Article(id=1154049937923892137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.146, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706630400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1706976000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-04, onlineDate=1753076546411, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1716998400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753076546411, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753076546411, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753076546411, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154049103748125137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='306', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753076347529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780989436, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004586184695854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154049103748125137, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=146, endPage=155, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154049938490123178, articleId=1154049937923892137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Driver Circuit Design and Dynamic Characteristic Test of NPC Three-level IGBT Modules, columnId=1154049104540848594, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Gate Driving and Application, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Owing to its advantages including lower switching stress, harmonic components and a better anti-interference capability, the diode neutral point clamped (NPC) three-level inverter has become a prominent topology for DC-AC converters used in new energy fields such as photovoltaic and energy storage. The NPC three-level insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT) power semiconductor module which is widely used in high-power applications is studied. The commutation circuit in the NPC three-level power module is analyzed, and a precise simulation and evaluation method for the corresponding parasitic parameters is given. According to the principle of minimizing the parasitic parameters of the commutation circuit, a dynamic characteristic test circuit suitable for the NPC three-level power semiconductor module is designed. Based on the commutation circuit and the operating principle of circuit, a drive circuit for the NPC three-level power module is designed, and a driving scheme that enhances drive current, prevents shoot-through and allows for adjustable dead time is formulated. Finally, through dynamic testing of the NPC three-level IGBT module, a comprehensive assessment of the dynamic loss in power devices under various operating conditions is conducted.

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二极管中点钳位 NPC(neutral point clamped)三电平逆变器具备较低的开关应力、谐波分量和较好的抗干扰能力,促使其成为光伏、储能等新能源领域 DC-AC 变换器的主要拓扑之一。针对大功率应用场景中普遍采用的NPC 三电平 IGBT 功率半导体模块开展研究,分析 NPC 三电平功率模块的换流回路,并据此给出对应换流回路的寄生参数精准仿真评估方法。依据换流回路寄生参数最小原则,设计适用于 NPC 三电平功率半导体模块的动态特性测试电路。根据换流回路以及电路工作原理,设计 NPC 三电平功率模块的驱动电路,并给出增强驱动电流、防直通及死区时间可调的驱动方案。最后,通过对NPC三电平IGBT模块的动态测试,详细评估了不同工况下功率器件的动态损耗。

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于浪浪(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件及其应用。E-mail: langlang.yu@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

李贺龙(1987-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率半导体封装和电力电子应用。E-mail: helong.li@hfut.edu.cn。

殷千辰(2000-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件及其应用。E-mail: qianchen.yin@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

韩亮亮(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:大功率变换器应用技术。E-mail: liangliang.han@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

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于浪浪(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件及其应用。E-mail: langlang.yu@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

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于浪浪(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件及其应用。E-mail: langlang.yu@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

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李贺龙(1987-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率半导体封装和电力电子应用。E-mail: helong.li@hfut.edu.cn。

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李贺龙(1987-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率半导体封装和电力电子应用。E-mail: helong.li@hfut.edu.cn。

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殷千辰(2000-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件及其应用。E-mail: qianchen.yin@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

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殷千辰(2000-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件及其应用。E-mail: qianchen.yin@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

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韩亮亮(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:大功率变换器应用技术。E-mail: liangliang.han@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

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韩亮亮(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:大功率变换器应用技术。E-mail: liangliang.han@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

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切换状态 开关管 开关状态 桥臂中点输出
${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$
SW1 0 1 0 0 4 0
1 1 0 0 C P
SW2 0 1 0 0 4 P
0 1 1 0 6 0
SW3 0 0 1 0 2 0
0 0 1 1 3 $\mathrm{N}$
SW4 0 0 1 0 2 $\mathrm{N}$
0 1 1 0 6 0
SW1 0 1 0 0 4 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154050000729399569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049937923892137, language=CN, label=表1, caption=逆变器工作时的开关状态及输出状态, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
切换状态 开关管 开关状态 桥臂中点输出
${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$
SW1 0 1 0 0 4 0
1 1 0 0 C P
SW2 0 1 0 0 4 P
0 1 1 0 6 0
SW3 0 0 1 0 2 0
0 0 1 1 3 $\mathrm{N}$
SW4 0 0 1 0 2 $\mathrm{N}$
0 1 1 0 6 0
SW1 0 1 0 0 4 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154050000788119826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049937923892137, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Simulation results of internal parasitic parameters of module at ${20}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ switching frequency, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
寄生参数 状态切换 仿真结果
寄生电感/nH $\mathrm{{SW}}1 \rightarrow \mathrm{{SW}}2$ 8.9
SW2$\rightarrow$ SW3 10.5
SW3$\rightarrow$ SW4 16.0
$\mathrm{{SW4}}\rightarrow \mathrm{{SW1}}$ 15.6
寄生电阻/m$\Omega$ $\mathrm{{DC}}+ \leftrightarrow \mathrm{{AC}}$ 0.60731
$\mathrm{N}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{{AC}}$ 0.39574
$\mathrm{{DC}}\rightarrow \mathrm{{AC}}$ 0.64026
), ArticleFig(id=1154050000834257171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049937923892137, language=CN, label=表2, caption=在 ${20}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 开关频率下模块内部寄生参数仿真结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
寄生参数 状态切换 仿真结果
寄生电感/nH $\mathrm{{SW}}1 \rightarrow \mathrm{{SW}}2$ 8.9
SW2$\rightarrow$ SW3 10.5
SW3$\rightarrow$ SW4 16.0
$\mathrm{{SW4}}\rightarrow \mathrm{{SW1}}$ 15.6
寄生电阻/m$\Omega$ $\mathrm{{DC}}+ \leftrightarrow \mathrm{{AC}}$ 0.60731
$\mathrm{N}\leftrightarrow \mathrm{{AC}}$ 0.39574
$\mathrm{{DC}}\rightarrow \mathrm{{AC}}$ 0.64026
), ArticleFig(id=1154050000897171732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049937923892137, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Dynamic parameters of switching devices, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开关管 温度/℃ ${E}_{\mathrm{{on}}}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ ${E}_{\text{off }}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ 开通($\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ )$/\left({\mathrm{A}\cdot {\mathrm{{ns}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 关断($\mathrm{d}u/\mathrm{d}t$ )$/\left({\mathrm{V}\cdot {\mathrm{{ns}}}^{-1}}\right)$
${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 25 0.623 1.660 6.108 16.471
100 0.896 1.989 5.967 6.714
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 25 0.931 6.216 3.274 11.743
100 1.076 7.029 3.608 10.175
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 25 0.781 6.485 3.843 19.661
100 0.967 7.743 3.863 10.435
${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 25 0.858 1.753 4.348 11.268
100 0.884 2.019 5.824 8.084
), ArticleFig(id=1154050000947503381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049937923892137, language=CN, label=表3, caption=开关管动态参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开关管 温度/℃ ${E}_{\mathrm{{on}}}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ ${E}_{\text{off }}/\mathrm{{mJ}}$ 开通($\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ )$/\left({\mathrm{A}\cdot {\mathrm{{ns}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 关断($\mathrm{d}u/\mathrm{d}t$ )$/\left({\mathrm{V}\cdot {\mathrm{{ns}}}^{-1}}\right)$
${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 25 0.623 1.660 6.108 16.471
100 0.896 1.989 5.967 6.714
${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 25 0.931 6.216 3.274 11.743
100 1.076 7.029 3.608 10.175
${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 25 0.781 6.485 3.843 19.661
100 0.967 7.743 3.863 10.435
${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 25 0.858 1.753 4.348 11.268
100 0.884 2.019 5.824 8.084
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NPC 三电平 IGBT 模块驱动电路设计及动态特性测试
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于浪浪 , 李贺龙 , 殷千辰 , 韩亮亮
电源学报 | 器件驱动与应用 2024,22(3): 146-155
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电源学报 | 器件驱动与应用 2024, 22(3): 146-155
NPC 三电平 IGBT 模块驱动电路设计及动态特性测试
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于浪浪 , 李贺龙 , 殷千辰 , 韩亮亮
作者信息
  • 合肥工业大学 电气与自动化工程学院 合肥 230009
  • 于浪浪(1999-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件及其应用。E-mail: langlang.yu@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

    李贺龙(1987-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:功率半导体封装和电力电子应用。E-mail: helong.li@hfut.edu.cn。

    殷千辰(2000-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:功率半导体器件及其应用。E-mail: qianchen.yin@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

    韩亮亮(1998-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:大功率变换器应用技术。E-mail: liangliang.han@mail.hfut.edu.cn。

Driver Circuit Design and Dynamic Characteristic Test of NPC Three-level IGBT Modules
Langlang YU , Helong LI , Qianchen YIN , Liangliang HAN
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering and Automation Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.146
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二极管中点钳位 NPC(neutral point clamped)三电平逆变器具备较低的开关应力、谐波分量和较好的抗干扰能力,促使其成为光伏、储能等新能源领域 DC-AC 变换器的主要拓扑之一。针对大功率应用场景中普遍采用的NPC 三电平 IGBT 功率半导体模块开展研究,分析 NPC 三电平功率模块的换流回路,并据此给出对应换流回路的寄生参数精准仿真评估方法。依据换流回路寄生参数最小原则,设计适用于 NPC 三电平功率半导体模块的动态特性测试电路。根据换流回路以及电路工作原理,设计 NPC 三电平功率模块的驱动电路,并给出增强驱动电流、防直通及死区时间可调的驱动方案。最后,通过对NPC三电平IGBT模块的动态测试,详细评估了不同工况下功率器件的动态损耗。

IGBT 模块  /  双脉冲测试  /  门极驱动

Owing to its advantages including lower switching stress, harmonic components and a better anti-interference capability, the diode neutral point clamped (NPC) three-level inverter has become a prominent topology for DC-AC converters used in new energy fields such as photovoltaic and energy storage. The NPC three-level insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT) power semiconductor module which is widely used in high-power applications is studied. The commutation circuit in the NPC three-level power module is analyzed, and a precise simulation and evaluation method for the corresponding parasitic parameters is given. According to the principle of minimizing the parasitic parameters of the commutation circuit, a dynamic characteristic test circuit suitable for the NPC three-level power semiconductor module is designed. Based on the commutation circuit and the operating principle of circuit, a drive circuit for the NPC three-level power module is designed, and a driving scheme that enhances drive current, prevents shoot-through and allows for adjustable dead time is formulated. Finally, through dynamic testing of the NPC three-level IGBT module, a comprehensive assessment of the dynamic loss in power devices under various operating conditions is conducted.

Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) module  /  double-pulse test  /  gate driver
于浪浪, 李贺龙, 殷千辰, 韩亮亮. NPC 三电平 IGBT 模块驱动电路设计及动态特性测试. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 146 -155 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.146
Langlang YU, Helong LI, Qianchen YIN, Liangliang HAN. Driver Circuit Design and Dynamic Characteristic Test of NPC Three-level IGBT Modules[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 146 -155 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.146
“3060 目标”在 2020 年被中国提出, 即在 2030 年实现“碳达峰”, 2060 年实现“碳中和”。为实现这个目标,逐渐减少化石能源的使用,鼓励太阳能光伏、风能、水能和潮汐能等新能源的开发使用。逆变器作为电能转换中的必要一环, 其设计与应用显得尤为重要。而在逆变器中, 功率器件门极驱动电路的可靠性是其重要的影响因素。研究表明, 超过 60%变换器的损坏发生在开关器件及其驱动电路中, 因此对于该部分的设计及分析格外重要。目前, 对 IGBT 模块寿命的预测已有诸多的方法[1]
相较于两电平逆变器, 二极管中点钳位三电平逆变器的开关器件应力低,且输出谐波、$\mathrm{d}u/\mathrm{d}t$ 显著降低,在高压大功率等领域得到了广泛应用[2-3]。 文献[4]给出了三电平逆变器的不同拓扑, 比较了其在不同 PWM 调制下的开关损耗,结果表明 T 型逆变器的开关损耗略低于$\mathrm{{NPC}}$ 型逆变器,但$\mathrm{T}$ 型逆变器的器件需要承受更高的电压应力, 为逆变器电路拓扑选择提供了思路;文献[5]总结了大功率 IGBT 器件驱动电路的设计思路,介绍了当前应用于高压条件下 IGBT 器件的驱动电路, 总结了最新成果和发展趋势, 并分析了各种驱动电路的优缺点;文献[6]对采用 ANPC 逆变器拓扑的 SiC MOSFET 进行了 3 种双脉冲实验, 并提取了开关振荡分量,提出了具体的设计过程,改进了开关性能;文献[7-8]分别提出了评估 IGBT 分立器件和${62}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 封装的模块内部寄生参数模型, 并进行了仿真分析;文献[9]建立考虑寄生参数的 SiC MOSFET 三电平功率模块等效电路模型, 对功率模块的电流分布进行了理论分析并通过实验进行了验证; 文献[10] 分析了 NPC 三电平逆变器的开关过程及死区时间对其的影响; 文献[11]研究了低温大电流条件下的双脉冲测试, 并对其设计的驱动电路进行了评估; 文献[12]将$\mathrm{{Si}}$ IGBT 和$\mathrm{{SiC}}$ MOSFET 的动态开关行为与 LTspice 仿真软件中的双脉冲测试方法进行了比较, 分析了其动态特性; 文献[13-15]给出了双脉冲实验的具体硬件设计过程, 包括母排电容、空心电感及各种测试仪器的选择和测试结果。以上双脉冲实验均是基于分离器件或半桥模块对器件进行动态特性测试, 而文献[16]对三电平模块进行分析动态特性测试,对三电平模块中 4 个开关管进行双脉冲测试,并分析了其在工作时的换流过程。
本文分析了 NPC 三电平逆变器的换流回路, 并依此设计了适用于 NPC 三电平功率半导体模块的动态特性测试电路。根据其工作原理设计了 1 块基于 NPC 三电平 IGBT 功率半导体模块的专用驱动器, 在驱动电路中设置逻辑保护、硬件死区保护和电流增益环节, 提高驱动器的适用性和安全性。 对文献[16]所设计的测试电路进行优化, 提出了新的测试电路, 并用 ANSYS 软件提取所使用的 IGBT 模块的寄生参数, 在后续仿真和实验中验证驱动设计的合理性, 并分析器件的动态性能, 旨在为逆变器的设计提供可靠的驱动解决方案。
图1 所示为$\mathrm{{NPC}}$ 三电平三相逆变器拓扑,控制三相相应的开关管使逆变器各相的输出相位互差${120}^{\circ }$
对三相 NPC 逆变器的 A 相进行分析, 其在输出功率因数为 0 时的感性负载输出电压和输出电流如图2 所示。
定义电源正端为高电平, 电容中点为 0 电位, 电流流向负载为正向, 按照电压和电流的方向将其分为 4 个切换状态进行分析, 如图3 所示。输出电压$+{U}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}/2$ 定义为$\mathrm{P}$,输出电压 0 定义为 0,输出电压$-{U}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}/2$ 定义为${\mathrm{N}}_{\mathrm{o}}\mathrm{{SW}}1$ 段内${U}_{\text{out }}> 0\text{、}{I}_{\text{out }}> 0$,此时开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 打开,通过${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 的开通与关断控制${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{5}$ 的换流,使桥臂中点的输出在$\left\lbrack {0,{U}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}/2}\right\rbrack$ 跳变; SW2 段内${U}_{\text{out }}> 0\text{、}{I}_{\text{out }}< 0$,此时开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 打开,通过${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 的开通与关断控制${\mathrm{T}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{6}$${\mathrm{D}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 的换流,使桥臂中点的输出在$\left\lbrack {0,{U}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}/2}\right\rbrack$ 跳变;SW3 段内${U}_{\mathrm{{out}}}< 0\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{{out}}}< 0$, 此时开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 打开,通过${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 的开通与关断控制${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$${\mathrm{D}}_{6}$ 的换流,使桥臂中点的输出在$\left\lbrack {-{U}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}/2,0}\right\rbrack$ 跳变; SW4 段内${U}_{\text{out }}< 0\text{、}{I}_{\text{out }}> 0$,此时开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 打开,通过${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 的开通与关断控制${\mathrm{D}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 的换流,使桥臂中点的输出在$\left\lbrack {-{U}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}/2,0}\right\rbrack$ 跳变。之后又转到 SW1 进行周期性循环。
将开关管的开通记为 “1”, 关断记为 “0”, 将 4 个开关管开关状态记为 4 位二进制数,如${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 管开通、${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 管关断的开关状态记为 “1100”,转换为十六进制时记为开关状态${\mathrm{C}}_{0}$ 在逆变器正常工作时, 其会出现的正常开关状态, 如表1 所示。
由于在不同时段下模块内部电流回路有所差异,故要精确得出其内部寄生参数,需要对各个时段分别进行软件仿真。本实验选用型号为 F3L400R07 W3S5_B59 英飞凌三电平模块,模块的 3D 模型和简化模型如图4 所示, 芯片正面通过键合线互连, 母排、键合线及 DBC 的设计直接决定了模块的寄生参数。利用 ANSYS 软件对 SW1 到 SW2 切换状态进行电磁仿真。图5 为添加激励的位置和电流回路示意, 仿真得出其寄生电感、寄生电阻可以在软件中读出。
通过对不同的切换状态进行仿真, 可提取出寄生参数如表2 所示。
所设计的门极驱动器的拓扑如图6 所示, 包括防直通保护电路、死区时间设置电路、门极电流增益电路、过压过流保护、辅助隔离电源和欠压锁定等。 其中防直通和死区时间设置电路属于前级的信号处理;门极电流增益电路属于后级的辅助电路;过压过流保护和欠压锁定通过在所选用的驱动芯片进行合适的外围电路设计来实现; 辅助隔离电源主要取决于所设计门极驱动器所需要的门极驱动正压和负压。
所设计的门极驱动器要结合第 1 节所述的开关切换状态, 为防止桥臂直通的情况, 需要保证 4 个功率管不能同时打开。4 个开关管共有 16 种开关组合方式, 为防止上、下桥臂直通所导致的短路现象,应该为上桥臂的两管和下桥臂的两管进行互补开关,具体实施方式为将${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 进行互补开关,${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 进行互补开关,除了在软件控制端使开关信号仅出现表1 所示的开关状态外, 需要对控制端所给出的 PWM 信号进行硬件级的防直通电路。
当两路信号不出现同时为高的情况下, 输出信号保持原有信号逻辑不变。而出现故障信号,也就是同时为高的信号时, 逻辑芯片使两路输出同时拉低,防止上、下桥臂器件同时导通,从而实现防直通的目的。
理想开关的开通和关断是非常快的, 几乎可以忽略不计。实际的开关做不到如此理想的开关切换, 其开通和关断时间会达到几百纳秒或者几微秒的量级,则在互补的开通和关断切换时需要考虑这段时间的影响。同时, 在高速的 PWM 信号传输到功率元件的控制端时, 会由于各种原因造成延迟, 使互补的信号在应该关断时未关断,导致线路短路。
为了防止图7(a)快速开关切换导致的错误开通,以实现图7(b) 所示的安全开关,在防直通电路后设置硬件死区时间。硬件死区的设置通过两级反向斯密特触发器和 RC 延迟电路组成。斯密特触发器具有不同的正向和反向导通阈值, 通过设置二极管$\mathrm{D}$,只对上升过程进行硬件死区的设置,通过$\mathrm{{RC}}$ 电路设置延迟时间,其具体数值可表示为
${t}_{\text{delay }}\approx {RC}\ln \frac{{V}_{\text{pwm }}}{{V}_{\text{pwm }}- {V}_{\text{th_off }}}$
式中:$R$$C$ 分别为$\mathrm{{RC}}$ 延迟回路中添加的电阻和电容;${V}_{\text{pwm }}$ 为输入 PWM=1 时的电位;${V}_{\text{th_off }}$ 为斯密特触发器的正向导通阈值。
通常死区时间设置为$1 \sim {4\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 或者$5\%$ 周期时间以下。由于第 1 级反向斯密特触发器对信号进行了翻转,第 2 级反向斯密特触发器起到了恢复信号的作用。信号处理电路拓扑如图8 所示, 在实际测试中所得的波形如图9 所示。结果表明,该电路可以满足设计要求。
在选择驱动器芯片时,一个重要的参数就是驱动功率器件的最大峰值电流, 其计算公式[17]为
${I}_{\text{peak }}= {0.7}\times \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{{dr}}\_ \mathrm{{on}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{dr}}\_ \text{off }}}{{R}_{\mathrm{g}}+ {R}_{\text{gint }}}$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 为外部门极电阻;${R}_{\text{gint }}$ 为 IGBT 内部的门极电阻;${V}_{\text{dr_on }}$ 为驱动正压;${V}_{\text{dr_off }}$ 为驱动负压。
如果存在驱动器的驱动能力不足或者需要增加驱动能力以减少开关损耗时, 通常使用图10 所示的电路进行抬升。其基本原理为:在开通过程中, 门极电流沿着实线流动,给门-射极电容${C}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 充电, 由于双极结型晶体管 BJT(bipolar junction transistor) 的电流增强作用, 可以放大开通时的门极电流; 同理, 在关断过程中, 门极电流如图10 中的虚线所示,门-射极电容${C}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 放电,由于 BJT 的作用,放大关断时的门极电流。通过实验对该功能进行验证, 在门极驱动器门-射端接入电容器, 观察开通和关断的时间,实验波形如图11(a) 所示。在功率级的测试中也进行了验证,图11(b) 和 (c) 比较了在${300}\mathrm{\;V}$ 母线电压、200 A 测试条件下,器件在有、无所设计电路时,开通和关断的器件集-射极电压${V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 和集电极电流${I}_{\mathrm{c}}$,验证了图10 电路的功能。
为了完整测试 IGBT 模块内${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 这 4 个开关器件的动态的性能, 对每个器件采用不同的双脉冲测试方法, 具体测试电路拓扑如图12 所示。其中,图12(a)图3(a)的换流方式对应,可以更加准确地确定器件在正常工况下的动态特性。同样,图12(b)图3(d) 的换流方式对应,图12(c)图3(b)的换流方式对应,图12(d)图3(e)的换流方式对应。${V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}$ 为母线电压,${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 为直流母线电容, 由于其较大的容值, 可充当电压源使用,${L}_{\text{load }}$ 为所接通的空心线圈电感,根据不同的连接方式和门极信号对 4 个开关管分别进行双脉冲测试。
${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 管的双脉冲测试,如图12 所示,将母线电压源连接至上电容${C}_{1}$ 的两端,${L}_{\text{load }}$ 连接在模块的$\mathrm{N}$$\mathrm{{AC}}$ 接口,给${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 管双脉冲信号,给${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 管的门极驱动正压,使其保持常开,给${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 管的门极驱动负压,使其保持常关。当给${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 管第 1 段脉冲时,电路电流流向如图12 中实线箭头所示,当${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 管关断后,由于${L}_{\text{load }}$ 的存在,电路电流不能瞬间降为 0,电流通过${L}_{\text{load }}\rightarrow {\mathrm{D}}_{5}\rightarrow {\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 进行续流。${\mathrm{T}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 管的双脉冲测试,可以参考上述方式进行,不再赘述。对 4 个开关管的双脉冲测试,其开关管的状态与表1 中的逆变器开关逻辑对应。
图13 为双脉冲测试的理论波形。在${t}_{1}$ 时刻,给待测管发送第 1 段脉冲信号, 待测管正常导通, 其两端电压${V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 由母线电压下降值接近 0,负载电感${L}_{\text{load }}$ 上的电压为${V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}$,且电流线性上升。
${t}_{2}$ 时刻,第 1 段脉冲结束,待测管关断,${L}_{\text{load }}$ 上的电流经过二极管进行续流, 流过待测管的电流迅速降为 0, 待测管两端电压上升恢复至母线电压${V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}$,由于电路杂散电感存在,与$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ 产生电压的过冲。
${t}_{3}$ 时刻,给待测管第 2 段脉冲,其再次被打开,待测管两端电压再次由${V}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}$ 降为 0,由于${L}_{\text{load }}$ 和续流二极管进行续流, 流过其电流基本恢复为第 1 段脉冲结束时的大小,由于续流二极管产生反向恢复电流, 故可以观察到一段电流尖峰。
${t}_{4}$ 时刻,关断待测管,该过程与${t}_{2}$ 时刻类似, 不再赘述。
由于在实验过程中, 通过给直流母线电容进行充电来提供双脉冲所需要的电压和电流, 在脉冲宽度一定时,电感决定了电流上升速率。在第 1 段脉冲建立电感电流时,需要快速从母线电容器抽取能量, 可能会导致母线电压下跌, 下跌后的母线电压可能会影响测试结果, 因此需要足够大的母线电容来支撑母线电压, 即
$ C =\frac{\Delta Q}{\Delta U}= \frac{{I}_{\text{test }}{\Delta t}}{2\Delta U}= \frac{{L}_{\text{load }}{I}_{\text{test }}^{2}}{2{U}_{\text{test }}{\Delta U}}$
式中:${\Delta Q}$ 为电容内部电荷变化量;${\Delta U}$ 为母线电容电压跌落;${I}_{\text{test }}$ 为测试的电流等级;${\Delta t}$ 为第 1 段脉冲时间;${U}_{\text{test }}$ 为测试的电压等级。
可根据式(3)计算出母线电容的最小值,对于 IGBT 模块来说,一般测试的母线电压选择为最大耐压值的${0.6}\sim {0.8}$ 倍,${\Delta U}$$5\%\sim {10}\%$ 的母线电压,测试电流在小于器件最大脉冲电流的条件下选择适合的电流。本实验中选用的模块最大耐压值为${650}\mathrm{\;V}$, 连续集电极电流约为${250}\mathrm{\;A}$。测试选择母线电压为${400}\mathrm{\;V}$,测试电流根据后续逆变器功率等级选择为${90}\mathrm{\;A}$,负载空心电感为${175\mu }\mathrm{H},{\Delta U}$${20}\mathrm{\;V}$。 计算可得母线电容为${88.59\mu }\mathrm{F}$,脉宽为${39.38\mu }\mathrm{s}$。 考虑第 2 段脉冲及更小的${\Delta U}$,母线电容最终取${260\mu }\mathrm{F}$,脉宽取${40\mu }\mathrm{s}$。门极电阻按照略大于器件数据手册中推荐值设置,此次仿真和实验中${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 管门极电阻取${5\Omega },{\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 管门极电阻取${7.5\Omega }$
将 1.2 节提取的寄生参数导入 LTspice 软件的模型中进行双脉冲电路仿真,${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ 管的仿真电路如图14 所示; 其余开关管的仿真电路类似, 仿真结果如图15 所示。
对于该型号的 IGBT 模块, 通过其数据手册可知,所使用的${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 管分别由$\mathrm{T}{1.1}\text{、}\mathrm{T}{1.2}$$\mathrm{T}{4.1}$ 、 T4.2 芯片并联组成,为同一种芯片,而${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 管由另一种芯片单独构成。在进行驱动电阻配置时略有不同,故在仿真结果中呈现两两较为一致的情况。
本文构建了如图16 所示的实验平台, 对该 NPC 三电平 IGBT 半导体功率模块进行动态性能测试。使用 Tektronix 的 AFG31000 系列信号发生器来生成 PWM 信号,母线电压由 GW INSTEK 的 PSB-2400H 生成, 采用 350 MHz RIGOL 的 MSO7034 示波器来捕捉波形, 分别用 RIGOL 的 RP1025D/RP1100D 型电压探头和 PEM 型 EP1073908 和 TPP0850 罗氏线圈来测量${V}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}\text{、}{V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$${I}_{\mathrm{c}}$,具体实验结果如图17 所示。
开关损耗可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{E}_{\mathrm{{on}}}= {\int }_{{t}_{\operatorname{mi}}}^{{t}_{\max }}{V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{d}t \\{E}_{\mathrm{{off}}}= {\int }_{{t}_{\min }}^{{t}_{\min }}{V}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}{I}_{\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{d}t \end{array}\right.$
式中:${t}_{\text{on }}$ 为电压下降到${10}\%$ 母线电压的时刻;${t}_{\text{on }}$ 为电流上升到稳定值${10}\%$ 的时刻;${t}_{\text{off }}$ 为电流下降到稳定值${10}\%$ 的时刻;${t}_{\text{offu }}$ 为电压上升到${10}\%$ 母线电压的时刻。
根据实验结果可以得出相关的动态参数如表3 所示。结果表明, 本文设计的驱动电路可以有效驱动NPC 三电平 IGBT 模块, 且将驱动集成在同一块 PCB 上, 验证了所设计的三电平 IGBT 半导体功率模块的动态特性测试电路。同时,本文所设计的驱动电路可有效应用于 SiC MOSFET 模块中。
本文设计了 1 块 NPC 三电平 IGBT 半导体功率模块的门极驱动器, 通过对逆变器的换流回路和开关状态进行分析, 合理构建模块内每个功率器件的双脉冲测试电路, 使其测试电路与逆变器工作时的切换状态一致。驱动电路包括信号前级处理、门极电流增强及过压、过流、欠压保护等功能,且将 4 个开关管的驱动集成在 1 个 PCB 上。通过分析逆变器的工作状态构建模块内部电流回路, 进而仿真提取了所使用 NPC 三电平 IGBT 半导体功率模块内部在${20}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 工作频率下的寄生参数。通过仿真与实验得出了模块内开关器件在${400}\mathrm{\;V}$ 母线电压、${90}\mathrm{\;A}$ 工作电流下,常温$\left({{25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 和高温$\left({{100}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}}\right)$ 条件下的开通和关断波形, 并分析了其动态特性, 验证了驱动设计的合理性, 为逆变器的设计提供了可靠的驱动解决方案。
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.146
  • 接收时间:2024-01-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-31
  • 录用日期:2024-02-04
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    合肥工业大学 电气与自动化工程学院 合肥 230009
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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