Article(id=1154049556795876207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.298, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1638979200000, receivedDateStr=2021-12-09, revisedDate=1655481600000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-18, acceptedDate=1656000000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-06-24, onlineDate=1753076455543, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076455543, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076455543, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076455543, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=298, endPage=306, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049557232083824, articleId=1154049556795876207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Power Control Method for Island Cascaded AC Microgrid Including Non-dispatchable DG, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The power control mechanism of cascaded island microgrids (MGs) composed of dispatchable and non-dis-patchable distributed generations (DGs) is complex, and the voltage and frequency regulation is difficult. Aimed at these problems, a novel decentralized master-slave power distribution control method is proposed in this paper to realize the voltage and frequency regulation and power distribution of the cascaded island MGs including second-class DGs. The control methods for master and slave DGs are designed, respectively. The master DG is responsible for adjusting the fre-quency and voltage of MG. Meanwhile, the slave DGs in MPPT mode can run under certain bus voltage, which can max-imally use the output power from non-dispatchable DGs and perform automatic power reduction under the light load condition, thereby effectively guaranteeing the safety and stability of the system. Finally, the effectiveness of the pro-posed method is verified by simulation and experimental results.

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针对由可调度和不可调度分布式电源 DG(distributed generation)组成的串级孤岛微电网 MGs(microgrids)功率控制机理复杂、电压和频率调节难度大等问题,提出了一种新型分散主从功率分配控制方法,以实现含二类DG 串级孤岛微电网的电压、频率调节以及功率分配。该方法分别设计了主DG 和从 DG 的控制方法,其中,主DG负责调节微电网的频率和电压,从属DG的MPPT 可在一定母线电压下运行,其可最大限度地利用不可调度 DG的输出功率,在轻负荷条件下可采用自动功率削减,并有效保障系统的安全稳定性。最后,通过仿真和实验验证了所提方法的有效性。

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王一妹(1989-),女,通信作者,硕士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail: abcabe0514@126.com。

李俊领(1988-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:lilinhe@163.com。

曾杰(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:微电网技术。E-mail:zj1981123@126.com。

许中平(1975-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail: xzp676811@163.com。

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王一妹(1989-),女,通信作者,硕士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail: abcabe0514@126.com。

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李俊领(1988-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:lilinhe@163.com。

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曾杰(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:微电网技术。E-mail:zj1981123@126.com。

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049597648396290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049556795876207, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameters of test system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 参数 数值
主 DG#1 额定功率/kV·A 1
直流端口电压/V 200
滤波器电感/mH 5
滤波器电容/$\mu \mathrm{F}$ 22
电流控制增益 0.09, 45
电压控制增益 0.009,9
从 DG#2 从 DG#3 额定功率/kV·A 0.5
直流端口电压/V 100
滤波器电感/mH 5
滤波器电容/$\mu \mathrm{F}$ 22
电流控制增益 0.09, 45
电压控制增益 0.009, 9
功率因数调节器 0.08, 0.000002
下垂控制 输出电压/V 120
频率/Hz 50±2%
下垂系数 2
), ArticleFig(id=1154049597753253894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049556795876207, language=CN, label=表1, caption=测试系统参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 参数 数值
主 DG#1 额定功率/kV·A 1
直流端口电压/V 200
滤波器电感/mH 5
滤波器电容/$\mu \mathrm{F}$ 22
电流控制增益 0.09, 45
电压控制增益 0.009,9
从 DG#2 从 DG#3 额定功率/kV·A 0.5
直流端口电压/V 100
滤波器电感/mH 5
滤波器电容/$\mu \mathrm{F}$ 22
电流控制增益 0.09, 45
电压控制增益 0.009, 9
功率因数调节器 0.08, 0.000002
下垂控制 输出电压/V 120
频率/Hz 50±2%
下垂系数 2
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计及不可调度DG的孤岛串级交流微电网功率控制方法
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王一妹 1 , 李俊领 1 , 曾杰 2 , 许中平 2
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(3): 298-306
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(3): 298-306
计及不可调度DG的孤岛串级交流微电网功率控制方法
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王一妹1 , 李俊领1 , 曾杰2 , 许中平2
作者信息
  • 1 郑州电力高等专科学校 信息通信学院 郑州 450000
  • 2 国网西藏电力有限公司 拉萨 850000
  • 王一妹(1989-),女,通信作者,硕士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail: abcabe0514@126.com。

    李俊领(1988-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail:lilinhe@163.com。

    曾杰(1981-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:微电网技术。E-mail:zj1981123@126.com。

    许中平(1975-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:电气工程。E-mail: xzp676811@163.com。

Power Control Method for Island Cascaded AC Microgrid Including Non-dispatchable DG
Yimei WANG1 , Junling LI1 , Jie ZENG2 , Zhongping XU2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Information and Communication Zhengzhou Electric Power College Zhengzhou 450000 China
  • 2 State Grid Xizang Electric Power Co., Ltd Lhasa 850000 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.298
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针对由可调度和不可调度分布式电源 DG(distributed generation)组成的串级孤岛微电网 MGs(microgrids)功率控制机理复杂、电压和频率调节难度大等问题,提出了一种新型分散主从功率分配控制方法,以实现含二类DG 串级孤岛微电网的电压、频率调节以及功率分配。该方法分别设计了主DG 和从 DG 的控制方法,其中,主DG负责调节微电网的频率和电压,从属DG的MPPT 可在一定母线电压下运行,其可最大限度地利用不可调度 DG的输出功率,在轻负荷条件下可采用自动功率削减,并有效保障系统的安全稳定性。最后,通过仿真和实验验证了所提方法的有效性。

分散控制  /  不可调度单元  /  功率削减  /  串级微电网

The power control mechanism of cascaded island microgrids (MGs) composed of dispatchable and non-dis-patchable distributed generations (DGs) is complex, and the voltage and frequency regulation is difficult. Aimed at these problems, a novel decentralized master-slave power distribution control method is proposed in this paper to realize the voltage and frequency regulation and power distribution of the cascaded island MGs including second-class DGs. The control methods for master and slave DGs are designed, respectively. The master DG is responsible for adjusting the fre-quency and voltage of MG. Meanwhile, the slave DGs in MPPT mode can run under certain bus voltage, which can max-imally use the output power from non-dispatchable DGs and perform automatic power reduction under the light load condition, thereby effectively guaranteeing the safety and stability of the system. Finally, the effectiveness of the pro-posed method is verified by simulation and experimental results.

Decentralized control  /  non-dispatchable unit  /  power reduction  /  cascaded microgrid (MG)
王一妹, 李俊领, 曾杰, 许中平. 计及不可调度DG的孤岛串级交流微电网功率控制方法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 298 -306 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.298
Yimei WANG, Junling LI, Jie ZENG, Zhongping XU. Power Control Method for Island Cascaded AC Microgrid Including Non-dispatchable DG[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 298 -306 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.298
随着我国双碳目标的稳步推进, 越来越多含可再生能源 RESs(renewable energy sources)的分布式电源 DG(distributed generation)通过微电网 MG(mi-crogrid) 接入到电力系统中。由于具有诸多优点, 微电网正受到国内外学者关注[1-3]。一般情况下 DGs 并联形成微电网 (即并联拓扑的微电网), 该类型 MG 通过下垂控制实现分布式电源的自动功率分配[4-7],然而下垂控制在非线性负载下性能较差,且需要许多辅助控制[8]
为了解决上述问题, 国内外学者提出了多种控制方法,如谐波下垂控制${}^{\left( 9\right)}$ 、基于虚拟磁链的下垂控制[10] 等改进型下垂控制方法[11]。然而,上述方法均需要引入偏置工作电压和频率, 且低额定功率 DGs 的并联运行需要高升压比的中间变换级,这会增加$\mathrm{{MG}}$ 系统的运行成本和复杂性,降低系统的整体效率。文献[12-14]提出了一种模块化级联结构MG,其具有单输出滤波器,能够从低压低功率模块合成高电压, 但该方法不能实现有功功率和无功功率的解耦控制, 且易发生单点故障; 为此, 文献[15-16]提出了一种更灵活网络拓扑的$\mathrm{{MG}}$,由包含单个电感电容(LC)输出滤波器的串联 DG 组成,可实现级联$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 的有功无功独立自主控制,且具有不同直流端口电压灵活调节的能力。串级 MG 的自主运行要求所有 DG 具有相同的位移功率因数 DF (displacement power factor), 即同步相位电压。这可通过使用反 DF 下垂控制来实现, MG 频率是 DGs 位移功率因数的逆函数[17],但该方法仅适用于电阻电感性负载。其他自主控制策略,如功率因数角控制[18]$f - P/$ $Q$ 控制[19],可实现相同的控制特性,即电压同步和比例功率分配, 但这些方法仅适用于电阻性和电容性负载。
基于通信的控制方案可实现先进的运行特性, 如文献[20]提出的分层控制方法实现了比例的功率分配, 并通过外部通信控制环保持电压和频率调节;文献[21]提出了一种分布式控制架构,该架构包括传统下垂和反向下垂,以管理孤岛和并网模式下的 MG 运行;文献[22]介绍了一种串级微电网,仅靠低带宽通信线路可实现并网运行。与基于可调度 DGs 的微电网类似, 此类系统可采用分布式控制架构进行有效控制, 以实现完全自主运行, 然而该方案仅适用于并网运行的不可调度$\mathrm{{DGs}}$
由此可见,目前由可调度和不可调度$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 组成的串级微电网还没有具有自主管理能力的功率控制策略。基于此,本文提出了一种串级微网的功率控制方法。该方法可确保光伏 PV(photovoltaic) 的最大功率提取, 并在轻载条件下提供必要的功率削减。此外,该方法减少了对通信网络和储能的需求, 即使发生$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 离网,也可保持$\mathrm{{MG}}$ 电压稳定在标称值, 频率保持在预定范围内。此外, 本文还对级联控制系统进行了频率响应分析, 以确定稳定运行的控制器增益。最后,通过仿真与实验验证了所提孤岛微电网拓扑和控制方案的有效性和优越性。
图1 为本文所提串级微电网的结构, 由一个可调度主 DG 和一组不可调度从 DG(PV)串联组成。
图1 中, DG#1 为主 DG,负责调节微电网的频率和电压;不可调度$\mathrm{{DG}}$$\mathrm{{DG}}\# 2$$\mathrm{{DG}}\# 3$ 为从$\mathrm{{DG}}$ (PV), 根据 MPPT 设定值在不同电压输出下运行。 主 DG 需要在总串额定容量和额定电压下运行, 类似于传统并联 MG 结构。设$d{f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为微电网的位移功率因数。
图2 为主 DG 的功率控制框图。
主 DG 位于最上面的串级位置, 其具有所有$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 的电压和电流信息,可确定其他的运行参数,如系统频率、电压和功率因数。主 DG 将负载信息传递给从$\mathrm{{DG}}$,而不使用通信网络,主$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 的下垂控制表示为
${\omega }_{\mathrm{{ref}},1}= {\omega }_{\max }- {m}_{df}d{f}_{\mathrm{s}}= {\omega }_{\max }- \left(\frac{{\omega }_{\max }- {\omega }_{\min }}{d{f}_{\max }}\right) d{f}_{\mathrm{s}}$
式中:${\omega }_{\text{ref },1}$ 为主$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 的频率参考值;${\omega }_{\max }$${\omega }_{\min }$ 分别为微电网频率的最大值和最小值;${m}_{df}$ 为下垂系数;$d{f}_{\max }$ 为频率最大变化量。
MG 功率因数在较窄范围内调节频率。当主 DG 跟随负载运行功率因数改变频率时, 需确保微电网电压可调节到标称值${V}_{\text{nom },1}$。因此,主 DG 的电压可表示为
${v}_{\mathrm{{ref}},1}\left( t\right)= {V}_{\text{nom },1}\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{{ref}},1}t}\right)= {V}_{\text{nom },\mathrm{{MG}}}\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{{ref}},1}t}\right)$
式中:${v}_{\mathrm{{ref}},1}\left( t\right)$ 为电压参考值;${\omega }_{\mathrm{{ref}},1}$ 为角频率参考值;${V}_{\mathrm{{nom}},\mathrm{{MG}}}$ 为电压标幺值。
所提方法设计低通滤波器的截止频率为
$ d{f}_{\mathrm{s}}= \frac{{\omega }_{\text{cut }}}{s +{\omega }_{\text{cut }}}\cos \left({{\theta }_{v}- {\theta }_{i,1}}\right)$
式中:${\theta }_{{v}_{i}}$${\theta }_{i,1}$ 分别为$\mathrm{{MG}}$ 电压和电流的相位角;${\omega }_{\text{cut }}$ 为截止频率。主 DG 的控制目标是跟踪 MG 的参考电压${v}_{\mathrm{s}}$,而不是主$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 的电压,这可确保$\mathrm{{MG}}$ 电压在参考值电压下调节,且无论从$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 引起的电压和功率如何变化, MG 内都能保持功率平衡。主控制器采用传统双环控制, 如图2 所示。其内、外环控制分别建模为
${i}_{\text{ref },1}= {H}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)\left({{v}_{\text{ref },1}- {v}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)$
${i}_{\mathrm{{PWM}},1}= {H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)\left({{i}_{\mathrm{{ref}},1}- {i}_{1}}\right)= \left({{i}_{\mathrm{{ref}},1}- {i}_{1}}\right)$
式中:${H}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)$ 为电压控制器,${H}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)= {K}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}+ {K}_{\mathrm{{iv}}}\frac{s}{{s}^{2}+ {\omega }_{0}^{2}};{H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)$ 为电流控制器,${H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)= \left({{K}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}+ {K}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}\frac{s}{{s}^{2}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{o}}^{2}}}\right)$。其中,${K}_{\mathrm{{pv}}}$${K}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}$ 分别是电压和电流控制器的比例增益;${K}_{\mathrm{{iv}}}$${K}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}$ 分别是电压和电流控制器的积分增益;${\omega }_{0}$ 为输出角频率。它们的控制目标是在基频${f}_{0}= {50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 下调谐,以实现$\mathrm{{MG}}$ 电压和电流的零稳态误差。
图3 为从 DG 的功率控制框图。从 DG 的控制目标是跟踪 MPPT 功率参考值, 以利用其最大能量。此外,它还需要根据系统运行状态,提供无功功率支撑。MPPT 功率参考值的跟踪是通过定义从 DG 的工作电压来实现, 即
${V}_{\text{ref }, n}= \frac{{P}_{\max, n}}{{i}_{n}d{f}_{\text{ref }, n}}$
式中: 下标$n$ 为从$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 的编号,$n = 2,3,\cdots ;{i}_{n}$${\mathrm{{DG}}}_{n}$ 的输出电流;$d{f}_{\mathrm{{ref}}, n}$ 为从$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 的目标功率因数,其根据${df}$ 同步模式和${df}$ 调度模式来进行设置;${P}_{\max, n}$ 为考虑功率削减后的 MPPT 参考功率。
在此模式下,从 DGs 的功率因数自动与负载或微电网同步,而其有功功率分配是基于 MPPT 的设定值。通过反向功率因数下垂, 可根据 MG 频率确定 MG 的运行功率因数为
$ d{f}_{\text{ref }, n}= \frac{{\omega }_{\max }- {\omega }_{\mathrm{{MG}}}}{{m}_{df}}= \frac{{\omega }_{\max }- {\omega }_{\mathrm{{MG}}}}{{\omega }_{\max }- {\omega }_{\min }}\approx d{f}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}$
式中:${\omega }_{\mathrm{{MG}}}$$\mathrm{{MG}}$ 频率,它是通过锁相环$\mathrm{{PLL}}$ (phase locked loop) 从串电流或电压局部测量;$d{f}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}$ 为估计负载功率因数。
在此模式下, 从 DG 以用户定义的功率因数运行,同时利用最大可用 MPPT 功率。当从 DG 被命令以单位功率因数运行时, 主 DG 提供无功功率需求, 并补偿有功功率不足。功率因数调节器可建模为
${\theta }_{\mathrm{{ref}}, n}= \left({{K}_{\mathrm{p},{df}}+ \frac{{K}_{\mathrm{t},{df}}}{s}}\right)\left({d{f}_{\mathrm{{ref}}, n}- d{f}_{n}}\right)$
式中:${K}_{\mathrm{p},{df}}$${K}_{\mathrm{t},{df}}$ 分别为功率因数调节器的比例增益和积分增益;${\theta }_{\mathrm{{ref}}, n}$ 为功率因数调节器输出补偿相角。将其并入从 DGs 瞬时电压参考值, 可得
${v}_{\mathrm{{ref}}, n}\left( t\right)= {V}_{\mathrm{{ref}}, n}\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{{MG}}}t +{\theta }_{\mathrm{{ref}}, n}}\right)$
式(9)中定义的电压参考值确保从 DG 根据其 MPPT 设定点产生有功功率, 并根据所选功率因数调度模式产生无功功率。其内、外环控制分别建模为
${i}_{\text{ref }, n}= {H}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right)\left({{v}_{\text{ref }, n}- {v}_{n}}\right)$
${v}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}, n}= {H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)\left({{i}_{\mathrm{{ref}}, n}- {i}_{n}}\right)$
由于本文所提串级微电网结构不含储能单元, 当总功率超过负荷需求时,需要自动削减从$\mathrm{{DGs}}$ 的输出功率。这就需要$\mathrm{{MG}}$ 的负荷需求${P}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}$
${P}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}= {V}_{\text{nom,}\mathrm{{MG}}}{i}_{\mathrm{n}}d{f}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}$
式中:${i}_{n}$$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 的输出电流,在从$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 终端进行局部测量;${V}_{\text{nom, MG }}$ 为微电网标称电压,在稳态运行期间恒定。使用总负载信息,可使用式(13)来限制从 DGs 的功率输出, 即
${P}_{\max, n}= \frac{{P}_{\text{nom,}n}}{{P}_{\text{nom,}\mathrm{{MG}}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}$
式中:${P}_{\text{nom }, n}$ 为从$\mathrm{{DG}}n$ 的标称功率;${P}_{\text{nom,}\mathrm{{MG}}}$$\mathrm{{MG}}$ 的标称功率;${P}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}$ 为使用式(12)本地计算的$\mathrm{{MG}}$ 实时负载。式(13)确保所有从 DG 产生的总功率不超过负载需求,且从$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 产生的功率与其额定容量成比例。式(13)为针对 3 个DG 开发,目的是更好地获取限功率期间从 DG 之间的总体功率平衡和功率分配, 可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{1}+ {P}_{\max,2}+ {P}_{\max,3}= 0 +\frac{{P}_{\text{nom },2}}{{P}_{\text{nom, MG }}}{P}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}+ \frac{{P}_{\text{nom,}3}}{{P}_{\text{nom, MG }}}{P}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}\\{P}_{1}+ {P}_{\max,2}+ {P}_{\max,3}= 0 +\frac{{P}_{\text{nom,}2}+ {P}_{\text{nom,}3}}{{P}_{\text{nom, MG }}}{P}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}= {P}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}\end{array}\right.$
$\mathrm{{DG}}{P}_{1}$ 在限功率期间产生的有功功率为零, 负载需求${P}_{\mathrm{{MG}}}$ 仅由从$\mathrm{{DG}}{P}_{\mathrm{{nom}},2}+ {P}_{\mathrm{{nom}},3}$ 提供,其产生的功率与其额定容量成比例。
本文中的控制参数是通过双环级联系统的 Nyquist 稳定性准则选择。电压和电流调节器均使用基于比例谐振 PR(proportional resonant)的控制器。 电流控制回路的开环和闭环增益传递函数分别为
${G}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{{ol}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right){H}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right)}{{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)} $
${G}_{\mathrm{c},\mathrm{{cl}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right){H}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right)/{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)}{1 +{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right){H}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right)/{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)} $
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流端口电压;${Z}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)= s{L}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为滤波电感阻抗;${H}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}$ 为相关的采样和传输延迟,其为
${H}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{1}{1 + s{T}_{\mathrm{d}}}\;{T}_{\mathrm{d}}= {0.75}{f}_{\mathrm{c}}$
电流控制回路的最大带宽和相应增益可应用 Nyquist 稳定性标准导出为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{K}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}= \frac{{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}{L}_{\mathrm{f}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}}\\{K}_{\mathrm{{ii}}}= \frac{{L}_{\mathrm{{pi}}}{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}}{10}\\{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{\pi /2 -{\phi }_{\mathrm{m}}}{{T}_{\mathrm{c}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为电流控制环角频率;${L}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为滤波器;${V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}$ 为直流电压;${\phi }_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为相角;${T}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为周期。
针对表1 给出的测试系统参数, 本文设计了目标相位裕度为${40}^{\circ }$ 的控制系统。通过式(18)计算电流控制器的增益。图4 为电流控制器的频率响应。
上述结果表明,电流控制环路带宽为${0.837}\mathrm{{kHz}}$, 相位裕度为${40}^{\circ }$,参考值电流可精确跟踪,稳态误差为 0。级联外部电压和内部电流控制器的开环和闭环增益传递函数分别为
${G}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{{ol}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{H}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right){H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right){V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{H}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right){Z}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)}{{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right){H}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right)} $
${G}_{\mathrm{v},\mathrm{{cl}}}\left( s\right)= \\\frac{\left\lbrack {H}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right){H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right){V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{H}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right){Z}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)/{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)\right\rbrack }{1 +{H}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right){H}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right){V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{H}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right){Z}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)+ \frac{{H}_{\mathrm{v}}\left( s\right){H}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}\left( s\right)}{{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)} +\frac{{Z}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)}{{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( s\right)}}$
(20)式中,${Z}_{\mathrm{c}}\left( s\right)= \frac{1}{s{C}_{\mathrm{f}}}$ 为滤波电容器的传递函数。
为更好地解析系统特性,图5 为具有表1 所示控制参数的系统频率响应。
图5(a) 可以看出, 整个系统是稳定的, 相位裕度为${42.3}^{\circ }$,带宽为${0.110}\mathrm{{kHz}}$图5(b)的闭环电压跟踪响应表明,在整个频率工作范围内,即${49}\mathrm{{Hz}}$${51}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$,跟踪误差为 0。因此,系统具有足够的相位裕度, 以确保稳定运行, 并提供适当的电压和电流跟踪性能。
通过仿真和实验验证所提方法的有效性。仿真系统结构和控制参数见图1表1。主 DG 的额定值为$1\mathrm{{kV}}\cdot \mathrm{A}$,直流端口电压为${200}\mathrm{\;V}$,从$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 的额定值为${0.5}\mathrm{{kV}}\cdot \mathrm{A}$,直流端口电压为${100}\mathrm{\;V}$。根据本文所提控制策略,主 DG 补偿从 DG 引起的电压变化,将微电网电压保持在${120}\mathrm{\;V}$ 的额定电压。主$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 还将微电网频率调节在规定的范围内,即${49}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}\leq f \leq {51}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$
图1 中, DG#1 为主 DG, DG#2 和 DG#3 为从${\mathrm{{DG}}}_{0}$ 首先,从$\mathrm{{DGs}}$$t \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}$ 时产生${0.15}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的 MPPT 功率参考值,在$t \in \left\lbrack {1,2}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}$ 时产生${0.30}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的 MPPT 功率参考值,在$t \in \left\lbrack {2,4}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}$ 时产生${0.45}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的 MPPT 功率参考值; 然后, 将 DGs 的有功功率输出与指令 MPPT 设定值进行比较, 并针对上述的两种运行情况验证无功功率输出。微电网负载设置在${0.70df}$ 下运行,消耗为${0.70}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$,其中${30}\%$ 的线性负载从$3\mathrm{\;s}$ 起被非线性负载取代。在该工况下,根据式(1)中定义的主 DG 下垂控制,微电网频率从其标称值重新定义为${49.6}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$。仿真结果如图6 所示。图6(b)验证了微电网中的有功功率管理,其中从$\mathrm{{DG}}\# 2$ 和从$\mathrm{{DG}}\# 3$ 跟踪其$\mathrm{{MPPT}}$ 设定点直到$2\mathrm{\;s}$,之后, MPPT 总功率超过了${0.70}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 的负载需求,从 DGs 有功功率自动削减至${0.35}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$。在该条件下,从$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 满足整个负载需求,且主 DG#1 不提供任何功率。
在此运行模式下,所有从$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 均遵循微电网功率因数, 主 DG 必须通过调整其功率因数来补偿无功功率不足。该运行特征见图6(c) 所示, DGs #2 和 #3 在整个运行过程中跟踪微电网的功率因数 0.7, 而主$\mathrm{{DG}}\# 1$ 调整其运行功率因数以实现微电网中的有功和无功功率平衡。图7 为电压相量图,以验证 3 个不同 MPPT 设定点的调节和功率平衡。由图7 可知,主$\mathrm{{DG}}\# 1$ 通过将其工作电压分别调整为${26}\mathrm{\;V}$ $\left({t \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}}\right)\text{、}{51}\mathrm{\;V}\left({t \in \left\lbrack {1,2}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}}\right)$${60}\mathrm{\;V}\left({t \in \left\lbrack {2,3}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}}\right)$,在整个运行过程中跟踪设定 MPPT 功率。DGs 的电压大小不同,但相位角保持不变,矢量和等于${120}\mathrm{\;V}$ 的标称电压。从 DGs 通过分别在$t \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack \text{、}t \in \left\lbrack {1,2}\right\rbrack$$t \in \left\lbrack {2,3}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}$ 提供${0.15}\text{、}{0.3}$${0.35}\mathrm{{kvar}}$ 来跟踪微电网功率因数 0.707。因此, 主 DG 将其无功功率设定值分别更改为${0.40}\text{、}{0.10}$$0\mathrm{{kvar}}$
2)功率因数调度模式
在此模式下, 从 DGs 以用户定义的功率因数 0.85 运行。尽管 DGs 有功功率输出与同步模式下的功率因数相同, 但无功功率输出会有一定差异, 仿真结果如图8 所示。在整个仿真运行期间$(t \in$ $\left.{\left\lbrack {0,3}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}}\right)$,从$\mathrm{{DG}}\# 2$ 和从$\mathrm{{DG}}\# 3$ 的无功功率输出遵循 0.85 的功率因数,而主$\mathrm{{DG}}$ #1 调整其无功功率输出以满足${0.7}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$${0.7}\mathrm{{kvar}}$ 的总功率需求。
本文针对 MPPT 时变情况, 以进一步评估系统性能。图9 为仿真结果,其中从 DG 跟踪 MPPT 参考值, 而主 DG 补偿不足。当负载功率需求完全由从$\mathrm{{DGs}}$ 满足时,从$\mathrm{{DGs}}$ 功率会在短时间内$\left({t \in \left\lbrack {{2.5},3}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}}\right)$ 发生缩减。虽然 DGs 的功率输出不断变化,但总串功率和微电网电压保持不变。
本文进行了实验验证, 其中每个 DG 由单相 IGBT 全桥和输出 LC 滤波器构成。该系统还为每个变换器配备了共模输出滤波器, 用于减少系统中的电容耦合。$\mathrm{H}$ 桥逆变器由 TMS320F2812 DSP 控制。 系统和控制参数相同,如表1 所示。首先,微电网设置为以 0.79 df 的 0.66 kW 功率运行。
图10 为 DGs 功率输出、工作功率因数和瞬时电压的实验结果。从 DG 跟踪变化的 MPPT 参考值在$t \in \left\lbrack {0,5}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}$${0.14}\mathrm{\;{kW}}, t \in \left\lbrack {5,{10}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}$${0.29}\mathrm{\;{kW}}, t \in$ [10,15] 为${0.33}\mathrm{{kW}}$ (相对于 MPPT 设定值${0.45}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ ), 而主$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 分别在${0.38}\text{、}{0.08}$$0\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 下运行,以维持微电网中的功率平衡。在第 3 个运行间隔$t \in$ [10,15] 期间,也验证了功率削减方法,其中负载需求仅由从$\mathrm{{DGs}}$ 提供。从$\mathrm{{DG}}{df}$ 与负载自动同步, 如图10(b) 所示。其中,所有 DG 以与负载${df}$ 相匹配的几乎相等的${df}$ 运行。
2)功率因数调度模式
图11 为功率因数调度运行模式的实验结果, 其中从 DG 以 0.9 的目标功率因数运行。图11(b)$\mathrm{{DGs}}$ 的无功功率输出,可以看出,通过将其工作点分别调整为${0.07}\mathrm{{kvar}}\left({t \in \left\lbrack {0,5}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}}\right)$${0.13}\mathrm{{kvar}}(t \in$ $\left.{\left\lbrack {5,{10}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}}\right)$${0.15}\mathrm{{kvar}}\left({t \in \left\lbrack {{10},{15}}\right\rbrack \mathrm{s}}\right)$,从 DG 对 MPPT 功率的变化作出反应, 以跟踪 0.9 的参考值功率因数,而主 DG 通过分别在${0.32}\text{、}{0.20}$${0.15}\mathrm{{kvar}}$ 下运行来维持微电网无功功率平衡。
针对串级微电网系统的功率分配问题, 基于主从控制策略,本文提出了一种集成可调度和不可调度 DG 的串级微电网控制方法。通过仿真分析和实验验证, 研究结果表明, 该方法在主从模式下运行时,可调度和不可调度$\mathrm{{DG}}$ 单元以完全分散的方式实现有效的功率平衡和恒压调节。此外,在轻负荷条件下有效使用不可调度机组, 并提供适当的功率削减。最终验证了所提方法的有效性与优越性。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(51977143)
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.298
  • 接收时间:2021-12-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-12-09
  • 修回日期:2022-06-18
  • 录用日期:2022-06-24
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51977143)
国家自然科学基金面上资助项目(51977143)
作者信息
    1 郑州电力高等专科学校 信息通信学院 郑州 450000
    2 国网西藏电力有限公司 拉萨 850000
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