Article(id=1154049465641062654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.287, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1652025600000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-09, revisedDate=1677427200000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-27, acceptedDate=1677600000000, acceptedDateStr=2023-03-01, onlineDate=1753076433811, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076433811, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076433811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076433811, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=287, endPage=297, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049466060493065, articleId=1154049465641062654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=MMC Dual-port Grid-forming Control for Efficient and Stable Interconnection of HVDC and HVAC, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problem that the control modes of interconnecting power converters (IPCs) are complicated to assign and difficult to control when different types of power grids are connected, a novel grid-forming(GFM) control method for IPCs that interconnect high voltage direct current (HVDC) and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) sub-grids is proposed. This method uses modular multilevel converters (MMCs) to control AC and DC terminals simultaneously. In addition, two dual-port GFM MMC control strategies are put forward. Finally, a simulation comparison between single-port GFM control and the proposed two-port GFM control is performed. Results show that compared with the single-port GFM control, the two-port GFM control method is more flexible to emergencies(i.e., line and generator outage), and there is no need to choose the control mode of GFM or grid-following(GFL) for IPC ports in the power grid.

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针对不同类型电网互联时互联电力变换器 IPC(interconnecting power converter)控制模式复杂、控制难度大等问题,提出一种用于互联多个高压直流和高压交流子电网的 IPC 新型电网形成 GFM(grid-forming)控制方法。该方法利用模块化多电平变换器 MMC(modular multilevel converter)同时控制其 AC 和DC 端电压,并提出2个双端口GFM MMC 控制策略。针对单端口GFM控制和所提双端口GFM控制进行仿真对比,结果表明,与单端口 GFM控制相比,双端口 GFM控制方法对突发事件(如线路和发电机停运等)的处理更具弹性,且不需为电网中的IPC 端口选择 GFM 或电网跟随 GFL(grid-following)的控制方式。

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薛国清(1975-),男,通信作者,硕士,讲师。研究方向:电力系统工程,电气自动化、建筑电气与智能化。E-mail : weihuaming0@126.com。

贵献国(1972-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:特种电机多物理场耦合优化设计、永磁电机驱动与控制,电气自动化,电力系统工程。E-mail: 56441121@qq.com。

李雄(1981-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:MMC 控制技术。E-mail: 33751198@qq.com。

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薛国清(1975-),男,通信作者,硕士,讲师。研究方向:电力系统工程,电气自动化、建筑电气与智能化。E-mail : weihuaming0@126.com。

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薛国清(1975-),男,通信作者,硕士,讲师。研究方向:电力系统工程,电气自动化、建筑电气与智能化。E-mail : weihuaming0@126.com。

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贵献国(1972-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:特种电机多物理场耦合优化设计、永磁电机驱动与控制,电气自动化,电力系统工程。E-mail: 56441121@qq.com。

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贵献国(1972-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:特种电机多物理场耦合优化设计、永磁电机驱动与控制,电气自动化,电力系统工程。E-mail: 56441121@qq.com。

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李雄(1981-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:MMC 控制技术。E-mail: 33751198@qq.com。

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李雄(1981-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:MMC 控制技术。E-mail: 33751198@qq.com。

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figureFileSmall=PGNkyBr0zme3es6gbSZZQw==, figureFileBig=rz4AZhteeZcDal+WjGl11w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049500520894985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=图1, caption=qd 坐标系下交流电流控制和直流电流控制框图, figureFileSmall=PGNkyBr0zme3es6gbSZZQw==, figureFileBig=rz4AZhteeZcDal+WjGl11w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049500567032330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Block diagram of standard DC-GFM/AC-GFL MMC control, figureFileSmall=RYy+/nklTe7GJV5OxRpmwg==, figureFileBig=R6apL/ZLOAODNdpfpFwiBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049500617363979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=图2, caption=标准 DC-GFM/AC-GFL MMC 控制框图, figureFileSmall=RYy+/nklTe7GJV5OxRpmwg==, figureFileBig=R6apL/ZLOAODNdpfpFwiBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049500663501324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Block diagram of standard AC-GFM/DC-GFL MMC control, figureFileSmall=iVu/DJi5jPN6gRhm2G4pDg==, figureFileBig=Xu95o51ZbsbfheRM7E7vOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049500718027277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=图3, caption=标准 AC-GFM/DC-GFL MMC 控制框图, figureFileSmall=iVu/DJi5jPN6gRhm2G4pDg==, figureFileBig=Xu95o51ZbsbfheRM7E7vOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049500772553230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Schematic of test system with single IPC, grid-connected AC source, grid-connected GFL AC source and grid-connected DC source, figureFileSmall=5dP9Utryetxa3zBqlohLGQ==, figureFileBig=4podCG35uFFAnbHXn/UmfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049500818690575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=图4, caption=采用 $\mathbf{{IPC}}$ 、并网交流电源、并网跟随交流电源、并网直流电源的测试系统示意, figureFileSmall=5dP9Utryetxa3zBqlohLGQ==, figureFileBig=4podCG35uFFAnbHXn/UmfQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049500877410832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Response of different GFM controls to load/ generation changes, setpoint updates and emergencies, figureFileSmall=1QI0cj+g1fP3B0tPv6dNGQ==, figureFileBig=j4TyYdpuy6VVRQPGjZeV4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049500923548177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同 GFM 控制对负荷/发电变化、设定值更新和意外事件的响应, figureFileSmall=1QI0cj+g1fP3B0tPv6dNGQ==, figureFileBig=j4TyYdpuy6VVRQPGjZeV4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049500978074131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Changes in frequency of test system under 3 events, figureFileSmall=dVheqloXquOvuJN+xwv6rQ==, figureFileBig=QDU5uxosb/M/mVrH+KgeRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049501024211476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=图6, caption=3个事件下的测试系统频率变化, figureFileSmall=dVheqloXquOvuJN+xwv6rQ==, figureFileBig=QDU5uxosb/M/mVrH+KgeRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049501078737429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Schematic of test system with multiple AC and DC sub-grids, figureFileSmall=vGJDWwrtCr2/f2K73abcVg==, figureFileBig=+oNbE0l+1xSVkBnz4XUsyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049501137457686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=图7, caption=包含多个交流和直流子电网的测试系统示意, figureFileSmall=vGJDWwrtCr2/f2K73abcVg==, figureFileBig=+oNbE0l+1xSVkBnz4XUsyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049501200372247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Response of energy balance control to load changes and emergencies, figureFileSmall=7fnVOaoJow5/Levg0XsZXA==, figureFileBig=/pBpSJKz0txrODBv1SYZ+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049501263286808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=图8, caption=能量平衡控制对负载变化和意外事件的响应, figureFileSmall=7fnVOaoJow5/Levg0XsZXA==, figureFileBig=/pBpSJKz0txrODBv1SYZ+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049501342978585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Response of hybrid droop control to load changes and emergencies, figureFileSmall=rk0Qj5uPsdfqY1+fwq2u1Q==, figureFileBig=YkRXNRpNd2Y+PVdu77NJ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049501401698842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=图9, caption=混合下垂控制对负载变化和意外事件的响应, figureFileSmall=rk0Qj5uPsdfqY1+fwq2u1Q==, figureFileBig=YkRXNRpNd2Y+PVdu77NJ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049501460419099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Related parameters of system model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 参数 数值
MMC 额定交流侧电压${U}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 320
额定直流侧电压${V}_{\mathrm{N}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ $\pm {320}$
变压器泄漏阻抗${R}_{\mathrm{T}}+ \mathrm{j}{L}_{\mathrm{T}}$ (p.u.) 0.004+j0.15
相电抗器阻抗${R}_{\mathrm{s}}+ \mathrm{j}{L}_{\mathrm{s}}$ (p.u.) ${0.005}+ \mathrm{j}{0.1}$
臂电抗器阻抗${R}_{\mathrm{a}}+ \mathrm{j}{L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ (p.u.) ${0.01}+ \mathrm{j}{0.2}$
每个臂的变换器模块${N}_{\mathrm{{arm}}}$ 数量 400
平均模块电压${V}_{\mathrm{{SM}}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 1.6
子模块电容${C}_{\mathrm{{SM}}}/\mathrm{{mF}}$ 8
直流 线路 线路 1 电阻${r}_{1}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.1265
线路 2 电阻${r}_{2}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.1504
线路 3 电阻${r}_{3}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.0178
电容$c/\left({\mu \mathrm{F}\cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.1616
线路 1 电感${l}_{1}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.2644
线路 2 电感${l}_{2}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 7.2865
线路 3 电感${l}_{3}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 3.6198
电导$g/\left({\mu \mathrm{S}\cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.1015
交流 线路 线路 1 电阻${r}_{1}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.0800
电容$c/\left({\mu \mathrm{F}\cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.0120
线路 1 电感${l}_{1}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.8000
), ArticleFig(id=1154049501519139356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=表1, caption=系统模型相关参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 参数 数值
MMC 额定交流侧电压${U}_{\mathrm{N}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 320
额定直流侧电压${V}_{\mathrm{N}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ $\pm {320}$
变压器泄漏阻抗${R}_{\mathrm{T}}+ \mathrm{j}{L}_{\mathrm{T}}$ (p.u.) 0.004+j0.15
相电抗器阻抗${R}_{\mathrm{s}}+ \mathrm{j}{L}_{\mathrm{s}}$ (p.u.) ${0.005}+ \mathrm{j}{0.1}$
臂电抗器阻抗${R}_{\mathrm{a}}+ \mathrm{j}{L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ (p.u.) ${0.01}+ \mathrm{j}{0.2}$
每个臂的变换器模块${N}_{\mathrm{{arm}}}$ 数量 400
平均模块电压${V}_{\mathrm{{SM}}}/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 1.6
子模块电容${C}_{\mathrm{{SM}}}/\mathrm{{mF}}$ 8
直流 线路 线路 1 电阻${r}_{1}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.1265
线路 2 电阻${r}_{2}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.1504
线路 3 电阻${r}_{3}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.0178
电容$c/\left({\mu \mathrm{F}\cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.1616
线路 1 电感${l}_{1}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.2644
线路 2 电感${l}_{2}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 7.2865
线路 3 电感${l}_{3}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 3.6198
电导$g/\left({\mu \mathrm{S}\cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.1015
交流 线路 线路 1 电阻${r}_{1}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.0800
电容$c/\left({\mu \mathrm{F}\cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.0120
线路 1 电感${l}_{1}/\left({\Omega \cdot {\mathrm{{km}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 0.8000
), ArticleFig(id=1154049501586248221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=GFM control parameters: single IPC test system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略 ${k}_{p}^{\text{ac }}$ ${k}_{q}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ ${k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ ${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ ${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{de}}}$ ${\tau }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ ${\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
直流形成 - 0.05 0.050 - - 1.000 0.01
交流形成 0.0500 0.05 - - - 0.040 -
混合下垂 0.0500 0.05 0.050 0.5 0.5 - 0.01
能量平衡 0.0125 0.05 0.025 0.5 0.5 0.001 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1154049501657551390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=表2, caption=GFM 控制参数:单个 IPC 测试系统, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略 ${k}_{p}^{\text{ac }}$ ${k}_{q}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ ${k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ ${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ ${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{de}}}$ ${\tau }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ ${\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
直流形成 - 0.05 0.050 - - 1.000 0.01
交流形成 0.0500 0.05 - - - 0.040 -
混合下垂 0.0500 0.05 0.050 0.5 0.5 - 0.01
能量平衡 0.0125 0.05 0.025 0.5 0.5 0.001 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1154049501724660255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Related parameters of test system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$t/\mathrm{s}$ ${P}_{1}^{* }$ ${U}_{1}$ ${P}_{2}$ ${P}_{3}$ ${P}_{4}^{* }$ ${V}_{4}$ ${P}_{5}$ ${P}_{\mathrm{{MMC}}}^{* }$ ${\omega }^{* }$ ${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }}$
初始 0.15 1.00 0.35 -0.82 0.5 1.00 -0.1 0.33 1.00 1.00
0 0.15 1.00 0.35 -0.82 0.5 1.00 -0.5 0.33 1.00 1.00
0.3 0.15 1.00 0.35 -1.20 0.5 1.00 -0.5 0.33 1.00 1.00
0.6 0.15 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.33 1.00 1.00
1.0 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.33 1.00 1.00
1.5 0.35 0.9 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
2.0 0.35 0.9 0.35 -0.94 0.5 0.98 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
2.5 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
3.0 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 -0.20 1.00 1.00
3.5 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 -0.20 0.98 1.03
4.0 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
4.5 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
5.0 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
5.5 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1154049501816934944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=表3, caption=测试系统相关参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
$t/\mathrm{s}$ ${P}_{1}^{* }$ ${U}_{1}$ ${P}_{2}$ ${P}_{3}$ ${P}_{4}^{* }$ ${V}_{4}$ ${P}_{5}$ ${P}_{\mathrm{{MMC}}}^{* }$ ${\omega }^{* }$ ${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }}$
初始 0.15 1.00 0.35 -0.82 0.5 1.00 -0.1 0.33 1.00 1.00
0 0.15 1.00 0.35 -0.82 0.5 1.00 -0.5 0.33 1.00 1.00
0.3 0.15 1.00 0.35 -1.20 0.5 1.00 -0.5 0.33 1.00 1.00
0.6 0.15 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.33 1.00 1.00
1.0 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.33 1.00 1.00
1.5 0.35 0.9 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
2.0 0.35 0.9 0.35 -0.94 0.5 0.98 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
2.5 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
3.0 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 -0.20 1.00 1.00
3.5 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 -0.20 0.98 1.03
4.0 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
4.5 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
5.0 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
5.5 0.35 1.00 0.35 -0.94 0.5 1.00 -0.2 0.25 1.00 1.00
), ArticleFig(id=1154049501879849505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Control parameters of multi-IPC test system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略 ${k}_{p}^{\text{ac }}$ ${k}_{q}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ ${k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{de}}}$ ${k}_{\omega }^{\text{ac }}$ ${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{de}}}$ ${\tau }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ ${\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
混合下垂 0.05000 0.05 0.08125 0.4 0.4 - 0.001
能量平衡 0.01228 0.05 0.00400 0.4 0.4 0.001 0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1154049501951152674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049465641062654, language=CN, label=表4, caption=多 IPC 测试系统控制参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
控制策略 ${k}_{p}^{\text{ac }}$ ${k}_{q}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ ${k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{de}}}$ ${k}_{\omega }^{\text{ac }}$ ${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{de}}}$ ${\tau }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ ${\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
混合下垂 0.05000 0.05 0.08125 0.4 0.4 - 0.001
能量平衡 0.01228 0.05 0.00400 0.4 0.4 0.001 0.001
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适用于 HVDC 和 HVAC 高效稳定互联的 MMC 双端口电网形成控制
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薛国清 1 , 贵献国 2 , 李雄 3
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(3): 287-297
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(3): 287-297
适用于 HVDC 和 HVAC 高效稳定互联的 MMC 双端口电网形成控制
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薛国清1 , 贵献国2 , 李雄3
作者信息
  • 1 山西工程科技职业大学 设备工程学院 晋中 030619
  • 2 哈尔滨工业大学 电气工程及自动化学院 哈尔滨 150006
  • 3 国网上海市电力公司 上海 200437
  • 薛国清(1975-),男,通信作者,硕士,讲师。研究方向:电力系统工程,电气自动化、建筑电气与智能化。E-mail : weihuaming0@126.com。

    贵献国(1972-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:特种电机多物理场耦合优化设计、永磁电机驱动与控制,电气自动化,电力系统工程。E-mail: 56441121@qq.com。

    李雄(1981-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:MMC 控制技术。E-mail: 33751198@qq.com。

MMC Dual-port Grid-forming Control for Efficient and Stable Interconnection of HVDC and HVAC
Guoqing XUE1 , Xianguo GUI2 , Xiong LI3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Equipment Engineering, Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology Jinzhong 030619 China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150006 China
  • 3 State Grid Shanghai Electric Power Company Shanghai 200437 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.287
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针对不同类型电网互联时互联电力变换器 IPC(interconnecting power converter)控制模式复杂、控制难度大等问题,提出一种用于互联多个高压直流和高压交流子电网的 IPC 新型电网形成 GFM(grid-forming)控制方法。该方法利用模块化多电平变换器 MMC(modular multilevel converter)同时控制其 AC 和DC 端电压,并提出2个双端口GFM MMC 控制策略。针对单端口GFM控制和所提双端口GFM控制进行仿真对比,结果表明,与单端口 GFM控制相比,双端口 GFM控制方法对突发事件(如线路和发电机停运等)的处理更具弹性,且不需为电网中的IPC 端口选择 GFM 或电网跟随 GFL(grid-following)的控制方式。

模块化多电平变换器  /  智能电网  /  电网形成控制  /  电网跟随控制  /  变换器

Aimed at the problem that the control modes of interconnecting power converters (IPCs) are complicated to assign and difficult to control when different types of power grids are connected, a novel grid-forming(GFM) control method for IPCs that interconnect high voltage direct current (HVDC) and high voltage alternating current (HVAC) sub-grids is proposed. This method uses modular multilevel converters (MMCs) to control AC and DC terminals simultaneously. In addition, two dual-port GFM MMC control strategies are put forward. Finally, a simulation comparison between single-port GFM control and the proposed two-port GFM control is performed. Results show that compared with the single-port GFM control, the two-port GFM control method is more flexible to emergencies(i.e., line and generator outage), and there is no need to choose the control mode of GFM or grid-following(GFL) for IPC ports in the power grid.

Modular multilevel converter(MMC)  /  smart grid  /  grid-forming(GFM) control  /  grid-following(GFL) control  /  converter
薛国清, 贵献国, 李雄. 适用于 HVDC 和 HVAC 高效稳定互联的 MMC 双端口电网形成控制. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 287 -297 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.287
Guoqing XUE, Xianguo GUI, Xiong LI. MMC Dual-port Grid-forming Control for Efficient and Stable Interconnection of HVDC and HVAC[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 287 -297 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.287
随着新型电力系统的迅猛发展, 系统中电力电子设备的渗透率不断提高, 此类电力电子设备主要用于可再生能源接入 RES(renewable energy source)、 储能系统接入和高压直流 HVDC(high voltage direct current)输电控制等方面。尽管此类设备一定程度上提高了电力系统的可控性和灵活性[1-2],但其惯量小和动态特性变化大等特点,也给电网运行带来了极大挑战。此外,未来新型电力系统将是交、直流混联的模式, 许多 HVDC 电网和高压交流 HVAC (high voltage alternating current)电网需要通过互联电力变换器 IPC(interconnecting power converter)连接。由此可见, 有效的 IPC 控制方法将是 HVDC 和 HVAC 互联电网高效稳定运行的关键因素[3]
目前国内外学者对此类问题的研究较少, 大部分研究集中在 VSC(voltage source converter)控制方面。如针对 DC/AC VSC 的控制策略可大致分为 2 类:①假设交流电压稳定(幅值和频率)条件下的电网跟随 GFL(grid-following) 控制; ②通过变换器端口形成稳定交流电压的电网形成 GFM(grid-forming) 控制。GFL 控制由于依赖稳定的交流电压, 可能会因电压波动或 GFM 装置(同步发电机或 GFM 变换器)产生扰动,不足以确保频率稳定[4]。相比之下, GFM 电源变换器可以形成稳定的电网, 并有望成为未来电力系统的重要设备之一。GFM 控制的常用方法有下垂控制[5-6] 、虚拟同步机[6-7] 和虚拟振荡器控制[8-10]。这几类控制方法可形成稳定的交流电压, 并提供一次频率控制, 但也需要直流电压保持稳定,一旦直流电压波动,就会导致系统不稳定[11-13]。此外,在 HVDC 系统中应用 VSC 控制,稳定直流电压的同时也需要稳定交流电压,如果交流电压未能得到严格控制,会造成直流系统不稳定[14-16]
综上, GFM 控制大致可分为交流电网形成 (AC-GFM)控制和直流电网形成(DC-GFM)控制。 现有研究通常认为 AC-GFM 和 DC-GFM 是相互排斥的, 故运行此类系统需将 AC-GFM 和 DC-GFM 模式分配给不同的 IPC, 以确保单个 HVAC 和 HVDC 子网的稳定性。不当分配可能导致整体系统受到子系统拓扑结构或控制储能变化的影响。当前,模块化多电平变换器 MMC(modular multilevel converter)是解决上述问题的重要策略, 有助于形成有效的 IPC 控制方法。这是由于基于 MMC 的 IPC 不但可以直接连接$\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{DC}}$ 子电网,而且还可直接控制其 AC 和 DC 的端口电压[17],并利用储存在桥臂中的能量来提供有限储能能力[18-20]。已有研究提出的 GFM MMC 控制器多为单端口 GFM, 即 AC-GFM 或 DC-GFM,并通过另一个终端 (AC-GFL/DC-GFM 或AC-GFM/DC-GFL)上的 GFL 来控制 MMC 的内部能量[21]。虽然这种方案可提供直流电压控制和部分 AC-GFM 功能, 但仍需要稳定的交流电压。
本文提出一种双端口 GFM 控制方法, 该方法不需要将 AC-GFM 或 DC-GFM 控制模式分配给不同的 IPC,而是采用相同的控制模式,即利用 MMC 自由度分别在 MMC 的 AC、DC 端口同时形成电压,并通过 2 个 GFM 端子控制 MMC 能量。与单端口 GFM 控制相比,双端口 GFM 控制在运行电网时仅使用一种控制模式, 消除了将不同控制模式分配给不同 IPC 的需要, 并且在交流或直流网络上的线路和发电机停运后仍然有效。
为克服单端口 GFM 控制的局限性,将对双端口 GFM 控制进行研究,该方法直接控制 MMC 的 AC 和 DC 端子电压, 并通过 AC-GFM 和 DC-GFM 控制来控制 MMC 的内能。本文所提 MMC 由 6 个桥臂组成, 每个桥臂均包含与桥臂电抗器串联的${N}_{\mathrm{{am}}}$ 子模块。通过调制信号${m}_{\mathrm{u}, k}^{j}$${m}_{\mathrm{l}, k}^{j}$ 控制每个单独的子模块接入或绕过其电容器。其中$j \in \{ a, b, c\}$ 表示三相,且与上臂和下臂有关,通过控制每个臂以合成所需的电压, 从而在交流侧和直流侧之间实现所需的功率交换, 并在内部平衡其变换器子模块中存储的能量。本文参考文献[16]的 MMC 结构、控制和建模方法。假设直流侧和交流侧平衡,交流中性点接地, MMC 电流模型为
${L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}{I}_{3}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{s}}^{abc}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= -{R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}{I}_{3}{i}_{\mathrm{s}}^{abc}+ {v}_{\mathrm{{diff}}}^{abc}- {v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}^{abc}$
${C}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}{I}_{3}\frac{\mathrm{d}{u}^{abc}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= {i}_{\mathrm{s}}^{abc}- {i}_{\mathrm{g}}^{abc}$
$ 2{L}_{\mathrm{a}}{I}_{3}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{\mathrm{{sum}}}^{abc}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= - 2{R}_{\mathrm{a}}{I}_{3}{i}_{\mathrm{{sum}}}^{abc}+ {I}_{3}{V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {v}_{\mathrm{{sum}}}^{abc}$
式中:${L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 为等效电感,${L}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= {L}_{\mathrm{s}}+ \frac{{L}_{\mathrm{a}}}{2}$,其中${L}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为滤波器电感,${L}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为桥臂电感;${I}_{3}$ 为电感电流;${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 为等效电阻,${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}= {R}_{\mathrm{s}}+ \frac{{R}_{\mathrm{a}}}{2}$,其中${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为滤波器电阻,${R}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为桥臂电阻;${i}_{\mathrm{s}}^{abc}$ 为交流电网电流;${v}_{\mathrm{{diff}}}^{abc}$ 为差分电压;${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}^{abc}$$\mathrm{{PCC}}$ 电压;${C}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 为交流侧电容;${u}^{\mathrm{{abc}}}$ 为端电压;${i}_{\mathrm{g}}^{\mathrm{{abc}}}$ 为电网电流;${i}_{\text{sum }}^{abc}$ 为附加电流;${\mathbf{I}}_{n}$ 为长度为$n$$\mathbf{I}$ 向量;${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流侧电压;${v}_{\mathrm{{sum}}}^{abc}$ 为附加电压。
根据平均桥臂模型[17],等效电容电压${v}_{Cu}^{j}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{N}_{am}}$ .${v}_{S{M}_{m, k}^{\prime }}$${v}_{Cl}^{j}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{N}_{mn}}{v}_{S{M}_{l, k}^{\prime }}$,每个桥臂的交换功率和等效电容${C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 模型为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{2}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\left({v}_{C\mathrm{u}}^{j}\right)}^{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= {v}_{\mathrm{u}}^{j}{i}_{\mathrm{u}}^{j}\\\frac{1}{2}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{\left({v}_{C\mathrm{l}}^{j}\right)}^{2}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= {v}_{\mathrm{u}}^{j}{i}_{\mathrm{u}}^{j}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${v}_{\mathrm{u}}^{j}$ 为上桥臂电压;${i}_{\mathrm{u}}^{j}$ 为上桥臂电流;${v}_{\mathrm{i}}^{j}$ 为下桥臂电压; i仿下桥臂电流。
等效电容器${C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$ 的总内能[16]
${W}_{\mathrm{t}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in \{ a, b, c\}}}\frac{1}{2}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}\left\lbrack {{\left({v}_{C\mathrm{u}}^{j}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({v}_{C\mathrm{l}}^{j}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack $
图1${qd}$ 坐标系下交流电流控制和直流电流控制框图[17]图2 为标准 DC-GFM/AC-GFL MMC 控制框图,该方法通过${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 下垂控制形成直流侧电压${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,并通过交流电流${i}_{\mathrm{s}}^{q}$ 稳定$\mathrm{{MMC}}$ 内能${W}_{\mathrm{t}}$图3 为标准 AC-GFM/DC-GFL MMC 控制框图, 该方法使用${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}- f$ 下垂控制形成交流电压${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}^{qd}$,并通过直流电流${i}_{\text{sum }}^{0\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 稳定$\mathrm{{MMC}}$ 内能${W}_{\mathrm{t}}$
本文假定电压控制器能够实现足够快速和准确地电压控制,即可得到 MMC 宏观模型[18]。本文中电压无功下垂控制是为了获取交流参考电压幅值${v}_{\mathrm{{PCC}}}^{{q}^{* }}$
本文所提混合功率/能量下垂控制可表示为
$\omega ={\omega }^{* }+ {k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }- {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right)+ {k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)$
${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}* }+ {G}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left( s\right)\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }}\right)+ {G}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left( s\right)\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)$
式中:${G}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left( s\right)$${G}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left( s\right)$ 为具有时间常数${\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 的低通滤波器,${G}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{{\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}s + 1},{G}_{t}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left( s\right)= \frac{{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{{\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}s + 1},{\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为低通滤波器时间常数, 用于在外部双端口 GFM 控制与内部电压和电流控制之间实现时间尺度的分割;${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 分别为交流有功功率和直流功率;${\omega }^{* }\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{tc}}}^{{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }}\text{、}{P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }$${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }$${W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }$ 分别为频率、直流电压、交流有功功率、直流功率和内能的设定值;${k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\text{、}{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\text{、}{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为正控制增益,分别引起${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}- f\text{、}{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\text{、}{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- f$${W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 下垂。式(6) 和式 (7) 结合了直流和交流有功功率下垂项,以及额外能量反馈项。
${W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }$ 较小,该控制器类似交流和直流侧下垂控制, 即通过有功功率测量调整交流频率和直流电压;若${W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }$ 较大,则降低(或增加)交流频率和直流电压, 以在交流和直流侧获得更多(或注入更少)的功率,能量控制项将主导响应。例如,当直流电源${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 稳定时,则${W}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 通过直流侧稳定,频率特性近似于$\mathrm{{AC}}- \mathrm{{GFM}}/\mathrm{{DC}}- \mathrm{{GFL}}$ 控制提供的${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}- f$ 下垂控制; 当交流电网具有严格的频率调节时,则${W}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 通过交流侧稳定, 直流电压特性近似于 AC-GFL/DC-GFM 控制提供的${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ -${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 下垂控制。
能量平衡控制的目标是形成$\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{DC}}$ 稳定电压,同时通过 AC 和 DC 侧控制内部能量,并适当控制${G}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left( s\right)$${G}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left( s\right)$,可表示为
$\omega ={\omega }^{* }+ {G}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left( s\right)\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)$
${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}* }}+ {G}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left( s\right)\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)$
首先,需要设计可实现的比例微分 PD(proportional differential) 控制${G}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left( s\right)= {k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}+ \frac{{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}s}{{\tau }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}s + 1}$${G}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left( s\right)=$ $\frac{{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}s +{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{{\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}s + 1}$,以及滤波器时间常数${\tau }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$${\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$。然而,除了标准交流频率和直流电压稳定性之外, 还可以加入额外的滤波器以满足控制目标。正控制增益${k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$${k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 分别导致$\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- f}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}$$\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}$${W}_{\mathrm{t}}- f$${W}_{\mathrm{t}}-$ ${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 下垂。${W}_{\mathrm{t}}- f$${W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 下垂稳定了内部能量,而$\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- f}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}$$\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}$ 导数下垂提供了额外的阻尼。 上述控制的目的是形成并稳定交流和直流电网电压,而不是在 MMC-直流和 MMC-交流端子之间传输固定数量的功率。因此, IPC 在标称工作点的注入直流功率${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 完全由${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }}$ 决定,在稳态$\left({\text{即}\frac{\mathrm{d}{W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0}\right)$ 下,${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }= {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }$,即可通过 IPC 使用式 (8) 和式 (9) 的标称稳态功率传输由${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{{\mathrm{{de}}}^{* }}$ 调度。
本文中${\tau }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}= {\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}= 0$,即式 (6) 和式 (7) 中未对直流基准电压进行滤波, 且式 (8) 和式 (9) 中也无理想 PD 控制。将${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{\mathrm{{ref}}}= {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }+ \frac{{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)$${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{\mathrm{{ref}}}= {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }+ \frac{{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- }\right.$ $\left.{W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }\right)$ 代入式 (6) 和式 (7),可得
$\omega ={\omega }^{* }+ {k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{\mathrm{{ref}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right)$
${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}+ {k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{\mathrm{{ref}}}}\right)$
式中:${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{\mathrm{{ref}}}$ 为交流侧参考电压;${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{\mathrm{{ref}}}$ 为直流侧参考电压。
$\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{DC}}$ 下垂控制器可通过控制$\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{DC}}$ 基准功率以实现${W}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 的比例控制。故可将式 (8) 和式 (9) 改写为
$\omega ={\omega }^{* }+ {k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}$
${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}* }+ {k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}+ {k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}$
$\frac{\mathrm{d}{W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 代入式(12)和式(13),可得
$\omega ={\omega }^{* }+ {k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right)+ {k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)$
${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}+ {k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right)+ {k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)$
尽管变换后的公式相似, 但其在暂态过程中具有不同的特性, 这是因为忽略快速内部特性可获得理想无损 MMC 的近似值。因此, 在遇到重大突发事件时,式(8)、式(9)和式(14)、式(15)将具有不同的控制效果, 即式 (8) 和式 (9) 使得 MMC 的交流频率和直流电压与内部能量偏差、标称注入功率${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }$${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }$ 的偏差呈线性响应关系,而式 (14) 和式 (15) 则无论何时发生重大意外事故,${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }\text{、}{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }$${W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }$ 都未定义可行的运行点, 必须识别新状态并更新式(6)和式(7)中的功率设定点。
IPC 的交流频率$\omega$ 、直流电压${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{{\mathrm{{de}}}^{* }}$ 和内能${W}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 之间的稳态关系由具有$\omega =\frac{\mathrm{d}\theta }{\mathrm{d}t}$$\frac{\mathrm{d}{V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= 0$ 的 IPC 控制器方程表征。使用${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }= {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }$,并将式(7)代入式(6)可得
${\mathbf{\omega }}_{k}- {\mathbf{\omega }}_{k}^{* }= \frac{{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{t}, m}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}, m}^{\mathrm{{dc}}* }}\right)- \left({{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}+ \frac{{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}}\right)\left({{P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }}\right)$
式中:${\omega }_{k}$ 为角频率;${\omega }_{k}^{* }$ 为参考角频率;${V}_{\mathrm{t}, m}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流端口电压;${V}_{\mathrm{t}, m}^{\mathrm{{dc}}* }$ 为直流端口参考电压。
因此,具有能量平衡控制的 MMC 的稳态关系为
${\omega }_{k}- {\omega }_{k}^{* }= {k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left({{W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }}\right)= \frac{{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{t}, m}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}, m}^{\mathrm{{dc}}* }}\right)$
式(8)和式(9)表明交流和直流网络中功率不平衡信号之间的稳态关系(即交流频率和直流电压偏差)简单且易于调整。式(8)和式(9)不导致 MMC 稳态下垂特性, IPC 无可控电源, 因此无法维持稳态下垂特性。相反,式 (8) 和式 (9) 将功率不平衡映射到所有$\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{DC}}$ 电源,如果其提供下垂,则会作出响应。相比之下,使用式(6)和式(7)将稳态交流频率映射到直流电压偏差也取决于故障潮流大小, 并可能导致对系统不平衡的反直觉反应, 其中功率与能量下垂项的方向相反,因而不会导致交流频率或直流电压的预期降低(或增加)。
根据 IPC 稳态方程, 选择控制增益的方法为: 考虑能量平衡控制式 (8) 和式 (9),并注意到增益${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 的选择可以使最坏情况的频率偏差映射到可接受的内能偏差和直流电压偏差, 反之亦然。此外, 增益${k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$${k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 及其相关的时间常数不影响稳态,可以调整以满足动态性能目标。稳态下,需要保持${\omega }_{1}= {\omega }_{3}$${\omega }_{2}= {\omega }_{4}$。简单起见,本文假设${V}_{\mathrm{t}, i}^{\mathrm{{dc}}* }= {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}* }$,且直流导体的损耗可以忽略不计,则直流导体的压降较小, 即${V}_{\mathrm{t},1}^{\mathrm{d}{\mathrm{e}}^{* }}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{d}{\mathrm{e}}^{* }}$${V}_{\mathrm{t},2}^{\mathrm{d}{\mathrm{e}}^{* }}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{d}{\mathrm{e}}^{* }}$ 近似相同。在此假设下,由式(17)可得${\alpha }_{1}\left({{\omega }_{1}- {\omega }_{1}^{* }}\right)= {\alpha }_{2}\left({{\omega }_{2}- {\omega }_{2}^{* }}\right)$${\alpha }_{3}\left({{\omega }_{3}- {\omega }_{3}^{* }}\right)= {\alpha }_{4}$ $\left({{\omega }_{4}- {\omega }_{4}^{* }}\right)$,其中${\alpha }_{l}= {k}_{\omega, l}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}/{k}_{\omega, l}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$。此外,沿连接 2 个交流网络的任意路径,与任何 AC-DC-AC 转换相关联的增益${\alpha }_{k}/{\alpha }_{l}$ 的乘积必须相同,且连接到相同交流网络的每个转换器需要使用相同的频率设定点。相反, 当使用式(6)和式(7)时,依赖于功率偏差,及 IPC 和发电机功率的设定值和下垂系数, 排除了紧凑分析。
本文考虑将直流电网和交流电网互连的 MMC 结构简化[18],以分析控制器式(6)、式(7)和式(8)、式 (9)双端口 GFM 控制的小信号稳定性。假设式(6)、式 (7) 和式 (8) 式 (9) 中的滤波器时间常数可忽略不计(即${\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}= 0$ ),且 MMC 内部动态特性较快,则系统动态特性在零潮流解下可线性化为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}= {b}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\left({\theta -{\theta }_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right)\\\frac{\mathrm{d}{\theta }_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= {\omega }^{* }+ {k}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${b}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 为交流电网的电纳;$\theta$ 为相角;${\theta }_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 为交流电源的角度;${k}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 为其下垂系数。此外,${P}^{* }$ 为 MMC 功率设定点,${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 为从$\mathrm{{MMC}}$ 流出并进入交流电网的功率。同样, 直流电网由等效电网和电压源建模, 将直流潮流方程线性化, 可得
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= {g}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)\\{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= {\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{t}}^{{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }}+ {k}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${g}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流网络的电导;${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流电源的电压;${k}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为其下垂系数。
考虑到闭环控制中的 MMC 内部动态特性为$\frac{\mathrm{d}{W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$,其中${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}> {k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$,假定${\tau }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}= {\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}= 0,{P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }= {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }= 0$,则内能${W}_{1}$ 、交流频率$\omega$ 和直流电压${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 渐近稳定。具体证明过程: 首先,根据闭环控制特征$\frac{\mathrm{d}{W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 、控制器式(6)和式(7)、${\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}= 0$ 、式(18)和式(19),将式(7) 中的${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 代入式 (19) 中的${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,求解可得${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}=$ $-{\kappa }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}$,其中$\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}= {W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {W}_{\mathrm{t}}^{* }$${\kappa }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= \frac{k}{1 +{g}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{k}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}+ {g}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}k}$;然后, 利用$\delta =\theta -{\theta }_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\text{、}P ={b}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\delta$ 、式(12)、式(6)、$\frac{\mathrm{d}{W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= -{\kappa }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}$,可得
$\frac{\mathrm{d}\delta }{\mathrm{d}t}= -\left({{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}+ {k}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right){b}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\delta +{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}$
$\frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= -{\kappa }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}- {b}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\delta $
若仅连接交流网络,则$\kappa = 0$; 若仅连接直流网络,则$\frac{\mathrm{d}{W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= -{\kappa }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}$。根据劳斯-赫尔维茨稳定性判据,所有情况下系统都稳定。接下来考虑控制器式(6) 和式( 7 )满足$\frac{\mathrm{d}{W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\text{、}{\tau }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}= {\tau }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}= 0$ 、式( 18 )和式( 19 ), 将式(7)中的${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 代入式(19)中的${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,求解可得${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= -{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}- {\gamma }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}$,其中,${\gamma }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= {g}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left({1 -\frac{{k}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{g}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{{k}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{g}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}+ 1}}\right)$ $> 0$。另外,式(7)可改写为$\frac{\mathrm{d}\left({\theta -{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}{\Delta W}}\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}= {\omega }^{* }+ {k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}$, 令$\vartheta =\theta -{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}{\Delta W}- {\theta }_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$,可得
$\frac{\mathrm{d}\vartheta }{\mathrm{d}t}= -\left({{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}+ {k}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}\right){b}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}\delta +{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}$
$\frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= -\frac{{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}+ {b}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{1 +{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}+ \frac{{b}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{1 +{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}\vartheta $
仅连接交流网络会导致式(22)和式(23)中的${\gamma }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}= 0$;仅连接直流网络,则动态下降为$\frac{\mathrm{d}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}}{\mathrm{d}t}=$ $-\frac{{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{dc}}}+ {b}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}{k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{1 +{\gamma }_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\Delta {W}_{\mathrm{t}}$。根据劳斯-赫尔维茨稳定性判据,当${k}_{\omega }^{\mathrm{{ac}}}> {k}_{p}^{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 时,若${W}_{\mathrm{t}}$ 渐近稳定,则 MMC 交流频率$\omega$ 和直流电压${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 渐近稳定。
本文使用的 MMC 模型每个臂含有 400 个子模块。此外, 还使用 3 个平行分支对直流电缆进行建模,以准确表示直流电缆的频率依赖特性,并使用标准$\pi$ 模型对交流传输线进行建模。系统模型相关参数见表1
为了说明本文所提双端口 GFM 控制装置的主要特性, 考虑图4 所示的测试系统, 其由 1 个${500}\mathrm{{MW}}\mathrm{{MMC}}$ 组成,且$\mathrm{{MMC}}$ 互连 1 个${320}\mathrm{{kV}}/{50}\mathrm{{Hz}}$ 交流网络和 1 个${640}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 直流网络[22],代表1 个公共的${320}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 对称单极子[23]
MMC 子模块的额定功率可提供约${49.15}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$ 的储能。交流网络包含 1 个具有${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}- f$ 下垂的电网形成源(即交流电压源)、1 个交流电网跟随电源(带有 PLL 的电流源) 和 1 个恒定功率负载。直流网络包含 1 个电网形成电源(即直流电压源),具有${P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 下垂和恒定功率负载。通过断开 2 个 GFM 电源, 可以研究不同系统配置下的 DC-GFM 和 AC-GFM 能力,并使用电网跟随交流电源验证$\mathrm{{MMC}}$ 可形成足够稳定的交流电压,以供交流电网跟随资源运行。2 种控制策略及标准 AC-GFM 和 DC-GFM 控制的仿真结果如图5 所示,图6 为 3 个事件下测试系统频率的变化。所有控制都与电压无功下垂相结合,控制参数见表2
表3 为整个模拟过程中设定点、负载和系统拓扑的相关参数。最初,负载和发电平衡,系统在标称交流频率/电压和直流电压下运行。由图5 可知, 在$t = 0\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,直流负载增加 0.4 p.u.,双端口 GFM 控制和 DC-GFM 控制将这种不平衡传递到交流侧(即降低交流侧频率), 而 AC-GFM 控制保持先前的 MMC 功率传输和 MMC 交流频率; 在$t ={0.3}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,交流负载增加 0.38 p.u.,在$t ={0.6}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,交流负载降低 0.26 p.u., 作为响应, 双端口 GFM 控制和 AC-GFM 控制将这种不平衡传递到直流侧(即先降低然后增加直流电压), 而 DC-GFM 控制保持先前的 MMC 电源传输和 MMC 直流电压。此外,单端口 GFM 控制将 MMC 总能量控制在其标称值, 而其偏差与使用双端口 GFM 控制时的功率不平衡成正比。在$t = 1\mathrm{\;s}$ 时, 重新分配形成电网的交流电源以平衡系统, 所有控制装置将系统恢复到标称频率和直流电压; 在$t ={1.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,并网交流电源的电压降低 0.1 p.u.,在$t =$ $2\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,并网直流电源的电压降低${0.02}\mathrm{p}$ .u.,由此产生的功率不平衡传递到交流侧,除非使用 AC-GFM 控制; 在$t ={2.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,返回标称工作点,在$t = 3\mathrm{\;s}$ 时, 将 MMC 功率设定值改为${P}_{\mathrm{{MMC}}}^{* }= {P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }= {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }= -{0.2}$ p.u.,以测试通过 MMC 的潮流控制能力,例如在紧急运行期间, 因为新的功率设定点不对应稳定状态, 所以控件不能跟踪更新的设定点; 在$t ={3.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,更新 MMC 频率和直流电压设定点,以对应${P}_{\mathrm{{MMC}}}^{* }= -{0.2}$ p.u. 的稳态,所有控制跟踪设定值; 在$t = 4\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,将系统恢复到标称工作点,并在$t ={4.5}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时断开(网格形成) 直流电源, 结果如预期, DC-GFM 控制保持稳定,而 AC-GFM 控制无法稳定系统; 在$t = 5\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,重新连接交流电源, 并初始化 AC-GFM 控制的模拟, 然后断开形成电网的交流电源, 结果如预期, AC-GFM 控制保持稳定, 而 DC-GFM 控制无法稳定系统, 2 个双端口 GFM 控制装置在 2 种情况下均保持稳定运行。此外, 比较双端口GFM 控制可以看出, 当形成电网的交流或直流电源断开时, 混合下垂控制会导致显著的振荡和稳态偏差, 这是由于有功功率和能量衰减项作用于同一方向会产生较大的稳态偏差, 且可通过减少相应的增益来实现。然而, 在这种情况下, 由于下垂增益较低, 在所有瞬态过程中均会出现明显的振荡。相比之下,能量平衡控制增益可以单独调节以调整稳态响应, 且除了较大但短暂的超调外,能量平衡控制对断开直流电源的响应与 DC-GFM 控制的响应匹配, 断开形成电网的交流电源的响应与 AC-GFM 控制的响应匹配。
图7 为包含 6 个 1000 MW MMC 的电网, 系统控制参数见表4, 仿真结果分别如图8图9 所示。由图8图9 可知,在$t ={0.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,节点 3 处风电场的注入功率降低至${10}\mathrm{{MW}}$,可看出${U}_{1}$${U}_{2}$ 均通过增加注入功率来响应。在$t ={1.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,${U}_{2}$ 的功率设定值增加至${275}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 以平衡负载和发电。通过电网 DC 1 和 DC 2 的功率会自动变化,系统将恢复到标称频率。在这个工作点,功率从 AC 3 通过 DC 1 流向 AC 1 和 AC 2, 但也从 AC 2 通过 DC 2 流向 AC 1。虽然混合下垂控制易出现振荡,但到目前为止, 混合下垂控制和能量平衡控制的性能相同。为了避免通过 AC 2 将功率从 AC 3 传输到 AC 1, 并说明稳态潮流可通过用于能量平衡控制的$\mathrm{{DC}}$ 电压设定点进行控制,更新了${V}_{\mathrm{t}}^{{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }}$${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}^{* }= {P}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}^{* }$ (仅用于混合下垂控制),以对应在$t ={2.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时无潮流通过$\mathrm{{DC}}$ 1 的稳态, 直流电压和直流功率收敛至其设定值, 而交流系统保持在其标称频率。由于混合下垂控制明确地将有功功率控制在其设定点, 因此直流功率更快地收敛至新的工作点。
接着,测试了严重突发事件的响应情况。在$t =$ ${4.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,下垂控制电压源${U}_{1}$ 断开,剩下的唯一电网形成发电机${U}_{2}$。由于无${U}_{1}$ 发电,整个系统不平衡, 但 IPC 继续形成稳定的系统 AC 1, 下垂控制源${U}_{2}$ 通过增加其功率注入作出响应。最后,在$t ={5.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,断开 IPC D 的交流侧,可观察到,尽管存在较大的暂态变化,但系统仍保持稳定。该事件说明混合下垂控制和能量平衡控制之间的关键区别在于:混合下垂控制试图维持计划的应急前潮流;能量平衡控制则重新平衡系统,而不考虑与计划潮流的偏差。在标称工作点, 功率从 AC 3 通过 DC 2 流向 AC 1 和 AC 2,无功率通过 DC 1。然而,在断开${U}_{1}$ 和 IPC D 的交流侧后,电源必须通过 DC 1 从 AC 2 流向 AC 1, 混合下垂控制使用的电源设定点不再可用。尽管如此,混合下垂控制中的${P}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}- f$ 下垂项旨在保持 IPC 接近标称潮流, 从而导致 AC 1 的频率大幅下降, AC 3 的频率高于标称频率。相比之下, 能量平衡控制使整个系统同步, 即所有子网中的直流电压和交流频率均低于标称值。值得注意的是,由于断开 IPC D 的交流侧不会导致发电损失, 因此使用能量平衡控制时, 交流频率和直流电压偏差不会发生显著变化, 且相关参数恢复时间可提升约 20%。
本文针对新型电力系统的交、直流互联结构即基于电力变流器的多端互联电力系统进行了研究, 具体研究 MMC 控制, 并引入了双端口 GFM 控制的概念。与最先进的单端口 GFM 控制相比, 双端口 GFM 利用 MMC 功能同时控制其 AC 和 DC 端电压。仿真结果表明,在使用双端口 GFM 控制时,电网具有对严重意外事件(如线路和发电机停运等) 的恢复能力,验证了所提方法的有效性。下一阶段的研究可从单端口 GFM IPC、双端口 GFM IPC 和同步电机的耦合特性, 双端口 GFM 控制的固有惯性响应, 以及单端口 GFM 和双端口 GFM MMC 控制的限流和短路故障穿越等方面展开。
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.287
  • 接收时间:2022-05-09
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-09
  • 修回日期:2023-02-27
  • 录用日期:2023-03-01
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    1 山西工程科技职业大学 设备工程学院 晋中 030619
    2 哈尔滨工业大学 电气工程及自动化学院 哈尔滨 150006
    3 国网上海市电力公司 上海 200437
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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