Article(id=1154049573766030221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.22, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706630400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-31, revisedDate=1708358400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-20, acceptedDate=1708876800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-26, onlineDate=1753076459590, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076459590, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076459590, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076459590, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049574223209361, articleId=1154049573766030221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Analytical Model for Electromagnetic Characteristics of High-voltage and High-power Switching Devices, columnId=1154049574160294800, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Device Modeling, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accurately obtaining the electromagnetic characteristics of high-voltage and high-power switching devices is crucial for predicting the electromagnetic interference in a system in which the devices are located. Research is focused on an equivalent method of switch waveforms for analyzing the electromagnetic characteristics of high-voltage and high-power switching devices. Aimed at the problem that the existing equivalent waveforms are too ideal to reflect the complex spectral components in the switching transients of devices, an analytical model for the electromagnetic characteristics of devices considering their switching processes is proposed. Starting from the time-domain analytical formula for the analytical model and based on the Fourier transform theory, the frequency-domain analytical formula for the analytical model is derived, and the spectral envelope characteristic parameters are analyzed to obtain the spectral characteristics of the analytical model. The theoretical analysis was verified by using the measured switching waveforms of Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET devices.

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准确获得高压大功率开关器件的电磁特性对器件所在系统的电磁干扰预测十分重要。聚焦用于高压大功率开关器件电磁特性分析的开关波形等效方法,针对当前等效波形过于理想而无法体现器件开关瞬态中复杂频谱分量的问题,提出考虑器件开关过程电磁特性的解析模型。从解析模型的时域解析式出发,基于傅里叶变换理论,推导了解析模型的频域解析式,分析频谱包络特征参数,得到了解析模型的频谱特征。利用 Si IGBT 和SiC MOSFET 器件实测的开关波形,验证了理论分析的正确性。

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赵志斌(1977-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电磁场数值计算、高压大功率电力电子器件封装与测试。E-mail: zhibinzhao@ncepu.edu.cn。

余鹏(1981-),男,硕士,教授级高工。研究方向:输变电设备运维技术。E-mail: duduyusj@qq.com。

田杰(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统电磁兼容与电磁环境。E-mail: tianjie308@163.com。

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赵志斌(1977-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电磁场数值计算、高压大功率电力电子器件封装与测试。E-mail: zhibinzhao@ncepu.edu.cn。

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赵志斌(1977-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电磁场数值计算、高压大功率电力电子器件封装与测试。E-mail: zhibinzhao@ncepu.edu.cn。

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余鹏(1981-),男,硕士,教授级高工。研究方向:输变电设备运维技术。E-mail: duduyusj@qq.com。

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余鹏(1981-),男,硕士,教授级高工。研究方向:输变电设备运维技术。E-mail: duduyusj@qq.com。

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田杰(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统电磁兼容与电磁环境。E-mail: tianjie308@163.com。

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田杰(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统电磁兼容与电磁环境。E-mail: tianjie308@163.com。

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高压大功率开关器件电磁特性的解析模型
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赵志斌 1 , 余鹏 2 , 田杰 2
电源学报 | 功率器件建模 2024,22(3): 22-29
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电源学报 | 功率器件建模 2024, 22(3): 22-29
高压大功率开关器件电磁特性的解析模型
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赵志斌1 , 余鹏2 , 田杰2
作者信息
  • 1 新能源电力系统全国重点实验室 北京 102206
  • 2 深圳供电局有限公司 深圳 518000
  • 赵志斌(1977-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电磁场数值计算、高压大功率电力电子器件封装与测试。E-mail: zhibinzhao@ncepu.edu.cn。

    余鹏(1981-),男,硕士,教授级高工。研究方向:输变电设备运维技术。E-mail: duduyusj@qq.com。

    田杰(1985-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:电力系统电磁兼容与电磁环境。E-mail: tianjie308@163.com。

Analytical Model for Electromagnetic Characteristics of High-voltage and High-power Switching Devices
Zhibin ZHAO1 , Peng YU2 , Jie TIAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources Beijing 102206 China
  • 2 Shenzhen Power Supply Bureau Co., Ltd Shenzhen 518000 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.22
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准确获得高压大功率开关器件的电磁特性对器件所在系统的电磁干扰预测十分重要。聚焦用于高压大功率开关器件电磁特性分析的开关波形等效方法,针对当前等效波形过于理想而无法体现器件开关瞬态中复杂频谱分量的问题,提出考虑器件开关过程电磁特性的解析模型。从解析模型的时域解析式出发,基于傅里叶变换理论,推导了解析模型的频域解析式,分析频谱包络特征参数,得到了解析模型的频谱特征。利用 Si IGBT 和SiC MOSFET 器件实测的开关波形,验证了理论分析的正确性。

高压大功率  /  开关器件  /  电磁特性  /  解析模型

Accurately obtaining the electromagnetic characteristics of high-voltage and high-power switching devices is crucial for predicting the electromagnetic interference in a system in which the devices are located. Research is focused on an equivalent method of switch waveforms for analyzing the electromagnetic characteristics of high-voltage and high-power switching devices. Aimed at the problem that the existing equivalent waveforms are too ideal to reflect the complex spectral components in the switching transients of devices, an analytical model for the electromagnetic characteristics of devices considering their switching processes is proposed. Starting from the time-domain analytical formula for the analytical model and based on the Fourier transform theory, the frequency-domain analytical formula for the analytical model is derived, and the spectral envelope characteristic parameters are analyzed to obtain the spectral characteristics of the analytical model. The theoretical analysis was verified by using the measured switching waveforms of Si IGBT and SiC MOSFET devices.

High-voltage and high-power  /  switching device  /  electromagnetic characteristic  /  analytical model
赵志斌, 余鹏, 田杰. 高压大功率开关器件电磁特性的解析模型. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 22 -29 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.22
Zhibin ZHAO, Peng YU, Jie TIAN. Analytical Model for Electromagnetic Characteristics of High-voltage and High-power Switching Devices[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 22 -29 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.22
电力电子开关装置具有开关速度快、饱和电压低和安全工作区域宽等优点, 被广泛应用于高压直流输电、轨道交通和航空航天等领域[14]。然而,电力电子开关设备在高速开关过程中会产生电磁干扰 EMI(electromagnetic interference),严重影响设备所在系统的电磁环境[5-7]。国际电工委员会 IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission)制定了相关标准,限制设备的 EMI 排放[8]。但上述标准仅能对设备 EMI 排放的限值进行规定, 无法获取设备 EMI 排放量的影响因素。因此, 准确建立开关器件电磁特性的解析模型, 进而获得器件在开关过程中的频谱特性,对限制 EMI 排放具有重要意义。
在工程应用中, 采用数值计算方法获取开关器件的频谱特性可以削减器件投入运行后的电磁干扰整流成本[9]。目前,开关器件频谱的数值计算方法分为器件行为模型的建立[9-12] 和器件开关波形等效[13-16] 这 2 类。器件行为模型的建立能够准确反映器件开关过程中的$\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}t$$\mathrm{\;d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ 和振荡现象,但其结构复杂,模型收敛性不佳[17],因此经常被用来描述开关过程中器件的电压和电流行为。相比之下, 器件开关波形等效法是一种相对简单、有效的方法, 在了解器件开关特性的基础上, 利用解析信号波形对器件的开关波形进行等效, 然后可通过傅里叶变换较容易地得到器件开关波形的频谱, 该方法已被大量研究和应用[18-20]。Monteiro R等[18] 提出一种对称梯形分析信号来等效器件的开关波形, 并分析了其频谱特性,其他学者[19-21] 在此基础上对器件的电磁干扰特性进行了研究;Walder S等[22] 考虑到器件开关的上升时间和下降时间不一致,讨论了不对称梯形波形的频谱特性, 得到了一些典型的频率参数。同时,也有研究[23-25] 认为,传统的梯形波形等效仅计算上升时间和下降时间的 2 个斜率,与工程应用中器件(尤其是宽带隙半导体器件)所表现出的振荡和超调现象有较大不同。
本文提出一种开关器件电磁特性解析模型,旨在能够准确反映器件波形的特殊现象,包括上升时间、下降时间、超调和振荡等;并根据不同的频率范围, 数学推导出解析模型频谱特性的解析公式, 为获取器件波形频谱提供一种简单、有效的新方法。
当前对开关器件电磁特性的研究多是将器件的电压波形用对称梯形波等效,如图1 所示。其中:${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流母线电压,是梯形波的幅值;${t}_{\mathrm{r}}$${t}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 分别为脉冲上升和下降时间;${t}_{\text{on }}$ 为脉冲宽度,即幅度下降 50%与幅度上升 50%之间的时间差;$T$ 为开关周期;${f}_{0}$ 为开关频率,${f}_{0}= 1/T$$d$ 为占空比,$d ={t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}/T$
${t}_{\mathrm{r}}= {t}_{\mathrm{f}}$,即将波形等效为对称梯形波时,器件电压波形${U}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 经傅里叶变换后可得其单边谱的展开系数,即
$ V\left( n\right)= {2d}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left|\frac{\sin \left({n\pi d}\right)}{n\pi d}\right|\left|\frac{\sin \left({{n\pi }{t}_{\mathrm{r}}{f}_{0}}\right)}{{n\pi }{t}_{\mathrm{r}}{f}_{0}}\right|$
在进行 EMI 预测时, 一般考虑最严重的干扰情况[26],因此需要对幅度谱的边界进行分析。对式 (1) 两边分别取对数运算, 可得
${20}\lg V\left( n\right)= {20}\lg \left({{2d}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)+ {20}\lg \left|\frac{\sin \left({n\pi d}\right)}{n\pi d}\right|+ \\{20}\lg \left|\frac{\sin \left({{n\pi }{t}_{\mathrm{r}}{f}_{0}}\right)}{{n\pi }{t}_{\mathrm{r}}{f}_{0}}\right|$
考虑函数$y =\left|{\sin x/x}\right|$ 的特性,当$x$ 较小时,$y$ 趋近于 1 ; 当$x$ 较大时,$y$ 趋近于${\left| 1/x\right|}_{0}$ 因此,对于函数$y =\left|{\sin x/x}\right|$,其包络线由 0 和$-{20}\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$ 组成,且于$x = 1$ 处相交。基于此,对式 (2) 等式右边的 3个因式进行分析。对于因式${20}\lg \left({{2d}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)$,其取值与$n$ 无关,故其斜率为$0\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$;对于因式${20}\mathrm{{lg}}\mid$ $\sin \left({n\pi d}\right)/{n\pi d}\mid ={20}\lg \left|{\sin \left({\pi {t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}f}\right)/\pi {t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}f}\right|$,其渐近线为 0 和$-{20}\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$,且 2 条渐近线相交于${f}_{1}= 1/\pi {t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$;对于因式${20}\lg \left|{\sin \left({{n\pi }{t}_{\mathrm{r}}{f}_{0}}\right)/{n\pi }{t}_{\mathrm{r}}{f}_{0}}\right|= {20}\lg \left|{\sin \left({\pi {t}_{\mathrm{r}}f}\right)/\pi {t}_{\mathrm{r}}f}\right|$,其渐近线为$-{20}\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$$-{40}\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$,相交于${f}_{2}=$ $1/\pi {t}_{\mathrm{r}}$。因此,采用对称梯形波等效后的${U}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 频谱衰减速率存在$0\text{、}- {20}\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$$-{40}\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$ 共 3 种情况, 如图2 所示。
上述对称梯形波等效方法无法体现出实际器件开关电压波形中的一些现象,如:上升时间和下降时间不一致;器件开通过程的电压过冲及关断过程的拖尾振荡等。这导致数值计算得到的频谱特征参数与实验测量得到的参数存在较大差异。因此需要提出能够包含上述现象的等效波形。
考虑器件开关过程中的一些特殊现象, 提出器件开关过程的解析模型, 如图3 所示。可知, 与传统对称梯形波相比,本文所提解析模型添加了开关时刻的阻尼振荡, 用来描述过冲和振荡现象。 解析模型可认为是非对称梯形波与 1 组正、负阻尼振荡波形的矢量叠加。其中,非对称梯形波的时域表达式为
${V}_{1}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right) t &\left\lbrack {0,{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)\\{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}& \left\lbrack {{t}_{\mathrm{r}},{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)\\{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}- \left({{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)\left\lbrack {t -\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)}\right\rbrack &\left\lbrack {{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}},{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{f}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)\\ 0 &\left.{{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{f}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}, T}\right)\end{array}\right.$
式中,${t}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为上升沿结束至下降沿开始的时段,是为方便描述梯形波引入的参量。
阻尼振荡波形的时域表达式为
${V}_{2}= \left\{\begin{array}{lll} 0 &\left\lbrack {0,{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)& \\{k}_{1}\sin \left\lbrack {{\omega }_{1}\left({t -{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)}\right\rbrack {\mathrm{e}}^{-{\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}}\left({t -{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)} &\left\lbrack {{t}_{\mathrm{r}},{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)& \\ 0 &\left\lbrack {{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}},{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)& \\- {k}_{2}\sin \left\{{{\omega }_{2}\left\lbrack {t -\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }\right\rbrack &{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\alpha }_{\mathrm{i}}\left\lbrack {t -\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)}\right\rbrack }& (4 \\& &\end{array}\right.$
式中,${k}_{i}\text{、}{\omega }_{i}$${\alpha }_{i}\left({i = 1,2}\right)$ 分别为阻尼振荡波形的初始振幅、角频率和阻尼衰减系数。
因此, 解析模型的时域表达式为
$ V ={V}_{1}+ {V}_{2}$
显然,开展$V$ 的频谱分析过程十分复杂,难以得到有效的结果。为简化分析过程,将${V}_{1}$${V}_{2}$ 的频谱分开分析,尽管其分析结果会比$V$ 的分析结果略大,但适用于 EMI 预测,多余部分可以成为 EMI 的设计裕度。
将式(3)采用傅里叶级数进行展开,其单边频谱的傅里叶展开系数为
${A}_{1}\left( n\right)= \frac{2}{T}{\int }_{0}^{T}{V}_{1}\left( t\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2n\pi t}/T}\mathrm{\;d}t =\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}T}{2{\pi }^{2}{n}^{2}}.\\\left\lbrack {\frac{1}{{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2n\pi }{t}_{\mathrm{f}}/T}}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2n\pi }\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)/T}- \frac{1}{{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2n\pi }{t}_{\mathrm{r}}/T}}\right)}\right\rbrack $
考虑谐波次数$n$ 与频率$f$ 之间的关系,结合式( 6 )可知,${A}_{1}\left( n\right)$ 的频谱幅度函数为
${Y}_{1}\left( f\right)= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}{2{\pi }^{2}{f}^{2}}.\\\left|{\frac{1}{{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2\pi }{t}_{\mathrm{i}}f}}\right){\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2\pi }\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right) f}- \frac{1}{{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2\pi }{t}_{\mathrm{r}}f}}\right)}\right|$
式中:${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为器件的开关频率,${f}_{\mathrm{s}}= 1/T;f$ 为频谱函数的自变量,$f = n/{T}_{0}$
为进一步分析式 (7) 的频谱边界,设${t}_{\mathrm{r}}\leq {t}_{\mathrm{f}}$,可以证明,取 “=”时,式(7)的频谱边界特征与式(1)完全相同。然后分析随$f$ 取值变化,式(7)上包络线的解析式。
(1)当${f}_{\mathrm{s}}\leq f < 1/\left\lbrack {2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)}\right\rbrack$ 时,${2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}$${2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}$${2\pi f}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)$ 均趋近于 0,利用${\mathrm{e}}^{x}$$x$ 趋近于 0 时等价于$\left({1 + x}\right)$ 的等价关系,可得${\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{r}}}\approx 1 +\mathrm{j}{2\pi }{f}_{{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2\pi }{f}_{{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}}\approx 1 +\mathrm{j}{2\pi }{f}_{{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}$${\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2\pi f}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)} \approx 1 +\mathrm{j}{2\pi f}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)$。此时,式(7)的上包络线的解析式为
${Y}_{\mathrm{I}}\left( f\right)= {V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)$
显然,式 (8) 与频率$f$ 无关,其倍频衰减幅度为 0 dBV/dec。
( 2 )当$1/\left\lbrack {2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)}\right\rbrack \leq f < 1/\left({2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)$ 时,${2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}$${2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 均趋近于 0,则${\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{{2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}}\approx 1 +\mathrm{j}{{2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}},{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{{2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}}\approx 1 +\mathrm{j}{{2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}$。此时,${2\pi f}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)> \pi,{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2\pi f}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)}$ 可在其值域上取任意值,此处取值为 1。此时,式(7)的上包络线的解析式为
${Y}_{\mathrm{{II}}}\left( f\right)= \frac{2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\pi f}$
对式 (9) 两边取对数,当$1/\left\lbrack {2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)}\right\rbrack < f \leq 1/$ $\left({2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)$ 时,频谱包络线的倍频衰减为$-{20}\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$。 结合${Y}_{1}\left( f\right)$ 的表达式分析可知,两包络线相交于${f}_{1}= 2/\left\lbrack {\pi \left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)}\right\rbrack$
(3)当$1/\left({2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)\leq f < 1/\left({2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)$ 时,${2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 趋近于 0, 则${\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{{2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}}\approx 1 +\mathrm{j}{{2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}$。此时,${{2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}$${{2\pi f}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)}$ 均大于$\pi$,即${\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2\pi }{f}_{t}}$${\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2\pi f}\left({{t}_{t}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)}$ 均可在其值域上取任意值。考虑式(7)的函数特性,当${\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{{2\pi f}{t}_{i}}}= - 1\text{、}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{2\pi f}\left({{t}_{i}+ {t}_{d}}\right)} =- \mathrm{j}$ 时, 式(7)的上包络线的解析式为
${Y}_{\mathrm{{III}}}\left( f\right)= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}{\pi f}\left({1 +\frac{1}{{\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}}\right)$
对式(10)等式两边取对数,当$1/\left({2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)< f \leq$ $1/\left({2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)$ 时,频谱包络线的倍频衰减介于$-{40}\sim$ $-{20}\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$。结合${Y}_{\mathrm{{II}}}\left( f\right)$ 的表达式分析可知,两包络线相交于${f}_{2}= 1/\left({\pi {t}_{\mathrm{f}}}\right)$
(4)当$1/\left({2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)\leq f <+ \infty$ 时,${2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}$${2\pi f}{t}_{\mathrm{f}}$${2\pi f}\left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)$ 均大于$\pi$,则${\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{{2\pi f}{t}_{r}}},{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{{2\pi f}{t}_{t}}}$${\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{{2\pi f}\left({{t}_{r}+ {t}_{a}}\right)}}$ 均可在其值域上取任意值。结合式(7)的函数特性,当均取 -1 时, 式(7)的上包络线的解析式为
${Y}_{\mathrm{{IV}}}\left( f\right)= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\pi }^{2}{f}^{2}}\left({\frac{1}{{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}+ \frac{1}{{t}_{\mathrm{f}}}}\right)$
对式(11)等式两边取对数,当$1/\left({2{f}_{\mathrm{s}}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)< f \leq +\infty$ 时, 频谱包络线的倍频衰减为$-{40}\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$。结合${Y}_{\mathrm{{III}}}\left( f\right)$ 的表达式分析可知,两包络线相交于${f}_{3}= 1/\left({\pi {t}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right)$
值得注意的是,上述分析均在${t}_{\mathrm{r}}\leq {t}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 的前提下进行。当${t}_{\mathrm{r}}> {t}_{\mathrm{f}}$ 时,数学推演过程同理,对应的结论也相似。
若将式(4)也采用傅里叶级数进行展开,其单边频谱的傅里叶展开系数十分复杂, 因此采用傅里叶变换的性质进行分析。对于一般的阻尼振荡函数${y}_{0}\left( t\right)= A{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\beta t}}\sin \left({{\omega }_{0}t +{\varphi }_{0}}\right)$ 而言,其傅里叶变换的频谱函数为${F}_{0}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)= \mathrm{A}{\omega }_{0}/\left\lbrack {{\left(\beta +\mathrm{j}\omega \right)}^{2}+ {\omega }_{0}^{2}}\right\rbrack$。考虑傅里叶变换的时移特性[27],上升沿和下降沿振荡的频谱函数分别为
${F}_{5}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)= \frac{{k}_{1}{\omega }_{1}}{{\left({\alpha }_{1}+ \mathrm{j}\omega \right)}^{2}+ {\omega }_{1}^{2}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\omega {t}_{\mathrm{r}}}$
${F}_{6}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)= \frac{{k}_{1}{\omega }_{1}}{{\left({\alpha }_{1}+ \mathrm{j}\omega \right)}^{2}+ {\omega }_{1}^{2}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}\omega \left({{t}_{\mathrm{r}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{i}}+ {t}_{\mathrm{d}}}\right)} $
由式 (12) 和式 (13) 可以看出, 两者的频域特性相似。以上升沿振荡的频谱函数为例作进一步分析。结合傅里叶展开系数与其第 1 个周期单脉冲信号频谱函数的关系, 上升沿振荡的傅里叶展开系数的幅度为
${Y}_{5}\left( f\right)= \left|{\frac{1}{T}{F}_{2}\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)}\right|{}_{\omega ={2\pi f}}\left|{ =\left|\frac{{k}_{1}{\omega }_{1}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{\left({\omega }_{1}+ \mathrm{j}2\pi f\right)}^{2}+ {\omega }_{1}^{2}}\right|}\right|$
为分析上升沿振荡频谱边界,对式 (14) 求导可得
$\frac{\mathrm{d}{Y}_{5}\left( f\right)}{\mathrm{d}f}= \frac{{k}_{1}{\omega }_{1}{f}_{\mathrm{s}}\left\lbrack {{8\pi f}\left({{\alpha }_{1}^{2}+ {\omega }_{1}^{2}- 4{\pi }^{2}{f}^{2}}\right)- {16}{\pi }^{2}{\alpha }_{1}^{2}f}\right\rbrack }{{\left\lbrack {\left({\alpha }_{1}^{2}+ {\omega }_{1}^{2}- 4{\pi }^{2}{f}^{2}\right)}^{2}+ {16}{\pi }^{2}{\alpha }_{1}^{2}{f}^{2}\right\rbrack }^{2/3}}$
由式 (15) 可知,${Y}_{2}\left( f\right)$ 在定义域上为 “先增后减”的连续可导函数, 故阻尼振荡函数的频谱包络线即为频谱函数本身。可以得出包络线取得极值点时,需满足
${f}_{4}= \frac{\sqrt{{\omega }_{1}^{2}- {\alpha }_{1}^{2}}}{2\pi }$
同理可得下降沿的阻尼振荡包络线取值。考虑到器件实际开关波形中的阻尼振荡具有频率高、振幅低的特性, 相较于对称梯形波的包络线, 阻尼振荡波形仅在谐振频率附近影响其包络线。由于梯形波在高频段以$-{40}\mathrm{{dBV}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$ 的速率衰减,在阻尼振荡谐振频率时, 解析模型的包络线应以阻尼振荡谐振频率的幅度为准。因此, 本文所提解析模型的频谱边界示意如图4 所示。
为验证本文理论分析的正确性, 以典型的 IGBT 器件和 MOSFET 器件为例, 对其电压波形的频谱特性进行分析。图5 为 IGBT 器件动态特性测试平台。
分别采用某国产 3300 V/50 A 压接型 IGBT
子模组和 1200 V/30 A To 封装 SiC MOSFET 器件进行实验, 记录实验电压波形, 读取上升沿和下降沿的时间并构造等效波形。IGBT 器件的等效波形时域参数和频谱特征参数如图6 所示, 可见, FFT 求解器与包络线解析式求得的频谱结果吻合度较高,验证了包络线解析式方法的准确性。若不考虑上升沿和下降沿不同的情况, 将选择最短的上升沿和下降沿时间来构造对称梯形,由此会造成${f}_{2}\sim$ ${f}_{3}$ 频段的幅度与实际值差别较大。结合 FFT 求解器得到的频谱曲线可知, 理论分析 4 个拐点, 除第 1 个拐点外, 均得以精准地显示。第 1 个拐点未能精确显示的原因是受限于 FFT 算法采样频率的取值。此外, 频谱包络 4 段折线的衰减倍频分别为 0 、$-{20}\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{dec}}\text{、}- {20}\sim -{40}\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{dec}}$$-{40}\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}/\mathrm{{dec}}$, 与理论分析结果一致。
根据 SiC MOSFET 器件的实测波形, 构造时域的等效波形及其频谱分析如图7 所示。非对称梯形波 4 折线频谱的特征参数均与理论计算结果一致。 可以看出, 由于 2 个振荡的存在, 在高频阶段用 FFT 求解器得到的频谱会出现 2 个峰值,这是用传统方法难以准确表征的。将图7 中读取的峰值频率参数与式(16)的计算结果进行对比, 验证了理论分析的正确性。在图7 中,增加了 3 个频率点${f}_{x1}{f}_{x2}$${f}_{x3}$,用于描述频谱的整个包络,可以求解${f}_{x1}\text{、}{f}_{x2}$${f}_{x3}$ 的值, 但意义不大。作为理论分析结果, 频谱的整个包络由低频到高频可以取值为${Y}_{1}\left({f}_{1}\right)- {Y}_{2}\left({f}_{2}\right)- {Y}_{3}\left({f}_{3}\right)-$ ${Y}_{4}\left({f}_{x1}\right)- {Y}_{5}\left({f}_{x2}\right)- {Y}_{3}\left({f}_{x3}\right)$。此外,从图7 中可以清晰地看出阻尼振荡频率高、幅值低的特点。
针对现有方法无法准确模拟器件开关波形的问题, 提出了一种适用于高压大功率开关器件在感性负载条件下进行电磁干扰预测的等效波形, 得出如下结论。
(1)解析模型由 1 个不对称梯形波形和 2 个阻尼振荡波形组成,需要由 11 个参数确定。其中,不对称梯形波形需要用上升时间、下降时间、开关周期、占空比和幅度这 5 个参数来表征; 1 个阻尼振荡波形需要初始幅值、振荡角频率和衰减因子这 3 个参数。
(2)准确获得了器件开关解析模型的频谱包络特征参数,呈现出 “4 折线、 3 拐点、 2 峰”的现象,为工程应用中评估开关设备的电磁干扰特性提供了方便。
本文提出了器件开关波形的等效方法, 其频谱包络分析公式可直接用于预测器件开关过程的电磁干扰频谱。该方法适用于硅基器件, 也适用于 SiC 和$\mathrm{{GaN}}$ 等宽带隙半导体器件。此外,工程应用中对器件的一些复杂控制方法(如脉宽调制)的开关频谱也可用该方法逼近, 仅需计算更多子波形的频谱特征参数,取最大值作为最终的频谱包络线即可。
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.22
  • 接收时间:2024-01-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-31
  • 修回日期:2024-02-20
  • 录用日期:2024-02-26
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    1 新能源电力系统全国重点实验室 北京 102206
    2 深圳供电局有限公司 深圳 518000
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