Article(id=1154038483611017960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.378, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1648915200000, receivedDateStr=2022-04-03, revisedDate=1650556800000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-22, acceptedDate=1651680000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-05-05, onlineDate=1753073815491, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815491, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815491, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815491, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=378, endPage=385, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038484303078127, articleId=1154038483611017960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Flux-weakening Control Strategy for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Used in Electric Vehicles with High Performance, columnId=1152281495567168372, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Electric Machine System and Control, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A flux-weakening control method for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in electric vehicles is put forward on the basis of current prediction to improve the dynamic performance in the flux-weakening region of PMSM. The voltage boundary problem in the flux-weakening region is analyzed in detail, and the stability problem under different voltage selection criteria is also introduced. On this basis, a dynamic overmodulation strategy considering the stability and dynamic characteristics is proposed. Furthermore, a model-based predictive current control algorithm is investigated, in which the advantages of fast dynamic response and manageable constraints help to improve the dynamic performance in the flux-weakening region while guaranteeing the stability. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified on a simulation platform and an experimental platform, respectively.

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提出一种基于电流预测的车用永磁同步电机弱磁控制方法,以提升永磁同步电机弱磁区的动态性能。详细分析了弱磁区的电压边界问题,以及不同电压选取规则下的稳定性问题。在此基础上,提出了一种考虑稳定性和动态特性的动态过调制策略。此外,研究了基于参数模型的电流预测控制算法,该算法具有快速动态响应和可控约束的优点,在保证稳定性的基础上可有效提升电机弱磁区域动态性能。最后,分别在仿真和实验平台上证明了所提算法的有效性。

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章回炫(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:永磁同步电机控制。E-mail:zhang huixuan@mail.iee.ac.cn。

范涛(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度永磁电机及驱动系统。E-mail: fantao@mail.iee.ac.cn。

宁圃奇(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:半导体器件特性建模及模块封装技术研究。E-mail: npq@mail.iee.ac.cn。

国敬(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:永磁同步电机控制。E-mail: guojing@mail.iee.ac.cn。

温旭辉(1963-),女,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度电机设计、驱动控制等技术研究。E-mail:wxh@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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章回炫(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:永磁同步电机控制。E-mail:zhang huixuan@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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章回炫(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:永磁同步电机控制。E-mail:zhang huixuan@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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范涛(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度永磁电机及驱动系统。E-mail: fantao@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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范涛(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度永磁电机及驱动系统。E-mail: fantao@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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宁圃奇(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:半导体器件特性建模及模块封装技术研究。E-mail: npq@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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宁圃奇(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:半导体器件特性建模及模块封装技术研究。E-mail: npq@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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2 中国科学院电工研究所 北京 100190, bio={"content":"

国敬(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:永磁同步电机控制。E-mail: guojing@mail.iee.ac.cn。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

国敬(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:永磁同步电机控制。E-mail: guojing@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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温旭辉(1963-),女,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度电机设计、驱动控制等技术研究。E-mail:wxh@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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温旭辉(1963-),女,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度电机设计、驱动控制等技术研究。E-mail:wxh@mail.iee.ac.cn。

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IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2005. 41(4): 1013-1019., articleTitle=A novel dynamic overmodulation strategy for fast torque control of high-saliency-ratio AC motor, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154038608890683430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483611017960, awardId=XDA28040100, language=EN, fundingSource=Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28040100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038608936820776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483611017960, awardId=XDA28040100, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院战略先导资助项目(XDA28040100), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154038596899168923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483611017960, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038596903363228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, 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caption=电动模式下永磁同步电机稳态电压运行轨迹, figureFileSmall=MRM0mfqflgDFflkriwvyTQ==, figureFileBig=U1SXiHZ5sUJ2VCkByY4AIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038608014073859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483611017960, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Voltage selection criterion for dynamic overmodulation scheme in electric mode, figureFileSmall=jOhJtM+P6t0INW03VzhvkQ==, figureFileBig=iheLS8vxPoe2pN1qcvLYnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038608081182724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483611017960, language=CN, label=图4, caption=电动状态时动态过调制方案电压选取准则, figureFileSmall=jOhJtM+P6t0INW03VzhvkQ==, figureFileBig=iheLS8vxPoe2pN1qcvLYnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038608135708678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483611017960, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Simulation results of torque increase in flux-weakening region without dynamic 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figureFileSmall=AenyIzNt0+h2JMyp17tg2Q==, figureFileBig=3Ou5noOA2Caq2yaYIFSqNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038608571916310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483611017960, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同动态过调制算法弱磁区转矩突增工况实验结果, figureFileSmall=AenyIzNt0+h2JMyp17tg2Q==, figureFileBig=3Ou5noOA2Caq2yaYIFSqNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038608622247963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483611017960, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Parameters of tested bench, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
永磁体极对数$p$ /对 4 直轴电感/μH 390
额定功率/kW 25 交轴电感/μH 760
额定转速$/\left({\mathrm{r}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 2000 永磁磁链/Wb 0.0804
额定电流/A 170 定子电阻/m$\Omega$ 26
额定电压/V 300
), ArticleFig(id=1154038608676773919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038483611017960, language=CN, label=表1, caption=被测实验台架参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值 参数 数值
永磁体极对数$p$ /对 4 直轴电感/μH 390
额定功率/kW 25 交轴电感/μH 760
额定转速$/\left({\mathrm{r}\cdot {\mathrm{{min}}}^{-1}}\right)$ 2000 永磁磁链/Wb 0.0804
额定电流/A 170 定子电阻/m$\Omega$ 26
额定电压/V 300
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车用永磁同步电机高性能弱磁控制策略
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章回炫 1, 2 , 范涛 1, 2 , 宁圃奇 1, 2 , 国敬 1, 2 , 温旭辉 1, 2
电源学报 | 电机系统与控制 2024,22(2): 378-385
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电源学报 | 电机系统与控制 2024, 22(2): 378-385
车用永磁同步电机高性能弱磁控制策略
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章回炫1, 2 , 范涛1, 2 , 宁圃奇1, 2 , 国敬1, 2 , 温旭辉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院大学 北京 100049
  • 2 中国科学院电工研究所 北京 100190
  • 章回炫(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:永磁同步电机控制。E-mail:zhang huixuan@mail.iee.ac.cn。

    范涛(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度永磁电机及驱动系统。E-mail: fantao@mail.iee.ac.cn。

    宁圃奇(1982-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,研究员。研究方向:半导体器件特性建模及模块封装技术研究。E-mail: npq@mail.iee.ac.cn。

    国敬(1985-),男,博士,高级工程师。研究方向:永磁同步电机控制。E-mail: guojing@mail.iee.ac.cn。

    温旭辉(1963-),女,博士,研究员。研究方向:高功率密度电机设计、驱动控制等技术研究。E-mail:wxh@mail.iee.ac.cn。

Flux-weakening Control Strategy for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Used in Electric Vehicles with High Performance
Huixuan ZHANG1, 2 , Tao FAN1, 2 , Puqi NING1, 2 , Jing GUO1, 2 , Xuhui WEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
  • 2 Institute of Electrical Engineering Beijing 100190 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.378
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提出一种基于电流预测的车用永磁同步电机弱磁控制方法,以提升永磁同步电机弱磁区的动态性能。详细分析了弱磁区的电压边界问题,以及不同电压选取规则下的稳定性问题。在此基础上,提出了一种考虑稳定性和动态特性的动态过调制策略。此外,研究了基于参数模型的电流预测控制算法,该算法具有快速动态响应和可控约束的优点,在保证稳定性的基础上可有效提升电机弱磁区域动态性能。最后,分别在仿真和实验平台上证明了所提算法的有效性。

永磁同步电机  /  弱磁控制  /  动态过调制  /  预测控制

A flux-weakening control method for permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) used in electric vehicles is put forward on the basis of current prediction to improve the dynamic performance in the flux-weakening region of PMSM. The voltage boundary problem in the flux-weakening region is analyzed in detail, and the stability problem under different voltage selection criteria is also introduced. On this basis, a dynamic overmodulation strategy considering the stability and dynamic characteristics is proposed. Furthermore, a model-based predictive current control algorithm is investigated, in which the advantages of fast dynamic response and manageable constraints help to improve the dynamic performance in the flux-weakening region while guaranteeing the stability. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified on a simulation platform and an experimental platform, respectively.

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM)  /  flux-weakening control  /  dynamic overmodulation  /  predictive control
章回炫, 范涛, 宁圃奇, 国敬, 温旭辉. 车用永磁同步电机高性能弱磁控制策略. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 378 -385 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.378
Huixuan ZHANG, Tao FAN, Puqi NING, Jing GUO, Xuhui WEN. Flux-weakening Control Strategy for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Used in Electric Vehicles with High Performance[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 378 -385 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.378
由于功率密度高等特性, 永磁同步电机 PMSM (permanent magnet synchronous motor)在电动汽车领域得到了广泛应用[1-4]。由于母线电压的限制,车用永磁同步电机在弱磁区的电流调节能力和稳定性都受到了严峻考验。
根据弱磁电流的计算方法, 弱磁控制可分为公式法、电流调节法、电压反馈补偿法和查表法。文献[5]采用基于公式计算的方法, 将转速代入弱磁区电流解析表达式, 直接计算电流指令; 文献[6-7] 为解决弱磁区强耦合的问题,利用电流偏差调节指令电压相位, 但其在不同模式切换时会影响系统稳定性;文献[8]利用电压指令与参考电压偏差构成闭环反馈, 调节直轴去磁电流幅值, 确保永磁同步电机稳定运行;文献[9-10]在开环查表的基础上, 增加了定子磁链反馈调节控制, 提高开环查表对电机在线运行工况变化的抗干扰能力。
电流环作为永磁同步电机控制的内环, 其响应特性是控制系统的关键。基于$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 调节器的控制方法实现简单, 但是在调节器输出受限的情况下, 很容易出现超调、振荡甚至失控。预测控制具有动态响应快和约束可控的优点, 可以定量计算交直轴的电压需求[11-13]。弱磁区电流控制的核心在于电压指令的分配, 由于线性电压边界的限制, 弱磁区电流响应速度也受到影响。动态过调制策略在考虑母线电压利用率的基础上, 综合考虑电机动态响应特性,是提升弱磁区电流响应速度的有效方式[14-17]。文献[15]采用直轴电压优先法动态过调制策略, 以优先满足直轴电压需求为原则, 保证弱磁区的稳定性, 但是交轴电流的跟随速度和动态性能会受到影响;文献[17]采用维持原有电压指令相位的方式,选取电压边界与指令电压向量的交点作为实际输出电压,其优势在于计算比较简便,但是没有综合考虑交直轴电流的响应特性。本文提出一种基于电流预测的弱磁控制方法, 与优化动态过调制策略相结合,提升永磁同步电机弱磁区动态性能。
在同步旋转坐标系下, 永磁同步电机电压方程可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{d}= R{i}_{d}+ {L}_{d}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{d}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}- {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{q}{i}_{q}\\{u}_{q}= R{i}_{q}+ {L}_{q}\frac{\mathrm{d}{i}_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{d}{i}_{d}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{\lambda }_{\mathrm{f}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${u}_{d}\text{、}{u}_{q}$${i}_{d}\text{、}{i}_{q}$ 分别为定子直、交轴电压和电流分量;${\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}$ 为电角频率;$R$ 为定子电阻;${L}_{d}$${L}_{q}$ 分别为直、交轴电感;${\lambda }_{\mathrm{f}}$ 为永磁磁链。
在稳态条件下, 电压方程可以简化为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{d}= R{i}_{d}- {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{q}{i}_{q}\\{u}_{q}= R{i}_{q}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{d}{i}_{d}+ {\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{\lambda }_{\mathrm{f}}\end{array}\right.$
受母线电压限制, 逆变器输出相电压最大值为${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/\sqrt{3}$。同时,相电流幅值还受绕组温升和绝缘的限制, 需满足
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{s}}= \sqrt{{u}_{d}^{2}+ {u}_{q}^{2}}\leq {u}_{\max }= \frac{{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{\sqrt{3}}\\{i}_{\mathrm{s}}= \sqrt{{i}_{d}^{2}+ {i}_{q}^{2}}\leq {i}_{\max }\end{array}\right.$
式中:${u}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为相电压幅值;${i}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为相电流幅值;${u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 为直流母线电压。
车用永磁同步电机控制框图如图1 所示, 由电流规划和电流闭环两个环节构成。电流规划环节输入包括直流母线电压、电机转速和转矩指令,按照特定准则生成电流指令。电流环作为执行环节, 其控制性能对系统整体性能至关重要,本文针对弱磁区电流环控制性能优化展开。
图2 为交、直轴电压边界示意, 圆形曲线为线性调制电压边界, 六边形曲线对应逆变器最大输出能力, 其位置随电机转角同步旋转。图2 中规定电压矢量逆时针旋转为正方向,则电压边界等效顺时针旋转,图中呈现了电机旋转电角度${\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}= {0}^{\circ }$${\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}=$ ${30}^{\circ }$ 时电压边界的对应位置。
假设电压矢量初始时与$A$ 相轴线重合,则电压限值${u}_{\mathrm{s}\_ \text{lim }}$ 表达式可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{s}\_ \lim }= \frac{{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{\sqrt{3}\sin \left\lbrack {\left({S + 1}\right)\frac{\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}}\right\rbrack }\\ S =\operatorname{Floor}\left(\frac{3{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}}{\pi }\right)+ 1 \end{array}\right.$
式中:$S$ 为电角度经取整处理后的数值; Floor 为向下取整函数。
为方便分析永磁同步电机在动态过程中的响应性能, 将交、直轴电压指令分为稳态分量和动态分量, 各项表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{ds}= {R}_{s}{i}_{d}- {\omega }_{e}{\lambda }_{q}\\{u}_{d\mathrm{\;d}}= \frac{\mathrm{d}{\lambda }_{d}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}\\{u}_{qs}= {R}_{s}{i}_{q}+ {\omega }_{e}{\lambda }_{d}\\{u}_{q\mathrm{\;d}}= \frac{\mathrm{d}{\lambda }_{q}}{\mathrm{\;d}t}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${u}_{d\mathrm{\;d}}\text{、}{u}_{d\mathrm{\;s}}\text{、}{u}_{q\mathrm{\;d}}\text{、}{u}_{q\mathrm{\;s}}$ 分别为直、交轴电压的动态分量和稳态分量;${R}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为定子电阻;${\lambda }_{d}$${\lambda }_{q}$ 分别为直、交轴磁链。
由于车用永磁电机大部分时间工作在电动状态, 故选取电动模式进行分析。转矩指令阶跃时, 交、 直轴电流变化趋势由电压动态分量决定, 动态分量为正时, 对应轴电流增加; 反之, 对应轴电流减小。永磁同步电机工作在弱磁区域时, 定子电阻压降占比很小,稳态工作点的坐标可写成$\left({-{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{\lambda }_{q},{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{\lambda }_{d}}\right)$,如图3$P$ 点所示。当指令电压对应电压边界${Q}_{0}$ 点时,过调制部分的电压矢量$\mathbf{P}{\mathbf{Q}}_{0}$ 对应动态分量,在该指令作用下, 稳态电压运行轨迹沿着线性调制区切线方向, 即图3(a)中①所示方向; 当指令电压选择为阴影区域电压边界时, 稳态电压朝图3(a) 中②所示方向运动;同理可知,第二象限其他区域六边形电压边界对应电压矢量作用的电压轨迹为图3(a)中③所示方向。
通过分析图3(a)中不同情况下的稳态电压运动轨迹可以发现, ①对应电压矢量沿线性调制区边界运行, 稳态电压幅值在整个过程中几乎保持不变;②对应稳态电压幅值超出线性调制边界,不仅会增加稳态分量幅值,还会进一步削减动态分量的裕度, 降低电流动态调节能力; ③中稳态电压向线性调制区内运行, 扩大了动态电压的幅值裕度, 可以提升动态过程中的电流调节能力。而在图3(b) 中, 电磁转矩突减时, 电压矢量指令值在电压限制范围内,可以按照指令值进行发波,且动态电压作用后稳态电压仍在线性调制区范围内。
图4 为电动模式下动态过调制策略电压选取准则,${Q}_{1}$ 为指令电压直轴投影时与电压边界的交点,${Q}^{\prime }$ 位于${Q}_{0}$${Q}_{1}$ 之间的电压边界上。${Q}_{1}$ 点对应电压优先满足直轴电压的需求, 该点对应的电压矢量是直轴电压的下限,更小的直轴电压不仅会造成直轴电流响应超调, 还会进一步削减交轴电压裕度;${Q}_{0}$ 点对应电压矢量能够让稳态电压矢量延线性调制区边界运行, 以其作为直轴电压上边界, 保证动态调节过程中电流环的稳定性。当${Q}^{\prime }$ 位于${Q}_{0}$${Q}_{1}$ 之间时,可以在保证电流环稳定的同时,兼顾交、直轴的动态响应特性。
${Q}^{\prime }$ 对应电压直轴分量可以表示为
${u}_{d{Q}^{\prime }}= q{u}_{d{Q}_{0}}+ \left({1 - q}\right){u}_{d{Q}_{1}}\;q \in \left\lbrack {0,1}\right\rbrack $
式中,${u}_{d{Q}^{\prime }}\text{、}{u}_{d{Q}_{0}}$${u}_{d{Q}_{1}}$ 分别为点${Q}^{\prime }\text{、}{Q}_{0}$${Q}_{1}$ 对应的电压直轴分量。其中,${u}_{d{Q}_{1}}$ 的计算方法为
${u}_{d{Q}_{1}}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{u}_{d}& {u}_{d}\geq {u}_{d\_ \min }\\{u}_{d\_ \min }& {u}_{d}< {u}_{d\_ \min }\end{array}\right.$
式中,${u}_{{d}_{- }\min }$ 为直轴电压最小值,其计算方程为
${u}_{d\_ \min }= \\\left\{\begin{array}{ll}- \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{{mod}}}& {\theta }_{\mathrm{{mod}}}\leq \frac{\pi }{6}\\\frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left\lbrack {\frac{\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{{mod}}}}{\tan \left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{{mod}}}+ \frac{\pi }{3}}\right)} -\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{{mod}}}}\right\rbrack &{\theta }_{\mathrm{{mod}}}> \frac{\pi }{6}\end{array}\right.$
式中,${\theta }_{\text{mod }}$ 为电压矢量与当前扇区边界的夹角,其表达式为
${\theta }_{\mathrm{{mod}}}= {\;\operatorname{mod}\;\left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}},\frac{\pi }{3}}\right)} $
同理,$\mathbf{O}{\mathbf{Q}}_{0}$ 对应电压幅值和其直轴分量的计算表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{\mathrm{s}{Q}_{0}}= \frac{{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}{\sqrt{3}\sin \left\lbrack {\frac{\pi }{3}\left({{S}_{\mathrm{s}}+ 1}\right)- {\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}- {\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}}\right\rbrack }\\{u}_{\omega {Q}_{0}}= -{u}_{\omega {Q}_{0}}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${u}_{\mathrm{s}{Q}_{0}}$ 为电压矢量$\mathbf{O}{\mathbf{Q}}_{0}$ 幅值;${S}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为电压矢量对应电角度经取整处理后的数值;${\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为电压矢量相角。 其表达式分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{S}_{\mathrm{s}}= \operatorname{Floor}\left\lbrack \frac{3\left({{\theta }_{\mathrm{e}}+ {\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)}{\pi }\right\rbrack + 1 \\{\theta }_{\mathrm{s}}= \arctan \left(\frac{{u}_{\mathrm{{qs}}}}{{u}_{\mathrm{{ds}}}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
将式(10)和式(7)代入式(6),可以得到$\mathbf{{OQ}}$ ’对应电压直轴分量的表达式,$O{Q}^{\prime }$ 对应电压交轴分量表达式可分如下工况计算。
${\theta }_{\mathrm{{mod}}}\leq \frac{\pi }{6}$ 时,${u}_{q{Q}^{\prime }}$ 计算表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\sin \left({\frac{2\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\text{mod }}}\right)= \\\left({\frac{2\pi }{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\sin \left({\frac{2\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\text{mod }}}\right)- 2{u}_{\text{mod }}}\right)\tan {\theta }_{\text{mod }}\left(\frac{\pi }{3}\right)\\\frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\sin \left({\frac{2\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\text{mod }}}\right)= \\\left({{u}_{dQ}- \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\text{ac }}\cos \left({\frac{2\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\text{mod }}}\right)}\right)\tan \left({{\theta }_{\text{mod }}- \frac{\pi }{3}}\right)\\\frac{2}{3}{u}_{\text{dc }}\sin {\theta }_{\text{mod }}\left({-{u}_{dQ}+ \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\text{dc }}\cos {\theta }_{\text{mod }}}\right), \\{u}_{\text{ac }}\sin {\theta }_{\text{ac }}\sin {\theta }_{\text{ad }}\left({-{u}_{dQ}+ \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\text{dc }}\cos {\theta }_{\text{mod }}}\right), \end{array}\right.$
(12)
${\theta }_{\mathrm{m}{od}}> \frac{\pi }{6}$ 时,${u}_{qQ}$ . 计算表达式为
${u}_{q{Q}^{\prime }}= \\\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\sin \left({\frac{2\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\text{mod }}}\right)- \\\left({{u}_{d{Q}^{\prime }}- \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\cos \left({\frac{2\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\text{mod }}}\right)}\right)\tan \left({{\theta }_{\text{mod }}- \frac{\pi }{3}}\right)\\\frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\sin {\theta }_{\text{mod }}- \left({{u}_{d{Q}^{\prime }}+ \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\cos {\theta }_{\text{mod }}}\right). \end{array}\right.$
(13)
各工况的判定标准为
$\begin{array}{l}\text{(1)}{u}_{dq}> \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\cos \left({\frac{2\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\mathrm{{mcd}}}}\right)\\\text{(2)}{u}_{dq}\leq \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\sin \left({\frac{2\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\mathrm{{mcd}}}}\right)\\\text{ 且 }{u}_{dq}\leq \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{{md}}}\\\text{(3)}{u}_{dq}\leq \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\cos \left({\frac{2\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\mathrm{{mcd}}}}\right)\cos \left({\frac{2\pi }{3}- {\theta }_{\mathrm{{mcd}}}}\right)\\\text{ 且 }{u}_{dq}> \frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{{md}}}\\\text{(4)}{u}_{dq}> -\frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{{md}}}\\\text{(5)}{u}_{dq}> -\frac{2}{3}{u}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\sin {\theta }_{\mathrm{{dcd}}}\end{array}$
式中,${u}_{{q}_{- }\text{ref }}$ 为交轴电压输出参考值。
根据第 3.1 节动态过调制策略的原理可知, 通过电机参数模型计算得到的指令电压及其稳态分量可以实现弱磁区交、直轴指令电压的定量优化分配, 结合基于参数模型的预测控制策略, 可以实现弱磁区高性能电流控制。根据式 (1) 所示的电压方程, 在传统的无差拍电流预测控制中, 电流预测方法可表示为
$\left\{\begin{matrix}{\widehat{i}}_{d}\left({k + 1}\right)= {i}_{d}\left( k\right)+ {L}_{d}^{-1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{u}_{d}^{* }\left( k\right)- R{i}_{d}\left( k\right)+ }\right.\\\left.{{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{q}{i}_{q}\left( k\right)}\right)\\{\widehat{i}}_{q}\left({k + 1}\right)= {i}_{q}\left( k\right)+ {L}_{q}^{-1}{T}_{\mathrm{s}}\left({{u}_{q}^{* }\left( k\right)- R{i}_{q}\left( k\right)- }\right.\\\left.{\omega {J}_{d}{i}_{d}\left( k\right)- \omega {\lambda }_{d}}\right)\end{matrix}\right.$
式中:$k$ 为离散拍数;${T}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为离散周期; 上标 “”和 “$*$ ” 分别表示预测量和给定量。
根据无差拍电流预测控制的准则, 指令电压计算方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{u}_{d}\left({k + 1}\right)= R{\widehat{i}}_{d}\left({k + 1}\right)+ \frac{{L}_{d}\left\lbrack {{\dot{i}}_{d}^{* }\left( k\right)- {\widehat{i}}_{d}\left({k + 1}\right)}\right\rbrack }{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}- \\{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}{L}_{q}{\widehat{i}}_{q}\left({k + 1}\right)\\{u}_{q}\left({k + 1}\right)= R{\widehat{i}}_{q}\left({k + 1}\right)+ \frac{{L}_{q}\left\lbrack {{i}_{q}^{* }\left( k\right)- {\widehat{i}}_{q}\left({k + 1}\right)}\right\rbrack }{{T}_{\mathrm{s}}}+ \\{\omega }_{\mathrm{e}}\left\lbrack {L{\widehat{j}}_{q}^{* }\left({k + 1}\right)+ k}\right\rbrack \end{array}\right.$
式中:${i}_{d}^{* }\left( k\right)$${i}_{q}^{* }\left( k\right)$ 为第$k$ 个载波周期的参考电流;${u}_{d}\left({k + 1}\right)$${u}_{q}\left({k + 1}\right)$ 为第$k$ 个控制周期内根据预测电流计算得到的指令电压。
当指令电压幅值未超过直流母线电压限制时, 可按照式(16)直接进行计算。而在弱磁区, 永磁同步电机电压受限,其电压选取标准参照式(6)~式(14)。
为验证所提弱磁控制策略的有效性, 在 Simulink 仿真平台进行了仿真分析, 永磁同步电机参数如表1 所示,逆变器开关频率为$5\mathrm{{kHz}}$,仿真与实验参数相同。
图5 为电机转速${2000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$ 时的负载变化过程,转矩指令在${0.05}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时从${15}\mathrm{{Nm}}$ 阶跃至${80}\mathrm{{Nm}}$。 电流环指令采用事先标定得到的转矩电流表格直接查表得到,阶跃前交、直轴电流指令分别为${18}\mathrm{\;A}$$-{10}\mathrm{\;A}$,转矩阶跃后的电流指令分别为${58}\mathrm{\;A}$$-{82}\mathrm{\;A}$。电流环未采用动态过调制策略的预测控制方法, 从图中交、直轴电流的动态响应曲线可以看出, 由于弱磁区电压调节裕度减小, 电流动态调节过程存在振荡,响应时间为${3.2}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$
图6 为 3 种不同动态过调制策略的动态响应曲线, 分别对应恒定电压相位法、直轴电压优先法和本文提出的优化动态过调制算法, 3 种方法均采用预测控制策略。可以看出, 相较于未采用动态过调制算法时, 恒定电压相位动态过调制算法对应调节过程更平滑,且没有振荡和超调; 直轴电压优先的动态过调制算法响应速度快, 动态响应时间仅需${1.9}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,但由于电压优先满足直轴电压指令需求,导致交轴电流向指令反方向变化, 造成电流动态响应过程出现轻微波动;图6(c)中,优化动态过调制算法的系数选择为 0.5,电流动态响应时间为${2.1}\mathrm{{ms}}$,且过渡过程平滑无波动, 证明本算法可以有效实现电流过渡快速性和平滑性的均衡。
为继续验证优化弱磁控制策略的有效性, 在实验平台进行了验证, 实验电机和逆变器的相关参数与仿真相同。
图7 为永磁同步电机在电动状态下的运行工况,被测电机运行转速为${2000}\mathrm{r}/\mathrm{{min}}$,转矩指令从${10}\mathrm{{Nm}}$ 阶跃至${70}{\mathrm{{Nm}}}_{\circ }$ 电流环指令采用事先标定得到的表格直接查表得到,负载转矩阶跃前交、直轴电流指令分别为${18}\mathrm{\;A}$$-{10}\mathrm{\;A}$,转矩阶跃后的交、 直轴电流指令分别为${51}\mathrm{\;A}\text{、}- {60}\mathrm{\;A}$。电流环未采用动态过调制策略的预测控制方法, 从图中电流动态响应曲线可以看出, 由于弱磁区电压裕度有限, 输出电流需要${0.1}\mathrm{\;s}$ 才能跟随指定电流。
图8 为 3 种动态过调制策略的动态响应实验波形,分别对应恒定电压相位法、直轴电压优先法和本文提出的优化动态过调制算法, 3 种过调制策略具有快速的动态响应特性。
overmodulation methods
采用恒定电压相位动态过调制算法时, 电流动态响应时间从${0.1}\mathrm{\;s}$ 减少至${19}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$;基于直轴电压优先的动态过调制算法, 直轴电流响应快, 仅需${10}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,但电流动态响应过程有轻微波动。图8(c) 中, 本文提出的动态过调制算法可以有效平衡电流过渡快速性和平滑性,动态响应时间为$8\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,过渡过程更加平滑,证明了本方案的有效性。
本文研究了一种基于预测控制的永磁同步电机弱磁区控制方法, 在分析弱磁区不同电压选取规则对电流稳定性影响的条件下, 提出了一种优化动态过调制算法, 侧重于提高车用永磁同步电机弱磁区动态调节性能。仿真和实验结果均证明了方案的有效性, 且可以得出以下结论。
(1)弱磁区电压受限的问题不仅会导致电流动态性能恶化,甚至会引起电流环不稳定。
(2)优化动态过调制策略可以提高电流环的动态性能和稳定性。
(3)预测控制算法可以定量规划电压指令。
  • 中国科学院战略先导资助项目(XDA28040100)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.378
  • 接收时间:2022-04-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-04-03
  • 修回日期:2022-04-22
  • 录用日期:2022-05-05
基金
Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA28040100)
中国科学院战略先导资助项目(XDA28040100)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院大学 北京 100049
    2 中国科学院电工研究所 北京 100190
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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