Article(id=1154049181225312412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.220, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706716800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-01, revisedDate=1708876800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-26, acceptedDate=1709481600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-04, onlineDate=1753076366001, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076366001, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076366001, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076366001, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=220, endPage=226, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049181640548509, articleId=1154049181225312412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Investigation on Terminal Failure Mechanism of Avalanche Bipolar Junction Transistor in Voltage Ramp Triggering Mode, columnId=1154049135037637588, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Reliability Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the applications of an ultra-wideband pulse signal system in many important fields such as the intelligent sensing technology for new energy automobile, the research and development of high-amplitude and fast-front pulse sources has been widely studied. To meet the demand of an ultrafast power semiconductor switch in nanosecond front pulses, the terminal failure mechanism of avalanche bipolar junction transistor in voltage ramp triggering mode is studied in this paper. The static characteristics of a simulation model are compared with those of a sample device, and the dynamic switching characteristics of the sample device were tested. On the basis of a successful device with a nanosecond switching speed, its failure phenomenon in voltage ramp triggering mode was analyzed.

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随着超宽带脉冲信号系统在新能源汽车智能化感知技术等许多重要领域的应用,高幅值、快前沿脉冲源的研发得到了广泛研究。针对纳秒级前沿脉冲对超快功率半导体开关的需求,进行了雪崩晶体管在电压斜坡触发模式下终端失效机理的研究。利用仿真模型的静态特性与器件样品进行对比分析,测试了器件样品的动态开通特性。在成功得到纳秒级开通速度器件的基础上,对器件在电压斜坡触发模式下出现的失效现象进行了分析。

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温凯俊(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件建模与失效分析。E-mail: d202280774@hust.edu.cn。

梁琳(1981-),女,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:功率半导体器件、封装、可靠性及其应用。E-mail: lianglin@hust.edu.cn。

陈晗(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:雪崩晶体管及脉冲电路输出特性研究。E-mail: m202271964@hust.edu.cn。

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温凯俊(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件建模与失效分析。E-mail: d202280774@hust.edu.cn。

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温凯俊(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件建模与失效分析。E-mail: d202280774@hust.edu.cn。

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陈晗(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:雪崩晶体管及脉冲电路输出特性研究。E-mail: m202271964@hust.edu.cn。

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陈晗(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:雪崩晶体管及脉冲电路输出特性研究。E-mail: m202271964@hust.edu.cn。

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雪崩晶体管电压斜坡触发模式下终端失效机理研究
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温凯俊 , 梁琳 , 陈晗
电源学报 | 可靠性分析 2024,22(3): 220-226
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电源学报 | 可靠性分析 2024, 22(3): 220-226
雪崩晶体管电压斜坡触发模式下终端失效机理研究
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温凯俊 , 梁琳 , 陈晗
作者信息
  • 强电磁技术全国重点实验室(华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院) 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430070
  • 温凯俊(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件建模与失效分析。E-mail: d202280774@hust.edu.cn。

    梁琳(1981-),女,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:功率半导体器件、封装、可靠性及其应用。E-mail: lianglin@hust.edu.cn。

    陈晗(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:雪崩晶体管及脉冲电路输出特性研究。E-mail: m202271964@hust.edu.cn。

Investigation on Terminal Failure Mechanism of Avalanche Bipolar Junction Transistor in Voltage Ramp Triggering Mode
Kaijun WEN , Lin LIANG , Han CHEN
Affiliations
  • Huazhong University of Science and Technology State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Technology (Huazhong University of Science and Technology) Wuhan 430070 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.220
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随着超宽带脉冲信号系统在新能源汽车智能化感知技术等许多重要领域的应用,高幅值、快前沿脉冲源的研发得到了广泛研究。针对纳秒级前沿脉冲对超快功率半导体开关的需求,进行了雪崩晶体管在电压斜坡触发模式下终端失效机理的研究。利用仿真模型的静态特性与器件样品进行对比分析,测试了器件样品的动态开通特性。在成功得到纳秒级开通速度器件的基础上,对器件在电压斜坡触发模式下出现的失效现象进行了分析。

雪崩晶体管  /  二次击穿  /  半导体器件建模  /  Marx电路  /  失效分析

With the applications of an ultra-wideband pulse signal system in many important fields such as the intelligent sensing technology for new energy automobile, the research and development of high-amplitude and fast-front pulse sources has been widely studied. To meet the demand of an ultrafast power semiconductor switch in nanosecond front pulses, the terminal failure mechanism of avalanche bipolar junction transistor in voltage ramp triggering mode is studied in this paper. The static characteristics of a simulation model are compared with those of a sample device, and the dynamic switching characteristics of the sample device were tested. On the basis of a successful device with a nanosecond switching speed, its failure phenomenon in voltage ramp triggering mode was analyzed.

Avalanche bipolar junction transistor  /  secondary breakdown  /  semiconductor device modeling  /  Marx circuit  /  failure analysis
温凯俊, 梁琳, 陈晗. 雪崩晶体管电压斜坡触发模式下终端失效机理研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 220 -226 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.220
Kaijun WEN, Lin LIANG, Han CHEN. Investigation on Terminal Failure Mechanism of Avalanche Bipolar Junction Transistor in Voltage Ramp Triggering Mode[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 220 -226 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.220
新能源汽车对节能减排和实现碳中和具有突出贡献度, 是推动绿色交通与智能交通融合发展的关键[1]。利用智能化感知技术来提升新能源汽车的可控性是其重要发展方向之一[2]。近年来,具有全新优异参数特性的超宽带 UWB(ultra-wideband) 雷达被引入新能源汽车中,用于提升智能化感知能力[3-5]。UWB 技术利用超宽带脉冲发生器产生的纳秒级非正弦波窄脉冲进行工作,在穿透性和抗干扰方面具有突出优势[6],但其在获得高距离分辨率的同时需维持足够的平均发射功率。因此, 如何产生具有快速上升沿的高功率纳秒级脉冲是 UWB 技术的一个研究热点[7-9],而功率半导体开关是整个脉冲功率系统的关键元件[10]。常用的 MOSFET、IGBT 等具有宽广应用范围的同时, 受伏安容量和开关频率之间基本折衷的限制, 难以产生纳秒级前沿和纳秒级脉宽的高压脉冲[11-12]。雪崩晶体管 ABJT (avalanche bipolar junction transistor)作为一种在脉冲功率领域中产生超高速、大功率窄脉冲的半导体开关, 具有纳秒级和亚纳秒级别的开通速度, 工作频率可以轻易达到千赫兹级别,具有快速响应和精确触发开通的能力[13]。单只$\mathrm{{ABJT}}$ 器件耐压在百伏级别, 通过搭建 Marx 电路、串联电路等能实现千伏级别的输出脉冲,且只需相对较低的直流供电电压,是应用于 UWB 脉冲功率系统的理想半导体开关器件[14],但是目前市场上能可靠产生超快速高压大功率脉冲的 ABJT 较少。
为了将 ABJT 更好地应用在纳秒级脉冲功率系统上,本文进行 ABJT 器件建模、研制、测试与失效分析, 为研制出高可靠 ABJT 和基于 ABJT 的脉冲发生器的可靠运行提供了参考。
雪崩晶体管特性曲线如图1 所示。ABJT 具有高电流密度和低残余电压的优异特性, 这是由于它能工作在二次击穿区域,如图1(a) 所示。ABJT 具有${\mathrm{n}}^{+ }- \mathrm{p}- {\mathrm{n}}_{0}- {\mathrm{n}}^{+ }$ 结构,当集电极-发射极电压${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}}$ 增加时, 强电场主要集中在$\mathrm{p}- {\mathrm{n}}_{0}$ 结。当初始载流子进入强电场区域时被电场加速, 并且与晶格发生碰撞产生电子空穴对, 新的电子空穴对进一步产生碰撞电离从而使载流子数量增加,通过集电极的电流${I}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 增加,此时对应图1(a)中的一次击穿。电子空穴对的持续增加将调制电场强度及其分布, 电场峰值从初始耐压时位于$\mathrm{p}- {\mathrm{n}}_{0}$ 结转到${\mathrm{n}}_{0}- {\mathrm{n}}^{+ }$ 交界处,这个过程伴随着电压的快速降低呈现负阻效应[15]
与常规晶体管二次击穿往往伴随着的热失效过程不同, ABJT 的低残余电压是由集电极场域的快速重建导致的, 这是由于电子和空穴迁移率的差异[16]。ABJT 的工作特点在于能在纳秒级的时间内经过雪崩击穿后快速达到二次击穿的负阻区域,如图1(b) 所示,该区域表示器件具有低残余电压和高电流状态。器件在被触发开通时,工作点从$a$ 点转移到$e$ 点,器件电压的快速降低伴随着通过器件电流的快速增加,与电容、负载形成放电回路并在负载上产生高压快前沿脉冲。因此 ABJT 的设计机理需要保证器件在短时间内开通并达到低残余电压和高电流的二次击穿状态,且无明显损坏。
ABJT 的建模考虑器件工作在高压的情况下同时具有快速开通的能力。ABJT 器件仿真模型如图2 所示,设计为垂直的${\mathrm{n}}^{+ }- \mathrm{p}- {\mathrm{n}}_{0}- {\mathrm{n}}^{+ }$ 结构,可提高发射极电子注入效率和电流增益,并降低导通电阻。 在器件设计过程中, 为了达到纳秒级内的开通速度, 需减薄漂移层且调整掺杂浓度, 以保证器件在静态击穿前具有接近电离阈值的强电场, 可提供强烈的碰撞电离效应。器件的耐压能力需考虑电场的均匀分布, 采用场板+SIPOS 层的组合终端。可在缓解$\mathrm{p}- {\mathrm{n}}_{0}$ 结边缘掺杂不均匀导致的尖峰电场的同时, 避免电场集中在场板局部点从而造成表面电场和漏电问题。同时,与常规功率半导体器件设计的常用多元胞结构不同,考虑 ABJT 在二次击穿状态具有较高的电流密度, 设计较大尺寸的单元胞结构可有效避免因电流集中引起的破坏性电流丝, 从而提高器件的动态可靠性。
ABJT 模型的输入输出特性、Gummel 特性及其导通电阻如图3 所示。图3(a)和(b)中,从输入特性中提取到的${\mathrm{n}}^{4}- \mathrm{p}$ 的内建电势在${0.7}\sim {0.8}\mathrm{\;V}$。器件工作在共发射极模式下提取到的 Gummel 特性曲线,即电流增益随输入电压的变化范围如图3(c) 所示。电流增益具有先上升随后受大注入效应影响而下降的趋势, 可通过提高发射区掺杂浓度和降低基区宽度来进一步提高电流增益。ABJT 在开通时的功耗主要由导通电阻${R}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 决定,而导通电阻主要由集电极体区电阻决定, 可通过提取输出特性曲线中饱和区内曲线斜率的倒数来获得, 如图3(d) 所示。器件在动态开通情况下, 受电导调制影响, 导通电阻会更低。
本文自主设计研制的 ABJT 样品及其器件如图4 所示。基极和发射极位于芯片顶部,采用键合线连接, 集电极位于芯片底部并与铜基板连接。研制的 ABJT 器件基本尺寸及参数如下:单个芯片尺寸为${500\mu }\mathrm{m}\times {500\mu }\mathrm{m}$,其中有源区面积占芯片总体表面积的 70%;器件采用 SOT23 贴片型低电感封装, 在实现快速开通的同时保证小尺寸和低寄生电感;封装尺寸为${3.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {1.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {2.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$;封装寄生电感约为${2.5}\mathrm{{nH}}$
器件样品的输入、输出特性的测试结果如图5 所示,根据器件样品测试结果,对比仿真模型的$I - V$ 特性,以验证模型的准确性。输入特性中器件的${\mathrm{n}}^{+ }- \mathrm{p}$ 内建电势为${0.7}\sim {0.8}\mathrm{\;V}$,符合仿真结果。输出特性中的集电极电流幅值${I}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 超过预期,这是由于终端导致了局部漏电,与器件失效相关。
ABJT 具有 2 种常用动态触发模式,与 Marx 电路拓扑密切相关, 基于 ABJT 的 Marx 电路可有效解决单个器件耐压不足的问题, 并产生千伏级的高压脉冲。器件在基极触发模式下,在集电极和发射极之间施加${U}_{0},\mathrm{p}- {\mathrm{n}}_{0}$ 集电结为反向偏置,且大部分耐压降在集电结上。当在基极施加电信号使基极- 发射极间电压超过${\mathrm{n}}^{+ }- \mathrm{p}$ 发射结内建电势时,就能够提供足够的正向偏压并产生基极电流, 使得发射极向$\mathrm{p}$ 基区注入少子,并且在反偏集电结方向上具有很高的载流子浓度梯度。少子由发射结扩散并通过$\mathrm{p}$ 基区,在反偏集电结中产生强烈的碰撞电离并形成集电极电流。器件在电压斜坡触发模式下, 基极和发射极短路,集电极电压斜坡$\mathrm{d}V/\mathrm{d}t$ 在集电结间提供了高于电离阈值的过冲电场, 在集电结上产生位移电流并在$\mathrm{p}$ 基区中形成非平衡空穴,非平衡空穴在基区电阻上移动形成横向电场并引起发射结正偏,从而导致发射极电子注入。当${\mathrm{n}}^{+ }- \mathrm{p}$ 发射结开始少子注入并扩散进集电结中,电子在高场中发生强烈的碰撞电离并产生电子-空穴等离子体, 集电极电流增大, 电流增益随之增加, 这种正反馈效应使器件两端电压下降。测试电路如图6 所示。常用的$1 \times n$ 级 Marx 电路如图6(a) 所示,具有$n$ 级 AB-${\mathrm{{JT}}}_{1 - n}$$n$ 级电容,其工作原理为:首先给电容并联充电,再通过逐级触发${\mathrm{{ABTJ}}}_{1 - n}$,使得电容串联放电,并最终在负载${R}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 上获得理论上$n$ 倍充电电压的输出脉冲。位于第 1 级的${\mathrm{{ABJT}}}_{1}$ 由基极触发开通,如图6(b)所示。${\mathrm{{ABJT}}}_{1}$ 开通之后第 1 级电容放电,使得第 2 级的${\mathrm{{ABJT}}}_{2}$ 发射极电位从 0 电位降低到负电位,从而使得${\mathrm{{ABJT}}}_{2}$${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}}$ 在上升过程中由位移电流触发发射极电子注入, 器件开通, 过程如图6(c) 所示。
建立的动态测试实验平台如图7 所示。
实验开通特性如图8 所示。ABJT 由基极触发开通的波形如图8(a) 所示,器件开通前${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}}$ 保持在${90}\sim {100}\mathrm{\;V}$,通过给基极施加触发电流,${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}}$ 快速降低到${25}\mathrm{\;V}$ 以下,开通时间在${10}\mathrm{\;{ns}}$ 以内; 再通过增加触发电流幅值和降低负载以增加集电极电流幅值, 器件的开通时间会进一步减小。ABJT 由电压斜坡触发开通的波形如图8(b)所示,${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}}$ 在保持${80}\mathrm{\;V}$ 的情况下,由电压斜坡触发开通,${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}}$ 快速降低并且伴随着电压的振荡过程,器件的开通速度普遍比基极触发模式下的更快, 这种触发方式也是基于 ABJT 的 Marx 电路能产生快前沿脉冲的根本原因。
实验发现, ABJT 样品在基极触发的模式下可以工作多次, 并且无明显退化和损坏特征。而同样的器件样品在电压斜坡触发开通模式下具有易损坏的特征。ABJT 器件需长期且无损工作在快速二次击穿模式,即动态开通产生低残余电压和高电流状态,并且在静态耐压和动态触发时内部电场值都需要接近且短暂超过电离阈值。由于终端对器件在高耐压状态下的局部尖峰电场具有明显改善作用, 因此 ABJT 对高效的终端设计具有严苛要求。但已有文献[17] 和实验结果表明,商用 ABJT 与自研器件在电压斜坡触发模式下都容易损坏, 其正常的工作寿命远低于产品手册中的预期寿命。器件样品在失效前后的对比分析如图9 所示。由图9(a)$B{V}_{\mathrm{{CBO}}}$ 的阻断特性曲线表明,$\mathrm{p}- {\mathrm{n}}_{0}$ 结出现明显的失效现象。 利用红外热点显微镜(thermal EMMI)观察器件的漏电流分布, 进一步确定器件的失效点, 结果表明泄漏电流位于终端附近,如图9(b) 所示。
利用 TCAD 进行仿真建模,分析器件失效机理。 器件模型在建立场板+SIPOS 层组合终端前后的电场、电流密度和温度分布如图10 所示。在只有${\mathrm{n}}^{+ }$ -p-${\mathrm{n}}_{0}- {\mathrm{n}}^{+ }$ 主体结构的情况下,由于掺杂工艺上的结横向拓展因素,电场尖峰容易集中在$\mathrm{p}- {\mathrm{n}}_{0}$ 结边缘,此处会导致器件击穿并形成漏电流。ABJT 在动态开通特性下,由于电场重建导致高电场集中在${\mathrm{n}}_{0}- {\mathrm{n}}^{+ }$ 交界处,器件在通过局部高电流密度时会形成较高的局部热点,如图10(a) 所示。在正常工作情况下,该局部热点形成的本征载流子浓度低于${\mathrm{n}}_{0}$ 区的掺杂浓度, 并不会使器件失效。器件在建立场板+SIPOS 层组合终端后, SIPOS 层的微弱导电性能够调整 p-${\mathrm{n}}_{0}$ 结处的局部尖峰电场, 提高器件的耐压。与此同时, 在由电压斜坡触发的动态工况下, 器件通过 SIPOS 层处的泄漏电流增大, 可导致器件边缘终端处的局部温度升高, 导致器件终端损坏, 使得器件无法耐压,如图10(b) 所示。在器件无外部电路保护的情况下, 电流密度的增加伴随着热应力的局部增加导致终端局部破裂。
本文针对 ABJT 在纳秒级脉冲功率系统的应用背景进行了 ABJT 器件建模、研制、测试与失效分析。 分析器件的雪崩工作原理,利用 Sentaurus TCAD 进行器件仿真分析, 并以此设计 ABJT 实验样品。在成功获得器件样品的基础上进行静态和动态特性测试, 并与仿真模型对比分析, 通过分析输入、输出特性提出终端存在漏电的可能性。进一步针对失效器件进行结阻断电压测试和漏电流分布观察, 并利用仿真模型分析失效原因, 确定在由电压斜坡触发的动态开通工况下器件存在终端 SIPOS 层失效的现象,漏电流增加导致局部热应力增加,并使终端损坏,导致器件无法耐压。
调控终端处 SIPOS 层的微弱导电性是保证器件耐压的同时避免泄漏电流过大的关键。SIPOS 层的钝化效果主要依赖高质量的掺氧多晶硅的生长, 其含氧量和均匀性的良好控制可避免泄漏电流的集中。含氧量的控制与设备本体真空相关,其均匀性在淀积气体流量增大时需动态调控。由于淀积气体的迁移率、分解温度等不同且相互制约, 很容易影响到 SIPOS 层的膜厚、含氧量以及均匀性,在实际工艺中需精细调控,以满足 SIPOS 层高效耐压且避免泄漏电流集中的效果。本文研究对 ABJT 器件的设计和基于 ABJT 的脉冲发生器的可靠运行具有一定参考意义。
  • 台达电力电子科教发展计划重点资助项目(DREK2022003)
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.220
  • 接收时间:2024-02-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-01
  • 修回日期:2024-02-26
  • 录用日期:2024-03-04
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Delta Power Electronics Science and Education Development Program of Delta Group(DREK2022003)
台达电力电子科教发展计划重点资助项目(DREK2022003)
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    强电磁技术全国重点实验室(华中科技大学电气与电子工程学院) 电气与电子工程学院 武汉 430070
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