Article(id=1154049950301283256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.165, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706630400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-31, revisedDate=1708790400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-25, acceptedDate=1709049600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-28, onlineDate=1753076549362, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076549362, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076549362, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076549362, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=165, endPage=171, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049950783628217, articleId=1154049950301283256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Improved LLC Topology with High Fault Tolerance Capability and Its Control Strategy, columnId=1154049104540848594, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Gate Driving and Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

LLC resonant converters are widely applied in on-board power supplies owing to their high power density, high efficiency and small size, and their reliability is critical to the driving safety and passenger experiences. However, the complicated working conditions and harsh environment under which vehicles operate have become a huge challenge to power devices. When a switch failure occurs, the resonant converter cannot maintain a stable output voltage while operating at a resonant point, and both efficiency and output capability of the system will decrease substantially. To make the converter more compatible with fault occasions, an improved LLC topology and its control strategy are proposed in this paper, which can ensure that the output voltage remains unaffected when a switch failure occurs and the converter operates near the resonant frequency. Additionally, an optimized Burst control strategy is designed to suppress the overvoltage of the resonant capacitor during the fault tolerance transition and guarantee a smooth fault tolerance process. Finally, simulation and experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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LLC 谐振变换器因其功率密度高、效率高和体积小等优点被广泛应用于车载电源中,其可靠的运行能力对行驶安全和乘用体验十分关键。然而,车辆运行的复杂工况和严苛环境对功率器件的冲击巨大,一旦出现开关管故障则谐振变换器无法在保证输出电压不变的同时运行在谐振点附近,系统的效率和输出能力均大幅下降。为使变换器具有故障容错能力,提出一种改进型 LLC 拓扑及相应控制策略,可在开关发生故障后保证输出电压不受影响且变换器工作在谐振频率附近。此外,针对容错瞬态过程中谐振电容电压尖峰较大的问题,设计一种优化的Burst 控制策略对其进行抑制,保证容错过程的平滑,仿真实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

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陈庆华(1999-),女,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器拓扑及控制。E-mail:1224621854@qq.com。

吴克(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:双向 DC-DC 变换器的控制策略。E-mail: 2309300355@qq.com。

邱荣禄(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平电力电子装置。E-mail: 2022170499@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

王涵宇(1990-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子变换器的故障诊断及容错运行。E-mail:hywang@hfut.edu.cn。

马铭遥(1982-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电系统及电能变换装置可靠性提升。E-mail:miyama@hfut.edu.cn。

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陈庆华(1999-),女,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器拓扑及控制。E-mail:1224621854@qq.com。

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陈庆华(1999-),女,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器拓扑及控制。E-mail:1224621854@qq.com。

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吴克(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:双向 DC-DC 变换器的控制策略。E-mail: 2309300355@qq.com。

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吴克(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:双向 DC-DC 变换器的控制策略。E-mail: 2309300355@qq.com。

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邱荣禄(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平电力电子装置。E-mail: 2022170499@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

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邱荣禄(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平电力电子装置。E-mail: 2022170499@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

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王涵宇(1990-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子变换器的故障诊断及容错运行。E-mail:hywang@hfut.edu.cn。

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王涵宇(1990-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子变换器的故障诊断及容错运行。E-mail:hywang@hfut.edu.cn。

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马铭遥(1982-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电系统及电能变换装置可靠性提升。E-mail:miyama@hfut.edu.cn。

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马铭遥(1982-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电系统及电能变换装置可靠性提升。E-mail:miyama@hfut.edu.cn。

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IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2016. 31(3): 2596-2608., articleTitle=On-the-fly topology-morphing control-Efficiency optimization method for LLC resonant converters operating in wide input-and/or output-voltage range, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154049992118493298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049992126881907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, companyId=1154049992118493298, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049992135270516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, companyId=1154049992118493298, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=合肥工业大学 电气与自动化工程学院 合肥 230009)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154049994513440918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Circuits of conventional LLC full-bridge converter before and after fault, figureFileSmall=zioKG0Y74M9sxjJGwRrIVw==, figureFileBig=cbciDQ0CNZQ8zBrdJgzn4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049994555383959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图1, caption=传统型 LLC 全桥变换器故障前、后电路, figureFileSmall=zioKG0Y74M9sxjJGwRrIVw==, figureFileBig=cbciDQ0CNZQ8zBrdJgzn4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049994593132696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Equivalent model of resonant network, figureFileSmall=VbD5llx8r76eTRBXJNKcyw==, figureFileBig=GTZkAAZcgEvaF4r5wDd/4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049994643464345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图2, caption=谐振网络等效模型, figureFileSmall=VbD5llx8r76eTRBXJNKcyw==, figureFileBig=GTZkAAZcgEvaF4r5wDd/4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049994689601690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=DC voltage gain curves before and after fault, figureFileSmall=uH986ruRdxXMYyWIrnfzkA==, figureFileBig=mLnSpMSckWPdqsJbwyVoDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049994739933339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图3, caption=故障前、后直流电压增益曲线, figureFileSmall=uH986ruRdxXMYyWIrnfzkA==, figureFileBig=mLnSpMSckWPdqsJbwyVoDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049994790264988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Input voltage of resonant tank, figureFileSmall=LozGWQQKb7+426q4yzjETA==, figureFileBig=SrdMRX33fF3GgX69TUdFig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049994836402333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图4, caption=谐振腔输入电压, figureFileSmall=LozGWQQKb7+426q4yzjETA==, figureFileBig=SrdMRX33fF3GgX69TUdFig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049994890928287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Improved LLC topology, figureFileSmall=lZnBrf1KNI96O5uFWOVY1g==, figureFileBig=xmMCYZvi3Oyvx14OjuY8XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049994945454241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图5, caption=改进型 LLC 拓扑, figureFileSmall=lZnBrf1KNI96O5uFWOVY1g==, figureFileBig=xmMCYZvi3Oyvx14OjuY8XQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049994995785891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Key waveforms under Burst control, figureFileSmall=3K6VX0fjQZDG2XGNdQ/C5w==, figureFileBig=R3yjEzeIOOxmdxsmoANqqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995054506149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Burst 控制关键波形, figureFileSmall=3K6VX0fjQZDG2XGNdQ/C5w==, figureFileBig=R3yjEzeIOOxmdxsmoANqqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995109032103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Control block diagram of improved LLC topology, figureFileSmall=dA4MDXGvM9rrQ6lJwDt9lQ==, figureFileBig=OBidTBZ9FBZFCFNgTPfeAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995163558057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图7, caption=改进型 LLC 控制框图, figureFileSmall=dA4MDXGvM9rrQ6lJwDt9lQ==, figureFileBig=OBidTBZ9FBZFCFNgTPfeAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995222278316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Waveforms of output voltage ${U}_{\mathrm{o}}$ before and after fault, figureFileSmall=WbaYBsewEvtv3OK+iZDYZw==, figureFileBig=+Ob2Yn/sBVq7ZnTcXURlcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995272609966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图8, caption=故障前、后输出电压 ${U}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 波形, figureFileSmall=WbaYBsewEvtv3OK+iZDYZw==, figureFileBig=+Ob2Yn/sBVq7ZnTcXURlcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995327135920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Waveforms of resonant capacitor voltage ${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ before and after fault, figureFileSmall=p3bQibN8dtm85c2HaKyBKg==, figureFileBig=LyO9zrBwArjNxZL6a8dedg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995373273266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图9, caption=故障前、后谐振电容电压 ${\mathbf{U}}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 波形, figureFileSmall=p3bQibN8dtm85c2HaKyBKg==, figureFileBig=LyO9zrBwArjNxZL6a8dedg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995427799221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Experimental prototype, figureFileSmall=khRcDdcyYZquq0Yao3oYmQ==, figureFileBig=VBHKdfXyFFW1CsdJ9SSljQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995478130871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图10, caption=实验样机, figureFileSmall=khRcDdcyYZquq0Yao3oYmQ==, figureFileBig=VBHKdfXyFFW1CsdJ9SSljQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995524268217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Waveforms of output voltage of converter ${U}_{0}$, input voltage of resonant tank ${U}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ and resonant current ${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$ before and after single-switch failure, figureFileSmall=87WLCFq41ImT2rpj7uPPDw==, figureFileBig=KIYmxKyexRtJMK0dMyKKUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995599765691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图11, caption=单管故障前后变换器输出电压 ${U}_{0}$ 、谐振腔输入电压 ${\mathbf{U}}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 、谐振电流 ${\mathbf{i}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 波形, figureFileSmall=87WLCFq41ImT2rpj7uPPDw==, figureFileBig=KIYmxKyexRtJMK0dMyKKUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995650097341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Waveforms of drive signal ${U}_{\mathrm{{gs}}4}$ for ${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$, resonant capacitor voltage ${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ and resonant current ${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$ before and after single-switch failure, figureFileSmall=YGhzcRawQAGEwaSiYiE5tQ==, figureFileBig=xjsg93QzxIikOGVtqWgqaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995696234687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=图12, caption=单管故障前后变换器 ${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 驱动信号 ${U}_{\mathrm{{gs}}4}$ 、谐振电容电压 ${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 、谐振电流 ${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 波形, figureFileSmall=YGhzcRawQAGEwaSiYiE5tQ==, figureFileBig=xjsg93QzxIikOGVtqWgqaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049995754954944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Experimental parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
输入电压/V 75
谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 100
谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 30
励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 124
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 68~158
变压器变比${n}_{1}$ 1.5
变压器变比${n}_{2}$ 0.75
负载电阻${R}_{\mathrm{L}}/\Omega$ 50
SiC 开关管型号 C3M0040120K
), ArticleFig(id=1154049995809480897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=表1, caption=实验参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
输入电压/V 75
谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 100
谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 30
励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 124
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 68~158
变压器变比${n}_{1}$ 1.5
变压器变比${n}_{2}$ 0.75
负载电阻${R}_{\mathrm{L}}/\Omega$ 50
SiC 开关管型号 C3M0040120K
), ArticleFig(id=1154049995868201154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison among schemes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 驱动设计难度 容错能力 效率 成本
本文方案 简单 较强 较高 适中
改进谐振元件型[5-6] 简单 较弱 适中 适中
级联系统型[7-8] 复杂 适中 较低 较高
), ArticleFig(id=1154049995935310019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049950301283256, language=CN, label=表2, caption=方案对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 驱动设计难度 容错能力 效率 成本
本文方案 简单 较强 较高 适中
改进谐振元件型[5-6] 简单 较弱 适中 适中
级联系统型[7-8] 复杂 适中 较低 较高
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一种具有高容错能力的改进型LLC 拓扑及其控制策略
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陈庆华 , 吴克 , 邱荣禄 , 王涵宇 , 马铭遥
电源学报 | 器件驱动与应用 2024,22(3): 165-171
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电源学报 | 器件驱动与应用 2024, 22(3): 165-171
一种具有高容错能力的改进型LLC 拓扑及其控制策略
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陈庆华 , 吴克 , 邱荣禄 , 王涵宇 , 马铭遥
作者信息
  • 合肥工业大学 电气与自动化工程学院 合肥 230009
  • 陈庆华(1999-),女,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:谐振变换器拓扑及控制。E-mail:1224621854@qq.com。

    吴克(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:双向 DC-DC 变换器的控制策略。E-mail: 2309300355@qq.com。

    邱荣禄(2000-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平电力电子装置。E-mail: 2022170499@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

    王涵宇(1990-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,讲师。研究方向:电力电子变换器的故障诊断及容错运行。E-mail:hywang@hfut.edu.cn。

    马铭遥(1982-),女,中国电源学会会员,博士,教授。研究方向:新能源发电系统及电能变换装置可靠性提升。E-mail:miyama@hfut.edu.cn。

Improved LLC Topology with High Fault Tolerance Capability and Its Control Strategy
Qinghua CHEN , Ke WU , Ronglu QIU , Hanyu WANG , Mingyao MA
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.165
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LLC 谐振变换器因其功率密度高、效率高和体积小等优点被广泛应用于车载电源中,其可靠的运行能力对行驶安全和乘用体验十分关键。然而,车辆运行的复杂工况和严苛环境对功率器件的冲击巨大,一旦出现开关管故障则谐振变换器无法在保证输出电压不变的同时运行在谐振点附近,系统的效率和输出能力均大幅下降。为使变换器具有故障容错能力,提出一种改进型 LLC 拓扑及相应控制策略,可在开关发生故障后保证输出电压不受影响且变换器工作在谐振频率附近。此外,针对容错瞬态过程中谐振电容电压尖峰较大的问题,设计一种优化的Burst 控制策略对其进行抑制,保证容错过程的平滑,仿真实验结果验证了所提方法的有效性。

车载变流器  /  LLC谐振变换器  /  故障容错  /  可靠性

LLC resonant converters are widely applied in on-board power supplies owing to their high power density, high efficiency and small size, and their reliability is critical to the driving safety and passenger experiences. However, the complicated working conditions and harsh environment under which vehicles operate have become a huge challenge to power devices. When a switch failure occurs, the resonant converter cannot maintain a stable output voltage while operating at a resonant point, and both efficiency and output capability of the system will decrease substantially. To make the converter more compatible with fault occasions, an improved LLC topology and its control strategy are proposed in this paper, which can ensure that the output voltage remains unaffected when a switch failure occurs and the converter operates near the resonant frequency. Additionally, an optimized Burst control strategy is designed to suppress the overvoltage of the resonant capacitor during the fault tolerance transition and guarantee a smooth fault tolerance process. Finally, simulation and experimental results verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.

On-board converter  /  LLC resonant converter  /  fault tolerance  /  reliability
陈庆华, 吴克, 邱荣禄, 王涵宇, 马铭遥. 一种具有高容错能力的改进型LLC 拓扑及其控制策略. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 165 -171 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.165
Qinghua CHEN, Ke WU, Ronglu QIU, Hanyu WANG, Mingyao MA. Improved LLC Topology with High Fault Tolerance Capability and Its Control Strategy[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 165 -171 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.165
LLC 谐振变换器具有结构简单、输入范围宽、功率密度高和软开关易实现等优点, 在地铁、轻轨和磁悬浮等车载辅助电源系统中得到了广泛的应用[1-3]。 在应用过程中, 谐振变换器的高可靠性及高效率十分重要, 但行业调查结果表明, 功率器件故障率高达 31%[4]。当开关故障时,谐振变换器采用脉冲频率调制 PFM(pulse frequency modulation)难以保证在输出电压不变的同时工作在谐振点附近。此外, 谐振电容在开关故障瞬间会产生电压尖峰,易引起开关损坏,从而进一步导致系统失稳。因此,针对开关故障情况下保证 LLC 谐振变换器正常运行等问题开展相关研究, 对保证行驶安全具有重要意义。目前, 许多学者针对这一问题进行了相关研究。文献[5] 提出了一种交错并联升压集成 LLC 谐振变换器, 通过增加 2 个升压电感和调节 2 个桥臂的占空比来改变母线电压和电压增益, 但该方法对占空比的控制精度要求较高, 在现实应用中难以实现。文献[6] 提出了一种在励磁电感上串连谐振电容来改变谐振腔增益的方法, 但串联电容的容值固定, 变换器难以实现宽范围运行。文献[7]在系统前级增加 1 个降压变换器, 以抵消由于开关故障引起的谐振腔输入电压降低, 但这种级联拓扑增加了变换器的尺寸和成本。文献[8]提出了一种强容错能力的全桥 LLC 变换器,但该拓扑的栅极驱动器设计较为复杂。文献[9]采用柔性控制,使拓扑从全桥转换为半桥来确保输出电压稳定, 但该方法是通过逐渐改变每个开关的占空比来保证输出电压稳定, 而故障会导致开关占空比瞬间发生巨大变化, 因此这种方法不适合容错控制。
综上所述, 本文提出了一种基于单相 LLC 全桥变换器的改进型拓扑, 其在变压器的二次侧增加了 1 个额外绕组和 2 个可控开关。当逆变侧开关发生故障时,通过可控开关来调节变压器匝比,使输出电压保持不变。此外,为了改善开关故障时的暂态过程, 本文增加了 Burst 优化控制, 以避免谐振电容电压出现较大超调与振荡, 旨在保证 LLC 谐振变换器在容错期间的稳定运行。
单相 LLC 全桥变换器主要由逆变电路、谐振腔和整流电路三部分组成, 开关故障前变换器处于正常全桥工作模式,直流电压${U}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 经逆变电路得到幅值为$\pm {U}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 的方波电压${U}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$,方波电压通过谐振腔及整流电路后转换为直流输出电压${U}_{0}$。当变换器开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 发生故障,拓扑由全桥运行转换为半桥运行,此时逆变桥只有 1 组开关正常导通,谐振腔输入电压无负分量。图1 描述了传统型 LLC 谐振变换器开关故障前、后电路,图2 为谐振网络等效模型。
图1图2 中,${L}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}$${R}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}$ 分别为谐振电感、谐振电容、励磁电感和等效电阻;${U}_{\mathrm{{nl}}}$ 为谐振腔等效输入电压;${U}_{\mathrm{{pl}}}$ 为变压器原边电压。本文采用基波分析法得到开关故障前、后的直流电压增益,故障前谐振腔输入电压${U}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 的傅里叶展开式为
${u}_{n}\left( t\right)= \frac{{4n}{U}_{\mathrm{o}}}{\pi }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1,3,5\cdots }}^{\infty }\frac{1}{n}\sin n\left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}t -{\varphi }_{0}}\right)$
基波电压可表示为
${u}_{i}\left( t\right)= \frac{{4n}{U}_{\mathrm{o}}}{\pi }\sin n\left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}t -{\varphi }_{0}}\right)$
等效到原边的电阻为
${R}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}= \frac{8{n}^{2}}{{\pi }^{2}}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}$
由等效电路可得谐振网络的传递函数为
$ H\left({\mathrm{j}\omega }\right)= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{p}1}}{{U}_{\mathrm{n}1}}= \frac{\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{m}}//{R}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}{\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{r}}+ 1/\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{r}}+ \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{m}}//{R}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}}$
推导可得故障前变换器直流增益为
${M}_{\mathrm{{dcl}}}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{U}_{\mathrm{i}}}= \\ 1/\left\{{n\sqrt{{\left\lbrack 1 +\frac{1}{k}\left( 1 -\frac{1}{k{f}^{*2}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}+ {\left({f}^{* }- \frac{1}{{f}^{* }}\right)}^{2}{Q}^{2}}}\right\}$
式中:$k =\frac{{L}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{L}_{\mathrm{r}}};Q =\frac{\sqrt{{L}_{\mathrm{r}}/{C}_{\mathrm{r}}}}{{R}_{\mathrm{{ac}}}};{f}^{* }= \frac{{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}{{f}_{\mathrm{r}}}$。其中${f}^{* }$ 为归一化频率,${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为开关频率,${f}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为谐振频率。
当开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 发生故障,${U}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 的傅里叶级数展开式为
${u}_{n}\left( t\right)= \frac{{2n}{U}_{\mathrm{o}}}{\pi }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1,3,5\cdots }}^{\infty }\frac{1}{n}\sin n\left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{s}}t -{\varphi }_{0}}\right)$
与故障前的增益推导方法相似, 可得故障后增益为
${M}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{U}_{\mathrm{i}}}= \\ 1/\left\{{{2n}\sqrt{{\left\lbrack 1 +\frac{1}{k}\left( 1 -\frac{1}{k{f}^{*2}}\right)\right\rbrack }^{2}+ {\left({f}^{* }- \frac{1}{{f}^{* }}\right)}^{2}{Q}^{2}}}\right\}$
式中,$n$ 为变压器变比。由于谐振腔的参数在故障前、 后无变化,因此谐振频率不变。对比式(5)和式(7)可得, 单相全桥 LLC 在发生单管故障后, 直流电压增益减半。以${L}_{\mathrm{r}}= {28\mu }\mathrm{H}\text{、}{L}_{\mathrm{m}}= {84\mu }\mathrm{H}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{r}}= {114}\mathrm{{nF}}\text{、}n ={1.5}$${R}_{\mathrm{L}}= {24\Omega }$ 为参数,故障前、后直流电压增益曲线如图3 所示,图中${M}_{\mathrm{{dcl}}}$ 为故障前的电压增益,${M}_{\mathrm{{dc}}2}$ 为故障后的电压增益。由图3 可知, 仅使用 PFM 控制的传统型 LLC 变换器在开关故障后无法确保运行在谐振点附近的同时保证输出电压不变。
单相全桥 LLC 变换器在未发生故障时, 电路工作在全桥模式,谐振电容电压${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 的均值为 0。当${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 发生开路故障时,拓扑工作在半桥模式下,谐振电容电压的均值变为${0.5}{U}_{\mathrm{i}}$。故障前、后谐振腔输入电压${U}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$图4 所示,可见由于电容电压不能突变, 在开关故障瞬间谐振电容会出现较大的电压超调和振荡,这将影响系统的稳定性。
为解决单管故障直流电压增益减半的问题,本文提出了一种改进型的 LLC 全桥拓扑, 在变压器二次侧增加 1 个绕组和 2 个可控开关${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$,具体电路如图5 所示。在未发生故障时,开关${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 导通,${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 断开, 变压器匝数比为$n : 1$; 当发生单管故障时,${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 断开,${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 导通,变压器匝数比为$n : 2$。由式 (5) 和式 (7) 增益表达式可知, 故障后变换器的电压增益不变。
本文在故障暂态过程中先采用 Burst 控制, 经过几个切换周期后再切换为连续半桥控制。在 Burst 控制过程中, 开关在 Burst-on 时段内导通, 在 Burst-off 时段内关断, 关键波形如图6 所示, 图中${U}_{\text{out }}$ 为输出电压,${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为谐振腔电流。在 Burst-off 时段内,${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 的值始终为 0 且谐振电容电压${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 保持恒定, 经过几个突发周期后, 谐振电容电压最终稳定在${0.5}{U}_{\mathrm{i}}$。此时,变换器再由 Burst 控制切换至连续半桥控制, 电容电压尖峰比直接切换成半桥控制明显减小。
变换器控制如图7 所示,图中${U}_{\mathrm{{gs}}}$ 为开关驱动信号,并将谐振腔电压${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 的均值${U}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 作为故障检测标准。当${U}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的绝对值小于$\varepsilon$ 时,变换器处于正常工作状态,此时${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 的驱动信号${U}_{\mathrm{g}5}$ 为高电平,而${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 的驱动信号${U}_{\mathrm{g}6}$ 为低电平,变压器变比为$n : 1$,拓扑为全桥 PFM 控制; 当${U}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的绝对值大于$\varepsilon$ 时,开关发生故障,${\mathrm{S}}_{5}$ 为低电平,而${\mathrm{S}}_{6}$ 为高电平,变压器变比为$n : 2$,拓扑为 Burst 控制。在本文中,变量$\varepsilon$ 被设置为 0.1。在故障暂态过程中, 开关在 Burst 周期内以最大频率${f}_{\max }$ 工作,这将极大地缩短谐振电容充放电时间,从而抑制${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 上的超调和振荡。经过若干个 Burst 周期, 谐振电容电压达到稳定, 电路转换为半桥 PFM 控制。
为验证本文所提方案的有效性, 在 Mtalab 中 Simulink 模块搭建仿真电路,输入电压${U}_{\mathrm{i}}= {225}\mathrm{\;V}$,输出电压${U}_{0}= {150}\mathrm{\;V}$。当$t ={0.15}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 发生开路故障,图8 为传统型 LLC 谐振变换器、改进型 LLC 谐振变换器及本文所提加入 Burst 优化控制的改进型 LLC 变换器输出电压${U}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 波形,图9 为故障前、后谐振电容电压${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 的波形。
为保证系统基于 PFM 调制时的稳定性, 仿真对 PI 输出的频率进行限幅。已知正常情况下谐振腔二元谐振的谐振频率为${88}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,因此将$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 的上限设为${158}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 、下限设为${68}\mathrm{{kHz}}$。由图8 可知,当发生单管故障时,传统型变换器输出电压在变频控制下无法稳定在初始值, 而改进型 LLC 谐振变换器的输出电压在发生单管故障时不受影响且波形平稳, 在故障点时刻几乎无扰动。但二者谐振电容电压在故障瞬间均存在过压和振荡现象。
比较图9 中的${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 波形可见,传统型及改进型基于 PFM 调制的 LLC 拓扑在开关故障时, 谐振电容均存在较大的电压超调和振荡, 而本文所提加入 Burst 控制的改进型 LLC 拓扑的电容电压可快速、 平稳地上升到${0.5}{U}_{\mathrm{i}}$,这大大增强了变换器容错暂态过程的稳定性。
为进一步验证本文所提方法的有效性, 搭建样机进行实验验证, 如图10 所示, 实验参数见表1图11 为单管故障前、后变换器输出电压${U}_{0}$ 、谐振腔输入电压${U}_{\mathrm{{AB}}}$ 、谐振电流${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 波形,图12 为单管故障前、后变换器${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 驱动信号${U}_{\mathrm{{gs}}4}$ 、谐振电容电压${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 、 谐振电流${i}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 波形。
当变换器发生单管故障时,对比图11(a) 与 (b)可知, 仅靠 PFM 调节的传统型 LLC 谐振变换器输出电压${U}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 下降至未故障时的 60%,而改进型LLC 谐振变换器的输出电压${U}_{0}$ 在故障后先小幅下降后快速上升至初始值。对比图12(a)与(b)可得, 改进型 LLC 谐振变换器在 PFM 控制下, 谐振电容电压${U}_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 在故障瞬间会有较大超调与振荡,而引入 Burst 优化控制的电容电压超调量明显减小。综上所述, 传统型 LLC 谐振变换器在发生单管故障后输出电压会降低,基于 PFM 控制的改进型 LLC 谐振变换器输出电压不变但谐振电容电压尖峰较大, 而加入 Burst 优化控制的改进型 LLC 变换器可使故障前、后输出电压不受影响且电容电压超调较小。
针对 LLC 谐振变换器故障容错问题,不同学者们所提方案大致可分为改进谐振元件型和级联系统型,本文从驱动设计难度、容错能力、效率和成本这 4 个方面将本文所提方案与文献[5-8]中改进谐振元件型和级联系统型 2 类方案进行了比较, 结果见表2
表2 可知: 改进谐振元件型的方案驱动设计简单、效率适中, 但由于其所加硬件数值固定、可调增益范围较窄, 导致故障容错能力较弱, 不能很好地适应故障场合;级联系统型的方案可通过调节前级或后级增益抵消故障带来的影响, 但其驱动设计较为复杂、成本较高、两级变换效率偏低; 而本文所提方案驱动设计简单、效率较高、且拓扑具有较强的故障容错能力。综上分析, 本文所提方案更适用于车载电源的应用场景。
本文分析和讨论了全桥式 LLC 谐振变换器在开关故障前、后的电压增益及谐振电容电压的变化, 提出了一种具有高容错能力的改进型 LLC 拓扑及其控制策略。仿真和实验结果表明,本文所提改进后的拓扑在开关故障后既能保证输出电压不变, 又能运行在谐振点附近以实现变换器的高效率。同时,本文在故障暂态过程中加入了 Burst 优化控制, 有效地抑制了容错过程中谐振电容电压的超调与振荡。综上, 本文提出的改进型 LLC 谐振变换器容错能力强, 可有效提升其在车载应用场合的可靠性。
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.165
  • 接收时间:2024-01-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-31
  • 修回日期:2024-02-25
  • 录用日期:2024-02-28
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    合肥工业大学 电气与自动化工程学院 合肥 230009
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