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The application of wide bandgap semiconductor devices makes the motor drive system of electric vehicles (EVs) more compact and lightweight, but it also causes more serious electromagnetic interference (EMI), which makes the reliability of the drive system face severe challenges. To solve this problem, a 24 V/2 A EMI DC filter is taken as an example, and through the analysis of noise source, filter principle and impedance influence, the filter parameters are designed according to the index of insertion loss. At the same time, considering the starting impact at the starting time of the whole vehicle, a soft starting circuit is added to further improve the reliability of the EV drive system. Experimental results verified the EMI suppression effect and the soft starting function of the filter, proving the feasibility and effectiveness of the filter design.

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宽禁带半导体器件的应用使电动汽车的电机驱动系统更加小型化和轻量化,但也引发了更为严重的电磁干扰,使得驱动系统的可靠性面临严峻挑战。为此,以24 V/2A的EMI直流滤波器为例,通过噪声源、滤波器原理及阻抗影响的分析,依据插入损耗指标进行滤波器参数设计。同时,考虑到整车启动时刻的启动冲击,加入软启动电路,进一步提高电动汽车驱动系统可靠性。实验测试验证了滤波器的电磁干扰抑制效果和软启动性能,证明了滤波器设计的可行性和有效性。

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王盼(1987-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:大功率功率变换器、PWM控制以及分布式发电。E-mail:wp20210018@hbut.edu.cn。

徐虎(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术应用。E-mail:3319036408@qq.com。

袁雷(1984-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:电机驱动、柔性输配电。E-mail : yuanlei@hbut.edu.cn。

徐岸非(1981-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电能质量优化、工业自动化控制。E-mail: 20171014@hbut.edu.cn.

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王盼(1987-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:大功率功率变换器、PWM控制以及分布式发电。E-mail:wp20210018@hbut.edu.cn。

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王盼(1987-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:大功率功率变换器、PWM控制以及分布式发电。E-mail:wp20210018@hbut.edu.cn。

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徐虎(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术应用。E-mail:3319036408@qq.com。

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徐虎(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术应用。E-mail:3319036408@qq.com。

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袁雷(1984-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:电机驱动、柔性输配电。E-mail : yuanlei@hbut.edu.cn。

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袁雷(1984-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:电机驱动、柔性输配电。E-mail : yuanlei@hbut.edu.cn。

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徐岸非(1981-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电能质量优化、工业自动化控制。E-mail: 20171014@hbut.edu.cn.

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徐岸非(1981-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电能质量优化、工业自动化控制。E-mail: 20171014@hbut.edu.cn.

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Electri-cal Engineering, 2023. 24(8): 37-49 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Interference prediction and filter design based on permanent magnet synchronous motor driving system conducting electromagnetic interference model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154049153958141984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049118482719686, awardId=Q20211405, language=EN, fundingSource=Young Talents Project of Science and Technology Research Program of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(Q20211405), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154049154008473633, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049118482719686, awardId=Q20211405, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北省教育厅科学技术研究项目计划——青年人才资助项目(Q20211405), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154049154054610978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049118482719686, awardId=XJ2021003601, language=EN, fundingSource=Doctoral Research Start-up 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具有软启动功能的EMI直流滤波器设计
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王盼 , 徐虎 , 袁雷 , 徐岸非
电源学报 | 器件驱动与应用 2024,22(3): 182-189
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电源学报 | 器件驱动与应用 2024, 22(3): 182-189
具有软启动功能的EMI直流滤波器设计
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王盼 , 徐虎 , 袁雷 , 徐岸非
作者信息
  • 湖北工业大学 太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430074
  • 王盼(1987-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:大功率功率变换器、PWM控制以及分布式发电。E-mail:wp20210018@hbut.edu.cn。

    徐虎(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术应用。E-mail:3319036408@qq.com。

    袁雷(1984-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:电机驱动、柔性输配电。E-mail : yuanlei@hbut.edu.cn。

    徐岸非(1981-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士,副教授。研究方向:电能质量优化、工业自动化控制。E-mail: 20171014@hbut.edu.cn.

Design of EMI DC Filter with Soft Starting Function
Pan WANG , Hu XU , Lei YUAN , Anfei XU
Affiliations
  • Hubei Key Laboratory of Solar Energy Efficient Utilization and Energy Storage Operation Control Hubei University of Technology Wuhan 430074 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.182
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宽禁带半导体器件的应用使电动汽车的电机驱动系统更加小型化和轻量化,但也引发了更为严重的电磁干扰,使得驱动系统的可靠性面临严峻挑战。为此,以24 V/2A的EMI直流滤波器为例,通过噪声源、滤波器原理及阻抗影响的分析,依据插入损耗指标进行滤波器参数设计。同时,考虑到整车启动时刻的启动冲击,加入软启动电路,进一步提高电动汽车驱动系统可靠性。实验测试验证了滤波器的电磁干扰抑制效果和软启动性能,证明了滤波器设计的可行性和有效性。

宽禁带半导体器件  /  电动汽车  /  EMI滤波器  /  插入损耗  /  软启动

The application of wide bandgap semiconductor devices makes the motor drive system of electric vehicles (EVs) more compact and lightweight, but it also causes more serious electromagnetic interference (EMI), which makes the reliability of the drive system face severe challenges. To solve this problem, a 24 V/2 A EMI DC filter is taken as an example, and through the analysis of noise source, filter principle and impedance influence, the filter parameters are designed according to the index of insertion loss. At the same time, considering the starting impact at the starting time of the whole vehicle, a soft starting circuit is added to further improve the reliability of the EV drive system. Experimental results verified the EMI suppression effect and the soft starting function of the filter, proving the feasibility and effectiveness of the filter design.

Wide bandgap semiconductor device  /  electric vehicle(EV)  /  electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter  /  insertion loss  /  soft starting
王盼, 徐虎, 袁雷, 徐岸非. 具有软启动功能的EMI直流滤波器设计. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 182 -189 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.182
Pan WANG, Hu XU, Lei YUAN, Anfei XU. Design of EMI DC Filter with Soft Starting Function[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 182 -189 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.182
相较于传统硅基器件,禁带宽度得到提高的宽禁带 WBG(wide bandgap)器件近年来迅速发展, 凭借其开关功耗更低、开关速度更快的优越性能在电动汽车 EV(electric vehicle)领域展现出广阔的应用前景[1]。然而, WBG 器件开通和关断时会产生更高的$\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}t$$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$,进而引发更为剧烈的波形振荡,造成额外的功率损耗[2]。更高幅值开关噪声干扰还可能造成能量回路中其他器件的误导通,降低系统的可靠性[3]。由此可见,当 EV 电机驱动系统含有宽禁带半导体器件时,更有必要采取有效的电磁兼容技术。
按耦合方式, 可将电磁干扰 EMI(electromagnetic interference)分为传导电磁干扰(conducted EMI)和辐射电磁干扰(radiated EMI)两大类,其分别通过线路和空间传播。为提高电池利用率, 电动汽车制造商倾向于在整车功率架构中加入双向大功率DC-DC 变换器[4]。该做法使汽车内部产生的传导电磁干扰更易耦合至驱动控制电路。因此, 在驱动控制电路电源输入侧串接 EMI 滤波器, 便捷有效、通用性强,是提高系统电磁兼容性能的常用方法[5]
根据是否存在有源器件, EMI 滤波器可分为有源 EMI 滤波器 AEF(active EMI filter) 和无源 EMI 滤波器 PEF(passive EMI filter)。有源 EMI 滤波器采用有源消除 AC(active cancellation) 技术抑制噪声,体积较小,但受半导体器件增益带宽积限制,噪声频率越高, AEF 滤波效果越差[6]。为解决该问题, 文献[7]提出一种混沌脉宽调制的有源 EMI 滤波器, 能显著提高滤波器工作带宽,然而其滤波性能提升依赖高精度采集模块, 致使其设计相对复杂。无源滤波器结构简单,成本低,维护方便,广泛应用于小功率 EMI 滤波器。文献[8]给出了设计无源 EMI 滤波器的一般性方法, 但未考虑噪声源阻抗特性对插入损耗的影响, 滤波器拓扑选择难以满足阻抗失配原则;文献[9]采用插入损耗法测量源阻抗的最大幅值和最小幅值, 但未考虑噪声源内阻抗的相位信息,容易造成滤波器过设计或欠设计。由此,设计无源 EMI 滤波器的过程中, 需要兼顾噪声源阻抗的幅值和相位信息[10]
直流变换器启动时刻的上电冲击亦会传导至驱动电源, 冲击电压同样会降低整车系统的可靠性。但该过程只发生在启动时刻,可以通过软启动电路加以解决。
综上, 本文综合考虑电动汽车功率架构和电磁干扰抑制手段,分析噪声源信息后,根据插入损耗设计 24 V/2 A 直流无源 EMI 滤波器参数。同时,在滤波器前级加入软启动电路, 使得车载大功率变换器的启动更加稳定。测试结果证明本文所述的滤波器设计切实可行。
电力电子设备中, 相线与地线间传导的干扰噪声称为共模噪声,其各相线上噪声大小相等、相位相同;单独在相线间传导的干扰噪声称为差模噪声, 其各相线上噪声大小相同、相位相反。这 2 类噪声可以通过实验加以分离[11],且产生机理有所不同。
为保证可控开关管工作过程中良好的散热性, 必须安装散热片。然而,可控开关管和散热片之间的绝缘材质和导热硅脂会等效成寄生电容${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$,开关管端子电压的周期性变化使得该寄生电容反复充、 放电,从而在电路中引入共模噪声[12]。共模噪声在高频段占主导地位, 源阻抗呈容性。可控型开关管和功率二极管内部 PN 结在正向导通过程中会集聚大量的载流子, 这些载流子在器件反向关断过程中急剧减少,从而形成反向恢复电流。文献[13]指出,二极管反向恢复电流是开关管电路的主要差模干扰源,差模噪声在低频段占主导地位[14]
相较于$\mathrm{{Si}}$ 基半导体器件,宽禁带半导体器件具有高击穿场强, 相同的击穿电压参数下拥有更小的晶片尺寸,功率密度提高的同时降低了器件的结电容,使其通断过程更为迅速[11]。由此可见, WBG 器件组成的开关管为电力电子设备内部的主要电磁干扰源头, EMI 滤波器的设计和使用具有较高的工程价值。
EMI 滤波器的设计指标主要包括插入损耗、额定电压、额定电流、漏电流和体积重量等,其滤波性能主要由插入损耗衡量。噪声干扰频段内插入损耗越大,抑制干扰噪声效果越好[15]
EMI 滤波器的插入损耗定义为:滤波器接入前后,干扰噪声向负载端传输功率的比值。其表达式为
${IL}= {10}\log \left(\frac{{P}_{1}}{{P}_{2}}\right)= {20}\log \left|\frac{{U}_{1}}{{U}_{2}}\right|$
式中:${P}_{1}$${U}_{1}$ 分别为插入滤波器前的负载功率和电压有效值;${P}_{2}$${U}_{2}$ 分别为插入滤波器后的负载功率和电压有效值。
无源滤波器端口模型如图1 所示。为保证噪声电压信号的测量具有可重复性和可信性, 测试被测设备 EUT(equipment under test)对外发出的电源线传导干扰时,使用图2 所示的线性阻抗稳定网络 LISN(line impedance stabilization network)。
图2 中, 被测设备产生的电源线传导干扰经线性阻抗稳定网络耦合到 EMI 接收机输入侧。线性阻抗稳定网络左侧${1\mu }\mathrm{F}$ 接地电容和${50\mu }\mathrm{H}$ 电感用以滤除外电路噪声, EMI接收机侧${0.1\mu }\mathrm{F}$ 电容和${50\Omega }$ 电阻采样被测设备发出的噪声。
图1 可知, 插入 EMI 滤波器前, 负载阻抗电压${\dot{U}}_{1}$
${\dot{U}}_{1}= \frac{{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{L}}}$
式中:${Z}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为负载侧阻抗;${\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 为噪声源特定频率下的电压;${Z}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 为噪声源阻抗。
共模噪声流过线性阻抗稳定网络时,${50\Omega }$ 电阻等效为并联; 差模噪声流过时,${50\Omega }$ 电阻等效为串联。
EMI 滤波器的端口网络传输参数矩阵$\mathbf{T}$
$\mathbf{T}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{ll} A & B \\ C & D \end{array}\right\rbrack $
式中,$A\text{、}B\text{、}C$$D$ 为二端网络的复阻抗。插入滤波器后 EMI 滤波器的端口方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{U}}_{1}^{\prime }= {\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{S}}- {\dot{I}}_{1}{Z}_{\mathrm{S}}\\{\dot{U}}_{2}= -{\dot{I}}_{2}{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\dot{U}}_{1}^{\prime }$ 为滤波器输入侧电压;${\dot{I}}_{1}$ 为滤波器输入侧电流;${\dot{U}}_{2}$ 为滤波器输出侧电压;${\dot{I}}_{2}$ 为滤波器输出侧电流。
联立式 (1)$\sim$ 式 (4) 得到$\mathbf{T}$ 参数表示的插入损耗计算公式为
${IL}= {20}\log \left|\frac{A{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}+ B + C{Z}_{\mathrm{S}}{Z}_{\mathrm{L}}+ D{Z}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right|$
EMI 滤波器的传导共模噪声滤波电路如图3 所示,由共模电感${L}_{2}$ 和 2 个安规$\mathrm{Y}$ 电容$C{Y}_{1}\text{、}C{Y}_{2}$ 组成,其核心器件是共模电感${L}_{2}$。共模电感的 2 个电感线圈虽无电气连接, 但两者磁路共用 1 个磁环, 磁通相同。这 2 个线圈对大小相同、方向相反的共模电流呈现较大阻抗,但无法滤除大小相同、方向相反的差模噪声。
图3(a)中实线表示理想情况下的共模噪声滤波回路, 负载侧虚线为滤波后的共模噪声输出到 EMI 接收机输入侧的耦合回路。图3(b)中电感${L}_{2}^{* }$图3 $\left(\mathrm{a}\right)$ 中共模电感${L}_{2}$ 的去耦等效,${C}_{\text{eql }}$$C{Y}_{1}$$C{Y}_{2}$ 并联等效电容,所含等效${LC}$ 滤波电路的参数矩阵${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{CM}}}$
${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{CM}}}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 -{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}^{* }{C}_{\mathrm{{eq1}}}& \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{2}^{* }\\\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{{eq1}}}& 1 \end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
联立式(3)、式(5)和式(6)得 EMI 共模噪声滤波电路的理想插入损耗为
${IL}= {20}\lg \left|\left\lbrack {\left({1 -{\omega }^{2}{L}_{2}^{* }{C}_{\text{eql }}}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{{LCM}}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{2}^{* }+ }\right.\right.\\\left.{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{{eql}}}{Z}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}{Z}_{\mathrm{{LCM}}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}}\right\rbrack /\left({{Z}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{{LCM}}}}\right)$
式中:${Z}_{\mathrm{{LCM}}}$ 为共模负载阻抗,其数值为${25\Omega };{Z}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}$ 为共模噪声源阻抗。
由共模噪声的产生机理分析可知, 共模噪声源内阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}$ 跟开关管寄生电容${C}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 密切相关,可近似估计[16]
${C}_{\mathrm{p}}= {8.85}\times {10}^{-{12}}\times \frac{{\varepsilon }_{r}S}{h}$
式中:${\varepsilon }_{r}$ 为开关管和散热片之间的相对介电常数;$S$ 为散热片面积;$h$ 为绝缘垫片的厚度。共模噪声源内阻抗为
${Z}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}= -\mathrm{j}{X}_{\mathrm{p}}= -\mathrm{j}{X}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}= -\mathrm{j}\frac{1}{{2\pi f}{C}_{\mathrm{p}}}$
式中:${X}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为开关管寄生电容容抗;${X}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}$ 为共模噪声源内容抗。
联立式(7)~式(9)可知,共模噪声滤波电路的插入损耗曲线存在转折频率, 其转折频率近似为
${f}_{\mathrm{{cm}}}= \frac{1}{{2\pi }\sqrt{{L}_{2}^{* }{C}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}}}$
式中,${C}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}$ 为共模噪声源的容值,而非$\mathrm{Y}$ 电容$C{Y}_{1}$$C{Y}_{2}$ 的容值。经转折频率${f}_{\mathrm{{cm}}}$ 后,共模噪声滤波电路的插入损耗以${40}\mathrm{\;{dB}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$ 斜率增加。共模插入损耗的调整一般是通过调节共模电感的大小。
共模电感在实际生产过程中, 由于磁环材料和绕制工艺等原因,2 个线圈电感量会存在一定差值, 可等效为 1 个小差模电感。按照阻抗失配原则[17],在共模噪声滤波电路输入侧添加电容${C}_{1}$,构成${CL}$ 差模滤波电路,如图3(a) 所示。
因差模噪声频段较低,第 2.1 节所述${CL}$ 差模滤波电路不能很好地满足差模噪声滤除要求, 还需要在滤波器中加入图4 所示的传导差模噪声滤波电路。
差模噪声滤波电路采用$\pi$ 型滤波电路结构, 由电感${L}_{1}$ 和两侧的滤波电容${C}_{3}\text{、}{C}_{4}\text{、}{C}_{5}$${C}_{6}$ 组成。${C}_{4}\text{、}{C}_{5}$${L}_{1}$ 两侧容值较大的电容,用以滤除低频干扰,是$\pi$ 型滤波电路的重要组成部分,因其并联在电源线两侧,也被称为$\mathrm{X}$ 电容。${C}_{3}\text{、}{C}_{6}$ 容值较小,用以减小负载电流瞬时微小变化引起的高频干扰, 扩展 EMI 滤波器带宽。
图4(a)中实线表示理想情况下的差模噪声滤波回路, 负载侧虚线为滤波后的差模噪声输出到 EMI 接收机输入侧的耦合回路。图4(b) 中的${C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}2}$图4(a)${C}_{3}\text{、}{C}_{4}$ 的并联等效电容,${C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}3}$${C}_{5}\text{、}{C}_{6}$ 的并联等效电容,${L}_{1}$ 为差模滤波电感。等效$\pi$ 型滤波回路的参数矩阵为
${\mathbf{T}}_{\mathrm{{DM}}}= \\\left\lbrack \begin{matrix} 1 -{\omega }^{2}{L}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}3}& \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{1}\\\mathrm{j}\omega \left({{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}2}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}3}}\right)- \mathrm{j}{\omega }^{3}L{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}2}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}3}& 1 -{\omega }^{2}L{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}2}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack $
联立式(3)、式(5)和式(11)得差模滤波回路的插入损耗为
${IL}= {20}\lg \cdot \\\frac{\left({1 -{\omega }^{2}{L}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}3}}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{{LDM}}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{1}+ \left({1 -{\omega }^{2}L{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}2}}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{{sDM}}}}{1}+ \\\frac{\left\lbrack {\mathrm{j}\omega \left({{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}2}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}3}}\right)- \mathrm{j}{\omega }^{3}{L}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}3}{C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}2}}\right\rbrack {Z}_{\mathrm{{sDM}}}{Z}_{\mathrm{{LDM}}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{{sDM}}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{{LDM}}}}$
式中:${Z}_{\mathrm{{LDM}}}$ 为差模负载阻抗,其数值为${100\Omega };{Z}_{\mathrm{{sDM}}}$ 为差模噪声源阻抗。
相较于容性, 噪声源阻抗为感性时, 差模滤波回路的插入损耗较低[18]。因而参数计算时按感性内阻抗考虑
${Z}_{\mathrm{{sDM}}}= \mathrm{j}{X}_{\mathrm{{sDM}}}= \mathrm{j}{2\pi f}{L}_{\mathrm{{sDM}}}$
式中:${X}_{\mathrm{{sDM}}}$ 为差模噪声源内感抗;${L}_{\mathrm{{sDM}}}$ 为差模噪声源阻抗中的电感。
联立式(12)和式(13),当${C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}2}= {C}_{\mathrm{{eq}}3}= {C}_{\mathrm{x}}$ 时,差模噪声滤波电路的插入损耗曲线存在 2 个转折点, 近似为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{f}_{\mathrm{{dm1}}}= \frac{1}{{2\pi }\sqrt{{L}_{1}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}}}\\{f}_{\mathrm{{dm}}2}= \frac{1}{{2\pi }\sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{{xDM}}}{C}_{\mathrm{x}}}}\end{array}\right.$
差模噪声频率在${f}_{\mathrm{{dm1}}}$${f}_{\mathrm{{dm2}}}$ 频段内,差模滤波电路的插入损耗以${40}\mathrm{\;{dB}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$ 增加,超过截止频率${f}_{\mathrm{{dm}}2}$ 后,以${60}\mathrm{\;{dB}}/\mathrm{{dec}}$ 斜率增加。
EMI 滤波器软启动原理如图5 所示, 采用 MOS 管 Q 和热敏电阻 NTC 并联结构实现滤波器软启动,降低启动电压冲击,抑制启动噪声。
EMI 滤波器软启动过程前期,如图5(a) 所示, MOS 管处于关断状态, 输出电压在热敏电阻 NTC 的分压作用下低于输入电压,同时输入侧直流电源通过电阻${R}_{1}$${R}_{2}$ 向电容${C}_{2}$ 充电, MOS 管门极电压按指数规律上升。
当门极电压上升至高于 MOS 管的导通阈值电压${V}_{\mathrm{{gs}}\left(\mathrm{{th}}\right)}$ 后,源漏极导通。如图5(b)所示,热敏电阻 NTC 被短路,输出电流${I}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 换流至 MOS 管,软启动过程完成。受 MOS 管导通压降影响, 此后直流滤波器输出电压略低于输入电压。
软启动电路的延迟时间(即热敏电阻 NTC 的导通时间) 由${R}_{1}\text{、}{R}_{2}$${C}_{2}$ 决定, MOS 管的门极电压为
${V}_{\mathrm{{gs}}}= {V}_{\mathrm{{cc}}}\frac{{R}_{1}}{{R}_{1}+ {R}_{2}}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{\frac{\left({{R}_{1}+ {R}_{2}}\right) t}{{R}_{1}{R}_{2}{C}_{2}}}}\right)$
式中,${V}_{\mathrm{{CC}}}$ 为滤波器额定直流输入电压,其设计值为${24}\mathrm{\;V}$${R}_{1}\text{、}{R}_{2}$${C}_{2}$ 已知的情况下,查得${V}_{\mathrm{{gs}}\left(\mathrm{{th}}\right)}$ 后,可计算出软启动延迟时间。并联在电源线输入侧的压敏电阻${RV}$ 用于耐受过电压冲击,稳压二极管 D 用于限制栅源极电压。
本文设计的 EMI 直流滤波器主要用于抑制电动汽车内部的低压直流电源线上的传导电磁干扰, 降低电机驱动电路对控制回路的影响, 以达到提高可靠性的目的。图6 所示的滤波器结构还可以应用在不间断电源、并网逆变器和统一电能质量调节器等电力设备中。然而, 在传导噪声集中在高频段或辐射电磁干扰较为强烈的设备或系统中时,受器件寄生参数影响,高频噪声无法得到有效抑制。
进行 EMI 滤波器参数设计时, 首先需要测试未加入 EMI 滤波器的情况下, 电机驱动系统的功率器件传导至控制电源线上的电磁干扰。CE102 用于衡量${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}\sim {10}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段内电源线传导发射是否符合标准,开关管的工作频率及其倍频包含在测试频段内。上电时刻的测试结果如图7 所示, 纵坐标为 EMI 接收机输入侧采样电阻电压${U}_{2}$ 的幅值。 因直流输入电压${24}\mathrm{\;V}$ 较低,测试时 GJB151B-2013 采用基准曲线,不放宽标准。
图7 中折线为 CE102 标准限值, 两条曲线分别为电源线正线和负线测试曲线。加入 EMI 滤波器前,${500}\mathrm{{kHz}}$${1.8}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段内的测试曲线不符合$\mathrm{{EMC}}$ 标准,噪声峰值对应${1.2}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 附近频段。
由 1.1 节分析可知,${1.2}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 附近频段,共模噪声占比大。考虑设计裕量, 将式(10)中的转折频率${f}_{\mathrm{{cm}}}$ 设置在${120}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 频点处,${1.2}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频点处插入损耗设计为${40}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$
按照国家安规要求, 滤波器漏电流一般不超过${3.5}\mathrm{\;m}{\mathrm{\;A}}^{\left\lbrack {17}\right\rbrack }$,因而$\mathrm{Y}$ 电容取值一般不超过${4.7}\mathrm{n}{\mathrm{F}}^{\left\lbrack {19}\right\rbrack }$。设计时取值为
$ C{Y}_{1}= C{Y}_{2}= 1\mathrm{{nF}}$
根据式 (8) 和式 (9) 估算噪声源阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{{sCM}}}$ 后,可求得共模电感为
${L}_{2}= {1.75}\mathrm{{mH}}$
考虑转折频率附近插入损耗降低的影响, 共模电感${L}_{2}$ 的去耦等效值向上取标称值$2\mathrm{{mH}}$
与共模滤波电路中$\mathrm{Y}$ 电容的选取不同,差模滤波电路中的$\mathrm{X}$ 电容的容值选取无需考虑流经电流的限值,通常按照经验选取在$1 \sim {5\mu }\mathrm{F}$ 之间[19]。为尽量减小差模电感${L}_{1}$ 体积,$\mathrm{X}$ 电容参数尽可能取较大的标称值,综合实际情况,选取
${C}_{4}= {C}_{5}= {4.7\mu }\mathrm{F}$
$\mathrm{X}$ 电容两侧的小电容${C}_{3}$${C}_{6}$,按照工程经验取值为${0.1\mu }\mathrm{F}$
同理, 为避免插入损耗转折点负值影响, 将式(14)中的转折频率${f}_{\mathrm{{dml}}}$ 设置在${20}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 处,${90}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 处插入损耗为${20}\mathrm{\;{dB}}$,联立式 (14) 和式 (18),取差模电感为
${L}_{1}= {13.4}\mathrm{{mH}}$
差模电感${L}_{1}$ 向上取标称值${22}\mathrm{{mH}}$
将软启动电路中的延迟启动时间设置在${120}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,选取开启电压${V}_{\mathrm{{gs}}\left(\mathrm{{th}}\right)}$$2\mathrm{\;V}$ 的 MOS 管,结合贴片电阻和贴片电容的常见标称值, RC 一阶电路的参数选取为
${R}_{1}= {R}_{2}= {59\Omega }$
${C}_{2}= {22\mu }\mathrm{F}$
延迟启动时间的理论值为${120.1}\mathrm{{ms}}$
设计 EMI 滤波器实物如图8 所示, 性能测试包括软启动测试和 EMC 性能测试 2 个部分。实物所选 MOS 管导通电阻约为${100}\mathrm{m}\Omega$,导通压降近似${0.2}\mathrm{\;V}$。 门极电压在软启动电路所含电阻${R}_{1}$${R}_{2}$ 的分压作用下,最终稳定在${12}\mathrm{\;V}$。在输入电压${24}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、负载电阻 11.5$\Omega$ 的条件下,测试所得EMI 滤波器软启动波形如图9 所示。图9 中上侧曲线为直流输出电压${V}_{\text{out }}$ 波形,下侧曲线为$\mathrm{{MOS}}$ 管门极电压${V}_{\mathrm{{gs}}}$ 波形。
实验结果表明, EMI 滤波器在${24}\mathrm{\;V}/2\mathrm{\;A}$ 的输入条件下,输出电压为${23.8}\mathrm{\;V}$,软启动延迟时间约为${120}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$
被测电力电子设备不变的条件下, 加入 EMI 滤波器,测得设备上电时刻的 CE102 如图10 所示。加入滤波器后,${90}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 处的噪声幅值降低${20}\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}$,${130}\mathrm{{kHz}}$$2\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段内的噪声幅值最大降低${30}\mathrm{{dB}}\mu \mathrm{V}$,整个测试频段内符合电磁兼容标准和预期设计目标。
本文从宽禁带半导体器件的实际特性和电动汽车的设计需求出发, 给出一种无源直流 EMI 滤波器的设计方法。该滤波器考虑了噪声源阻抗的影响,结合了传统滤波电路结构和软启动电路结构。 实物测试结果表明,所设计的${24}\mathrm{\;V}/2\mathrm{\;A}\mathrm{{EMI}}$ 直流滤波器不但可以有效降低设备启动时刻以及运行过程中${500}\mathrm{{kHz}}$${1.8}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段内的电磁干扰,还可以有效抑制${100}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 以内的低频段噪声。此外, 滤波器兼具体积小、制作简单和便于维护等优点。
  • 湖北省教育厅科学技术研究项目计划——青年人才资助项目(Q20211405)
  • 湖北工业大学博士科研启动基金资助项目(XJ2021003601)
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.182
  • 接收时间:2024-01-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-30
  • 修回日期:2024-02-07
  • 录用日期:2024-02-07
基金
Young Talents Project of Science and Technology Research Program of Hubei Provincial Department of Education(Q20211405)
湖北省教育厅科学技术研究项目计划——青年人才资助项目(Q20211405)
Doctoral Research Start-up Fund Project of Hubei University of Technology(XJ2021003601)
湖北工业大学博士科研启动基金资助项目(XJ2021003601)
作者信息
    湖北工业大学 太阳能高效利用及储能运行控制湖北省重点实验室 武汉 430074
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