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With the widespread applications of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in power electronic systems, the accurate acquisition of junction temperature which affects their reliability has become crucial. However, one of the main forms of module failure is the aging of the solder layer, which can have a significant impact on the junction temperature. To accurately estimate the junction temperature, the advantages of two traditional thermal network models (i.e., Cauer and Foster) are combined in this paper, and an interface method for the two models is studied, so that the combination is completed. The aging of the chip solder layer is taken into account, and a hybrid thermal network model is proposed. Finally, through the comparison of finite element simulation and experimental test with the calculation results of the hybrid thermal network model, it is verified that the hybrid thermal network model can achieve an accurate junction temperature estimation, providing a basis for monitoring the operating status of the module.
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随着绝缘栅双极晶体管在电力电子系统中的广泛应用,对影响其可靠性的结温的准确获取变得至关重要。然而,模块主要的失效形式之一即焊料层的老化,会对结温产生很大的影响。为精确估计结温,结合2种传统热网络模型 Cauer和Foster的优点,研究了2种热网络模型的接口方法,完成两部分模型的结合,将芯片焊料层的老化考虑在内提出了一种混合热网络模型。最后,通过有限元仿真和实验测试与混合热网络模型的计算结果对比,验证了混合热网络模型能够实现准确的结温估计,为模块运行状态的监测提供了依据。
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王兆萍(2000-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性。E-mail:wzp13292383969@163.com。 |
信金蕾(1996-),男,硕士研究生,工程师。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性。E-mail: 13302197371@163.com。
杜明星(1980-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子器件可靠性等。E-mail:dumx@tjut.edu.cn。
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53(12): 1987-1995., articleTitle=On the assessment of voids in the thermal interface material on the thermal performance of a silicon chip package, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154049620603818995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049620612207604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, companyId=1154049620603818995, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 Tianjin Key Laboratory of New Energy Power Conversion, Transmission and Intelligent Control Tianjin 300384 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049620616401909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, companyId=1154049620603818995, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1 天津市新能源电力变换传输与智能控制重点实验室 天津 300384)]), AuthorCompany(id=1154049620675122166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049620679316471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, companyId=1154049620675122166, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 Chengdong Power Supply Branch, State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company Tianjin 300250 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049620687705080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, companyId=1154049620675122166, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2 国网天津市电力公司城东供电分公司 天津 300250)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154049622369619982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=
Internal structure of IGBT module, figureFileSmall=KGZ17UgCB7hxJOCl3pBKDg==, figureFileBig=yctA6JTmWGJmSHSteffZQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622428340239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
IGBT 模块内部结构, figureFileSmall=KGZ17UgCB7hxJOCl3pBKDg==, figureFileBig=yctA6JTmWGJmSHSteffZQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622470283280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Profile of IGBT module, figureFileSmall=1pZbiatr55ZEDO6Ynf8aHQ==, figureFileBig=9e0lJrC7IxD2sUUeCoqfig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622520614929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
IGBT 模块剖面, figureFileSmall=1pZbiatr55ZEDO6Ynf8aHQ==, figureFileBig=9e0lJrC7IxD2sUUeCoqfig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622575140882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Cauer thermal network model considering cavities in chip solder layer, figureFileSmall=pa4Ket6alKqVVpmf75xNXA==, figureFileBig=2ScMsXT8Wq0tRDlWOkmTxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622638055443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
考虑芯片焊料层空洞的 Cauer 热网络模型, figureFileSmall=pa4Ket6alKqVVpmf75xNXA==, figureFileBig=2ScMsXT8Wq0tRDlWOkmTxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622709358613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Foster thermal network model, figureFileSmall=X79HWJgZiNj/6+WEdTY2/Q==, figureFileBig=QVtZQCZr1x4Pr9D1zTZ2Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622759690262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
Foster 热网络模型, figureFileSmall=X79HWJgZiNj/6+WEdTY2/Q==, figureFileBig=QVtZQCZr1x4Pr9D1zTZ2Uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622805827607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Heat flow distribution caused by cavities, and three-dimensional physical hybrid thermal network model, figureFileSmall=WQ2UarP11HrJDFlBAqJ7NA==, figureFileBig=q5Zjb0GF0whvzGZ5mwbO8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622860353560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
空洞引起的热流分布及三维物理混合热网络模型, figureFileSmall=WQ2UarP11HrJDFlBAqJ7NA==, figureFileBig=q5Zjb0GF0whvzGZ5mwbO8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622914879513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Grid-based finite element model for IGBT module, figureFileSmall=9lmJRsrFRCd8Dc8x/5awdw==, figureFileBig=AHaSvIgoY9PBbzTJ1rjxEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049622965211162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
IGBT 模块的网格化有限元模型, figureFileSmall=9lmJRsrFRCd8Dc8x/5awdw==, figureFileBig=AHaSvIgoY9PBbzTJ1rjxEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623028125723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Three-dimensional diagram of chip junction temperature varying with power loss and, figureFileSmall=yjxNS6ljkq1aAyVMNUMfWA==, figureFileBig=vhhIoO1KY1am6Zty2CDg+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623103623196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
芯片结温随功率损耗和对流系数变化的三维图, figureFileSmall=yjxNS6ljkq1aAyVMNUMfWA==, figureFileBig=vhhIoO1KY1am6Zty2CDg+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623145566237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Comparison of calculated junction temperature among three models at different power levels, figureFileSmall=UVfD6H/yEjKDkq13YD032Q==, figureFileBig=jQMueQzk9GHlC0nuibn+Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623200092190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
不同功率下 3 种模型结温计算对比, figureFileSmall=UVfD6H/yEjKDkq13YD032Q==, figureFileBig=jQMueQzk9GHlC0nuibn+Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623254618143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=
Comparison of chip junction temperature under different operating conditions, figureFileSmall=6E+JIFLmFvYLaqJSxNX6jw==, figureFileBig=L6UOcXuvm9fB/4o7T2OsIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623300755488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
不同工况下的芯片结温对比, figureFileSmall=6E+JIFLmFvYLaqJSxNX6jw==, figureFileBig=L6UOcXuvm9fB/4o7T2OsIQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623367864353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=
Experimental platform, figureFileSmall=ufywHym5KSERoZ81slxa5w==, figureFileBig=Xv2EIKmTBtqNDoX9eo6y5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623434973218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
实验平台, figureFileSmall=ufywHym5KSERoZ81slxa5w==, figureFileBig=Xv2EIKmTBtqNDoX9eo6y5Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623506276387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=
Curve of comparison of chip junction temperature for healthy module at different power levels, figureFileSmall=lU4mgvl4rm3Lc52LoMiziQ==, figureFileBig=K5rslT4KozLXfVnuqA1Qzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623573385252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
不同功率下健康模块芯片结温对比曲线, figureFileSmall=lU4mgvl4rm3Lc52LoMiziQ==, figureFileBig=K5rslT4KozLXfVnuqA1Qzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623623716901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=
Curves of comparison of chip junction temperature for ${12.6}\%$ cavity module at different power levels, figureFileSmall=Ukzt4QBr5C1U/XGFN5mtdw==, figureFileBig=1jVp0HDKLAefcGKRCjznkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623669854246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
不同功率下 12.6%空洞模块芯片结温对比曲线, figureFileSmall=Ukzt4QBr5C1U/XGFN5mtdw==, figureFileBig=1jVp0HDKLAefcGKRCjznkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049623715991591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=
Materials and properties of each layer in IGBT finite element module, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 层结构 | 材料 | 厚度/mm | 密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ | 导热系数$/\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ | 比热容/[J・($\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}{)}^{-1}$ ] |
| 芯片 | Si | 0.20 | 2330 | 148.3 | 700 |
| 芯片焊料层 | Sn-Ag-Cu | 0.15 | 7300 | 54.0 | 230 |
| 上铜层 | Cu | 0.30 | 8900 | 390.0 | 390 |
| 陶瓷层 | ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ | 0.38 | 3600 | 30.0 | 850 |
| 下铜层 | Cu | 0.30 | 8900 | 390.0 | 390 |
| 基板焊料层 | Sn-Ag-Cu | 0.12 | 7300 | 54.0 | 230 |
| 铜底板 | Cu | 3.00 | 8900 | 390.0 | 390 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154049623770517544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
IGBT 有限元模块各层材料及属性, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 层结构 | 材料 | 厚度/mm | 密度$/\left({\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ | 导热系数$/\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left(\mathrm{m}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ | 比热容/[J・($\mathrm{{kg}}\cdot {}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}{)}^{-1}$ ] |
| 芯片 | Si | 0.20 | 2330 | 148.3 | 700 |
| 芯片焊料层 | Sn-Ag-Cu | 0.15 | 7300 | 54.0 | 230 |
| 上铜层 | Cu | 0.30 | 8900 | 390.0 | 390 |
| 陶瓷层 | ${\mathrm{{Al}}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ | 0.38 | 3600 | 30.0 | 850 |
| 下铜层 | Cu | 0.30 | 8900 | 390.0 | 390 |
| 基板焊料层 | Sn-Ag-Cu | 0.12 | 7300 | 54.0 | 230 |
| 铜底板 | Cu | 3.00 | 8900 | 390.0 | 390 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154049623833432105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=
Comparison of calculated junction temperature among three models at different convective coefficients, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 对流系数/$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ | 传统 Cauer 模型结温 | 传统 Foster 模型结温 | 混合热网络模型结温 | 芯片温度${l}^{\prime }\mathrm{C}$ |
| 计算结果/℃ | 计算误差/% | 计算结果/% | 计算误差/% | 计算结果/% | 计算误差/% |
| 2000 | 42.052 | 1.55 | 41.668 | 2.45 | 42.772 | 0.13 | 42.716 |
| 3000 | 39.716 | 1.72 | 39.332 | 2.67 | 40.457 | 0.11 | 40.412 |
| 4000 | 38.432 | 1.84 | 38.048 | 2.82 | 39.197 | 0.11 | 39.153 |
), ArticleFig(id=1154049623892152362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049580023927450, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
不同对流系数下 3 种模型结温计算对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 对流系数/$\left\lbrack {\mathrm{W}\cdot {\left({\mathrm{m}}^{2}\cdot \mathrm{K}\right)}^{-1}}\right\rbrack$ | 传统 Cauer 模型结温 | 传统 Foster 模型结温 | 混合热网络模型结温 | 芯片温度${l}^{\prime }\mathrm{C}$ |
| 计算结果/℃ | 计算误差/% | 计算结果/% | 计算误差/% | 计算结果/% | 计算误差/% |
| 2000 | 42.052 | 1.55 | 41.668 | 2.45 | 42.772 | 0.13 | 42.716 |
| 3000 | 39.716 | 1.72 | 39.332 | 2.67 | 40.457 | 0.11 | 40.412 |
| 4000 | 38.432 | 1.84 | 38.048 | 2.82 | 39.197 | 0.11 | 39.153 |
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