为通道纵横比;${v}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为冷却液的体积流速;${v}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为水路通道平均流速;${A}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为通道总截面积。
平面挡板将热源传递的热量一部分直接传递给冷却液,另一部分则会先传递给通道隔板,再由隔板传递给冷却液,即平板式水冷散热器的传热过程不仅在一次传热面 (平面挡板) 上进行,也在二次传热面 (通道隔板) 上进行。这种情况下, 可以计算出散热器的总有效对流换热面积为
${A}_{\mathrm{s}}= {2Nba}+ {2Ha}\left({N + 1}\right)\eta $
式中,$\eta$ 为散热隔板效率,计算公式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\eta =\frac{\tanh \left({mH}\right)}{mH}\\ m =\sqrt{\frac{2h}{{\lambda }_{1}b}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\lambda }_{h}$ 为散热器材料导热系数;$h$ 为对流换热系数。
水冷散热器的热量传递包含热传导和对流换热这 2 种形式, 相应地, 其热阻网络中也包含热传导热阻及对流换热热阻这 2 种类型。
热量在散热器平面板内的传递方式为热传导, 其导热热阻${R}_{\mathrm{{cn}}}$ 仍可由式 (1) 计算。散热器内冷却液与散热片之间还存在对流换热,对流换热的热阻计算公式为
${R}_{\mathrm{{cv}}}= \frac{1}{h{A}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
对流换热系数$h$ 的计算公式为
$ h =\frac{{N}_{u}\lambda }{D}$
式中:${N}_{u}$ 为努塞尔数;$\lambda$ 为流体导热系数;$D$ 为传热面几何特征长度, 水冷散热器中传热面几何特征长度可以用散热器管道水路直径表示。
故散热器的对流热阻可以表示为
${R}_{\mathrm{{cv}}}= \frac{D}{{N}_{\mathrm{u}}\lambda {A}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
当通道内液体流速和温度均位于充分发展层流时, 努塞尔系数计算公式为
${N}_{u}= -{1.047}+ {9.326}\frac{{D}_{\mathrm{c}}^{2}+ 1}{{\left({D}_{\mathrm{c}}+ 1\right)}^{2}}$
式中,${D}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为散热器的占空比,即散热片宽度与水路通道宽度之比。
当冷却液流动速度处于充分发展层流、其温度处于正在发展阶段时, 努塞尔数计算公式为
${N}_{u}= {3.66}+ \frac{0.0668Gz}{1 +{0.06G}{z}^{2/3}}$
式中,${Gz}$ 为格雷兹数,有
${Gz}= \frac{{v}_{m}{P}_{r}{D}_{\mathrm{h}}^{2}}{\gamma L}$
式中:$\gamma$ 为流体运动粘度;${P}_{r}$ 为流体普朗特常数。
当冷却液流动速度和温度均处于入口段范围时, 平均努塞尔数计算公式为
${N}_{u}= {1.86G}{z}^{2/3}{\left(\frac{{\eta }_{f}}{{\eta }_{w}}\right)}^{0.1}$
式中:${\eta }_{f}$ 为流体平均温度时的流体动力粘度;${\eta }_{w}$ 为通道平均壁温时的流体动力粘度。
散热器的总热阻${R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}$ 为平面板导热热阻${R}_{\mathrm{{cn}}}$ 与对流换热热阻${R}_{\mathrm{{ev}}}$ 之和,即
${R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}= {R}_{\mathrm{{cn}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{cv}}}$
晶闸管换流阀一般由多个结构相同的阀门元件串联组成,如图4 所示。每个阀门组件由 1 个阀门电抗器和几个串联的晶闸管组成。
晶闸管由液体冷却散热器冷却,冷却液首先从阀电抗器一端流入,经阀电抗器流出后依次流入散热器$1\text{、}3\text{、}5\text{、}7\text{、}8$,然后从散热器 8 另一端口返回, 再依次流入散热器$6\text{、}4\text{、}2$,冷却液最后从散热器 2 流出阀组件。这种水回路结构中仅有 1 个入水口和 1 个出水口,冷却液能够依次流过阀组件中的各个发热元件,因此这种冷却水回路也被称为串联水冷回路。串联水冷回路结构可使每个晶闸管两侧散热器的总平均水温较为均衡, 平均入水温度差最小, 每个晶闸管均能被充分冷却,使阀组内各级晶闸管的结温差最小。
串联水冷回路阀组件内散热器入水口与出水口的冷却液温度相互联系,因此需要将整个换流阀组件看作一个整体研究其热阻模型。根据阀组件串联散热回路的结构, 建立如图5 所示的热阻模型。 其中,${P}_{\mathrm{{Ti}}\smallsetminus }{P}_{\mathrm{{Ti}}- }$${P}_{\mathrm{{Ti}}- \mathrm{R}}$ 分别为第$i$ 级晶闸管的总功率损耗、传递到左侧的功率损耗和传递到右侧的功率损耗,${T}_{ji}$ 为第$i$ 级晶闸管结温,${T}_{\mathrm{{in}}i}$ 为散热器入水口温度,${R}_{\mathrm{{thy}}}$ 为晶闸管单侧散热的结-壳热阻,${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为散热器热阻。
各级散热器的入水口温度为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{T}_{\text{inl }}= {P}_{\text{TR-R }}/\left({{C\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\\{T}_{\text{in2 }}= {T}_{\text{int }}+ \left({{P}_{\text{R41 }}+ {P}_{\text{R38 }}}\right)/\left({{C\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\\{T}_{\text{ins }}= {T}_{\text{int }}+ {P}_{\text{TRL }}/\left({{C\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\\{T}_{\text{int }}= {T}_{\text{int }}+ \left({{P}_{\text{R45 }}+ {P}_{\text{TSR }}}\right)/\left({{C\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\\{T}_{\text{int }}= {T}_{\text{int }}+ \left({{P}_{\text{R45 }}+ {P}_{\text{TR21 }}}\right)/\left({{C\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\\{T}_{\text{int }}= {T}_{\text{int }}+ {P}_{\text{TR45 }}/\left({{C\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\\{T}_{\text{int }}= {T}_{\text{int }}+ \left({{P}_{\text{R45 }}+ {P}_{\text{R45 }}}\right)/\left({{C\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\\{T}_{\text{int }}= {T}_{\text{int }}+ \left({{P}_{\text{R45 }}+ {P}_{\text{R45 }}}\right)/\left({{C\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\\{T}_{\text{int }}= {T}_{\text{int }}+ \left({{P}_{\text{R45 }}+ {P}_{\text{R45 }}}\right)/\left({{C\rho }{V}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中:$C$ 为冷却液的比热容;$\rho$ 为冷却液密度;${V}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为冷却液流量。热网络模型中各节点温度与晶闸管功率损耗之间的关系为
$\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{j}}& {\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{c}}\\{\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{c}}& {\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{h}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{j}}\\{\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{h}}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{array}{l}{\mathbf{Q}}_{\mathrm{j}}\\{\mathbf{Q}}_{\mathrm{h}}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中:${\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{j}}\text{、}{\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{h}}$${\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为晶闸管结温节点自热导矩阵、散热器温度节点自热导矩阵和互热导矩阵;${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{j}}$${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 分别为晶闸管结温矩阵和散热器温度矩阵;${\mathbf{Q}}_{\mathrm{j}}$${\mathbf{Q}}_{\mathrm{h}}$ 分别为晶闸管节点和散热器节点的热量矩阵。各矩阵的具体表达式为
${\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{j}}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}\frac{1}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{\text{thy }}+ {R}_{\text{hs }}}& && &\\& \frac{2}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}& && \\& &\cdots && \\& && \frac{2}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}& \\& && &\frac{1}{{R}_{\text{shy }}}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{\text{shy }}+ {R}_{\text{hs }}}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
${\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{h}}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}\frac{2}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{\text{hs }}}& && \\& \frac{2}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{\text{hs }}}& &\\& &\cdots &\\& && \frac{2}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}+ \frac{1}{{R}_{\text{hs }}}\\& && \\& && \end{array}\right\rbrack $
${\mathbf{G}}_{\mathrm{c}}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{llll}- \frac{1}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}- \frac{1}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}& && \\& -\frac{1}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}- \frac{1}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}& &\\& &\cdots &\\& && -\frac{1}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}- \frac{1}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}\\& && -\frac{1}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}- \frac{1}{{R}_{\text{hv }}}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{j}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lllll}{T}_{\mathrm{j}1}& {T}_{\mathrm{j}2}& \cdots &{T}_{\mathrm{j}6}& {T}_{\mathrm{j}7}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{h}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lllll}{T}_{\mathrm{h}2}& {T}_{\mathrm{h}3}& \cdots &{T}_{\mathrm{j}6}& {T}_{\mathrm{j}7}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
${Q}_{\mathrm{j}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lllll}{P}_{\mathrm{{Tl}}}+ \frac{{T}_{\text{inI }}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}}& {P}_{\mathrm{T}2}& \cdots &{P}_{\mathrm{T}2}& {P}_{\mathrm{T}7}+ \frac{{T}_{\text{in8 }}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
${\mathbf{Q}}_{\mathrm{h}}= {\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lllll}\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{{in}}2}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}}& \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{{in}}3}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}}& \cdots &\frac{{T}_{\mathrm{{in}}6}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}}& \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{{in}}7}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{hs}}}}\end{array}\right\rbrack }^{\mathrm{T}}$
在初始计算时, 考虑到晶闸管内部的对称结构, 可以假设晶闸管最初向两侧传递的功率损耗相等, 即
${P}_{\mathrm{{Ti}}- \mathrm{L}}= {P}_{\mathrm{{Ti}}- \mathrm{R}}= \frac{1}{2}{P}_{\mathrm{{Ti}}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{i -\mathrm{L}}= \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{j}i}- {T}_{\mathrm{h}i}}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}\\{P}_{i -\mathrm{R}}= \frac{{T}_{\mathrm{j}i}- {T}_{\mathrm{h}\left({i + 1}\right)}}{{R}_{\text{thy }}}\end{array}\right.$
根据式(17)求出水冷回路初始的温度分布后, 代入式(18)求解出晶闸管结温矩阵和散热器温度矩阵, 进一步根据式(27)求解出每个晶闸管更新后的功率损耗传递情况, 并将更新后的功率传递情况代入式(17),求出更新后的水冷回路温度。如此反复迭代, 直到 2 次迭代的计算结果误差小于阈值, 即可求解出换流阀组件中各级晶闸管的稳态结温。
利用许继集团柔性输电系统公司 HVTV2000- 800/5000E 型换流阀的 1 个阀段作为实验平台进行验证, 如图6 所示。该阀段最后 2 个晶闸管作为备用晶闸管, 实验中未导通。晶闸管型号为 KP50 YY-8502x。
根据数据手册得到该型晶闸管的结构及材料参数如表1 所示。由式 (1) 可计算出各层材料单侧散热的稳态热阻。
晶闸管的功率损耗为${4.23}\mathrm{{kW}}$,入水口处的水温为${40.74}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,水流量为${57}\mathrm{\;L}/\mathrm{{min}}$,计算得出各散热器入水口水温如表2 所示。
在得出各散热器入水口水温的基础上, 根据式(18)计算出各级晶闸管的结温,并利用 HVTV2000- 800/5000E 型换流阀实验平台进行验证, 结果如表3 所示。其中,晶闸管的实际结温由将晶闸管外壳开孔后埋设在晶闸管内的热电偶测量得出。
表3 给出了不考虑串联水冷回路温差时晶闸管结温的计算结果对比。由对比结果可以看出, 考虑串联水冷回路入水口水温差异后,换流阀内各级晶闸管的结温不再相等, 最大结温差可达到 6.38°C。与考虑入水口温差时相比,不考虑串联水冷回路的入水口温差时, 晶闸管结温的计算误差最高能达到 10.81%。由此可见, 换流阀散热器的入水口温度差异对晶闸管结温有较大影响。利用本文提出的模型能够对换流阀中各散热器的入水口水温及各级晶闸管的结温进行计算, 为换流阀的设计与运行维护提供依据。
本文提出一种基于热阻计算的晶闸管换流阀热网络模型。该模型在传统晶闸管热网络模型的基础上,考虑了串联水冷回路中水温差异对晶闸管结温的影响, 并利用该模型对换流阀中各级散热器入水口水温与各级晶闸管结温进行了计算。通过计算结果分析发现, 考虑串联水冷回路中水温的差异后, 换流阀内各级晶闸管出现结温不均匀的情况。 与传统模型相比,所提模型能够对换流阀内部各级晶闸管的结温进行更加准确的计算, 为换流阀的前期设计与后期运维提供重要依据。
  • 国网四川省电力公司科技资助项目(521962220004)
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.38
  • 接收时间:2023-12-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-13
  • 修回日期:2024-01-18
  • 录用日期:2024-02-01
基金
State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company Science and Technology Project(521962220004)
国网四川省电力公司科技资助项目(521962220004)
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    国网四川省电力公司 特高压直流中心 成都 610000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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