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Owing to its obvious advantages such as high control flexibility, no commutation failure and strong dy-namic reactive power support capability, the voltage sourced converter based high-voltage direct-current (VSC-HVDC) transmission technology has been widely applied in scenarios including point-to-point transmission, back-to-back inter-connections and DC grids. As a core piece of equipment in VSC-HVDC transmission engineering, the VSC valve achieves AC/DC energy conversion through frequent switching of power electronic devices. In this paper, the key design requirements for VSC valves in different application scenarios are systematically summarized by combining with practical experiences accumulated in engineering, the commonly used power devices and VSC valve topologies in VSC-HVDC transmission engineering are compared and analyzed, and their development trends are projected. In addition, different schemes for two typical application scenarios in the future are also compared, providing reference for the applications of VSC-HVDC transmission technology in high-voltage, large-capacity and long-distance transmission scenarios.

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柔性直流输电技术具有控制灵活性高、无换相失败问题和动态无功支撑能力强等突出优点,已广泛应用于点对点输电、背靠背联网和构建直流电网等场景。柔性直流换流阀通过功率器件的频繁开断来实现交、直流的电能转换,是柔性直流输电工程的核心设备。首先,结合工程实践经验,系统梳理并提出了不同应用场景下柔性直流换流阀的关键设计要求,对比分析了柔性直流输电工程中常用的功率器件及柔性直流换流阀拓扑,展望了柔性直流换流阀的发展趋势。此外,针对2种典型的未来应用场景,对比了不同的技术方案,可为柔性直流输电技术应用于高压大容量远距离输电场景提供有益借鉴。

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饶宏(1961-),男,通信作者,中国工程院院士,南方电网公司终身首席专业技术专家,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电及交直流电网安全运行技术。E-mail: raohong@csg.cn。

周月宾(1987-),男,通信作者,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:zhouyb@csg.cn。

陈煜坤(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:chenyk1@csg.cn。

杨柳(1988-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:zhouyb@csg.cn。

赵彪(1987-),男,博士,长聘副教授。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: zhao-biao@tsinghua.edu.cn。

易荣(1977-),女,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: yirong@rxhk.com。

盛俊毅(1982-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: shengjunyi@tbea.com。

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饶宏(1961-),男,通信作者,中国工程院院士,南方电网公司终身首席专业技术专家,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电及交直流电网安全运行技术。E-mail: raohong@csg.cn。

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饶宏(1961-),男,通信作者,中国工程院院士,南方电网公司终身首席专业技术专家,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电及交直流电网安全运行技术。E-mail: raohong@csg.cn。

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周月宾(1987-),男,通信作者,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:zhouyb@csg.cn。

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周月宾(1987-),男,通信作者,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:zhouyb@csg.cn。

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陈煜坤(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:chenyk1@csg.cn。

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陈煜坤(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:chenyk1@csg.cn。

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杨柳(1988-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:zhouyb@csg.cn。

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杨柳(1988-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:zhouyb@csg.cn。

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赵彪(1987-),男,博士,长聘副教授。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: zhao-biao@tsinghua.edu.cn。

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赵彪(1987-),男,博士,长聘副教授。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: zhao-biao@tsinghua.edu.cn。

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易荣(1977-),女,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: yirong@rxhk.com。

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易荣(1977-),女,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: yirong@rxhk.com。

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盛俊毅(1982-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: shengjunyi@tbea.com。

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盛俊毅(1982-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: shengjunyi@tbea.com。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/2\mathrm{{kA}}$ power module consisting of devices connected in series, figureFileSmall=ao0FWkE5FOhXl9fQTTDMKg==, figureFileBig=FRWKUQL+vfDRUKkudlZJ+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049611665757054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=CN, label=图9, caption=${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/2\mathrm{{kA}}$ 器件串联功率模块, figureFileSmall=ao0FWkE5FOhXl9fQTTDMKg==, figureFileBig=FRWKUQL+vfDRUKkudlZJ+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049611728671615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Unbalanced voltage phenomenon in different stages of shutdown process of devices connected in series, figureFileSmall=p7kPItPF7KHZ+Dt1gwKYhw==, figureFileBig=O7qtKOb9nrwtqWSnRxh4Ng==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Parallel technologies for IGBT, figureFileSmall=A6wQz2CM3qHMdtVWsZCvYg==, figureFileBig=//eDoWDxrSkxaauJ5otGrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049612047438725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=CN, label=图12, caption=IGBT 并联技术, figureFileSmall=A6wQz2CM3qHMdtVWsZCvYg==, figureFileBig=//eDoWDxrSkxaauJ5otGrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049612110353286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Layout of converter valves in different schemes, figureFileSmall=cA4/Z0y6+sTQHIIvUOD75A==, figureFileBig=lSU6aPRWea+czb+bGjsnng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049612181656455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=CN, label=图13, caption=不同方案换流阀布局, figureFileSmall=cA4/Z0y6+sTQHIIvUOD75A==, figureFileBig=lSU6aPRWea+czb+bGjsnng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154049612244571016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Comparison among IGBT devices with different packaging forms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IGBT 封装形式 散热形式 是否含压装弹簧 安装或压接难度 密封性 防爆能力 是否具备长期短路失效 工程应用最高电压/电流等级
焊接型 单面 - 非密封 ${3.3}\mathrm{{kV}}/{1.5}\mathrm{{kA}}$
刚性压接型 近对称双面 密封 4.5 kV/3.0 kA
柔性压接型 不对称双面 密封/非密封 ${5.2}\mathrm{\;{kV}}/{3.0}\mathrm{\;{kA}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154049612303291273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同封装形式 IGBT 特性对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IGBT 封装形式 散热形式 是否含压装弹簧 安装或压接难度 密封性 防爆能力 是否具备长期短路失效 工程应用最高电压/电流等级
焊接型 单面 - 非密封 ${3.3}\mathrm{{kV}}/{1.5}\mathrm{{kA}}$
刚性压接型 近对称双面 密封 4.5 kV/3.0 kA
柔性压接型 不对称双面 密封/非密封 ${5.2}\mathrm{\;{kV}}/{3.0}\mathrm{\;{kA}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154049612366205834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison among multilevel high-voltage power modules, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功率模块类型 器件数量 输出 电平 运行 损耗 直流故障 清除能力
半桥类 中点 钳位型 功率器件:$N$ ; 钳位二 极管:${0.5N}$ $0\text{、}{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$$2{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 较低 不具备
飞跨 电容型 功率器件:$N$ $0\text{、}{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$$2{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 不具备
双半桥 功率器件: $0\text{、}{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 不具备
串联型 $N$ $2{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$
全桥类 双全桥 功率器件: $0\text{、}\pm {U}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 具备
串联型 ${2N}$ $\pm 2{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$
混合类 半桥和全 桥混合 串联型 功率器件: 1.5N $0\text{、}\pm {U}_{\mathrm{C}}$$2{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 具备
), ArticleFig(id=1154049612437509003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=CN, label=表2, caption=多电平高压功率模块拓扑对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功率模块类型 器件数量 输出 电平 运行 损耗 直流故障 清除能力
半桥类 中点 钳位型 功率器件:$N$ ; 钳位二 极管:${0.5N}$ $0\text{、}{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$$2{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 较低 不具备
飞跨 电容型 功率器件:$N$ $0\text{、}{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$$2{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 不具备
双半桥 功率器件: $0\text{、}{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 不具备
串联型 $N$ $2{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$
全桥类 双全桥 功率器件: $0\text{、}\pm {U}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 具备
串联型 ${2N}$ $\pm 2{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$
混合类 半桥和全 桥混合 串联型 功率器件: 1.5N $0\text{、}\pm {U}_{\mathrm{C}}$$2{U}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 具备
), ArticleFig(id=1154049612513006476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Comparison among voltage sharing methods for power devices connected in series, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均压方法 工作原理 局限性
动 均 压 RC 缓冲 增大缓冲电容平衡 吸收效果和电阻
动态电压 发热很难均衡
RCD 缓冲 增大缓冲电容平衡 动态电压 结构布局困难, 硬件成本高
磁芯 同步法 同步变压器耦合 驱动电流 仅能缓解驱动信号 延时不一致引起的 不均压
栅极有源 钳位 电路法 齐纳二极管实现器件 两端电压钳位 主要起过压保护作 用,均压效果有限
栅极动态 RCD 法 RC 分压反馈至器件 栅极,调节栅极注入 电流 控制难度大,易发 生振荡
驱动延时 控制法 根据反馈电压调节 器件驱动延时 不增加硬件电路及 额外损耗
), ArticleFig(id=1154049612563338125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=CN, label=表3, caption=器件串联均压方法对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均压方法 工作原理 局限性
动 均 压 RC 缓冲 增大缓冲电容平衡 吸收效果和电阻
动态电压 发热很难均衡
RCD 缓冲 增大缓冲电容平衡 动态电压 结构布局困难, 硬件成本高
磁芯 同步法 同步变压器耦合 驱动电流 仅能缓解驱动信号 延时不一致引起的 不均压
栅极有源 钳位 电路法 齐纳二极管实现器件 两端电压钳位 主要起过压保护作 用,均压效果有限
栅极动态 RCD 法 RC 分压反馈至器件 栅极,调节栅极注入 电流 控制难度大,易发 生振荡
驱动延时 控制法 根据反馈电压调节 器件驱动延时 不增加硬件电路及 额外损耗
), ArticleFig(id=1154049612634641294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Comparison among different schemes from different perspectives, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件方案 模块电压/V 成熟度 模块数量/个 阀厅面积$/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 阀厅质量/t 总损耗/kW 成本/万元
${4500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 单器件 2105 3144 2189 1350 13823 40860
${6500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 单器件 3100 2136 1635 1152 12244 33999
${4500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 双器件串联 4200 1578 1612 1090 13200 35100
), ArticleFig(id=1154049612697555855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=CN, label=表4, caption=不同方案多维度对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件方案 模块电压/V 成熟度 模块数量/个 阀厅面积$/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 阀厅质量/t 总损耗/kW 成本/万元
${4500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 单器件 2105 3144 2189 1350 13823 40860
${6500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 单器件 3100 2136 1635 1152 12244 33999
${4500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 双器件串联 4200 1578 1612 1090 13200 35100
), ArticleFig(id=1154049612756276112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Comparison among different schemes for $8\mathrm{{GW}}/{10}\mathrm{{GW}}$ converter valves in terms of technological and economic indicators, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 功率器件 功率模块数量/个 功率模块质量/kg 防护设计难度 功率模块设计难度 冗余运行能力 控保系统设计难度 换流阀经济性 换流阀占地面积$/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
单器件 4.5 kV/5 kA 新型大电流器件 5184 650 困难 中(新型器件) 容易 1455
器件并联 ${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/3\mathrm{{kA}}$ 常规成熟器件 5184 700 困难 高 (器件并联) 容易 1580
桥臂并联 ${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/3\mathrm{{kA}}$ 常规成熟器件 10368 420 容易 低 (成熟方案) 困难 2421
换流器并联 ${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/3\mathrm{{kA}}$ 常规成熟器件 10368 ~420 容易 低 (成熟方案) 困难 (换流器多) 低 (设备多) 2507
), ArticleFig(id=1154049612831773585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154049562026168962, language=CN, label=表5, caption=8 GW/10 GW 换流阀不同方案技术经济性对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 功率器件 功率模块数量/个 功率模块质量/kg 防护设计难度 功率模块设计难度 冗余运行能力 控保系统设计难度 换流阀经济性 换流阀占地面积$/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
单器件 4.5 kV/5 kA 新型大电流器件 5184 650 困难 中(新型器件) 容易 1455
器件并联 ${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/3\mathrm{{kA}}$ 常规成熟器件 5184 700 困难 高 (器件并联) 容易 1580
桥臂并联 ${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/3\mathrm{{kA}}$ 常规成熟器件 10368 420 容易 低 (成熟方案) 困难 2421
换流器并联 ${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/3\mathrm{{kA}}$ 常规成熟器件 10368 ~420 容易 低 (成熟方案) 困难 (换流器多) 低 (设备多) 2507
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高压大容量柔性直流换流阀关键设计和发展趋势
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饶宏 1 , 周月宾 1 , 陈煜坤 1 , 杨柳 1 , 赵彪 2 , 易荣 3 , 盛俊毅 4
电源学报 | 特邀专栏 2024,22(3): 1-14
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电源学报 | 特邀专栏 2024, 22(3): 1-14
高压大容量柔性直流换流阀关键设计和发展趋势
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饶宏1 , 周月宾1 , 陈煜坤1 , 杨柳1 , 赵彪2 , 易荣3 , 盛俊毅4
作者信息
  • 1 直流输电技术全国重点实验室(南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司) 广州 510663
  • 2 清华大学 电机系 北京 100084
  • 3 荣信汇科电气股份有限公司 鞍山 114051
  • 4 特变电工西安柔性输配电有限公司 西安 71061
  • 饶宏(1961-),男,通信作者,中国工程院院士,南方电网公司终身首席专业技术专家,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:高压直流输电及交直流电网安全运行技术。E-mail: raohong@csg.cn。

    周月宾(1987-),男,通信作者,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:zhouyb@csg.cn。

    陈煜坤(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:chenyk1@csg.cn。

    杨柳(1988-),女,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail:zhouyb@csg.cn。

    赵彪(1987-),男,博士,长聘副教授。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: zhao-biao@tsinghua.edu.cn。

    易荣(1977-),女,博士,正高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: yirong@rxhk.com。

    盛俊毅(1982-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:直流输电与电力电子技术。E-mail: shengjunyi@tbea.com。

Key Design and Development Trend of High-voltage Large-capacity VSC Valves for HVDC
Hong RAO1 , Yuebin ZHOU1 , Yukun CHEN1 , Liu YANG1 , Biao ZHAO2 , Rong YI3 , Junyi SHENG4
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of HVDC (Electric Power Research Institute, China Southern Power Grid) Guangzhou 510663 China
  • 2 Department of Electrical Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
  • 3 Rongxin Huiko Electric Co., Ltd Anshan 114051 China
  • 4 TBEA Xi'an Flexible Power T&D Co., Ltd Xi'an 71061 China
出版时间: 2024-05-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.1
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柔性直流输电技术具有控制灵活性高、无换相失败问题和动态无功支撑能力强等突出优点,已广泛应用于点对点输电、背靠背联网和构建直流电网等场景。柔性直流换流阀通过功率器件的频繁开断来实现交、直流的电能转换,是柔性直流输电工程的核心设备。首先,结合工程实践经验,系统梳理并提出了不同应用场景下柔性直流换流阀的关键设计要求,对比分析了柔性直流输电工程中常用的功率器件及柔性直流换流阀拓扑,展望了柔性直流换流阀的发展趋势。此外,针对2种典型的未来应用场景,对比了不同的技术方案,可为柔性直流输电技术应用于高压大容量远距离输电场景提供有益借鉴。

电压源型换流器  /  高压直流输电  /  模块化多电平换流器  /  电力电子器件  /  新能源

Owing to its obvious advantages such as high control flexibility, no commutation failure and strong dy-namic reactive power support capability, the voltage sourced converter based high-voltage direct-current (VSC-HVDC) transmission technology has been widely applied in scenarios including point-to-point transmission, back-to-back inter-connections and DC grids. As a core piece of equipment in VSC-HVDC transmission engineering, the VSC valve achieves AC/DC energy conversion through frequent switching of power electronic devices. In this paper, the key design requirements for VSC valves in different application scenarios are systematically summarized by combining with practical experiences accumulated in engineering, the commonly used power devices and VSC valve topologies in VSC-HVDC transmission engineering are compared and analyzed, and their development trends are projected. In addition, different schemes for two typical application scenarios in the future are also compared, providing reference for the applications of VSC-HVDC transmission technology in high-voltage, large-capacity and long-distance transmission scenarios.

Voltage sourced converter (VSC)  /  high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) transmission  /  modular multilevel con-verter(MMC)  /  power electronic device  /  renewable energy
饶宏, 周月宾, 陈煜坤, 杨柳, 赵彪, 易荣, 盛俊毅. 高压大容量柔性直流换流阀关键设计和发展趋势. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (3) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.1
Hong RAO, Yuebin ZHOU, Yukun CHEN, Liu YANG, Biao ZHAO, Rong YI, Junyi SHENG. Key Design and Development Trend of High-voltage Large-capacity VSC Valves for HVDC[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (3) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.1
柔性直流输电采用电压源换流器[1-3],具有有功无功四象限运行、控制灵活快速等突出优势,广泛应用于新能源送出、电网互联和远距离输电, 是构建新型电力系统的重要技术手段[45]。其中,模块化多电平换流器 MMC(modular multilevel converter)拓扑[6-8] 具有输出电压波形质量高、运行损耗低等优势, 成为现有柔性直流输电工程的首选方案。
柔性直流输电的概念起源于 1990 年, 由加拿大学者 Boon Tec 提出;日立能源(原 ABB)在 1997 年建成了第 1 个试验工程——Hällsjön 工程, 并于 1999 年投运了第 1 个商业工程——Gotland 工程; 柔性直流输电工程的输电容量在 2000 年首次达到百兆瓦级,即 Direct-link-TerraNora 工程,输电电压在 2002 年首次达到百千伏级, 即 Cross Sound 工程; 在 2010 年, 西门子公司投运了世界上第 1 个基于 MMC 的柔性直流输电工程——Trans Bay Cable 工程。我国柔性直流输电技术的研究和工程应用起步较晚,自 2010 年以来,先后建成了量从百兆瓦级达到数千兆瓦级。随着“双碳”战略的提出和推进,沙漠、戈壁、 荒漠等地区大型风光基地通过特高压柔性直流送出的需求日益迫切, 柔性直流输电工程的输送容量将进一步提升至千万千瓦级, 基础元器件研发、核心装备研制和系统方案设计等均面临挑战。
换流阀是柔性直流输电系统的 “心脏”,通常通过脉宽调制 PWM(pulse width modulation) 或最近电平逼近调制 NLM(nearest level modulation) 控制功率器件的开断来实现交、直流电能转换, 对柔性直流输电工程的系统设计方案及控制保护的功能、性能等起着决定性作用。本文首先结合实际工程实践, 介绍了柔性直流换流阀的关键设计要求; 然后, 分析并展望了柔性直流输电工程中常用的功率器件及柔性直流换流阀拓扑方案;最后,针对海上风电送出和沙漠、戈壁、荒漠大规模新能源送出的 2 种典型未来应用场景,分析了潜在的技术方案。
柔性直流换流阀的设计要点包括拓扑结构、元器件选型、稳态运行、暂态电压和电流耐受、损耗、 尺寸、体积、重量、可靠性等,针对不同的应用场景, 如远距离架空线、高海拔、深远海等,也会有特殊的设计要求。
在远距离架空线应用场景中, 直流线路故障自清除是基本的功能设计要求, 要求直流输电系统能清除直流线路故障,并快速恢复输电。常规基于半桥结构的柔性直流换流阀无法自清除直流短路故障, 需要新的技术方案, 工程上实现的方式主要有以下 2 种。
第 1 种方式:采用全桥模块和半桥模块混合的柔性直流换流阀。全桥模块具有固有的直流故障电流阻断能力。在昆柳龙直流工程中,考虑功能需求和经济性, 在满足架空线直流线路故障自清除的基础上, 2 个受端的柔性直流换流阀均采用了全桥模块与半桥模块混合的 MMC 拓扑(也称为 “混合型 MMC”)。由于全桥模块可以输出负电平, 混合型 MMC 的直流输出电压可以在$\left\lbrack {-{U}_{\text{dmin }},{1.0}\text{p.u.}}\right\rbrack$ 连续平滑可调, 也同时满足了远距离直流输电降压运行、阀组在线投退等功能要求,其中${U}_{\text{dmin }}$ 为直流输出电压的最小值,与全桥的比例相关。
第 2 种方式: 采用半桥模块的柔性直流换流阀,配合直流断路器清除直流线路故障。与混合型 MMC 通过自身控制实现故障自清除的原理不同, 直流断路器是 1 个独立的开关设备,具备直流电流开断能力, 可以在毫秒级切除系统中发生的直流线路短路故障。但是, 系统设计时需要考虑换流阀与直流断路器电流关断能力的相互配合, 设计科学合理的限流措施, 以保证直流断路器动作的正确性。 此外, 由于半桥型 MMC 的直流电压运行范围有限,该方案难以实现阀组在线投退和降压运行,且由于直流断路器泄能支路的能量有限,重合闸次数有限。
基于上述基本特性,考虑特高压柔性直流输电工程的降压运行、阀组在线投退等运行方式要求, 以及架空线故障自清除的基本功能要求, 混合型 MMC 更加适合于远距离大容量输电。
随着我国西部沙戈荒地区大型新能源基地的开发, 柔性直流已经成为大型新能源基地送出的重要技术方式, 未来将有更多的换流站落点在西部高海拔地区, 柔性直流换流阀的设计也将面临高海拔应用带来的新挑战。
柔性直流换流阀的设计应考虑高海拔环境下的外绝缘问题,需要重点研究功率器件、功率模块、 阀段和阀塔的电气间隙、爬电距离等能力, 开展必要的操作冲击、雷电冲击、直流电压耐受等试验研究, 以验证设备和元件的安全性和可靠性。对于功率器件而言, 内部芯片的电压耐受水平往往低于器件的外绝缘水平。为了准确获得器件的外绝缘能力, 在开展外绝缘试验时需要移除器件内部芯片的影响。
此外, 高海拔地区宇宙射线较强, 大气中子通量高, 会显著提高换流阀中功率器件和二次板卡的失效率。对于绝缘栅双极型晶体管 IGBT(insulated gate bipolar transistor)、二极管、旁路保护晶闸管等功率器件, 宇宙射线会导致器件在高耐压下击穿失效, 其影响是不可逆的, 需要在实验室开展大气中子加速辐照试验, 或者在高海拔实际环境下开展辐照试验, 以获得功率器件安全可靠的工作电压, 指导工程应用。对于二次板卡而言, 宇宙射线主要会引起控制芯片、存储芯片等的单粒子翻转效应, 造成程序执行和数据存储等错误, 而装置掉电后往往可以恢复, 可通过中子辐照试验研究制定控制程序的纠错策略,降低大气中子辐射造成的错误率。
柔性直流输电技术是国内外深远海风电送出的首选方式。目前,海上风电柔性直流送出工程的最大输电容量为${2000}\mathrm{{MW}}$。未来,随着直流电缆技术的进步, 输送容量有望进一步提升。如何在输送容量提升的同时降低海上平台的尺寸和质量,是国内外研究的热点。这就要求柔性直流换流阀的体积小,质量轻,功率密度高。采用高电压等级的器件或者多只器件串联能够有效减少功率模块的数量, 降低阀塔的数量,节省换流阀占地面积。功率模块中, 直流电容器所占的体积和质量通常较大,可以达到 60%以上,一般选用干式金属氧化膜电容器,其额定电压和额定容值是影响选型的决定性因素。当额定电压一定时, 在满足电容电压波动率限值要求的情况下, 选取尽量小的电容值, 能有效减小电容的体积, 从而降低功率模块及换流阀的体积。另外, 由于海上环境的湿度高、盐度大、腐蚀强, 需要加强换流阀的密封性和防腐蚀设计研究。
海上平台受其空间和质量的限制, 通常采用气体绝缘开关 GIS(gas insulated switchgear) 设备来节省占地面积。GIS 的隔离开关在操作过程中, 会产生特快速暂态过电压, 电压变化率可高达 40~100 kV/$\mu$ s。换流阀设计时需要考虑特快速暂态过电压对功率器件的影响,尤其考虑器件的$\mathrm{d}u/\mathrm{d}t$ 耐受能力,加强旁路元件的防误设计,避免 GIS 动作造成换流阀元件的损坏或功率模块旁路, 进而提高换流阀运行的可靠性。
未来,随着我国受端电网不断接入大量的柔性直流输电等电力电子装备,电力系统将呈现高比例新能源和高比例电力电子装备两大特征。随着常规电源机组的陆续退出, 电力系统的转动惯量将逐渐降低。柔性直流输电可被视作电网中单站容量大、 可控性强的等效电源, 发挥构网能力, 为系统提供频率稳定、电压稳定、阻尼控制、功角调节、谐波治理、短路电流控制、功率爬坡和电网黑启动等主动支撑功能。构网型柔性直流已成为重要发展趋势, 但仍需进一步提升柔性直流输电的过载能力,在不增加器件裕量的情况下, 短时间提升柔性直流输电的输出功率;探索柔性直流输电与储能的融合, 在不影响其他端正常运行的情况下实现本侧换流阀能量的短时间存储和泄放; 研发新型控制策略, 满足不同功能需求, 提升柔性直流输电的响应速度。
功率模块是柔性直流换流阀的基本组成单元, 功率器件是功率模块的核心元件, 其电压等级、通流能力、导通压降等参数直接影响换流阀的设计和技术性能。
工程中常用 IGBT 作为柔性直流换流阀的功率器件。IGBT 根据封装形式不同,可分为焊接型、 刚性压接型和柔性压接型[19],三者的实物图及特性差异对比分别如图1表1 所示。随着柔性直流输电工程传输容量的提高, 压接型 IGBT 因其电压等级高、通流能力强、功率密度大、寄生电感低及双面散热等诸多优点逐步突显,成为高压大容量柔性直流输电工程的主要选择。
柔性压接型 IGBT 在发生击穿后不具备长期短路失效能力。工程上, 为了保证功率模块发生任何故障(包括旁路开关拒动等极端故障)后均能长期短路通流, 采用柔性压接型 IGBT 的换流阀, 通常在功率模块交流端口并联击穿型旁路保护晶闸管, 当功率模块的旁路开关保护失效时, 被动过压击穿晶闸管,利用晶闸管的长期短路失效特性,实现功率模块的长期短路并稳定通流。对于全桥功率模块, 采用双向击穿型旁路保护晶闸管, 如图2 所示;对于半桥功率模块, 通常采用集正向通流能力和反向击穿功能一体的旁路保护晶闸管,如图3 所示。
损耗是换流阀的重要技术指标。在换流阀的损耗中,通态损耗为主要部分,而通态损耗与器件导通压降呈正相关, 将平面栅芯片优化为沟槽栅芯片可有效减小器件的导通压降。随着功率器件向更大容量方向发展, 沟槽栅的芯片设计将成为主流技术路线。
采用更高电压等级的 IGBT 器件, 可提升单个功率模块的工作电压, 减少换流阀功率模块数量, 进而减小换流阀占地面积、成本和损耗。采用更高电流等级的 IGBT 器件, 可提升单个功率模块的通流能力, 增大换流阀的输送容量。目前, 国内外已完成${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/5\mathrm{{kA}}\text{、}{6.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/2\mathrm{{kA}}\text{、}{6.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/3\mathrm{{kA}}$ 等新型压接型 IGBT 器件的研发和试制。实现更大的通流能力, 往往需要增大封装管壳尺寸来布置更多芯片, 这对管壳结构尺寸精确性和稳定性、器件内部多芯片均流设计提出了挑战[20];若实现更高的电压耐受, 需要加厚芯片及封装管壳,需重点研究器件场强优化问题及平衡芯片耐压提升与通态压降增大之间的矛盾[21]
总体来看, 柔性直流输电用功率器件的电压和电流均呈现出逐渐增大的趋势, 其开发型谱如图4 所示。工程应用中目前仍以 IGBT 为主,4.5 kV/5 kA 和${6.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/3\mathrm{{kA}}$ IGBT 器件正在研发测试中,需要进一步结合换流阀的设计开展符合工程技术条件的整机测试。未来的功率器件有 2 种发展趋势,一种是采用集成门极换流晶闸管 IGCT(integrated gate commutated thyristor)等新型器件的应用, 另一种是探索宽禁带功率半导体器件应用[22]
IGCT 具备结构简单、电压电流提升容易、导通压降低等优点,与柔性直流输电的主要技术需求吻合,因此成为近年来研究的热点[23-24]。目前,国内研制生产的 IGCT 器件的规格参数已达${6.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/4\mathrm{\;{kA}}$, 已在中压领域进行工程应用和验证, 正在逐步向城市电网、远海风电等高压大容量应用领域拓展。具备更高耐压(8.5kV)和更大通流能力(6kA)是 IGCT 器件的重要发展方向。高压双模式绝缘栅晶体管 BIGT(bimode insulated gate transistor)是一种新型结构的逆导型器件, 具备 BIGT 单芯片实现 IGBT/二极管双芯片的功能,可以进一步使换流阀紧凑化, 但设计优化需要兼顾 IGBT 和二极管的动、静态性能,难度较高[25-26]。目前,仅日立能源研制出了${5.2}\mathrm{\;{kV}}/\left({2 \sim 3}\right)\mathrm{{kA}}\mathrm{{BIGT}}$ 模块,并且已在张北直流电网工程中成功应用。
以碳化硅(SiC)、氮化镓(GaN)器件为代表的宽禁带半导体器件预期会有耐压高、开关频率高、结温高等优异性能, 是高压大电流功率器件的重要研究方向。但受制于目前的制造水平,商业化$\mathrm{{SiC}}$$\mathrm{{GaN}}$ 开关器件容量相比${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}$${6.0}\mathrm{{kV}}\mathrm{{Si}}$ 基 IGBT 和 IGCT 器件仍有一定差距,其材料、工艺和制造技术有待进一步突破。另外,通过 IGBT、IGCT、SiC 等进行混合的器件可以综合各自高开关频率、低通态损耗、高浪涌等优势,亦是当前研究的热点[27-28]
未来随着功率模块传输容量的增加, 功率器件的电压、电流等级提高, 其开关过程电流、电压突变产生的$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$$\mathrm{\;d}u/\mathrm{d}t$ 较大,达到数$\mathrm{{kA}}/\mathrm{{ms}}$ 和数$\mathrm{{kV}}/\mu \mathrm{s}$ 级别, 由此产生的磁场干扰和射频场感应传导骚扰是模块内部控制电路的主要干扰源。尤其是换流阀紧凑化设计要求进一步提高, 需考虑和加强空间和传导干扰的防护设计,这对换流阀的电磁兼容设计提出了新的挑战。同时,由于柔性直流换流阀采取水冷却方式, 电压和容量提升及布局紧凑化也对功率模块散热设计提出了更高要求。
MMC 基本拓扑包含 A、B、C 3 个相单元,每个相单元包含上、下 2 个桥臂,每个桥臂由$N$ 个子模块$\mathrm{{SM}}$ (sub module) 和 1 个桥臂电抗器${L}_{0}$ 串联而成,如图5 所示。在已投运的柔性输电工程中, MMC 的子模块一般采用半桥功率模块或全桥功率模块。
根据桥臂子模块拓扑的不同, MMC 可以分为半桥型 MMC、全桥型 MMC 及半桥和全桥混合型 MMC 这 3 种。半桥型 MMC 的桥臂中仅包含半桥功率模块, 成本虽低但不具备直流侧故障自清除能力,通常应用于背靠背联网、直流电缆输电等场合。 全桥型 MMC 的桥臂中仅包含全桥功率模块, 成本高且具备直流侧故障自清除能力。在满足功能和性能要求的基础上, 为了降低成本, 可以采用混合型 MMC, 通常应用于远距离架空线输电的场景。
柔性直流的主回路额定参数设计主要包括变压器、桥臂电抗器和换流阀[4]图6 为柔性直流与交流系统间的等效运算电路,其中$U$ 为交流母线线电压有效值,$k$ 为变压器的变比,${L}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 为折算到换流阀侧的短路阻抗,${R}_{0}$ 为变压器、桥臂电抗器、换流阀的总等效损耗电阻,$E$ 为换流阀交流输出线电压有效值,$P$$Q$ 分别为柔性直流换流站注入交流系统的有功功率和无功功率。
图6 中,$U$$E$ 之间的关系为
$ E =\sqrt{\Delta {U}_{1}^{2}+ \Delta {U}_{2}^{2}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\Delta {U}_{1}= \frac{U}{k}- \frac{P{R}_{0}+ Q{X}_{0}}{U/k}\\\Delta {U}_{2}= \frac{P{X}_{0}+ Q{R}_{0}}{U/k}\\{X}_{0}= {\omega }_{0}\left({{L}_{0}+ {0.5}{L}_{0}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
变压器的视在容量由柔性直流输出的有功和无功功率确定,短路阻抗一般选择经济阻抗,变比设计重点考虑直流电压利用率和换流阀功率器件的电流利用率。桥臂电抗器的电感需要与变压器短路阻抗协同设计, 满足功率运行范围的要求, 兼顾换流阀故障电流抑制的需求。换流阀的电容设计满足电容纹波率限值的要求, 工程经验值一般取$\pm {10}\%$;每种桥臂功率模块的数量可以确定为
$ n \geq \frac{E/\sqrt{3}\cdot \sqrt{2}- {0.5}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{{U}_{\text{SM_ref }}}$
$ n + m \geq \frac{{u}_{\max }}{{U}_{\text{SM_ref }}}= \frac{E/\sqrt{3}\cdot \sqrt{2}+ {0.5}{u}_{\text{dc }}}{{U}_{\text{SM_ref }}}$
式中:$n$ 为全桥功率模块数量;$m$ 为半桥功率模块数量;${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流电压;${u}_{\max }$ 为直流电压最大值;${U}_{\mathrm{{SM}}\_ \text{ref }}$ 为功率模块额定运行电压。
为了优化换流阀的紧凑化设计, 近年来多电平功率模块成为研究热点。其特点在于将多个功率模块合并设计为 1 个功率模块, 以此降低功率模块的数量。多电平功率模块的典型拓扑结构分为中点钳位型、飞跨电容型、双半桥串联型、双全桥串联型及半桥和全桥混合串联型, 如图7 所示[29]
相比于中点钳位型和飞跨电容型, 双半桥串联型多电平子模块在输出相同电平数的基础上, 可以节省钳位二极管和电容等元件, 而且其均压控制算法更为简洁, 与常规的半桥型 MMC 相近, 因此近年来逐步在中低压领域得到发展和应用。由于全桥结构的引入, 双全桥串联型、半桥和全桥混合串联型具备了直流故障清除能力。在相同电压等级和容量下, 不同多电平高压功率模块的拓扑对比如表2 所示, 表中功率器件指 IGBT/二极管对。
除通过采用更高电压等级器件、多电平功率模块之外, 对已有器件进行串联也是提高功率模块工作电压的重要方法。日立能源早期的柔性直流输电工程曾采用器件直串两电平拓扑和级联两电平换流器 CTL(cascaded two-level converter)方案。串联器件数量越多,器件均压控制、部件设计和制造越困难。
为了兼顾工程的可靠性和经济性, 既能降低多器件串联的技术难度, 又能进一步降低换流阀的占地面积, 可适当采用 2 个器件串联方案, 其拓扑如图8 所示。每个器件配置动态阻容吸收电路和静态均压电阻。器件串联型功率模块需重点解决器件开关过程的动态均压问题。器件不均压的原因主要包括功率器件自身参数、驱动参数分散性以及换流回路差异等。
为抑制器件串联不均压, 众多方法被提出, 总体可分为被动均压和主动均压 2 种, 如表3 所示。 其中, 被动均压方法包括 RCD 和 RC 无源缓冲电路法[30];主动均压方法通过动态调节$\mathrm{{IGBT}}$ 驱动的硬件回路或软件参数实现对器件开关过程的均衡控制,包括磁芯同步法[31] 、栅极有源钳位电路法[32] 、栅极动态RCD法[33] 、驱动延时控制法等。实际应用中,需要综合考虑可行性、稳定性、可靠性和经济性, 选用主动或被动均压方法进行串联器件动态均压控制。
图9 所示为基于${4.5}\mathrm{{kV}}/2\mathrm{{kA}}$ 刚性压接式 IGBT 器件串联的半桥型功率模块样机,图10 所示为其开通和关断的试验结果, 可见, IGBT 器件的关断拖尾电流有一定分散性, 这是影响器件关断过程动态均压的主要原因,极小的分散性就会引起较大的电压不均衡性。为抑制电压不均衡,相比于通过结构或电气一致性或器件的筛选, 通过主动自适应调节驱动参数进行补偿是更加有效的方式之一。图11 为采用均压技术后的串联器件电压波形,均压效果明显。
parameter compensation
随着柔性直流输电工程容量的增加,单个 IGBT 已经不能满足大容量变流器的需求, 通常采用 IGBT 并联技术来增加传输容量。目前关于 IGBT 并联型大容量功率模块拓扑的研究主要集中于功率模块的设计、驱动技术和并联均流技术[3437]。文献[34]对 2 种 IGBT 对称布置与 4 种集成交流输出的低感母排铜排进行设计分析, 发现 IGBT 直接并联技术在大功率变流器应用中具有良好的均流效果和较低的电压尖峰,有助于提高变流器的可靠性;文献[35]以$\mathrm{H}$ 桥功率模块作为研究对象, 从工程设计的角度介绍了功率模块的设计思路和设计经验, 尤其是关于 IGBT 并联技术均流性设计;文献[36]阐述了几种 IGBT 并联均流的影响因素, 提出一种在门极和发射极线路上插入共模电感联合辅助发射极串联电阻的方式, 优化 IGBT 的并联特性; 文献[37]介绍了 IGBT 元件并联均流的主要影响因素,针对${1200}\mathrm{\;V}/{900}\mathrm{\;A}$ 功率等级 IGBT 并联应用设计了 IGBT 并联驱动器、低感母排和散热器,并进行了相应的试验研究。
对于柔性直流换流阀而言, IGBT 并联技术可以分为直接并联和桥臂并联 2 种。直接并联是指 IGBT 的集电极和发射极分别通过母排直接连接, 桥臂并联是指 MMC 换流阀的整个桥臂进行并联,如图12 所示。
相比于桥臂并联, IGBT 直接并联不需要使用均流电抗器, 结构较为紧凑, 成本较低, 但其主要问题是对直流母排的对称性要求较高, 否则容易产生器件之间的环流、功率电路与门极电路容易耦合等问题。考虑均流特性, 实际应用中需要对器件电流进行降额使用。桥臂并联中,各桥臂通过桥臂电抗器相互连接。一般来说, 桥臂电感越大, 均流效果越好。但桥臂并联的柔性直流换流阀不能共用触发回路, 对触发信号的同步性要求较高; 采用的功率模块数量增加 1 倍, 还需考虑桥臂间的电气距离, 增加占地面积和成本。
考虑成本、占地面积等经济性因素,工业领域通常采用 IGBT 直接并联的方式。国外已有工程开始使用多个焊接式 IGBT 并联,实现大容量柔性直流换流阀的方案[38]
除基于 MMC 结构采用多电平高压功率模块和器件串、并联型功率模块外, 研发新型换流器拓扑也是实现换流阀的紧凑化、轻型化设计的重要方向。如文献[39-41]提出一种九桥臂模块化多电平换流器,文献[42-45]研究了桥臂复用型模块化多电平换流器, 理论上可减少功率器件数量及桥臂电抗器、电力电子器件、功率模块电容等。此外, 有别于 MMC 的新型拓扑结构也是研究热点, 如文献[46]提出了一种多电平直流链换流器, 同样能减少功率模块的电容用量及电力电子器件数量,同时降低了开关损耗。然而,该类型拓扑结构仍处于理论研究和实验室原理样机验证阶段, 进一步的工程应用还需解决过电压与绝缘配合、工程化控制保护技术和设备研制等问题。
本文以$\pm {500}\mathrm{{kV}}/{2000}\mathrm{{MW}}$ 海上风电柔性直流送出工程为例,其中,直流输电系统的电压等级为$\pm {500}\mathrm{{kV}}$,系统容量为${2000}\mathrm{{MW}}$。采用以下 3 种不同的电力电子器件对柔性直流换流阀的方案进行分析。
方案 1,基于${4500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 器件的半桥换流阀(技术成熟,应用阶段);方案 2,基于${6500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 器件的半桥换流阀(研发阶段);方案3,基于${4500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 双器件串联的半桥换流阀(研发阶段)。
通过初步分析计算, 上述 3 种方案的综合对比结果如表4 所示,可以看出: 相比${4500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 换流阀方案,${6500}\mathrm{\;V}$ 换流阀方案的模块数减少${30}\%$,阀厅面积减小 33%,重量减小 18%,损耗减小 12%,成本降低 20%;相比 4500 V 换流阀方案,双器件串联换流阀方案的模块数减少 50%,阀厅面积减小 35%, 重量减小 24%, 损耗仅减小 5%(主要原因是功率器件数量减少得不多),成本降低 16%。可见, 针对同样的电压等级和系统容量, 采用更高电压等级的电力电子器件或采用多个器件串联,均能有效减少功率模块数量、降低换流阀损耗、减小阀厅面积, 满足海上风电集中送出对换流阀紧凑性的需求, 是大容量海上风电柔性直流集中送出的优选。 可以预见, 高压功率模块将是面向海上风电送出的柔性直流换流阀的重要发展趋势。
面向沙戈荒新能源送出场景, 目前规划论证的特高压柔性直流输电工程的输电电压和容量以$\pm {800}\mathrm{{kV}}/5\mathrm{{GW}}\text{、}\pm {800}\mathrm{{kV}}/8\mathrm{{GW}}\text{、}\pm {800}\mathrm{{kV}}/{10}\mathrm{{GW}}$ 为主。针对不同的传输容量, 输电方式可选方案包括单器件、器件并联、桥臂并联和换流器并联等。5 GW 容量需要选用$3\mathrm{{kA}}$ 等级功率器件;$8\mathrm{{GW}}$ 容量需要选用$5\mathrm{{kA}}$ 等级功率器件,或者双器件并联,或者多桥臂、换流器并联;${10}\mathrm{{GW}}$ 容量需要选用$6\mathrm{\;{kA}}$ 等级功率器件,或者双器件并联,或者多桥臂、换流器并联,或者采用并联多端直流输电方式。
本文对 4 种典型的换流阀方案进行了初步分析, 方案布局示意如图13 所示。不同方案技术经济性对比如表5 所示。可知, 单器件方案和器件并联方案因单个功率模块额定电流大、器件数量少, 故换流阀布置的占地面积相对小, 整体上具有更好的经济性。单从工程的技术经济角度看,若单个器件能力能支撑换流阀容量,优选单器件方案;若单个器件能力无法支撑换流阀容量, 优选器件并联方案,但二者均需解决单个功率模块质量和体积大带来的运维防护难的问题。
本文针对不同应用场景梳理了柔性直流换流阀的主要设计要求, 系统分析了工程中常用的功率器件及柔性直流换流阀拓扑, 重点结合沙戈荒大型新能源基地及深远海风电柔性直流送出 2 种典型应用,分析了换流阀的潜在设计方案,可为工程设计提供参考。
随着柔性直流输电技术的不断发展, 远距离架空线、高海拔、深远海、主动支撑等应用场景对换流阀的功能和性能提出了新要求, 具有高电压、大容量、低成本、紧凑化、高可靠、强支撑的柔性直流换流阀将是重要发展方向, 同时对换流阀的结构设计、热设计、电磁兼容设计等也提出了新的挑战,需要从高压大容量功率器件和换流阀拓扑等的基础性技术进行突破,引领未来的发展趋势。
  • 南方电网公司重大科技专项(ZBKJXM20232197)
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2024年第22卷第3期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.3.1
  • 接收时间:2024-04-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-05-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-08
  • 修回日期:2024-05-20
  • 录用日期:2024-05-29
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Major Science and Technology Pro-jects of China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd(ZBKJXM20232197)
南方电网公司重大科技专项(ZBKJXM20232197)
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    1 直流输电技术全国重点实验室(南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司) 广州 510663
    2 清华大学 电机系 北京 100084
    3 荣信汇科电气股份有限公司 鞍山 114051
    4 特变电工西安柔性输配电有限公司 西安 71061
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