Article(id=1154051088379532082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.199, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706630400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-31, revisedDate=1707321600000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-08, acceptedDate=1708963200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-27, onlineDate=1753076820702, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076820702, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076820702, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076820702, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=199, endPage=210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154051088845099829, articleId=1154051088379532082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Review of Health Management Methods for Press-pack IGBTs, columnId=1154049135037637588, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Reliability Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Press-pack IGBT power devices are the core component in the new power system application equipment, and health management can improve their service lifetime and operational reliability, thus guaranteeing the safety and stability of new power systems. First, the package structure and main failure modes of press-pack IGBT devices are introduced. Second, the existing health condition monitoring methods are classified and analyzed according to different types of characteristic parameters. Third, the principles and characteristics of the existing lifetime prediction methods for press-pack IGBTs are summarized. Finally, a comprehensive comparative analysis of the existing health management technologies is performed, and the problems in the health management methods for press-pack IGBTs which need to be further studied and the development trends in the future are pointed out.

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压接式 IGBT功率器件是新型电力系统应用装备中的核心部件,对其健康管理可提升IGBT使用寿命与运行可靠性,保障新型电力系统的安全稳定。首先介绍压接式 IGBT 器件的封装结构和主要失效模式;其次以特征参数类型的不同,对现有健康状态监测方法进行分类阐述和分析;然后归纳现有压接式 IGBT 寿命预测方法的原理和特点;最后对现有的健康管理技术进行综合对比分析,并指出压接式 IGBT 健康管理方法需要进一步研究的问题和未来发展趋势。

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肖凯(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀及阀冷工作。E-mail:xiaokaihv@csg.cn。

王振(1979-),男,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:wangzhen7910@csg.cn。

严喜林(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:yanxilin1986@csg.cn。

刘叶春(2000-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail:18807493212@163.com。

胡剑生(1979-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:hujiansheng@xj.cee-group.cn。

刘平(1983-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子系统性能综合优化与高可靠运行关键技术。E-mail:pingliu@hnu.edu.cn。

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肖凯(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀及阀冷工作。E-mail:xiaokaihv@csg.cn。

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肖凯(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀及阀冷工作。E-mail:xiaokaihv@csg.cn。

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王振(1979-),男,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:wangzhen7910@csg.cn。

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王振(1979-),男,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:wangzhen7910@csg.cn。

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严喜林(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:yanxilin1986@csg.cn。

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严喜林(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:yanxilin1986@csg.cn。

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刘叶春(2000-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail:18807493212@163.com。

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刘叶春(2000-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail:18807493212@163.com。

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胡剑生(1979-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:hujiansheng@xj.cee-group.cn。

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胡剑生(1979-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:hujiansheng@xj.cee-group.cn。

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刘平(1983-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子系统性能综合优化与高可靠运行关键技术。E-mail:pingliu@hnu.edu.cn。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

刘平(1983-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子系统性能综合优化与高可靠运行关键技术。E-mail:pingliu@hnu.edu.cn。

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Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation, 2023. 60(1): 132-138 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Prediction model of neural network-based IGBT module remaining service life, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154051120793112598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=50, issue=7, pageStart=1026, pageEnd=1034, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=64, authorNames=牛刚, 刘峥, 余旭涛, journalName=同济大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=牛刚, 刘峥, 余旭涛. 车用 IGBT 模块健康管理技术综述[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2022. 50(7): 1026-1034., articleTitle=车用 IGBT 模块健康管理技术综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154051120843444247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=50, issue=7, pageStart=1026, pageEnd=1034, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=65, authorNames=Niu Gang, Liu Zheng, Yu Xutao, journalName=Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Niu Gang, Liu Zheng, Yu Xutao. Review on health management technology of vehicle IGBT module[J]. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2022. 50(7): 1026-1034 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Review on health management technology of vehicle IGBT module, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154051117047600077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, awardId=CGYKJXM20220108, language=EN, fundingSource=China Southern Power Grid Corporation Science and Technology Project Funding(CGYKJXM20220108), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154051117106320334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, awardId=CGYKJXM20220108, language=CN, fundingSource=南方电网公司科技资助项目(CGYKJXM20220108), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154051112924599164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154051112928793469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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失效模式 失效位置 失效机理 失效影响
微动磨损失效 各层垫片 热膨胀系数不一致导致层间 相对运动 层间接触电阻、热阻升高,加剧结温升高, 加速磨损,直至失效
接触面烧蚀失效 各层垫片 层间放电使得接触面发生烧蚀 层间接触电阻、热阻升高,多次发生放电后失效
栅极氧化层失效 器件栅极 摩擦导致栅极氧化层出现 裂纹或塌陷 栅极氧化层绝缘变差, 产生漏电流, 导通压降 和结温升高
弹簧失效 弹簧/碟簧 器件发热导致的弹簧热疲劳 弹簧松弛,导致外加压力变小,层间接触不良
边界翘曲失效 极板/外壳 极板内外侧温度不一致导致膨胀 程度不一致 器件边界处压力变小,接触变差,温度变高, 加剧边界翘曲
宇宙射线失效 芯片 宇宙射线导致芯片中硅原子成为 等离子体,形成电击穿 芯片内放电,造成芯片损坏
), ArticleFig(id=1154051116523312070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, language=CN, label=表1, caption=压接式 IGBT 失效机理分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
失效模式 失效位置 失效机理 失效影响
微动磨损失效 各层垫片 热膨胀系数不一致导致层间 相对运动 层间接触电阻、热阻升高,加剧结温升高, 加速磨损,直至失效
接触面烧蚀失效 各层垫片 层间放电使得接触面发生烧蚀 层间接触电阻、热阻升高,多次发生放电后失效
栅极氧化层失效 器件栅极 摩擦导致栅极氧化层出现 裂纹或塌陷 栅极氧化层绝缘变差, 产生漏电流, 导通压降 和结温升高
弹簧失效 弹簧/碟簧 器件发热导致的弹簧热疲劳 弹簧松弛,导致外加压力变小,层间接触不良
边界翘曲失效 极板/外壳 极板内外侧温度不一致导致膨胀 程度不一致 器件边界处压力变小,接触变差,温度变高, 加剧边界翘曲
宇宙射线失效 芯片 宇宙射线导致芯片中硅原子成为 等离子体,形成电击穿 芯片内放电,造成芯片损坏
), ArticleFig(id=1154051116611392454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Summary of condition monitoring methods for press-pack IGBTs, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测 方法 测量 参数 文献 监测方法 优点 缺点 主要失效模式
热参 数法 结温 [6-8] 结温监测法 监测结果较准确 结温测量较复杂 全部失效模式
热阻 [9] 热阻监测法 无需破坏封装,精度较高 对模型精度要求高 微动磨损失效、栅极氧化 层失效、弹簧失效
电参 数法 导通 压降 [10-11] 直接监测法 测量简单,与器件老化的 耦合程度较好 对测量精度要求较高 微动磨损失效、 栅极氧化层失效
[12] 三维数据 模型法 监测结果准确 需测量的参数较多,实现 过程较复杂 微动磨损失效、 栅极氧化层失效
[13-14] 曲线交点 监测法 能够排除结温的影响, 对器件老化反映程度高 仅能在特定电流下测试, 无法用于在线监测 微动磨损失效、 栅极氧化层失效
集电 极电 流 [15-16] 电流分布 监测法 能够监测到器件中单一芯 片发生老化失效的情况 电流分布难以精确测量, 在器件内部集成测量模块 所需成本较高 全部失效模式
门极 参数 [17] 门极电流幅 值监测法 栅极氧化层失效
[18] 米勒平台 监测法 可实现在线监测, 可避免电流注入 对硬件有较高要求. 受工况影响较大 栅极氧化层失效
[19] 阈值电压 监测法 栅极氧化层失效
[20] 开关时间 监测法 可实现在线监测 差异不明显,难以比对 栅极氧化层失效
声光 力参 数法 脉冲 电流 [21] 脉冲电流 计数法 敏感度较高,与接触面烧蚀 失效相关性强 需要时刻进行累积计算. 无法离线测量 接触面烧蚀失效
局部 放电 [21] 紫外照相法 准确监测局部放电,表现较 明显,结果较直观 放电现象无法稳定预测. 持续时间短,需要从器件 启用时开始时刻关注,累 计放电次数 接触面烧蚀失效
[22] 特高频 监测法 接触面烧蚀失效
[22] 超声波 监测法 接触面烧蚀失效
), ArticleFig(id=1154051116674307015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, language=CN, label=表2, caption=压接式 IGBT 状态监测方法汇总, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测 方法 测量 参数 文献 监测方法 优点 缺点 主要失效模式
热参 数法 结温 [6-8] 结温监测法 监测结果较准确 结温测量较复杂 全部失效模式
热阻 [9] 热阻监测法 无需破坏封装,精度较高 对模型精度要求高 微动磨损失效、栅极氧化 层失效、弹簧失效
电参 数法 导通 压降 [10-11] 直接监测法 测量简单,与器件老化的 耦合程度较好 对测量精度要求较高 微动磨损失效、 栅极氧化层失效
[12] 三维数据 模型法 监测结果准确 需测量的参数较多,实现 过程较复杂 微动磨损失效、 栅极氧化层失效
[13-14] 曲线交点 监测法 能够排除结温的影响, 对器件老化反映程度高 仅能在特定电流下测试, 无法用于在线监测 微动磨损失效、 栅极氧化层失效
集电 极电 流 [15-16] 电流分布 监测法 能够监测到器件中单一芯 片发生老化失效的情况 电流分布难以精确测量, 在器件内部集成测量模块 所需成本较高 全部失效模式
门极 参数 [17] 门极电流幅 值监测法 栅极氧化层失效
[18] 米勒平台 监测法 可实现在线监测, 可避免电流注入 对硬件有较高要求. 受工况影响较大 栅极氧化层失效
[19] 阈值电压 监测法 栅极氧化层失效
[20] 开关时间 监测法 可实现在线监测 差异不明显,难以比对 栅极氧化层失效
声光 力参 数法 脉冲 电流 [21] 脉冲电流 计数法 敏感度较高,与接触面烧蚀 失效相关性强 需要时刻进行累积计算. 无法离线测量 接触面烧蚀失效
局部 放电 [21] 紫外照相法 准确监测局部放电,表现较 明显,结果较直观 放电现象无法稳定预测. 持续时间短,需要从器件 启用时开始时刻关注,累 计放电次数 接触面烧蚀失效
[22] 特高频 监测法 接触面烧蚀失效
[22] 超声波 监测法 接触面烧蚀失效
), ArticleFig(id=1154051116741415880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Junction temperature measurement methods for press-pack IGBTs, and their advantages and disadvantages, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测方法 测量参数/设备 文献 优点 缺点
直接测量法 FBG 传感器/热电偶 [28] 检测较准确,直观明了 破坏封装结构,影响电热特性
热敏电参数法 小电流导通压降 [29] 线性度好,易于拟合 难以实现在线监测,测量电路较为复杂
大电流导通压降 适合用于在线监测 耦合关系复杂,拟合较为困难
漏电流 [30] 随结温变化较为明显 电流过小,需要高精度设备才能测量
集电极电流变化率 [31] 灵敏度较高,易于测量 每个器件的寄生参数不同,因此需要多次标定
数字孪生 数字孪生模型 [32] 测量直观且准确 模型建立较为困难,数字孪生技术仍不够成熟
), ArticleFig(id=1154051116800136137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, language=CN, label=表3, caption=压接式 IGBT 结温测量方法及其优缺点, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测方法 测量参数/设备 文献 优点 缺点
直接测量法 FBG 传感器/热电偶 [28] 检测较准确,直观明了 破坏封装结构,影响电热特性
热敏电参数法 小电流导通压降 [29] 线性度好,易于拟合 难以实现在线监测,测量电路较为复杂
大电流导通压降 适合用于在线监测 耦合关系复杂,拟合较为困难
漏电流 [30] 随结温变化较为明显 电流过小,需要高精度设备才能测量
集电极电流变化率 [31] 灵敏度较高,易于测量 每个器件的寄生参数不同,因此需要多次标定
数字孪生 数字孪生模型 [32] 测量直观且准确 模型建立较为困难,数字孪生技术仍不够成熟
), ArticleFig(id=1154051116850467786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Analysis of IGBT lifetime prediction models, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
寿命预测模型 文献 考虑的变量 IGBT 适用性 针对压接式预测精度
解析模型 Coffin-Manson 模型 [35] 结温波动 压接式、焊接式 *
Lesit 模型 [36] 结温波动、平均结温 压接式、焊接式 ***
Norris-Landzberg 模型 [37] 结温波动、平均结温、功率循环周期 压接式、焊接式 ******
Bayerer 模型 [38] 结温波动、平均结温、加热时间、 键合线电流、键合线直径 焊接式 不适用
Coffin-Manson- Arrhenius 模型 [39] 结温波动、平均结温 压接式、焊接式 ******
功率循环实验中的 Coffin-Manson 模型 [40] 结温波动、平均结温、加热电流、 导通压降 压接式、焊接式 冰冰冰
Coffin-Manson 改进 模型 [33] 结温波动、平均结温、压力 压接式 ******
物理模型 断裂力学模型 [41] 初始裂纹长度、每个循环周期的 累积损伤 压接式、焊接式 水水
Basquin 模型 [42] 弹性应变 压接式、焊接式 水水
塑性应变模型 [43] 塑性应变 压接式、焊接式 冰水
Syed 蠕变模型 [44] 累积起来的等效蠕变 焊接式 不适用
Pan 能量模型 [45] 塑性应变能、蠕变能 压接式、焊接式 ******
Morrow 修正的 Coffin-Manson 模型 [46] 弹性应变、塑性应变、平均应力 压接式、焊接式 ******
疲劳损伤模型 [47] 结构损伤程度 焊接式 不适用
智能算法 模型 过程神经网络 长短期记忆网络 … [48-49] 各类老化特征参数 压接式、焊接式 ******
), ArticleFig(id=1154051116913382347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154051088379532082, language=CN, label=表4, caption=IGBT 寿命预测模型分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
寿命预测模型 文献 考虑的变量 IGBT 适用性 针对压接式预测精度
解析模型 Coffin-Manson 模型 [35] 结温波动 压接式、焊接式 *
Lesit 模型 [36] 结温波动、平均结温 压接式、焊接式 ***
Norris-Landzberg 模型 [37] 结温波动、平均结温、功率循环周期 压接式、焊接式 ******
Bayerer 模型 [38] 结温波动、平均结温、加热时间、 键合线电流、键合线直径 焊接式 不适用
Coffin-Manson- Arrhenius 模型 [39] 结温波动、平均结温 压接式、焊接式 ******
功率循环实验中的 Coffin-Manson 模型 [40] 结温波动、平均结温、加热电流、 导通压降 压接式、焊接式 冰冰冰
Coffin-Manson 改进 模型 [33] 结温波动、平均结温、压力 压接式 ******
物理模型 断裂力学模型 [41] 初始裂纹长度、每个循环周期的 累积损伤 压接式、焊接式 水水
Basquin 模型 [42] 弹性应变 压接式、焊接式 水水
塑性应变模型 [43] 塑性应变 压接式、焊接式 冰水
Syed 蠕变模型 [44] 累积起来的等效蠕变 焊接式 不适用
Pan 能量模型 [45] 塑性应变能、蠕变能 压接式、焊接式 ******
Morrow 修正的 Coffin-Manson 模型 [46] 弹性应变、塑性应变、平均应力 压接式、焊接式 ******
疲劳损伤模型 [47] 结构损伤程度 焊接式 不适用
智能算法 模型 过程神经网络 长短期记忆网络 … [48-49] 各类老化特征参数 压接式、焊接式 ******
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压接式 IGBT 健康管理方法综述
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肖凯 1 , 王振 1 , 严喜林 1 , 刘叶春 2 , 胡剑生 3 , 刘平 2
电源学报 | 可靠性分析 2024,22(3): 199-210
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电源学报 | 可靠性分析 2024, 22(3): 199-210
压接式 IGBT 健康管理方法综述
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肖凯1 , 王振1 , 严喜林1 , 刘叶春2 , 胡剑生3 , 刘平2
作者信息
  • 1 中国南方电网有限责任公司 超高压输电公司电力科研院 广州 510000
  • 2 湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院 长沙 410082
  • 3 许继电气股份有限公司 许昌 461000
  • 肖凯(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀及阀冷工作。E-mail:xiaokaihv@csg.cn。

    王振(1979-),男,硕士,正高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:wangzhen7910@csg.cn。

    严喜林(1986-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:yanxilin1986@csg.cn。

    刘叶春(2000-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率器件可靠性。E-mail:18807493212@163.com。

    胡剑生(1979-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电换流阀。E-mail:hujiansheng@xj.cee-group.cn。

    刘平(1983-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子系统性能综合优化与高可靠运行关键技术。E-mail:pingliu@hnu.edu.cn。

Review of Health Management Methods for Press-pack IGBTs
Kai XIAO1 , Zhen WANG1 , Xilin YAN1 , Yechun LIU2 , Jiansheng HU3 , Ping LIU2
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute, CSG EHV Power Transmission Company Guangzhou 510000 China
  • 2 College of Electrical and Information Engineering Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
  • 3 Xuji Electric Co., Ltd Xuchang 461000 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.199
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压接式 IGBT功率器件是新型电力系统应用装备中的核心部件,对其健康管理可提升IGBT使用寿命与运行可靠性,保障新型电力系统的安全稳定。首先介绍压接式 IGBT 器件的封装结构和主要失效模式;其次以特征参数类型的不同,对现有健康状态监测方法进行分类阐述和分析;然后归纳现有压接式 IGBT 寿命预测方法的原理和特点;最后对现有的健康管理技术进行综合对比分析,并指出压接式 IGBT 健康管理方法需要进一步研究的问题和未来发展趋势。

压接式 IGBT  /  健康管理  /  状态监测  /  寿命预测  /  老化失效

Press-pack IGBT power devices are the core component in the new power system application equipment, and health management can improve their service lifetime and operational reliability, thus guaranteeing the safety and stability of new power systems. First, the package structure and main failure modes of press-pack IGBT devices are introduced. Second, the existing health condition monitoring methods are classified and analyzed according to different types of characteristic parameters. Third, the principles and characteristics of the existing lifetime prediction methods for press-pack IGBTs are summarized. Finally, a comprehensive comparative analysis of the existing health management technologies is performed, and the problems in the health management methods for press-pack IGBTs which need to be further studied and the development trends in the future are pointed out.

Press-pack IGBT  /  health management  /  condition monitoring  /  lifetime prediction  /  aging failure
肖凯, 王振, 严喜林, 刘叶春, 胡剑生, 刘平. 压接式 IGBT 健康管理方法综述. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 199 -210 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.199
Kai XIAO, Zhen WANG, Xilin YAN, Yechun LIU, Jiansheng HU, Ping LIU. Review of Health Management Methods for Press-pack IGBTs[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 199 -210 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.199
压接式 IGBT 功率器件以其散热性能好、抗高压能力强及短路后可短时间运行的优势, 在高压大功率应用场景受到广泛关注, 是柔性直流输电系统、高压大容量柔直换流阀装备中的核心部件,在我国的“乌东德工程”和“张北工程”中得到了大规模应用[1]。统计资料[1] 表明,压接式 IGBT 是换流阀所有部件中最容易发生故障的部件之一,约占总体的 34%。在换流阀运行过程中,其核心器件压接式 IGBT 会承受较为复杂的电应力,而在多个物理场高度耦合的换流阀运行环境中, 压接式 IGBT 还会不可避免地发生结温的变化,承受不断交变的热应力的影响,引起器件老化[2-3]。为保证换流阀安全稳定工作,需要对压接式 IGBT 的健康状态进行监控。
本文旨在针对压接式 IGBT 健康管理方法进行回顾, 首先对压接式 IGBT 失效机理进行概述分析,并按状态监测技术、寿命预测技术进行分类分析和对比, 最后指出今后需要进一步研究的问题并展望发展趋势,对压接式 IGBT 健康管理和运行可靠性提升具有参考意义。
压接式 IGBT 结构主要由发射极垫片、碟簧、 银/铝垫片、钼片、焊有 IGBT 芯片的集电极板、门极引线板和铜盖板组成,图1 为 ABB 公司生产的型号为 5SNA 2000K452300 压接式 IGBT 结构。压接式 IGBT 的各层结构是通过碟簧外加压力将各层结构紧紧压合来实现稳固连接, 并不存在焊接式 IGBT 键合线结构。
由于封装方式不同,压接式 IGBT 的失效机理与焊接式的失效机理有较大差别[4]。在现有的工程应用中,压接式 IGBT 主要有 6 种老化失效模式,分别是微动磨损失效、接触面烧蚀失效、栅极氧化层失效、弹簧失效、边界翘曲失效和宇宙射线失效。[5], 如图2 所示。表1 归纳了压接式 IGBT 的 6 种主要失效模式对应的失效位置、机理及影响。
微动磨损失效是压接式 IGBT 最常见的失效模式之一。由于各层材料的热膨胀系数存在差异, 因此发生膨胀的程度也有所不同。在温度变化的过程中, 各层之间发生微小的相对运动, 导致材料磨损。在失效过程中,层间粗糙度升高导致接触电阻、 接触热阻升高,使得导通压降上升、结温上升。
接触面烧蚀失效是由于压接式 IGBT 相邻上下两层之间的接触不好导致的。在对器件进行关断时, 可能发生短暂的层间断触现象, 此时的高电压容易引起局部放电, 造成接触面的电烧蚀, 导致各层间接触不再良好,接触电阻、接触热阻上升。
栅极氧化层失效是由于 IGBT 芯片和钼垫片的热膨胀系数不一致而导致使栅极氧化层发生磨损, 产生裂纹, 电子穿过栅极氧化层产生漏电流, 器件耐压能力下降, 被大电压击穿的概率大大上升, 并且内部结构的损伤也会导致器件本身的电热特性发生改变,进而导致导通压降上升、结温升高。
弹簧失效则是由于芯片发热导致的弹簧热疲劳使弹簧变得松弛,无法再为压接式$\mathrm{{IGBT}}$ 提供足够的压力,这导致器件各层间接触不再紧密,电热特性下降,损耗增加,发热加剧,直至层间失去接触。
边界翘曲失效是由于器件外壳的机械变形导致的。在压接式 IGBT 工作的过程中,其集电极、发射极极板的内侧与弹簧或芯片结构相接, 温度较高;外侧由于散热器的存在,温度较低。内侧的受热膨胀程度略高于外侧,器件边界发生翘曲。边界区域的 IGBT 结构所受外部压力变小,电阻、热阻升高,发热增多,最终导致器件失效。
宇宙射线失效是由宇宙中高能粒子撞击$\mathrm{{Si}}$ 原子引发的芯片内部放电导致的。这种失效模式出现的情况较少,且较为随机,因此在此不进行过多讨论。
为掌握压接式 IGBT 的健康状态,国内外学者对其老化程度在不同维度特性上的体现进行了一定程度的研究, 并提出了相应的状态监测方法。本文将现有压接式 IGBT 状态监测方法分为基于热特性的监测方法、基于电特性参数的监测方法和基于声光力学特性的监测方法这 3 种,如表2 所示。
对于压接式 IGBT 的老化失效而言, 热特性的改变是器件老化最明显的反映之一[23]。现有文献[1,24] 指出,在相同的电流和环境温度下, IGBT 器件的结温或热阻上升 20%为器件发生老化失效的标志。并且由于压接式 IGBT 的多数电特性参数均受温度的影响, 因此对器件的温度或热阻进行测量更显得尤为必要。现有通过结构函数法测量热阻的方法[25],过程繁杂且易引起误差,难以应用于大规模工程, 因此结温相比热阻更加适合于状态监测工作。在通过结温对压接式 IGBT 进行状态监测时, 结温的测量往往是最主要的难点之一。 在对焊接式 IGBT 进行结温测量时, 可以轻易地打开其外壳利用热电偶进行测量[26-27],且通过集成热敏电阻测量结温也较为方便。但破坏压接式 IGBT 的封装结构会大大影响器件的电热特性,且暂未有集成热敏电阻的成熟方案。因此学者们针对压接式 IGBT 开展了结温测量技术的研究,表3 对现有的结温测量方法进行了归纳和分析。
随着器件的老化, 压接式 IGBT 的电特性同样会发生明显改变。目前常用于健康状态监测的电特性参数主要有导通压降、集电极电流及各门极参量如门极电阻、门极电流、开关时间和阈值电压等。
导通压降的测量较容易、变化较明显,在焊接式 IGBT 工程应用中一般以导通压降上升 5%作为器件发生老化失效的标志[24],目前已有多篇文献对导通压降受压接式 IGBT 器件老化的影响规律进行研究,指出导通压降上升 5%这一器件失效指标亦可沿用在压接式 IGBT 上。通过导通压降进行状态监测仅需在系统中加装 1 个导通压降测量模块, 有较好的简便性和实用性, 且导通压降测量电路也较为成熟,有较高的稳定性和精确性。因此,导通压降法在未来的工程应用中有较好的前景。
重庆大学江泽申等[10]${1200}\mathrm{\;N}$ 压力、${70}\mathrm{\;A}$ 电流下,以 30 °C 为结温下限, 140 °C 为结温上限, 对压接式 IGBT 进行了功率循环实验, 在接近 2.5 万次循环后观测到导通压降的突增,如图3(a) 所示。 德国开姆尼茨工业大学的 Tinschert L 等[1] 也在综述中提到了导通压降和器件失效的关系。合肥工业大学研究团队[12] 提出了利用三维数据模型进行状态监测的方法, 从结温、导通压降和电流 3 个参数的角度对器件的失效情况进行分析。丹麦奥尔堡大学 Choi H M 等时与重庆大学周雒维团队 14提出了利用不同温度下导通压降-集电极电流曲线之间的交点进行结温的解耦, 如图3(b)所示, 在导通压降正温度系数区和负温度系数区交界处的电流下, 导通压降不受温度影响,该电流大小约为${10}\mathrm{\;A}$。 经过功率循环实验观测到导通压降的变化规律如图3(c)所示。
压接式 IGBT 器件常常由多个单芯片器件并联而成, 这些并联芯片之间的电流不均现象能够反映压接式器件失效的情况。重庆大学陈民铀团队[16] 研究了压接式 IGBT 内部不均流的问题,指出引起电流不均的主要因素是结温分布不均,如图4 所示, 并基于电热分布模型提出了适用于多芯片并联压接式 IGBT 的健康状态评估模型。重庆大学李辉团队[15] 针对器件内部各芯片电流之间的不平衡现象进行了研究, 设计算法得出了能够用于评估各芯片电流间不平衡度的系数, 最后通过该系数的大小来评估器件的健康状态。评估系数的计算公式为
${\zeta }_{pqjk}\left( t\right)= \frac{\left|{I}_{pq}\left( t\right)- {I}_{jk}\left( t\right)\right|}{{I}_{\text{Ave }}}= \frac{\left|{I}_{pq}\left( t\right)- {I}_{jk}\left( t\right)\right|}{{I}_{\text{Total }}/\left({mn}\right)} $
式中:${pq}$ 为芯片所在位置的行列数;${mn}$ 为压接式器件所有芯片的行列数;${I}_{pq}$ 为位于$p$$q$ 列芯片的电流;${I}_{jk}$ 为任意选取的芯片电流,用于为电流不平衡程度提供参考;${I}_{\text{Ave }}$ 为各芯片电流的平均值;${I}_{\text{Total }}$ 为所有芯片电流之和。在进行评估时,判断该不平衡系数相比全新出厂时的变化量, 若该系数的变化量超过 9%,则表示压接式 IGBT 已经发生严重失效, 应及时采取措施。
门极参数的恶化主要来源于器件栅极氧化层失效这一模式, 国内外专家针对各个门极参数在器件发生失效的情况下的表现进行了研究。重庆大学江泽申 [33] 进行了压接式 IGBT 的加速老化试验, 发现器件老化后,其栅射极间电阻从初始的${100}\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 变为${103\Omega }$,证明随着器件功率循环次数的增加, 其门极将逐渐发生损伤直至失效;墨西哥卡门城自治大学 Rodríguez-Blanco M A 等[17]${1200}\mathrm{\;V}$${15}\mathrm{\;A}$ 工况下通过实验分析指出压接式 IGBT 的米勒平台会随器件的老化而升高, 如图5(a)所示, 可以借此对器件进行状态监测;重庆大学 Zhou Shengqi 等[18] 发现器件老化失效后,开关过程门极电流的幅值将会显著下降,但下降幅度与器件失效的对应关系仍需进行更多实验研究; 英国纽卡斯尔大学 Mandeya R 笔[9]指出器件的老化会导致阈值由压升高,除此之外,还有学者[20] 提出通过器件开关过程所需时间来进行健康状态监测, 但由于器件开关时间通常仅需若干微秒,老化前后开关时间的微小差异难以比对。
除上文所述常见的基于热、电特性的健康状态监测方法外, 由于压接式 IGBT 的独特封装结构和失效机理,声、光、力学参数也可以作为特征参量对压接式 IGBT 进行状态监测。
器件发生接触面烧蚀失效时,会产生局部放电, 此时层间会出现强烈而短暂的火花, 在接地点能监测到脉冲电流, 器件的漏电流将会增加。华北电力大学 Fu Pengyu 等[21] 设计了一套用于监测局部放电现象的系统,利用${3300}\mathrm{\;V}$ 压接式 IGBT 器件分析了击穿电压大小和局部放电次数的关系, 并用紫外照相机拍摄到放电瞬间的电火花现象,如图6 所示。
西安交通大学李军浩等[22] 介绍了利用特高频法和超声波法监测局部放电的方法。特高频法是利用器件发生局部放电时所产生的特高频电磁波来进行监测, 具有较高的灵敏度, 并且通过定位电磁波的来源即可得知具体的失效器件, 但是很难排除其他特高频电磁波的干扰;超声波法是利用器件发生局部放电时所产生的超声波信号进行监测, 比特高频法有较强的抗电磁干扰能力,但易受低频声波的干扰, 在微电子和信号处理技术得到飞速发展后,其灵敏度有了较大提升[28]
针对器件发生的边界翘曲现象,直接对形变量进行观察工作量大且难以对评判标准进行统一。根据开姆尼茨工业大学 Tinschert L 等[11] 对边界翘曲失效的分析, 可利用图像识别技术对极板的翘曲程度进行精确的定量监测,如图7 所示,即使用分辨率为 1600 像素$\times {1200}$ 像素的机器视觉系统,图像识别监测精度可达${20\mu }\mathrm{m}$,从而提高对边界翘曲失效的监测效率。
在现有的压接式 IGBT 状态监测方法中,利用导通压降和结温的方法最受国内外专家的重视。相比之下,热阻的测量复杂度较高且容易引入误差, 监测精度较低;集电极电流分布难以测量, 在器件内部集成 PCB 罗氏线圈则会带来成本的增加, 且需对器件加以改造;利用门极参数暂态特性进行监测的方法需对压接式 IGBT 进行实验观测, 不利于大规模工程应用;利用紫外照相机、特高频法、超声波法监测局部放电现象则会在消耗大量成本的前提下监测到少数失效模式, 对常见失效模式无法辨识, 性价比较低, 对边界翘曲的观测亦是同理。导通压降和结温作为监测特征量,具有易获得、精确度高和失效模式覆盖范围大的优势, 在离线监测中较为方便直观,并且在在线监测中有较好的前景。
目前随着人工智能技术的发展,国内外对利用智能算法进行压接式 IGBT 状态监测也进行了初步研究。智能算法的优势在于能够从大量多维度数据中提取与器件失效相关的特征, 从而打破利用单一变量进行状态监测的局限性, 提高监测精确度。 随着技术的不断发展, 智能算法将会成为未来状态监测领域的重点研究方向之一。
在寿命预测方面,目前有数篇文献将传统焊接式 IGBT(又称焊接键合型 IGBT)的方法应用于压接式 IGBT, 并针对压接式 IGBT 的失效特征和机理提出了新型寿命预测方法。压接式 IGBT 与焊接式 IGBT 的区别很大程度上在于压接式 IGBT 中应力场的作用更为明显,其与器件内部的电阻、 热阻等电热特性有较高的耦合程度。因此, 在对压接式 IGBT 的寿命预测进行研究时, 加入对其所受压力、内部磨损程度等力学指标的考量将大大提升预测精度。目前对压接式 IGBT 寿命预测的研究思路主要为论证传统寿命预测方法对压接式 IGBT 的适用性或者为对传统方法的改进。现有 IGBT 寿命预测模型主要可分为解析模型、物理模型及智能算法模型[34],表4 从考虑的变量、精度及 IGBT 适用性等方面对 IGBT 寿命预测模型进行了详细分析。 注:“*”越多,表示精度越高。
解析模型法, 通过数学方法拟合器件剩余寿命同特征物理量之间的关系, 从而通过关系式对剩余寿命进行计算的方法。利用解析模型法得到的数学关系式并不能表达器件失效的物理意义, 仅为近似拟合的关系曲线。将解析模型应用于压接式 IGBT 时, 应考虑到其与焊接式 IGBT 的区别。焊接式 IGBT 的寿命预测解析模型中用到的键合线直径、焊料层厚度等参数显然不适用于压接式 IGBT, 而为了提高寿命预测的精确度, 压接式 IGBT 解析模型所使用的特征量除了焊接式常用的结温波动、平均结温等外, 平均压力等与压接式器件老化失效有强相关性的参数也应得到考量。重庆大学江泽申[33] 指出考虑到压力影响的 Coffin-Manson 改进模型是目前较适合于压接式 IGBT 寿命预测的解析模型。
物理模型法, 从器件的失效机理出发, 通过直接对器件的失效进程进行计算来预测其剩余寿命。 利用物理模型方法得到的表达式具有较为明显的物理意义, 在焊接式 IGBT 的物理模型中, 该物理意义指键合线的断裂过程、焊料层的疲劳过程及结构损伤的累积等。在压接式 IGBT 的寿命预测物理模型中, 应考虑到其存在的几种常见失效模式中, 器件老化导致的接触面粗糙度变化、弹簧的疲劳、栅极氧化层的塌陷断裂等现象。经 Morrow${\mathrm{J}}^{\left\lbrack {46}\right\rbrack }$ 修正的 Coffin-Manson 模型能够较好地模拟热循环中压接式 IGBT 器件内部的应力变化情况,较适合于压接式 IGBT 的寿命预测。除上述失效特征外, 接触面烧蚀失效过程中出现的局部放电现象也可以尝试计入物理模型的失效累积中。
随着人工智能技术的发展, 利用智能算法对器件寿命进行预测的技术也得到了一定研究。通过分析功率循环实验中各参数的变化规律, 提取出受器件老化影响较大的特征参数, 通过大量数据对智能模型进行训练, 将特征参数的变化规律同器件的老化规律进行对应, 无论是焊接式或是压接式 IGBT, 均可实现器件的剩余寿命预测功能。目前该技术还停留于仿真阶段,较为棘手的问题是高质量数据集的生成。国内外有多篇文献借助 NASA 公开的加速老化试验数据进行模型训练, 但这会导致数据来源较为单一[50],试验工况不够丰富; 通过仿真得到数据的方法精确度不高, 且难以对实际工况进行足够精准的模拟; 通过在实验室中自行操作多次加速老化试验获得数据的方法太过费时费力, 成本较高。 在下一步研究中, 高质量数据集将成为重点突破方向之一。
目前为止, 国内外专家学者针对压接式 IGBT 的健康管理方法已进行了一系列研究, 但是由于研究尚不充分, 实际工程应用情况较少, 仍存在一些难点有待突破,具体表现为以下几点。
(1)现存状态监测方法对仪器精密度有较高要求。目前的方法无论是针对何种参数, 为保证监测的准确性, 避免监测系统的误判断, 均对硬件平台或测量仪器提出了较高要求,造成了成本高、易损坏和鲁棒性低等问题。
(2)尚缺乏一种能够在大功率工况下实现在线监测的方法。目前压接式 IGBT 的状态监测方法多为离线监测方法, 在实际应用时需要将器件从电力设备上拆卸下来进行独立的状态监测试验, 而这会导致电力设备停机, 并造成人力资源浪费。虽然已有少数文献提出了在线监测方案, 但也仅停留于理论和仿真研究阶段, 并未进行实际工况下的试点应用, 如何充分利用易于测量的特征参数实现压接式 IGBT 的在线监测, 仍有待进一步研究。
(3)目前的压接式 IGBT 寿命预测研究仍主要集中在对寿命模型的改进上, 而寿命模型对不同型号器件的泛用性较低, 在变化工况下模型的预测精度难以保证;而利用智能算法的寿命预测方法面临着数据来源过于单一的问题, 且难以与实际工况相对应。如何将寿命预测模型或算法同实际工况进行有效结合仍有待进一步研究。
国内外针对压接式 IGBT 的研究远少于焊接式 IGBT, 由于二者结构上的差异较大, 在焊接式 IGBT 中得到成熟应用的技术往往无法直接应用在压接式 IGBT 上。在压接式 IGBT 健康管理技术研究中,绝大多数技术暂时还处于实验室研究阶段。 针对上述难点, 提出以下几点发展思路。
(1)健康管理技术在实际工程应用中的实用性提升。针对现有技术对环境和精确性要求较高的问题,需要对能够同时兼顾监测准确性和系统鲁棒性的健康管理系统进行研究, 避免使用过于复杂的测量电路或精密性过高的贵重仪器, 实现健康管理系统的轻量化、小型化, 从而提高压接式 IGBT 健康管理系统的可靠性和精确度。
(2)健康管理技术与人工智能技术的融合。使用智能算法能够使压接式 IGBT 的健康状态监测研究不再拘泥于某一两种电热力特性参数, 而是同时分析多个失效特征参数, 对参数进行特征提取, 从而得到更为准确的器件健康状态信息。目前国内外对该领域已经进行了一部分研究, 但现有算法均仅能实现对各自的试验对象实现较高性能的健康状态监测, 无法推广。未来可以考虑针对智能算法模型对不同封装型号的压接式 IGBT 甚至不同类型功率器件的兼容性进行研究, 提升基于智能算法健康管理技术的工程应用普适性。
(3)健康管理技术的在线化、系统化。在未来的研究中应结合压接式 IGBT 高压大功率的实际工况, 充分挖掘实际工况下器件参数随老化的变化规律, 结合数字孪生技术, 实现剩余寿命实时可视化、 失效定位、失效类型判断和失效器件切除等多种功能, 加强对过电流、过电压等异常工况对器件健康状态影响的分析, 形成准确度高、稳定性强的在线监测系统, 实现器件健康状态的实时监控, 提高电力设备整体的可靠性。
  • 南方电网公司科技资助项目(CGYKJXM20220108)
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.199
  • 接收时间:2024-01-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-31
  • 修回日期:2024-02-08
  • 录用日期:2024-02-27
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China Southern Power Grid Corporation Science and Technology Project Funding(CGYKJXM20220108)
南方电网公司科技资助项目(CGYKJXM20220108)
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    1 中国南方电网有限责任公司 超高压输电公司电力科研院 广州 510000
    2 湖南大学 电气与信息工程学院 长沙 410082
    3 许继电气股份有限公司 许昌 461000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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