Article(id=1154038482906370108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.438, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1624377600000, receivedDateStr=2021-06-23, revisedDate=1627920000000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-03, acceptedDate=1629648000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-08-23, onlineDate=1753073815322, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815322, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815322, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815322, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=438, endPage=447, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038483829116994, articleId=1154038482906370108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Active Suppression of Radiated EMI in Flyback Converter Based on Fractional-order Chaos, columnId=1152281499626778753, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=EMI/EMC, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The fast on-off switching signal is the main cause of electromagnetic interference (EMI). At present, the research on EMI suppression by chaos mainly focuses on the suppression of conducted EMI by integer-order chaos. On this basis, the suppression by fractional-order chaos on radiated EMI and the selection of optimal order are studied in this paper. First, through the analysis of spectrum characteristics of fractional-order Lorenz and Lyapunov exponent spectrum, 1.8-order Lorenz signal is selected as the best spread spectrum series. Second, based on the principle of EMI suppression technology with variable switching frequency, Lorenz chaotic spread spectrum PWM signals with fixed frequency, integer-order, 2.7-order and 1.8-order are implemented in an STM32 single chip microcomputer. A near-field radiation experiment was carried out on a 5 W flyback converter, which proved that the 1.8-order Lorenz signal had the strongest suppression effect on the near-field magnetic field radiation. Finally, experimental results showed that the prototype's overall efficiency was about 2% different when it was under the fractional-order Lorenz Chaos PWM control and constant-frequency PWM control, respectively, which verified the superiority of the fractional-order chaotic PWM in radiated EMI suppression performance.

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快速通断的开关信号是造成开关电源电磁干扰EMI(electromagnetic interference)的主要原因。目前,关于混沌抑制 EMI技术的研究主要集中在利用整数阶混沌抑制传导EMI。在此基础上,本文对分数阶混沌在辐射 EMI 上的抑制以及最优阶次的选取问题展开研究。首先,通过分数阶 Lorenz 的频谱特性及 Lyapunov 指数谱分析,优选出1.8阶 Lorenz 信号为最佳扩频序列;其次,基于变开关频率抑制 EMI技术的基本原理,在STM32单片机中分别实现了定频、整数阶、2.7阶、1.8阶 Lorenz 混沌扩频 PWM信号,在一台5W反激变换器中进行近场辐射实验,证明了1.8 阶 Lorenz 信号对近场磁场辐射抑制作用最强;最后,测得分数阶 Lorenz 混沌与定频 PWM 控制下,样机的整机效率相差2%左右,验证了分数阶混沌PWM在辐射EMI抑制性能上的优越性。

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吴键澄(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: Wujc2018@163.com。

杨汝(1971-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子非线性系统分析与控制。E-mail: yangru@gzhu.edu.cn。

张宇帆(1999-),男,本科。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: 1533698513@qq.com。

钟振业(1999-),男,本科。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: 1423842334@qq.com。

刘佐濂(1970-),男,本科,高级实验师。研究方向:电力电子系统 EMI抑制。E-mail: LLLL2010@163.com。

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吴键澄(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: Wujc2018@163.com。

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吴键澄(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: Wujc2018@163.com。

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杨汝(1971-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子非线性系统分析与控制。E-mail: yangru@gzhu.edu.cn。

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杨汝(1971-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子非线性系统分析与控制。E-mail: yangru@gzhu.edu.cn。

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张宇帆(1999-),男,本科。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: 1533698513@qq.com。

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张宇帆(1999-),男,本科。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: 1533698513@qq.com。

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钟振业(1999-),男,本科。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: 1423842334@qq.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

钟振业(1999-),男,本科。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: 1423842334@qq.com。

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刘佐濂(1970-),男,本科,高级实验师。研究方向:电力电子系统 EMI抑制。E-mail: LLLL2010@163.com。

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刘佐濂(1970-),男,本科,高级实验师。研究方向:电力电子系统 EMI抑制。E-mail: LLLL2010@163.com。

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label=Fig. 15, caption=${V}_{\mathrm{{ds}}}$ spectrum measurement curves of four switching signals, figureFileSmall=pSPwEboyYUErS2yeBHid+g==, figureFileBig=wwWsm6VTBf+YoSsJm6y89g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038652096205106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482906370108, language=CN, label=图15, caption=4种开关信号 ${V}_{\mathrm{{ds}}}$ 频谱实测曲线, figureFileSmall=pSPwEboyYUErS2yeBHid+g==, figureFileBig=wwWsm6VTBf+YoSsJm6y89g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038652159119670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482906370108, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Comparison curves of near-field radiation test, figureFileSmall=wKeOazTzNvaLccLHyQBsKQ==, figureFileBig=OO+Mp4heg2AhBF6qoCjCAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038652276560185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482906370108, language=CN, label=图16, caption=近场辐射测试对比曲线, figureFileSmall=wKeOazTzNvaLccLHyQBsKQ==, figureFileBig=OO+Mp4heg2AhBF6qoCjCAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038652352057660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482906370108, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Influence of fractional-order Lorenz PWM on the machine’s overall efficiency, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入电压/ VAC 整机效率/%
定频 整数阶 2.7 阶 1.8 阶
90 86.10 85.40 85.75 85.75
120 85.18 85.52 85.52 85.18
150 85.18 85.52 85.52 85.18
180 85.52 85.52 85.52 85.52
200 84.07 84.07 84.07 84.07
220 84.07 82.66 81.93 82.67
), ArticleFig(id=1154038652435943744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482906370108, language=CN, label=表1, caption=分数阶 Lorenz PWM 对整机效率的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
输入电压/ VAC 整机效率/%
定频 整数阶 2.7 阶 1.8 阶
90 86.10 85.40 85.75 85.75
120 85.18 85.52 85.52 85.18
150 85.18 85.52 85.52 85.18
180 85.52 85.52 85.52 85.52
200 84.07 84.07 84.07 84.07
220 84.07 82.66 81.93 82.67
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基于分数阶混沌的反激变换器辐射 EMI 主动抑制
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吴键澄 1 , 杨汝 1, 2 , 张宇帆 2 , 钟振业 2 , 刘佐濂 3
电源学报 | 电磁干扰与电磁兼容 2024,22(2): 438-447
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电源学报 | 电磁干扰与电磁兼容 2024, 22(2): 438-447
基于分数阶混沌的反激变换器辐射 EMI 主动抑制
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吴键澄1 , 杨汝1, 2 , 张宇帆2 , 钟振业2 , 刘佐濂3
作者信息
  • 1 广州大学 电子与通信工程学院 广州 510006
  • 2 广州大学 机械与电气工程学院 广州 510006
  • 3 广州大学 物理与材料科学学院 广州 510006
  • 吴键澄(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: Wujc2018@163.com。

    杨汝(1971-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子非线性系统分析与控制。E-mail: yangru@gzhu.edu.cn。

    张宇帆(1999-),男,本科。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: 1533698513@qq.com。

    钟振业(1999-),男,本科。研究方向:反激变换器的电磁兼容。E-mail: 1423842334@qq.com。

    刘佐濂(1970-),男,本科,高级实验师。研究方向:电力电子系统 EMI抑制。E-mail: LLLL2010@163.com。

Active Suppression of Radiated EMI in Flyback Converter Based on Fractional-order Chaos
Jiancheng WU1 , Ru YANG1, 2 , Yufan ZHANG2 , Zhenye ZHONG2 , Zuolian LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
  • 2 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
  • 3 School of Physics and Materials Science Guangzhou University Guangzhou 510006 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.438
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快速通断的开关信号是造成开关电源电磁干扰EMI(electromagnetic interference)的主要原因。目前,关于混沌抑制 EMI技术的研究主要集中在利用整数阶混沌抑制传导EMI。在此基础上,本文对分数阶混沌在辐射 EMI 上的抑制以及最优阶次的选取问题展开研究。首先,通过分数阶 Lorenz 的频谱特性及 Lyapunov 指数谱分析,优选出1.8阶 Lorenz 信号为最佳扩频序列;其次,基于变开关频率抑制 EMI技术的基本原理,在STM32单片机中分别实现了定频、整数阶、2.7阶、1.8阶 Lorenz 混沌扩频 PWM信号,在一台5W反激变换器中进行近场辐射实验,证明了1.8 阶 Lorenz 信号对近场磁场辐射抑制作用最强;最后,测得分数阶 Lorenz 混沌与定频 PWM 控制下,样机的整机效率相差2%左右,验证了分数阶混沌PWM在辐射EMI抑制性能上的优越性。

反激变换器  /  分数阶混沌  /  近场辐射  /  电磁干扰

The fast on-off switching signal is the main cause of electromagnetic interference (EMI). At present, the research on EMI suppression by chaos mainly focuses on the suppression of conducted EMI by integer-order chaos. On this basis, the suppression by fractional-order chaos on radiated EMI and the selection of optimal order are studied in this paper. First, through the analysis of spectrum characteristics of fractional-order Lorenz and Lyapunov exponent spectrum, 1.8-order Lorenz signal is selected as the best spread spectrum series. Second, based on the principle of EMI suppression technology with variable switching frequency, Lorenz chaotic spread spectrum PWM signals with fixed frequency, integer-order, 2.7-order and 1.8-order are implemented in an STM32 single chip microcomputer. A near-field radiation experiment was carried out on a 5 W flyback converter, which proved that the 1.8-order Lorenz signal had the strongest suppression effect on the near-field magnetic field radiation. Finally, experimental results showed that the prototype's overall efficiency was about 2% different when it was under the fractional-order Lorenz Chaos PWM control and constant-frequency PWM control, respectively, which verified the superiority of the fractional-order chaotic PWM in radiated EMI suppression performance.

Flyback converter  /  fractional-order chaos  /  near-field radiation  /  electromagnetic interference(EMI)
吴键澄, 杨汝, 张宇帆, 钟振业, 刘佐濂. 基于分数阶混沌的反激变换器辐射 EMI 主动抑制. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 438 -447 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.438
Jiancheng WU, Ru YANG, Yufan ZHANG, Zhenye ZHONG, Zuolian LIU. Active Suppression of Radiated EMI in Flyback Converter Based on Fractional-order Chaos[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 438 -447 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.438
随着电力电子产品的更新迭代, 电磁干扰 EMI (electromagnetic interference) 成为制约开关电源高频化、小型化的重要因素。按照干扰能量的传播形式, EMI 分为传导干扰和辐射干扰[1]。传统的滤波、 屏蔽等 EMI 抑制方法引入了体积较大的磁性元件,严重制约了电源产品的高功率密度化[2]。现有的研究表明, 传导干扰来源于开关电源电路中的差模干扰和共模干扰,辐射干扰主要来源于共模干扰[34], 而这些都来自开关管高速变化的$\mathrm{d}V/\mathrm{d}t$$\mathrm{d}I/\mathrm{d}t$。根据 Parsecal 定理, 保持信号时域的能量不变, 则频域的能量是守恒的。因此要想从电磁干扰源头让 EMI 主动降低, 从 PWM 入手是最直截了当的方法。近几年, 基于变开关频率 PWM 的 EMI 主动抑制技术成了电磁兼容领域备受关注的问题之一。[5], 其基本原理是使开关频率按照一定的规律在一定的范围内变化,在频域上将能量分散到附近频点上, 达到降低电磁干扰幅值的效果。
变开关频率 PWM 的核心在于调制信号, 有学者对定频、周期扩频、混沌扩频 PWM 的频谱特性进行量化分析, 从理论和实验上论证了混沌 PWM 比周期扩频 PWM 具有更好的 EMI 抑制能力[6-7]。文献[8]进一步地将 Chua 混沌信号注入脉宽调制芯片以产生混沌 PWM,作用于一台反激变换器上, 实验验证了 Chua 混沌 PWM 能够有效地抑制传导 EMI。文献[9]将多涡卷混沌吸引子引入 boost 变换器, 从仿真和实验分别对不同涡卷数量的 Chua 混沌 PWM 和传统的 Logistic 混沌 PWM 控制下 boost 变换器${V}_{\mathrm{{ds}}}$ 的频谱进行考察,间接验证了涡卷数更高的混沌吸引子比传统的混沌吸引子具有更好的 EMI 抑制作用, 同时能够减少开关频率附近次谐波的产生。文献[10]将多涡卷 Chua 混沌 PWM 作用下的 boost 电路 EMI 进行实测, 直接验证了多涡卷混沌 PWM 抑制 EMI 的优越性。随着半导体技术的发展。文献[11-12]将 Liu 混沌电路封装成一个芯片, 成功地使一台反激变换器的传导 EMI 降低了$5 \sim {10}\mathrm{{dBuV}}$
然而, 无论双涡卷还是多涡卷的混沌信号, 都属于整数阶混沌系统。实际上分数阶混沌系统是比整数阶混沌系统更加普遍的存在[13-14]。现有的基于混沌 PWM 的 EMI 主动抑制技术集中在对整数阶混沌系统的研究上, 分数阶混沌对 EMI 的抑制研究有待拓展。此外, 变开关频率 PWM 对电力电子变换器的辐射抑制上也鲜见研究。因此, 本文针对上述 2 个问题,以一台$5\mathrm{\;W}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 输出的反激变换器为试验样机, 从相图、Lyapunov 指数等非线性动力学特性和频谱特性出发, 重点研究了不同阶次的分数阶混沌 PWM 对传导和近场辐射的影响, 得出 1.8 阶 Lorenz 混沌抑制效果最佳的结论, 为分数阶混沌抑制 EMI 的实际工程应用提供参考。
分数阶 Lorenz 系统的数学表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{\alpha }x}{\mathrm{\;d}{t}^{\alpha }}= a\left({y - x}\right)\\\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{\beta }y}{\mathrm{\;d}{t}^{\beta }}= \left({{24}- {4c}}\right) x -{xz}+ {cy}\\\frac{{\mathrm{d}}^{\gamma }z}{\mathrm{\;d}{t}^{\gamma }}= {xy}- {bz}\end{array}\right.$
假定阶数$\alpha =\beta =\gamma = q ={0.95}$,当$a ={10}, b = 8/3, c = 5$ 时,系统处于混沌状态。设系统的初始状态为$\left({x}_{0}\right.$,$\left.{{y}_{0},{z}_{0}}\right)$。利用 Adomian 分解算法[14],求得式 (1) 数值解的离散迭代式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{x}_{m + 1}= {x}_{m}+ {10}\left({{y}_{m}- {x}_{m}}\right)\frac{{h}^{p}}{\Gamma \left({\alpha + 1}\right)} +{10}\left({{12}- {4.6}}\right){x}_{m}+ \\ c{y}_{m}- {10}\left({{y}_{m}- {x}_{m}}\right)\frac{{h}^{2}}{\Gamma \left({{2\alpha }+ 1}\right)} +\cdots \\ c{y}_{m}+ {10}\left({{y}_{m}- {x}_{m}}\right) c\left({1 -{24}- {dc}}\right){x}_{m}+ c{y}_{m}- {x}_{m}{x}_{m}\frac{h}{{2\Gamma }\left({\beta + 1}\right)} +\\{10}\left({{24}- {42}+ d}\right){x}_{m}+ c{y}_{m}- {x}_{m})c\left({1 -{24}- d}\right){x}_{m}+ c{y}_{m}- c \\{x}_{m}+ c{y}_{m}+ {10}\left({2 - 4 - d}\right){x}_{m}+ c{y}_{m}- c{y}_{m}+ \frac{h}{2\left({\gamma + 1}\right)} +\\ c\left({\beta -\frac{h}{2}}\right)\left({1 -\beta }\right){x}_{m}+ \beta \left({1 -\frac{h}{2}}\right){x}_{m}+ {10}\left({\gamma -\frac{h}{2}}\right){x}_{m}+ {10}{y}_{m}+ c{y}_{m}+ \cdots .\end{array}\right.$
式中,$h$ 为迭代步长。理论上 Adomian 分解的次数越多, 求得的解越精确。在实际数值仿真运算中本文取前 7 项迭代式。设系统的初始状态为$({0.1}$,${0.2},{0.3})$,迭代步长$h$ 为 0.01,计算次数 10000 次, 得到 2.85 阶 Lorenz 混沌系统$x\text{、}y\text{、}z$ 的时域信号曲线和相图分别如图1图2 所示。
以此类推,当阶数$\alpha =\beta =\gamma = q = 1$ 时为整数阶混沌。同样地,设迭代步长$h$ 依旧为 0.01,计算次数保持为 10000 次, 得到整数阶 Lorenz 混沌的相图如图3 所示。
为了对比不同阶数的分数阶 Lorenz 混沌的状态,分别取阶数$\alpha =\beta =\gamma = q ={0.9}$$\alpha =\beta =\gamma = q ={0.8}$,得到 2.7 阶分数阶 Lorenz 混沌和 2.4 阶分数阶 Lorenz 混沌的相图,分别如图4图5 所示。
可以看出, 在取相同迭代步长和计算次数的情况下, 随着阶数的降低, 分数阶 Lorenz 的相图越来越致密, 混沌程度越来越高。
Lyapunov 指数表示在大量次数迭代过程中, 相空间 2 条轨道随时间的推移按指数分离或聚合平均变化率[15],是判断系统混沌运动剧烈程度的重要指标, 可表示为
${\lambda }_{\mathrm{L}}= \mathop{\lim }\limits_{{m \rightarrow \infty }}\frac{1}{m\tau }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\ln \frac{{d}_{i}}{{d}_{0}}$
式中:$m$ 为最大迭代次数;$\tau$ 为时间步长;${d}_{0}$ 为初始时刻最近两点之间的距离;${d}_{i}$$i$ 时刻最近两点的距离。当最大迭代次数$m$ 为无穷大,初始时刻两点间的距离${d}_{0}$ 为无穷小时,才能保证 Lyapunov 指数计算的正确性。
与整数阶混沌相比, 分数阶混沌系统多了阶数这一变量, 其非线性动力学特性更加复杂。理论上计算 Lyapunov 指数时迭代次数要足够多,直接用定义法求解分数阶混沌系统的 Lyapunov 指数容易造成运算量过大, 计算结果不收敛的情况, 使用${QR}$ 分解法求解分数阶混沌的 Lyapunov 指数,能够大大简化计算量,具体求解过程如下。
求解式(2)中分数阶 Lorenz 混沌系统迭代式的 Jacobian 矩阵为
${\mathbf{J}}_{\text{sys }}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}{J}_{11}& {J}_{12}& {J}_{13}\\{J}_{21}& {J}_{22}& {J}_{23}\\{J}_{31}& {J}_{32}& {J}_{33}\end{array}\right\rbrack =\\\left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll}\frac{\partial x\left({m + 1}\right)}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial x\left({m + 1}\right)}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial x\left({m + 1}\right)}{\partial z}\\\frac{\partial y\left({m + 1}\right)}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial y\left({m + 1}\right)}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial y\left({m + 1}\right)}{\partial z}\\\frac{\partial z\left({m + 1}\right)}{\partial x}& \frac{\partial z\left({m + 1}\right)}{\partial y}& \frac{\partial z\left({m + 1}\right)}{\partial z}\end{array}\right\rbrack $
假设矩阵$\mathbf{Q}$ 为一个单位矩阵,即
$\mathbf{Q}= \left\lbrack \begin{array}{lll} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{array}\right\rbrack $
则有与${\mathbf{J}}_{\text{sys }}$ 等价的矩阵$\mathbf{A}= {\mathbf{J}}_{\text{sys }}\mathbf{Q}$,由于要进行$m$ 次迭代,于是对 Jacobian 矩阵进行$\mathbf{{QR}}$ 分解
${qr}\left\lbrack {{J}_{m}{J}_{m - 1}{j}_{m - 2}\cdots {J}_{2}{J}_{1}}\right\rbrack =\\\operatorname{qr}\left\lbrack {{J}_{m}{J}_{m - 1}{j}_{m - 2}\cdots {J}_{3}{J}_{2}\left({{J}_{1}{Q}_{0}}\right)}\right\rbrack =\\\operatorname{qr}\left\lbrack {{J}_{m}{J}_{m - 1}{j}_{m - 2}\cdots {J}_{3}\left({{J}_{2}{Q}_{1}}\right)}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {R}_{1}\right\rbrack =\\{qr}\left\lbrack {{J}_{m}{J}_{m - 1}{j}_{m - 2}\cdots \left({{J}_{i}{Q}_{i - 1}}\right)}\right\rbrack \left\lbrack {{R}_{i - 1}{R}_{i - 2}\cdots {R}_{2}{R}_{1}}\right\rbrack =\\{Q}_{m}\left\lbrack {{R}_{m}{R}_{m - 1}\cdots {R}_{2}{R}_{1}}\right\rbrack ={Q}_{m}R $
经过$\mathbf{{QR}}$ 分解,分数阶 Lorenz 混沌系统的最大 Lyapunov 指数表达式变为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{Lx}= \frac{1}{m\tau }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}\ln \left|{{R}_{i}\left({1,1}\right)}\right|\\{\lambda }_{Ly}= \frac{1}{m\tau }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}\ln \left|{{R}_{i}\left({2,2}\right)}\right|\\{\lambda }_{Lz}= \frac{1}{m\tau }\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{m}\ln \left|{{R}_{i}\left({3,3}\right)}\right|\end{array}\right.$
以阶数为自变量, 对系统的 Lyapunov 指数谱进行分析。在上述算法的基础上,定义阶数$q$ 的取值范围为(0.4,1.2),变化步长为 0.004, Matlab 算法具体实现流程如图6 所示。
图7 的仿真结果可以看出, 在系统参数不变的情况下,随着阶数$q$ 的变化,分数阶 Lorenz 混沌系统$x$ 序列的 Lyapunov 指数不断变化。整数阶 Lorenz 混沌系统$\left({q = 1}\right)$ 的 Lyapunov 指数甚至小于分数阶系统的; 在阶数$q ={0.6}$ 时,分数阶 Lorenz 混沌系统$x$ 序列的 Lyapunov 指数值最大,表明此时系统处于最混沌的状态。
分别提取阶数$q = 1\text{、}q ={0.9}\text{、}q ={0.8}\text{、}q ={0.6}$ 时的分数阶 Lorenz 系统$x$ 轴的信号数据,设定采样频率为${10}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,采样点数为1000,利用 FFT 在 Matlab 中进行频谱分析,结果如图8 所示。
可以看出,随着阶数的降低,分数阶 Lorenz$x$ 序列的频谱扩展程度逐渐增强, 频谱峰值逐渐降低,方差减小。当阶数$q ={0.6}$ 时,频谱扩展效果最好, 方差最小, 表明该阶数的 Lorenz 混沌序列在频谱上的分布最均匀。
经过以上分析,对于系统参数$a ={10}, b = 8/3, c = 5$ 的分数阶 Lorenz 混沌系统,当阶数$q ={0.6}$ 时,系统 Lyapunov 指数最大, 混沌运动最剧烈; 同时, 其频谱分布最均匀,方差最小。因此,使用阶数$q$ 为 0.6 的分数阶 Lorenz 混沌序列作为扩频序列, 理论上能够达到最优的扩频效果。
变开关频率控制开关变换器的原理如图9 所示。假设定频 PWM 基波频率为${f}_{0}$,频率调制范围为$\pm {\Delta f}$,调制序列为$u\left( x\right)$,则调制后$\mathrm{{PWM}}$ 的频率为
$ f ={f}_{0}\pm u\left( x\right){\Delta f}$
为了不影响变压器等磁性元件的性能, 对于反激式变换器, 通常频率变化范围控制在基波频率的 10%以内。调制序列$u\left( x\right)$ 可以是周期序列、伪随机序列、混沌序列等。开关变换器的输出电压作为反馈信号, 与调制后的分数阶混沌扩频载波比较, 当反馈信号大于载波信号时输出高电平,反之输出低电平, PWM 信号占空比随输出电压变化而在一定范围内变化。使 PWM 每一个周期输出的占空比都能够满足开关变换器的工作需求。
使用 STM32F103C8T6 单片机实现分数阶混沌 PWM, 程序运行思路如图10 所示。将 matlab 仿真得到的分数阶混沌序列提取出来, 放入单片机的 flash 中,让单片机分别产生${150}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 定频$\mathrm{{PWM}}$,以及$q = 1$,$q ={0.9}, q ={0.6}$ 的分数阶 Lorenz 混沌 PWM。通过示波器的 FFT 功能测得所产生的 PWM 的频谱波形, 如图11 所示。所用示波器型号为 GDS-2304A。
可以看出, 定频 PWM 的频谱峰值集中在开关频率及其倍周期频点上, 而分数阶 Lorenz 混沌 PWM 能够有效地将频谱峰值分散到周围峰值频点的周围频段,达到主动抑制的作用。从频谱波形上看,$q ={0.6}$ 的分数阶 Lorenz PWM 的频谱是最均匀的。
反激式变换器的 MOSFET、变压器以及输入输出线缆构成等效辐射天线,将干扰能量向外辐射。 因此对反激式变换器电路板 MOSFET、变压器、L 线和$\mathrm{N}$ 线这 4 个主要辐射点进行测试。近场探头放置如图12 所示, 其中 RF_R_400_1 探头用于测变压器和 MOSFET 的近场辐射, RF_U_5_2 探头用于测试线缆的近场辐射情况。
实验所使用的 EMI 接收机型号是 ROHDE& SCHWARZ ESRP 预认证级 EMI 接收机(带宽 9 kHz~${3.6}\mathrm{{GHz}}$ ),实验环境及具体接线如图13 所示。
对待测的反激式变换器输入${220}\mathrm{\;V}/{50}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ 交流电, 测得开关管两端及 PWM 驱动信号的波形如图14 所示。
让反激式变换器分别工作在定频${150}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ PWM、整数阶 Lorenz 混沌扩频 PWM、2.7 阶 ($q ={0.9}$ ) Lorenz 扩频 PWM、1.8 阶 ($q ={0.6}$ )Lorenz 混沌扩频 PWM 状态下, 使用示波器的 FFT 功能分别测得开关管两端电压波形${V}_{\mathrm{{ds}}}$ 的频谱,如图15 所示。
同样可以看出,定频 PWM 信号控制下${V}_{\mathrm{{ds}}}$ 的频谱集中分布在开关频率及其倍频率点。分数阶 Lorenz 混沌信号比整数阶 Lorenz 混沌信号控制下的${V}_{\mathrm{{ds}}}$ 分散得更加均匀。
由前面的分析可以得出, 1.8 阶 Lorenz 混沌系统的 Lyapunov 指数最高, 混沌程度最高, 频谱方差最小,频谱分散得最均匀,因此抑制 EMI 效果最好。
图13 所示的实验环境下, 用近场探头和 R&S ESRP EMI 接收机对试验样机的近场辐射干扰进行测试。由于开关电源的辐射干扰主要表现在${300}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 以内的频段,因此对${30}\sim {300}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 的辐射干扰进行测试。在这 4 种不同控制信号下测得 L 线、$\mathrm{N}$ 线、MOSFET、变压器产生的近场辐射,以定频测试结果为基准, 不同阶次 Lorenz PWM 控制下产生的近场辐射与定频 PWM 相比,对比曲线分别如图16 所示。幅值大于 0 表示该频点的近场辐射大于定频 PWM 控制下的近场辐射,反之则小于定频 PWM 控制下的近场辐射强度。
图16 的测试结果可以看出,对于$\mathrm{L}$ 线和$\mathrm{N}$ 线上的辐射干扰,不同阶次 Lorenz 混沌在${150}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段内能够抑制近场辐射, 同时也会引入干扰, 总体而言抑制能力相近。对于开关管产生的近场辐射,1.8 阶Lorenz 混沌在${50}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段内具有较好的抑制效果, 而整数阶和 2.7 阶 Lorenz 混沌没有较为明显的抑制作用。对于变压器产生的近场辐射,1.8 阶 Lorenz 混沌在${150}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 频段内具有较为明显的抑制作用, 其他阶次 Lorenz 混沌抑制作用与引入干扰程度相当,抑制效果不明显。
在此基础上对定频 PWM、整数阶 Lorenz PWM、 2.7 阶 Lorenz PWM、1.8 阶 Lorenz PWM 控制下对整机效率的影响做测试,结果如表1 所示。
由此可知, 分数阶 Lorenz 混沌 PWM 控制下的反激式变换器整机效率与定频 PWM 工作状态下相差仅在 2%左右,因此在实际应用过程中并不会对整机效率造成严重的影响。对于 EMC 整改可以考虑嵌入分数阶混沌扩频信号, 以增强目前整数阶混沌 PWM 有限的 EMI 抑制能力。
本文首先利用 Adomian 算法构建了分数阶 Lorenz 的 matlab 仿真模型, 对不同阶次的分数阶 Lorenz 相图、频谱和 Lyapunov 指数进行数值仿真研究, 从理论上分析得出 1.8 阶 Lorenz 的 Lyapunov 指数最高、频谱扩散程度最高、频谱方差最小、频谱分布最均匀, 是扩频效果最佳的分数阶 Lorenz 混沌序列。在 STM32 单片机中实现了定频、整数阶Lorenz、 2.7 阶 Lorenz 和 1.8 阶 Lorenz 混沌 PWM, 并在一台$5\mathrm{\;W}$ 输出的反激变换器上分别进行信号的频谱测试、近场辐射测试和整机效率测试实验。实验测得 1.8 阶 Lorenz 扩频 PWM 抑制近场辐射的能力最强, 并且对变压器等以磁场辐射为主的辐射源抑制作用最明显。同时,工作在分数阶混沌 PWM 下的反激变换器与工作在定频 PWM 情况下, 整机效率相差仅 2%左右,并不会对整机效率造成太大的影响,验证了分数阶混沌 PWM 在抑制 EMI 性能上的优越性, 为分数阶混沌抑制 EMI 的实际工程应用提供参考。
  • 广东省自然科学基金团队资助项目(2017B030312001)
  • 广州大学国家级大学生创新训练资助项目(201911078029)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.438
  • 接收时间:2021-06-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-06-23
  • 修回日期:2021-08-03
  • 录用日期:2021-08-23
基金
Guangdong Natural Science Foundation Team Project(2017B030312001)
广东省自然科学基金团队资助项目(2017B030312001)
National Innovation Training Program of Guangzhou University(201911078029)
广州大学国家级大学生创新训练资助项目(201911078029)
作者信息
    1 广州大学 电子与通信工程学院 广州 510006
    2 广州大学 机械与电气工程学院 广州 510006
    3 广州大学 物理与材料科学学院 广州 510006
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