Article(id=1154038482298200799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.360, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1621785600000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-24, revisedDate=1628179200000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-06, acceptedDate=1629648000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-08-23, onlineDate=1753073815177, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815177, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815177, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815177, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=360, endPage=368, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038482684076771, articleId=1154038482298200799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Analysis and Verification of Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Substation Inspection Robot, columnId=1152281494212408178, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Wireless Power Transfer, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the degree of intelligence of a substation and cut down the cost of inspection, substation inspection robots instead of the human labor are employed to perform daily inspections. However, the battery life greatly limits the work of inspection robots, so the full-time inspection cannot be realized. To solve this problem, a dynamic wireless charging method is used to charge the robots, so that the robots can perform inspections while charging and realize full-time inspection. In this paper, the relationship between coil mutual inductance and system efficiency is analyzed at first. Then, aimed at the segmented primary coil rails used in the dynamic wireless charging system, a soft-switching method for rails is put forward to reduce the inrush current during the switching process, thus protecting the circuit components. Finally, the influence of coil mutual inductance on the system efficiency was verified by experimental results, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the soft-switching method for rails was also proved.

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为提升变电站的智能化程度,减少巡检成本,采用电力巡检机器人代替人工进行日常巡检。但电力巡检机器人续航能力有限,无法实现全天候巡检,于是使用移动式无线充电的方式进行供电,实现边走边充与二十四小时全天候巡检。本文中首先分析了线圈互感与系统效率之间的关系;接着,针对系统中采用的分段式发射线圈导轨,提出了导轨软切换方式,减小切换过程中的冲击电流,保护了电路元件;最后,通过实验,验证了线圈互感对效率的影响以及导轨软切换方式的可行性与有效性。

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江炳蔚(1996-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:bingwei_jiang@yeah.net。

魏斌(1978-),男,博士,教授级高工。研究方向:无线电能传输技术、超导电力技术。E-mail:weibin@epri.sgcc.com.cn。

蒋成(1991-),男,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:jiangc327@163.com。

何浩(1990-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:hehao_lx@qq.com。

吴晓康(1992-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:wuxiaokang@epri.sgcc.com.cn。

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江炳蔚(1996-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:bingwei_jiang@yeah.net。

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江炳蔚(1996-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:bingwei_jiang@yeah.net。

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魏斌(1978-),男,博士,教授级高工。研究方向:无线电能传输技术、超导电力技术。E-mail:weibin@epri.sgcc.com.cn。

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魏斌(1978-),男,博士,教授级高工。研究方向:无线电能传输技术、超导电力技术。E-mail:weibin@epri.sgcc.com.cn。

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蒋成(1991-),男,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:jiangc327@163.com。

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蒋成(1991-),男,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:jiangc327@163.com。

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何浩(1990-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:hehao_lx@qq.com。

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何浩(1990-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:hehao_lx@qq.com。

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吴晓康(1992-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:wuxiaokang@epri.sgcc.com.cn。

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吴晓康(1992-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:wuxiaokang@epri.sgcc.com.cn。

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articleId=1154038482298200799, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Related parameters of experimental platform, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
输入电压/V 100
逆变频率/kHz 85
接收端与发射端垂直间距/cm 10
发射端谐振电感${L}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 28.57
发射端谐振电容${C}_{1}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 122.71
发射端补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{P}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 14.75
发射端线圈电感${L}_{\mathrm{P}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 266.23
接收端线圈电感${L}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 58.69
接收端谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 59.80
电池额定电压/V 48
), ArticleFig(id=1154038660442874159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482298200799, language=CN, label=表1, caption=实验平台相关参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
输入电压/V 100
逆变频率/kHz 85
接收端与发射端垂直间距/cm 10
发射端谐振电感${L}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 28.57
发射端谐振电容${C}_{1}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 122.71
发射端补偿电容${C}_{\mathrm{P}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 14.75
发射端线圈电感${L}_{\mathrm{P}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 266.23
接收端线圈电感${L}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 58.69
接收端谐振电容${C}_{\mathrm{S}}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 59.80
电池额定电压/V 48
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电力巡检机器人移动式无线充电系统分析与验证
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江炳蔚 , 魏斌 , 蒋成 , 何浩 , 吴晓康
电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024,22(2): 360-368
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电源学报 | 无线电能传输 2024, 22(2): 360-368
电力巡检机器人移动式无线充电系统分析与验证
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江炳蔚 , 魏斌 , 蒋成 , 何浩 , 吴晓康
作者信息
  • 中国电力科学研究院 北京 100192
  • 江炳蔚(1996-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:bingwei_jiang@yeah.net。

    魏斌(1978-),男,博士,教授级高工。研究方向:无线电能传输技术、超导电力技术。E-mail:weibin@epri.sgcc.com.cn。

    蒋成(1991-),男,博士。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:jiangc327@163.com。

    何浩(1990-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:hehao_lx@qq.com。

    吴晓康(1992-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:无线电能传输技术。E-mail:wuxiaokang@epri.sgcc.com.cn。

Analysis and Verification of Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Substation Inspection Robot
Bingwei JIANG , Bin WEI , Cheng JIANG , Hao HE , Xiaokang WU
Affiliations
  • China Electric Power Research Institute Beijing 100192 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.360
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为提升变电站的智能化程度,减少巡检成本,采用电力巡检机器人代替人工进行日常巡检。但电力巡检机器人续航能力有限,无法实现全天候巡检,于是使用移动式无线充电的方式进行供电,实现边走边充与二十四小时全天候巡检。本文中首先分析了线圈互感与系统效率之间的关系;接着,针对系统中采用的分段式发射线圈导轨,提出了导轨软切换方式,减小切换过程中的冲击电流,保护了电路元件;最后,通过实验,验证了线圈互感对效率的影响以及导轨软切换方式的可行性与有效性。

变电站巡检机器人  /  无线充电  /  发射线圈导轨切换  /  软切换

To improve the degree of intelligence of a substation and cut down the cost of inspection, substation inspection robots instead of the human labor are employed to perform daily inspections. However, the battery life greatly limits the work of inspection robots, so the full-time inspection cannot be realized. To solve this problem, a dynamic wireless charging method is used to charge the robots, so that the robots can perform inspections while charging and realize full-time inspection. In this paper, the relationship between coil mutual inductance and system efficiency is analyzed at first. Then, aimed at the segmented primary coil rails used in the dynamic wireless charging system, a soft-switching method for rails is put forward to reduce the inrush current during the switching process, thus protecting the circuit components. Finally, the influence of coil mutual inductance on the system efficiency was verified by experimental results, and the feasibility and effectiveness of the soft-switching method for rails was also proved.

Substation inspection robot  /  wireless charging  /  switching of primary coil rails  /  soft-switching
江炳蔚, 魏斌, 蒋成, 何浩, 吴晓康. 电力巡检机器人移动式无线充电系统分析与验证. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 360 -368 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.360
Bingwei JIANG, Bin WEI, Cheng JIANG, Hao HE, Xiaokang WU. Analysis and Verification of Dynamic Wireless Charging System for Substation Inspection Robot[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 360 -368 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.360
随着电力系统的发展,当今电力系统朝着大电网互联的方向高速发展。作为电力系统的关键节点, 变电站的运行情况直接影响着电网的安全状态。因此,需要对变电站进行定期巡检和维护,及时排除设备故障,保证变电站正常运行。
目前, 变电站巡检主要通过人工巡检的方式进行。这种巡检方式较为灵活,在小型变电站中较为适用。但随着大电网的发展,变电站的规模也越来越大, 若在大型变电站中采用人工巡检方式, 巡检周期长, 费时费力,甚至可能出现漏检误检的情况${}^{11}$。根据中国电力科学研究院电网运行报告统计, 因变电设备漏检、误检造成的经济损失约为每年 26 亿元以上。
随着自动化、人工智能技术的普及,变电站巡检工作也朝着无人化、自动化、智能化的方向发展。 目前, 大多数大型智能变电站中配备了电力巡检机器人,辅助人工实现变电站的巡检工作[2]
电力巡检机器人采用电池组供电方式, 电池组的续航能力有限。一般来说, 电力巡检机器人的续航时间约为 5~6 小时[34]。目前,变电站巡检机器人能量补充大多是采用接触式充电方式, 每次充电的时间约为 2~3 小时,充电时需要返回充电桩,暂停巡检工作。充电时通常借助激光传感器、视觉传感器或红外探测器与充电设备进行对接, 存在以下问题:
(1)机器人与接触式充电触点对接需要较高的定位与导航精确度, 这增加了设计的复杂性和控制的难度,同时对接操作过程复杂、耗时[5]
(2)接触式充电设备充电触头易磨损、松动、接触不良,存在一定的充电安全隐患,且需要设置在独立的充电房间,不能露天布置;
(3)接触式充电触点电阻较大,电流通过能力较弱, 无法实现机器人的大电流充电;
(4)受充电方式的限制,机器人充电室需要采用半封闭方式, 半封闭方式存在占地面积大、利用率低、遮挡视线等问题。
针对当前电力巡检机器人充电时所存在的一些问题, 为实现 24 小时全天候巡检的目标, 选定移动式无线充电的方式为巡检机器人供电。
无线充电系统基于磁耦合谐振的原理传输能量,这种传输方式能够穿过非金属障碍物[6],传输效率较高, 传输距离可达线圈直径的几倍。无线充电系统根据系统工作时接收端与发射端线圈是否产生相对位移, 可以将其划分为静止式无线充电系统和移动式无线充电系统[7,8]。移动式无线充电系统能够在巡检机器人的行进过程中充电, 无需停车, 提高巡检效率[9],因此考虑采用移动式无线充电系统作为电力巡检机器人的供电方式。
本文从移动式无线充电系统的基本结构出发, 选择分段导轨式发射线圈作为供电线圈, 提出了分段导轨线圈的软切换方案, 减小切换过程中器件的应力, 提升系统的安全性。最后, 通过实验证明电力巡检机器人移动式无线充电系统的可行性与有效性。
本文中电力巡检机器人的移动式无线充电系统工作频率为${85}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,通过原副边线圈磁场相互耦合, 实现电能的无线传输。移动式无线充电系统发射端位于路面下方,接收端位于机器人底盘,两者间气隙约$6\mathrm{\;{cm}}$
移动式无线充电系统的电路拓扑如图1 所示, 发射端从市电接入,经整流电路变为直流电,再经过高频逆变电路,将直流电转化为频率为${85}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 的高频交流电, 流入发射端磁耦合机构。接收端磁耦合机构接收到电能后,经整流电路将${85}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 的高频交流电转化为直流电,为机器人中的电池供电[10-11]
图2 中所示为接收端线圈与发射端线圈 2 相对的情况, 此时闭合发射端 2 的开关, 断开其他发射线圈导轨。
该电路拓扑的简化电路如图3 所示。
本文采用 LCC-S 型补偿电路拓扑,发射端${L}_{1}$${C}_{1}$ 处于谐振状态,${L}_{\mathrm{P}}\text{、}{C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 处于谐振状态; 接收端${L}_{\mathrm{S}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 处于串联谐振状态,其谐振关系可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\omega {L}_{1}= \frac{1}{\omega {C}_{1}}\\\omega {L}_{\mathrm{P}}= \frac{1}{\omega {C}_{1}}+ \frac{1}{\omega {C}_{\mathrm{P}}}\\\omega {L}_{\mathrm{S}}= \frac{1}{\omega {C}_{\mathrm{S}}}\end{array}\right.$
发射端谐振电感的内阻等效为${R}_{1}$,谐振电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 、发射线圈${L}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 的等效内阻为${R}_{\mathrm{P}}$;接收端对图中的等效电路列写 KVL 方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{S}}= \left({{Z}_{L1}+ {Z}_{C1}+ {R}_{1}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{F}}- {Z}_{C1}{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{P}}\\ 0 =- {Z}_{C1}{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{F}}+ \left({{Z}_{\mathrm{P}}+ {Z}_{C1}+ {R}_{\mathrm{P}}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{P}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{M}}{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{S}}\\ 0 ={Z}_{\mathrm{N}}{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{P}}+ \left({{Z}_{\mathrm{P}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{S}}}\right){\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{S}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{Z}_{L1}= \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{1}\\{Z}_{C1}= \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{1}}\\{Z}_{\mathrm{P}}= \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{P}}+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{P}}}\\{Z}_{\mathrm{S}}= \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{S}}+ \frac{1}{\mathrm{j}\omega {C}_{\mathrm{S}}}\\{Z}_{\mathrm{S}}= \mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{\mathrm{S}}+ \sqrt{\pi }{L}_{\mathrm{S}}\end{array}\right.$
接收端反射到发射端的阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{r}}$
${Z}_{\mathrm{r}}= \frac{{\omega }^{2}{k}^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}}$
由此可以得到发射端输入阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{i}}$
${Z}_{\mathrm{i}}= {R}_{1}+ \frac{\left({{R}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{L}}}\right){\left(\omega {L}_{1}\right)}^{2}}{{R}_{\mathrm{P}}{R}_{\mathrm{S}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{P}}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}+ {\omega }^{2}{k}^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{S}}}$
由于无线充电系统的发射端与接收端补偿网络处于谐振状态。将式(1)、式(3)~式(5)带入式(2) 得到, 发射端和接收端各支路电流为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\dot{I}}_{1}= \frac{{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{S}}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{i}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{P}}= \frac{-\mathrm{j}\omega {L}_{1}{\dot{U}}_{\mathrm{S}}}{\left({{R}_{1}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{i}}}\\{\dot{I}}_{\mathrm{S}}= \frac{{\omega }^{2}{L}_{1}{\dot{M}}_{\mathrm{S}}}{\left({{R}_{1}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{i}}}\end{array}\right.$
无线充电系统的效率$\eta$ 可以由负载功率${P}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 与输入功率${P}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 的比值得到
$\eta =\frac{{P}_{\mathrm{o}}}{{P}_{\mathrm{i}}}= \frac{\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{S}}^{2}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{i}}}}{{I}_{\mathrm{S}}^{2}{R}_{\mathrm{L}}}= \frac{{\left\lbrack \frac{{\omega }^{2}{k}^{2}{L}_{\mathrm{P}}{L}_{\mathrm{S}}{R}_{1}}{\left({{R}_{\mathrm{P}}+ {Z}_{\mathrm{r}}}\right){Z}_{\mathrm{S}}}\right\rbrack }^{2}}{{Z}_{\mathrm{i}}}$
从式 (7) 可知,在系统中电感、电容、线圈等元件参数不变的情况下,系统效率$\eta$ 仅与线圈间耦合系数$k$ 的大小有关。当耦合系数在$0 \sim {0.25}$ 范围内变化时,系统效率随着耦合系数的增加而迅速增加; 当耦合系数在 0.25~0.5 范围内增加时,系统效率变化不大并趋近于 100%, 如图4 所示。因此, 为实现较高的传输效率,线圈耦合系数应保持在 0.2 及以上。
移动式无线充电系统需要保证在巡检机器人的行进过程中, 接收线圈始终与发射线圈相对。移动式无线充电系统中, 发射线圈的排列方式主要有两种,分别为长导轨式和分段导轨式。
长导轨式移动式无线充电系统的发射线圈敷设方式如图5 中 a 所示, 发射线圈的长度与巡检机器人行进路线的长度相同,敷设全程。当巡检机器人进入移动式无线充电系统区域时, 开通全程的发射线圈。采用长导轨式发射线圈, 仅需判断巡检机器人是否进入无线充电区域, 无需判断巡检机器人在区域内部所处的位置。在整个区域内, 由于接收线圈与发射线圈的距离相对固定, 接收端能够较为稳定的接收电能, 因此能够保证接收端的输出功率稳定。但是,长导轨式发射线圈较长,每次系统运行时需开通整段发射线圈, 致使线圈间耦合系数低, 损耗较大,传输效率低。
分段导轨式接收线圈如图5 中 b 所示, 顾名思义, 将发射线圈分为多段, 当巡检机器人行驶到不同的位置时,开通与其相对应的接收线圈,关闭其他段的发射线圈。在这种方案中,线圈耦合系数相对较高,能够在最大程度上减少线圈损耗,对系统效率的提升有着较大的帮助, 但该方案需要实时判断巡检机器人的位置, 根据巡检机器人的位置切换不同的发射线圈, 对控制方案的要求较高。
综合考虑, 为保证无线电能传输系统的工作效率, 采用分段导轨式发射线圈作为电力巡检机器人的供电方案。
受巡检机器人底盘空间的限制, 接收线圈的尺寸确定为${25}\times {25}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$。根据论文[12] 所述方案,考虑实际变电站应用场景的巡检路线长度, 根据图6 所示的流程,优化设计分段线圈的长度为${80}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$。对发射线圈的宽度的选择则考虑到系统的抗偏移能力以及副边拾取电压的大小。根据论文[13] 可知,接收端拾取电压的表达式为${U}_{\mathrm{S}}= M{U}_{\mathrm{P}}/{L}_{\mathrm{P}}$,可根据线圈间的互感得出接收端拾取电压。COMSOL 仿真结果如图7 所示, 仿真中保持接收线圈尺寸、发射线圈长度以及线圈间的距离不变,在单个发射线圈长度为${80}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 的条件下,得出线圈耦合系数与线圈宽度的关系如图8 所示。从图中可以看出, 当线圈宽度为${32}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 时,接收线圈与发射线圈间的耦合系数最大, 达到 0.217。据此,确定接收线圈尺寸为${25}\times {25}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$,单个发射线圈尺寸为${80}\times {32}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$
在电力巡检机器人移动式无线充电系统中采用分段导轨式发射线圈,需要考虑分段导轨式线圈的切换问题。当巡检机器人驶离上一段发射线圈导轨时, 由于线圈中仍然存在着电流, 若在此时强行断开磁耦合机构, 将会在电路中产生电压尖峰, 损坏开关管。因此,需要在线圈切换前将线圈中的电流降低为零以避免电压尖峰的产生。
根据巡检机器在两段导轨之间的行驶状态, 可以划分为如图9 所示的 a、b、c 三个阶段。在 a 阶段中, 巡检机器人与第一段发射线圈导轨相对; b 阶段中, 巡检机器人处于两发射线圈导轨中间, 不与任何导轨相对;在$\mathrm{c}$ 阶段时,巡检机器人行驶到下一段发射线圈导轨区域并与其相对。
为了避免在线圈切换的过程中产生过电压, 损坏开关管, 通常采用软切换的方案。所谓软切换方案,是指在线圈上的电流降为零后,进行线圈切换。 软切换方案的流程图如图10 所示。以两段发射线圈导轨为例, 当电力巡检机器人正对发射线圈导轨行驶时, 驱动开关管工作在逆变器状态。当电力巡检机器人行驶至 1 号发射线圈导轨边缘时, 开关管驱动信号发生改变, 驱动信号为续流状态。在此驱动信号的作用下, 发射端电路为电流提供续流通道。当逆变器流出电流为零时, 断开 1 号线圈导轨, 开启 2 号线圈导轨, 完成发射线圈软切换。
图11 所示为移动式无线充电系统某段导轨的发射端电源模块的电路拓扑,$U$ 为逆变器前端等效直流输入,${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\sim {\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 为逆变器的 MOS 管,$K$ 为控制发射线圈导轨接入的继电器。
当 WPT 系统处于正常工作的状态下, 逆变器开关管轮流对向导通。当${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 开关管导通时,电流流向如图11 中灰色虚线 1 所示, 此时逆变器输出电压为上负下正;与此相反,当${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$ 开通时如黑色虚线 2 所示。
输出电压为上正下负。得到发射线圈两端的电压${u}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 呈方波,流过发射线圈的电流呈现正弦波形, 频率与开关管驱动频率相同,均为${85}\mathrm{{kHz}}$。开关管驱动信号以及电压电流波形如图12 所示。
进行软切换时,关闭${\mathrm{S}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{3}$ 两个 MOS 管,持续开通${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$ 两个 MOS 管。续流通路由分别由${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 以及${\mathrm{S}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 构成。当电流在正半周时,发射线圈${L}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 的极性为上正下负,续流通路由${\mathrm{S}}_{4}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 提供,电流流向如图13 中虚线 3~6 所示;当电流为负半周时, 发射线圈${L}_{\mathrm{P}}$ 的极性为上负下正,续流通路由${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$${\mathrm{D}}_{4}$ 提供,电流流向如图13 中 1 虚线 7~10 所示。
续流过程中,回路中的电流本应呈现等幅振荡的状态, 但由于续流通路中的 MOS 管、电感以及电容等元件存在内阻,因此电流波形呈现减幅振荡的状态。续流过程中, 由于补偿网路始终保持谐振状态,所以回路中振荡电流的频率保持${85}\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 不变, 如图14 所示, 图中实线表示软切换时的电流波形, 虚线表示正常运行时电流波形。在$\mathrm{b}$ 时刻输出电流降低为零, 此时切换发射线圈导轨, 将不会在电路中产生电压尖峰,避免开关管的损坏。
为验证电力巡检机器人移动式无线充电系统的有效性, 搭建如图15 所示的实验装置。
用 “小车+轨道”模拟巡检机器人行进方式, 小车由电机驱动,行进速度为${20}\mathrm{\;{cm}}/\mathrm{s}$,实验平台中接收端与发射端的垂直距离为${10}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$。发射端功率板输入为市电${220}\mathrm{\;V}$,经整流、DC-DC、逆变电路产生高频交流电, 通过谐振补偿电路流入发射线圈。发射端由两段发射线圈导轨组成,由同一台发射端电源进行供电, 通过切换控制板控制发射线圈导轨与逆变器之间的开断。接收端线圈位于小车底部,连接电能变换器给电池充电。移动式无线充电实验系统参数如表1 所示。
逆变器 PWM 控制器采用 TMS320F28335 的数字信号处理器, 逆变器采用全桥逆变电路, 逆变时上下两个桥臂对向导通。用隔离电压、隔离电流探头采集原边的波形, 连接至示波器上, 示波器型号为 Tektronix MDO3054。图16 中所示为巡检机器人动态无线充电系统正常工作状态下, 逆变器输出电压${U}_{1}$ 与输出电流${I}_{1}$ 的波形。从图中可以看出${U}_{1}$${I}_{1}$ 的频率均保持在${85}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,在逆变器的作用下,${U}_{1}$ 呈现为方波,输出电压幅值约为${56}\mathrm{\;V}$${I}_{1}$ 为正弦波, 输出电流幅值约为${7.5}\mathrm{\;A}$
线圈切换采用软切换方案,当小车即将离开 1 号发射线圈导轨区域时, 关断逆变器上桥臂, 开通下桥臂,形成续流通路。此时,发射端线圈中电流减幅振荡,直至降低为零。
当检测到 1 号发射线圈中电流为零时, 开通 2 号发射线圈。需要注意的是, 为达到最佳的无线充电效果, 需要使得发射线圈之间存在一定的间距, 以保证软切换的顺利进行, 并且在进入 2 号发射线圈区域时, 恰好完成线圈的软切换。线圈导轨切换过程中的原边电压电流波形如图17 所示。
A 框内为软切换时发射端电流波形, 呈现减幅振荡趋势。B 框内为线圈切换过程中的电压电流波形,可以看出在该时间段内,电压电流保持为零,实现线圈的软切换。切换完成后,由于继电器动作存在延时且线圈磁场建立需要一定的时间, 因此原边电流逐渐上升直至磁场建立完成。从续流过程中的放大波形可以看出, 原边电流的趋势与前文的预期相同,频率保持在${85}\mathrm{{kHz}}$,呈现减幅振荡的波形,直至降低为零。在切换过程中不会产生电压尖峰,保证了电力电子器件的安全运行。
通过功率分析仪测量动态无线充电系统的传输功率与传输效率, 如图18 所示。测得系统输入功率为${527.652}\mathrm{\;W}$,输出功率为${467.774}\mathrm{\;W}$,系统效率为${88.652}\%$。系统的损耗为${59.878}\mathrm{\;W}$图19 给出了系统不同环节损耗所占的百分比,可以看出由于线圈间耦合系数不高、补偿网络未能严格谐振等原因, 磁耦合机构的损耗占比最高。而由于系统工作时开关管的开关损耗以及软切换时的续流损耗的叠加, 逆变电路的损耗也处于较高的水平。整流电路由于二极管的导通压降, 损耗也处在相对较高的水平,其他部分相较而言损耗较低。
综合实验结果, 得出电力巡检机器人移动式无线充电系统在实现发射线圈导轨软切换的同时, 能够达到较好的无线充电效果。
本文提出了应用移动式无线充电的方案解决变电站电力巡检机器人充电的问题,实现了 “边走边充”, 全天候巡检。为保证移动式无线充电系统中导轨的平稳切换, 本文对发射线圈导轨的软切换问题做了相关研究, 通过改变切换时逆变器开关管的工作模式, 为电流提供续流通路, 在电流降低为零时进行发射线圈导轨切换, 避免了切换过程中的电压尖峰。通过实验证明了电力巡检机器人移动式无线充电系统的有效性。下一步研究将在巡检机器人上进行装机现场实验,研究该系统现场工作效果。
  • 中国电力科学研究院基金资助项目(5242001900DO)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.360
  • 接收时间:2021-05-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-24
  • 修回日期:2021-08-06
  • 录用日期:2021-08-23
基金
Project of China Electric Power Research Institute(5242001900DO)
中国电力科学研究院基金资助项目(5242001900DO)
作者信息
    中国电力科学研究院 北京 100192
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