Article(id=1154038483497771751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.431, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1621958400000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-26, revisedDate=1623772800000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-16, acceptedDate=1624291200000, acceptedDateStr=2021-06-22, onlineDate=1753073815463, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815463, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815463, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815463, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=431, endPage=437, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038483875259115, articleId=1154038483497771751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Electromagnetic Radiation Interference Optimization of SiC DC/DC Converter, columnId=1152281499626778753, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=EMI/EMC, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Silicon carbide (SiC) switching devices are widely applied in DC/DC converters owing to their faster switching speed and higher operating frequency. However, the high working frequency of SiC devices will result in strong electromagnetic radiation interference. To optimize the internal structure of DC/DC converter and achieve a higher power density, an optimization method for the electromagnetic radiation interference of SiC DC/DC converter is proposed. First, the characteristics of the converter's electromagnetic radiation interference source are analyzed, and a space electromagnetic radiation model is established according to the topology of DC/DC circuit. Then, based on the electromagnetic radiation model and simulated annealing algorithm, the low electromagnetic radiation optimization is carried out for the layout of components within the DC/DC converter. The optimized layout scheme reduces the length of high-frequency wire by 60.2%. Finally, the three-dimensional finite element simulation is carried out, and it is verified that the proposed method can optimize the circuit layout of SiC DC/DC converter and reduce the electric field intensity produced on the sensitive circuit by two orders of magnitude.

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碳化硅 SiC (silicon carbide)开关器件具有更快的开关速度与更高的工作频率,被广泛应用于DC/DC变流器。但是SiC 器件的高工作频率会产生强烈的电磁辐射干扰,为了优化 DC/DC变流器内部结构,实现更高的功率密度,提出一种 SiC DC/DC变换器电磁辐射干扰的优化方法。文中首先分析了变流器的电磁辐射干扰源特性,根据 DC/DC电路扑拓结构建立了空间电磁辐射模型,然后基于电磁辐射模型和模拟退火算法,对DC/DC变换器元件布局进行低电磁辐射优化,优化后的布局方案减少了60.2%的高频导线长度。最后,进行三维有限元仿真分析进行验证,所提出方法能优化 SiC DC/DC变换电路布局,将敏感电路上产生的电场强度降低两个数量级。

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羊岳彬(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: yangyuebin1124@163.com。

李先允(1964-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail: alixy6412@aliyun.com。

王书征(1983-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统控制。E-mail: wsz310@126.com。

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羊岳彬(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: yangyuebin1124@163.com。

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羊岳彬(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: yangyuebin1124@163.com。

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李先允(1964-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail: alixy6412@aliyun.com。

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李先允(1964-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail: alixy6412@aliyun.com。

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王书征(1983-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统控制。E-mail: wsz310@126.com。

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王书征(1983-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统控制。E-mail: wsz310@126.com。

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Proceedings of the CSEE, 2019. 39(19): 5604-5612 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=SPICE model of SiC MOSFET including the trapped charge at SiC/SiO2 interface, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154038591756952100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483497771751, awardId=BE2018130, language=EN, fundingSource=Key R & D projects in Jiangsu Province(BE2018130), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038591815672357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483497771751, awardId=BE2018130, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省重点研发计划资助项目(BE2018130), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038591933112870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483497771751, awardId=SJCX20_0724, language=EN, fundingSource=Jiangsu postgraduate research and Practice Innovation Program(SJCX20_0724), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038592012804647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileBig=A3KMD5j+tK1gpRD11Fyx9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038591454962197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483497771751, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Circuit parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
${V}_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{V}$ 20 $R/\Omega$ 20
$L/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 10 $C/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 1
$f/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 100 $D$ 0.6
), ArticleFig(id=1154038591513682455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483497771751, language=CN, label=表1, caption=电路参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
${V}_{\mathrm{i}}/\mathrm{V}$ 20 $R/\Omega$ 20
$L/\mathrm{{mH}}$ 10 $C/\mu \mathrm{F}$ 1
$f/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 100 $D$ 0.6
), ArticleFig(id=1154038591572402715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483497771751, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Initial and optimized layouts, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元件 初始布局$/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 优化后布局
电源 (30.9,30.8) (1.0,14.2)
开关管 (46.8,38.5) (3.6,19.8)
二极管 (50.3,15.7) (6.8,12.6)
电感 (56.9,78.2) (13.2,46.1)
电容 (79.1,46.0) (35.4,17.5)
电阻 (97.7,43.0) (99.4,34.0)
), ArticleFig(id=1154038591635317279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483497771751, language=CN, label=表2, caption=初始布局与优化布局, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元件 初始布局$/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 优化后布局
电源 (30.9,30.8) (1.0,14.2)
开关管 (46.8,38.5) (3.6,19.8)
二极管 (50.3,15.7) (6.8,12.6)
电感 (56.9,78.2) (13.2,46.1)
电容 (79.1,46.0) (35.4,17.5)
电阻 (97.7,43.0) (99.4,34.0)
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SiC DC/DC变换器电磁辐射干扰优化
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羊岳彬 , 李先允 , 王书征
电源学报 | 电磁干扰与电磁兼容 2024,22(2): 431-437
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电源学报 | 电磁干扰与电磁兼容 2024, 22(2): 431-437
SiC DC/DC变换器电磁辐射干扰优化
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羊岳彬 , 李先允 , 王书征
作者信息
  • 南京工程学院 电力工程学院 南京 211167
  • 羊岳彬(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子电磁兼容。E-mail: yangyuebin1124@163.com。

    李先允(1964-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子。E-mail: alixy6412@aliyun.com。

    王书征(1983-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统控制。E-mail: wsz310@126.com。

Electromagnetic Radiation Interference Optimization of SiC DC/DC Converter
Yuebin YANG , Xianyun LI , Shuzheng WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Electric Power Engineering Nanjing Institute of Technology Nanjing 211167 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.431
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碳化硅 SiC (silicon carbide)开关器件具有更快的开关速度与更高的工作频率,被广泛应用于DC/DC变流器。但是SiC 器件的高工作频率会产生强烈的电磁辐射干扰,为了优化 DC/DC变流器内部结构,实现更高的功率密度,提出一种 SiC DC/DC变换器电磁辐射干扰的优化方法。文中首先分析了变流器的电磁辐射干扰源特性,根据 DC/DC电路扑拓结构建立了空间电磁辐射模型,然后基于电磁辐射模型和模拟退火算法,对DC/DC变换器元件布局进行低电磁辐射优化,优化后的布局方案减少了60.2%的高频导线长度。最后,进行三维有限元仿真分析进行验证,所提出方法能优化 SiC DC/DC变换电路布局,将敏感电路上产生的电场强度降低两个数量级。

碳化硅  /  电磁辐射  /  模拟退火算法  /  有限元

Silicon carbide (SiC) switching devices are widely applied in DC/DC converters owing to their faster switching speed and higher operating frequency. However, the high working frequency of SiC devices will result in strong electromagnetic radiation interference. To optimize the internal structure of DC/DC converter and achieve a higher power density, an optimization method for the electromagnetic radiation interference of SiC DC/DC converter is proposed. First, the characteristics of the converter's electromagnetic radiation interference source are analyzed, and a space electromagnetic radiation model is established according to the topology of DC/DC circuit. Then, based on the electromagnetic radiation model and simulated annealing algorithm, the low electromagnetic radiation optimization is carried out for the layout of components within the DC/DC converter. The optimized layout scheme reduces the length of high-frequency wire by 60.2%. Finally, the three-dimensional finite element simulation is carried out, and it is verified that the proposed method can optimize the circuit layout of SiC DC/DC converter and reduce the electric field intensity produced on the sensitive circuit by two orders of magnitude.

Silicon carbide (SiC)  /  electromagnetic radiation  /  simulated annealing algorithm  /  finite element
羊岳彬, 李先允, 王书征. SiC DC/DC变换器电磁辐射干扰优化. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 431 -437 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.431
Yuebin YANG, Xianyun LI, Shuzheng WANG. Electromagnetic Radiation Interference Optimization of SiC DC/DC Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 431 -437 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.431
半导体器件作为电力电子设备的核心,一直在朝着高频、高功率密度的方向发展[1]。如今,硅Si (silicon) 半导体器件发展得十分成熟, 但由于本身材料的原因,发展空间已经比较有限[2-4]。碳化硅$\mathrm{{SiC}}$ (silicon carbide)半导体相比于传统硅基半导体, 具有更高的开关频率和工作温度, 并由于阻断电压高、通态电阻低、开关损耗小的特点被应用于 DC-DC 变换器[5-7]
SiC DC-DC 变换器的高功率密度会引起严重的电磁辐射干扰问题, 对变换器的可靠性与安全性产生影响。传统的电磁兼容优化需要搭建样机并以实验数据作为导向,凭借设计者的经验进行优化。 为了缩短研发周期,需要在设计时就能对$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器的电磁辐射干扰进行优化。
目前国内外学者对 DC/DC 变换器的电磁辐射干扰进行了研究, 文献[8]基于集成电路某一近场平面的扫描数据为基础, 通过正则化技术、截断奇异值分解法和最小二乘法建立偶极矩模型等效集成电路的干扰源,从而预测空间远近场的电磁辐射干扰。文献[9-11]以偶极子天线理论建立了$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器的电磁辐射干扰模型, 并研究了屏蔽体对电磁辐射干扰的抑制效果。文献[12-13]给出了 BUCK 变换器与 BOOST 变换器高频回路的电磁辐射干扰模型,并提出接地与添加屏蔽体的优化方法。文献[14]通过 3 维模型仿真的方法计算了$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器的近场电磁辐射特性, 并根据仿真结果, 提出优化措施。
总的来说, 现有的研究主要侧重于电磁辐射干扰的建模与抑制两个部分。在建模过程中, 电路导线经常被等效为一条直线,当距离干扰源较近时,会忽略导线宽度带来的影响, 造成误差。电磁辐射干扰的抑制研究主要基于添加屏蔽体, 缺乏对于电路布局进行优化。针对上述问题,本文对 SiC DC/DC 变换器的电磁辐射干扰进行研究, 分析电磁辐射干扰源特性, 建立电磁辐射干扰模型, 基于模拟退火算法对元器件布局进行优化, 最后进行仿真验证。
一种 BUCK 型 SiC DC/DC 变换器的拓扑结构如图1 所示。${V}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为输入电源,$\mathrm{Q}$$\mathrm{{SiCMOSFET,}}\mathrm{D}$ 为二极管,$L$ 为电感,$C$ 为滤波电容,$R$ 为负载电阻。
基于 SPICE 模型, 建立电路级仿真电路。SPICE 模型可以准确模拟 SiC MOSFET 的静态特性与动态特性,获取接近实测值的电路波形[15]。SiC MOSFET 选择英飞凌公司的 IPP65R190C7, 其余电路参数如表1 所示。
仿真结果如图2 所示, 图中为 SiC MOSFET 的漏极支路电流。SiC MOSFET 相比于传统 Si 功率器件具有更短的开断时间, 所以会在开断过程中产生更高的$\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}t$$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$。由于$\mathrm{{SiC}}$ 功率器件中存在寄生电感与寄生电容,在高$\mathrm{d}v/\mathrm{d}t$$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ 的激励下,会形成电流尖峰与高频的电流振荡, 并流过器件与续流回路, 在电路中产生高频谐波, 电流频谱如图3 所示。 因此, SiC DC-DC 变换器的导线中存在高频的时变电流, 会在周围空间中产生强烈的电磁辐射干扰。
DC-DC 电路板采用双面布线模式, 选择底层作为接地层, 顶层进行电源布线, 导线结构如图4 所示。图4 中电源线可以拆分为若干矩形导线,编号为 S1~S9。因此,本文首先建立矩形导线的电磁辐射模型, 再根据图4 所示位置关系进行组合, 即可以得到 DC-DC 电路的电磁辐射干扰。
图5 建立三维坐标系,矩形导线长度为${L}_{1}$, 宽度为${L}_{2}$,坐标原点位于矩形中心点。由于$\mathrm{{PCB}}$ 上的铺铜导线厚度极薄, 且由于趋肤效应, 认为矩形导线为没有厚度的平面导线, 并带有面电流, 面电流密度为${J}_{\circ }P$ 为空间中的一点,坐标为$\left({x, y, z}\right)。{E}_{x}$${E}_{y}\text{、}{E}_{z}$ 分别为$P$ 点在$x\text{、}y\text{、}z$ 方向上的电场强度。
导线中流动的周期时变电流, 可以进行傅里叶分解, 分解为各次的正弦分量进行分析后再进行叠加。因此, 对于正弦电磁场, 满足达朗贝尔方程的复数形式, 即
${}^{2}\dot{A}+ {\beta }^{2}\dot{A}= -\mu \dot{J}$
式中:$\dot{A}$ 为正弦电磁场的动态位矢量;$\beta ={2\pi }/\lambda$ 为相位常数;$\mu$ 为磁导率;$\dot{\mathbf{J}}$ 为矩形导体内的面电流密度。解得动态位为
$\dot{A}= \frac{\mu }{4\pi }\frac{\dot{J}{\mathrm{e}}^{-{j\beta R}}}{R}\mathrm{\;d}{S}^{\prime }$
式中,$R$ 为场点到源点之间的距离,即
$ R =\sqrt{{\left( x -{x}^{\prime }\right)}^{2}+ {\left( y -{y}^{\prime }\right)}^{2}+ {\left( z -{z}^{\prime }\right)}^{2}}$
对于$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器,电磁辐射的最小波长约为$3\mathrm{\;m}$,变换器的内部空间远小于波长,即$R << \lambda$。 因此,可以认为${\mathrm{e}}^{-{j\beta R}}\approx 1$,则式 (2) 可写为
$\dot{A}\left({x, y, z}\right)= \frac{\mu }{4\pi }\;\frac{\dot{J}}{R}\mathrm{\;d}{S}^{\prime }$
根据动态位的定义, 可以计算磁场强度与电场强度为
$\dot{\mathbf{H}}\left({x, y, z}\right)= \frac{1}{\mu }\times \dot{\mathbf{A}}\left({x, y, z}\right)$
$\dot{\mathbf{E}}\left({x, y, z}\right)= -\mathrm{j}\omega \dot{\mathbf{A}}\left({x, y, z}\right)+ \frac{\left(\dot{\mathbf{A}}\left( x, y, z\right)\right)}{\mathrm{j}{\omega \mu \varepsilon }}$
式中:$\dot{\mathbf{H}}$ 为磁场强度矢量;$\dot{\mathbf{E}}$ 为电场强度矢量;$\omega$ 为电流角频率;$\varepsilon$ 为介电常数。
矩形导线上的电流可以通过傅里叶分析分解为各次谐波正弦分量, 因此带有时变电流的矩形导线在$\mathrm{P}$ 点处的磁场强度与电场强度为
$\mathbf{H}\left({x, y, z}\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{n}{\mathbf{H}}_{k}\left({x, y, z}\right)$
$\mathbf{E}\left({x, y, z}\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{n}{\mathbf{E}}_{k}\left({x, y, z}\right)$
式中,${\mathbf{H}}_{k}\text{、}{\mathbf{E}}_{k}$ 为第$k$ 次正弦分量引起的磁场强度与电场强度。
图4 可知, DC-DC 变换器由 9 个矩形导体组成,$\mathrm{P}$ 点处的电磁辐射干扰由这 9 个矩形导体上的时变电流在该点上引起的电磁辐射叠加得到, 如式 (9)和式(10)所示,即
${\mathbf{H}}_{P}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{9}\mathbf{H}\left({x - x, y - y, z - z}\right)$
${\mathbf{E}}_{P}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{9}\mathbf{E}\left({x - x, y - y, z - z}\right)$
式中,(x, y, z)为${S}_{i}$ 号导线中心点坐标。
上述模型通过电磁场理论得到了 DC-DC 变换器顶层导线上时变电流引起的电磁辐射, 但是忽略了 PCB 接地底层带来的影响。不能得到准确的电磁辐射干扰,为了提高模型精度,使用镜像法对上述模型进行改进。如图6 所示,在接地平面上方$h$ 距离处存在一个电流时,可以在接地平面下方$h$ 距离处放置一个方向相反、大小相等的镜像电流, 然后去掉接地平面, 两种情况下的空间电磁场是等效的。
因此, 在电磁辐射模型中引入镜像电流, 如式 (11) 和式 (12), 可以量化 PCB 底层接地对周围空间内的电磁辐射所带来的影响, 即
${\mathbf{H}}_{\text{total }}= {\mathbf{H}}_{\text{source }}+ {\mathbf{H}}_{\text{image }}$
${\mathbf{E}}_{\text{total }}= {\mathbf{E}}_{\text{source }}+ {\mathbf{E}}_{\text{image }}$
DC-DC 变换器中导线上带有的高频时变电流会在空间中产生电磁辐射干扰,除了时变电流的特性之外, 电磁辐射干扰还与导线的走向与布局有很大联系, 通过改变元器件的位置, 调整导线的布局走向可以达到优化电磁辐射干扰的效果。本文采取模拟退火算法对 DC-DC 变换器的元器件布局进行优化, 降低 DC-DC 变换器的电磁辐射干扰。模拟退火算法是根据物理中固体退火过程与组合优化问题之间的相似性所提出的一种概率型演算法, 可以在一个较大的搜索空间中找到全局的最优解。模拟退火算法包括:评价电磁辐射的目标函数,新布局方案的产生机制,以及新方案的接受准则。
为了降低电磁辐射对空间中敏感电路产生的影响, 本文采取在 DC-DC 变换器附近的敏感电路处均匀选择$n$ 个点,根据前文所述模型计算该$n$ 个点位处的电场强度平均值, 作为布局优化的目标函数, 即
$ F =\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left|{\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{i}}\right|$
布局方案的解为 6 个元件的横坐标与纵坐标。 假设当前解为$\left({{x}_{1},{x}_{2},\cdots,{x}_{12}}\right)$,在当前的布局方案上增加一个扰动量, 作为新的布局方案。首先随机产生一组满足标准正态分布的随机数$\left({{y}_{1},{y}_{2},\cdots,{y}_{12}}\right)$。 根据式 (14) 计算权重$z$,即
${z}_{\mathrm{i}}= \frac{{y}_{\mathrm{i}}}{\sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{k = 1}}^{{12}}y}}$
则新解为
$ x ={x}_{\mathrm{i}}+ {z}_{\mathrm{i}}T $
式中,$T$ 为当前的退火温度,模拟退火算法需要在温度由高到低的过程中寻找每个温度下的最优解。 随着温度逐渐降低, 在旧方案上增加的扰动量会逐渐减小,最优方案解也会更精确。
当产生的新解不满足不等式约束${v}_{\mathrm{i}}< x\;< {w}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 时, 新解由式 (16) 给出, 即
$\begin{cases} x &= r{v}_{\mathrm{i}}+ \left({1 - r}\right)\left({{x}_{\mathrm{i}}+ {z}_{\mathrm{i}}T}\right)\\& x <{v}_{\mathrm{i}}\\ x &= r{w}_{\mathrm{i}}+ \left({1 - r}\right)\left({{x}_{\mathrm{i}}+ {z}_{\mathrm{i}}T}\right)\\& x >{w}_{\mathrm{i}}\end{cases}$
模拟退火算法采用 Metropolis 接受准则来判断是否接受新方案。Metropolis 接受准则为
$ P =\left\{\begin{array}{ll} 1 &{F}_{\text{new }}< {F}_{0}\\\exp \left({-\frac{{F}_{\text{new }}- {F}_{0}}{T}}\right)& {F}_{\text{new }}> {F}_{0}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${F}_{0}$ 为旧方案下的平均电场强度;${F}_{\text{new }}$ 为新方案下的平均电场强度。当新方案的平均电场强度小于旧方案时, 接受这个新方案; 当新方案的平均电场强度高于旧方案时,则根据式(17)中给出的概率模型,判断是否接受新的方案。为了排除局部极值的干扰而找到全局的最小值, 当退火温度较高时, 会很容易接受平均电场强度较高的方案。随着退火温度的逐渐降低, 高电场强度的方案被接受的可能性就越小。
编写优化程序对 DC-DC 变换器的初始布局进行电磁辐射干扰优化,初始布局如表2 所示。
设置初始温度为 100,温度下降速度为 95%, 温度下降次数为 100 次, 将元器件布局范围限制在${10}\times {10}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 的范围内,优化过程如图7 所示,在第 76 次迭代后找到了最优解。
优化结果如表2 所示。从表中可以看出, 优化后的布局方案使高频导线的长度从${26.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 减小到${10.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,减少了${60.2}\%$,并使得电路导线分散布置,与实际情况符合。
为验证优化结果是否准确, 如图8 所示在 solid-works 软件中绘制优化前后的 DC/DC 变换器三维模型,并导入 maxwell 仿真平台。电路板尺寸为${100}\times$ ${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的矩形,厚度为${1.6}{\mathrm{\;{mm}}}_{\circ }$ 导线设置为铜材料, 电路板介质设置为 FR4 环氧树脂, 电路板底层铺一层铜作为接地层,并在电路板上方${50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 处设置一层铜片作为敏感电路。
在模型中添加电流激励后, 划分网格进行仿真分析,选择仿真停止时间为${1.25\mu }\mathrm{s}$,结果如图9 所示, 为敏感电路上电场强度分布。优化前敏感电路上产生的电场强度最大值为${6.5}\times {10}^{-8}\mathrm{\;V}/\mathrm{m}$,经过布局优化后产生的电场强度最大值降为${1.3}\times {10}^{-{10}}\mathrm{\;V}/\mathrm{m}$, 降低了两个数量级,验证了优化方案的有效性。
文中分析了 SiC DC/DC 变换器的电磁辐射干扰源, 为电路中带有高频时变电流的导线。根据电磁场理论建立了$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器周围的空间电磁辐射干扰模型,并基于模拟退火算法提出一种电磁辐射干扰的优化算法, 并编写相应的优化程序, 得到了优化后的 DC/DC 变换器元器件布局方案, 优化后的布局方案减少了 60.2%的高频导线长度, 经过仿真验证, 优化后的布局方案可以使敏感电路上产生的电场强度减少两个数量级。从优化结果中可以获得布局原则:在尽量减少高频导线尺寸的前提下, 将电路导线分散布置。最后, 用有限元软件建立仿真模型进行验证, 验证了优化策略的有效性。
  • 江苏省重点研发计划资助项目(BE2018130)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划资助项目(SJCX20_0724)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.431
  • 接收时间:2021-05-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-26
  • 修回日期:2021-06-16
  • 录用日期:2021-06-22
基金
Key R & D projects in Jiangsu Province(BE2018130)
江苏省重点研发计划资助项目(BE2018130)
Jiangsu postgraduate research and Practice Innovation Program(SJCX20_0724)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划资助项目(SJCX20_0724)
作者信息
    南京工程学院 电力工程学院 南京 211167
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