Article(id=1154038482600190690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.336, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1641916800000, receivedDateStr=2022-01-12, revisedDate=1650816000000, revisedDateStr=2022-04-25, acceptedDate=1650902400000, acceptedDateStr=2022-04-26, onlineDate=1753073815250, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815250, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815250, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815250, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=336, endPage=344, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038483120284389, articleId=1154038482600190690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Optimal Allocation Strategy for Comprehensive Control Equipment of Power Quality in Distribution Area, columnId=1152281493855892337, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Quality, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problem that the power quality control equipment in distribution network is lack of collaborative allocation, an optimal allocation strategy for the control equipment of harmonics, reactive power and three-phase imbalance is proposed, which is based on the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm. The active power filter (APF) is used to suppress harmonics, the intelligent capacitor is used to compensate reactive power, and the phase-change switch is used to reduce three-phase imbalance. The control effect and operating cost about each power quality issue are taken as optimization objects, and the relevant power quality standards are considered as constraints. Through the MOPSO algorithm, an optimal allocation scheme for the allocation nodes and relevant access capacity of control equipment can be obtained. Furthermore, a power quality assessment model is built, and a simulation model based on an improved IEEE 18-node distribution system is also constructed. The harmonics, reactive power and three-phase imbalance loads are separately connected to simulate power quality issues, and simulation results verify the feasibility of the proposed strategy and its advantages compared with the traditional scheme for power quality control equipment.

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针对配电网络电能质量治理设备缺乏全局统筹配置的现状,提出了一种基于多目标粒子群优化算法对谐波、无功及三相不平衡治理设备的综合优化配置策略。分别采用有源电力滤波器抑制谐波、智能电容器补偿无功、换相开关治理三相不平衡,并以每类电能质量问题的治理效果和投入成本为优化对象,以满足相关电能质量标准为约束条件,通过多目标粒子群算法确定治理设备配置节点和相应投入容量的优化配置方案。建立了电能质量评估模型,搭建了基于IEEE-18节点的配电系统仿真模型,并分散接入谐波、无功和三相不平衡负载,模拟电能质量问题,通过仿真验证了所提出的治理设备综合优化配置策略的可行性和相较于传统电能质量治理方案在电能质量治理上的优越性。

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付勉(1998-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail:fumian777@126.com。

刘志涵(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail: cumtlzh@163.com。

宋振浩(1989-),男,硕士。研究方向:电网电能质量优化。E-mail:cumtsongzhenhao@163.com。

周娟(1976-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail : zhjcumt@126.com。

杜少通(1985-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统与电能质量优化。E-mail:gdj4321@163.com。

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付勉(1998-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail:fumian777@126.com。

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付勉(1998-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail:fumian777@126.com。

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刘志涵(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail: cumtlzh@163.com。

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刘志涵(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail: cumtlzh@163.com。

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宋振浩(1989-),男,硕士。研究方向:电网电能质量优化。E-mail:cumtsongzhenhao@163.com。

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宋振浩(1989-),男,硕士。研究方向:电网电能质量优化。E-mail:cumtsongzhenhao@163.com。

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周娟(1976-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail : zhjcumt@126.com。

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杜少通(1985-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统与电能质量优化。E-mail:gdj4321@163.com。

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杜少通(1985-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统与电能质量优化。E-mail:gdj4321@163.com。

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标度 含义
1 两因素相比,具有相同重要性
3 两因素相比,一个因素比另一个因素稍微重要
5 两因素相比,一个因素比另一个因素明显重要
7 两因素相比,一个因素比另一个因素强烈重要
9 两因素相比,一个因素比另一个因素极端重要
2,4,6,8 上述两相邻判断的中值
倒数 与整数相反,表示不重要程度,如 1/3 为一个因素比另一个因素稍微不重要
), ArticleFig(id=1154038586811867519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482600190690, language=CN, label=表1, caption=比较矩阵元素间重要性等级标度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标度 含义
1 两因素相比,具有相同重要性
3 两因素相比,一个因素比另一个因素稍微重要
5 两因素相比,一个因素比另一个因素明显重要
7 两因素相比,一个因素比另一个因素强烈重要
9 两因素相比,一个因素比另一个因素极端重要
2,4,6,8 上述两相邻判断的中值
倒数 与整数相反,表示不重要程度,如 1/3 为一个因素比另一个因素稍微不重要
), ArticleFig(id=1154038586866393472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482600190690, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Part of power quality indicators for power grid nodes before allocation of control equipment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点编号 各次谐波含有率% 谐波总畸变率% 负序不平衡度% 功率因数
5 次 7 次 11 次
1 10.62 9.26 5.07 14.47 2.32 0.89
3 11.71 9.95 5.26 15.44 8.56 0.81
6 4.10 3.15 1.03 8.87 5.08 0.82
8 9.52 8.79 2.34 12.95 10.65 0.80
14 12.54 9.13 3.72 16.83 10.73 0.88
17 11.96 8.96 5.01 15.62 9.64 0.86
18 4.60 3.40 1.33 6.42 11.37 0.84
), ArticleFig(id=1154038586929308033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482600190690, language=CN, label=表2, caption=治理设备配置前的电网节点部分电能质量指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点编号 各次谐波含有率% 谐波总畸变率% 负序不平衡度% 功率因数
5 次 7 次 11 次
1 10.62 9.26 5.07 14.47 2.32 0.89
3 11.71 9.95 5.26 15.44 8.56 0.81
6 4.10 3.15 1.03 8.87 5.08 0.82
8 9.52 8.79 2.34 12.95 10.65 0.80
14 12.54 9.13 3.72 16.83 10.73 0.88
17 11.96 8.96 5.01 15.62 9.64 0.86
18 4.60 3.40 1.33 6.42 11.37 0.84
), ArticleFig(id=1154038586983833986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482600190690, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Selected final optimal allocation scheme, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点 编号 配置 APF 台数 投入无功补偿 容量/(MV·A) 负载开关相序
1 1 0.3243 -
2 0 0 -
3 1 0 -
4 0 0 -
5 0 0 -
6 0 0.2337 23312
7 0 0 -
8 0 0.3581 21123
9 0 0.2619 23123
10 0 0 -
11 0 0 -
12 0 0 -
13 0 0.2065 -
14 0 0 32312
15 1 0 -
16 0 0 -
17 0 0 23123
18 0 0.2149 12123
), ArticleFig(id=1154038587050942851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482600190690, language=CN, label=表3, caption=选取的最终优化配置方案, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点 编号 配置 APF 台数 投入无功补偿 容量/(MV·A) 负载开关相序
1 1 0.3243 -
2 0 0 -
3 1 0 -
4 0 0 -
5 0 0 -
6 0 0.2337 23312
7 0 0 -
8 0 0.3581 21123
9 0 0.2619 23123
10 0 0 -
11 0 0 -
12 0 0 -
13 0 0.2065 -
14 0 0 32312
15 1 0 -
16 0 0 -
17 0 0 23123
18 0 0.2149 12123
), ArticleFig(id=1154038587105468804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482600190690, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Part of power quality indicators for power grid nodes after allocation of control equipment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点编号 各次谐波含有率% 畸波总畸变率% 负序不平衡度% 功率因数
5 次 7 次 11 次
1 0.63 0.51 0.22 1.67 1.52 0.97
3 0.98 0.79 0.35 1.99 2.03 0.98
6 1.90 1.53 1.09 3.28 1.95 0.99
8 1.57 1.09 0.65 2.93 2.23 0.98
14 1.13 0.91 0.65 2.28 1.67 0.97
17 1.66 1.14 0.86 2.81 1.12 0.99
18 1.24 0.99 0.67 2.34 1.87 0.97
), ArticleFig(id=1154038587172577669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482600190690, language=CN, label=表4, caption=治理设备配置后的电网节点部分电能质量指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点编号 各次谐波含有率% 畸波总畸变率% 负序不平衡度% 功率因数
5 次 7 次 11 次
1 0.63 0.51 0.22 1.67 1.52 0.97
3 0.98 0.79 0.35 1.99 2.03 0.98
6 1.90 1.53 1.09 3.28 1.95 0.99
8 1.57 1.09 0.65 2.93 2.23 0.98
14 1.13 0.91 0.65 2.28 1.67 0.97
17 1.66 1.14 0.86 2.81 1.12 0.99
18 1.24 0.99 0.67 2.34 1.87 0.97
), ArticleFig(id=1154038587231297926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482600190690, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Comparison of overall result among different optimal allocation schemes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 谐波总畸变率% 负序不平衡度% 平均功率因数 配置 APF 台数 投入无功补偿 容量/(MV·A) 换相开关 切换次数 运算 速度
传统配置方案 1.43 0.94 0.998 9 0.6000 34 极快
NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法 2.60 1.49 0.980 7 0.3202 26 较快
多目标粒子群算法 2.43 1.30 0.979 6 0.3176 25
), ArticleFig(id=1154038587294212488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482600190690, language=CN, label=表5, caption=各优化配置方案总体情况对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 谐波总畸变率% 负序不平衡度% 平均功率因数 配置 APF 台数 投入无功补偿 容量/(MV·A) 换相开关 切换次数 运算 速度
传统配置方案 1.43 0.94 0.998 9 0.6000 34 极快
NSGA-Ⅱ遗传算法 2.60 1.49 0.980 7 0.3202 26 较快
多目标粒子群算法 2.43 1.30 0.979 6 0.3176 25
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配电网络电能质量综合治理设备优化配置策略
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付勉 1 , 刘志涵 1 , 宋振浩 2 , 周娟 1 , 杜少通 3
电源学报 | 电能质量 2024,22(2): 336-344
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电源学报 | 电能质量 2024, 22(2): 336-344
配电网络电能质量综合治理设备优化配置策略
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付勉1 , 刘志涵1 , 宋振浩2 , 周娟1 , 杜少通3
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学 电气与动力工程学院 徐州市 221008
  • 2 国网上海能源互联网研究院有限公司 上海市 201213
  • 3 河南理工大学 电气学院 焦作市 450001
  • 付勉(1998-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail:fumian777@126.com。

    刘志涵(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail: cumtlzh@163.com。

    宋振浩(1989-),男,硕士。研究方向:电网电能质量优化。E-mail:cumtsongzhenhao@163.com。

    周娟(1976-),女,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子技术与电能质量优化。E-mail : zhjcumt@126.com。

    杜少通(1985-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力系统与电能质量优化。E-mail:gdj4321@163.com。

Optimal Allocation Strategy for Comprehensive Control Equipment of Power Quality in Distribution Area
Mian FU1 , Zhihan LIU1 , Zhenhao SONG2 , Juan ZHOU1 , Shaotong DU3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electrical and Power Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221008 China
  • 2 State Grid Shanghai Energy Internet Research Institute Shanghai 201213 China
  • 3 School of Electrical Engineering Henan Polytechnic University Jiaozuo 450001 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.336
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针对配电网络电能质量治理设备缺乏全局统筹配置的现状,提出了一种基于多目标粒子群优化算法对谐波、无功及三相不平衡治理设备的综合优化配置策略。分别采用有源电力滤波器抑制谐波、智能电容器补偿无功、换相开关治理三相不平衡,并以每类电能质量问题的治理效果和投入成本为优化对象,以满足相关电能质量标准为约束条件,通过多目标粒子群算法确定治理设备配置节点和相应投入容量的优化配置方案。建立了电能质量评估模型,搭建了基于IEEE-18节点的配电系统仿真模型,并分散接入谐波、无功和三相不平衡负载,模拟电能质量问题,通过仿真验证了所提出的治理设备综合优化配置策略的可行性和相较于传统电能质量治理方案在电能质量治理上的优越性。

电能质量  /  多目标粒子群  /  优化配置策略  /  配电网络

Aimed at the problem that the power quality control equipment in distribution network is lack of collaborative allocation, an optimal allocation strategy for the control equipment of harmonics, reactive power and three-phase imbalance is proposed, which is based on the multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm. The active power filter (APF) is used to suppress harmonics, the intelligent capacitor is used to compensate reactive power, and the phase-change switch is used to reduce three-phase imbalance. The control effect and operating cost about each power quality issue are taken as optimization objects, and the relevant power quality standards are considered as constraints. Through the MOPSO algorithm, an optimal allocation scheme for the allocation nodes and relevant access capacity of control equipment can be obtained. Furthermore, a power quality assessment model is built, and a simulation model based on an improved IEEE 18-node distribution system is also constructed. The harmonics, reactive power and three-phase imbalance loads are separately connected to simulate power quality issues, and simulation results verify the feasibility of the proposed strategy and its advantages compared with the traditional scheme for power quality control equipment.

Power quality  /  multi-objective particle swarm  /  optimal allocation and sizing strategy  /  distribution network
付勉, 刘志涵, 宋振浩, 周娟, 杜少通. 配电网络电能质量综合治理设备优化配置策略. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 336 -344 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.336
Mian FU, Zhihan LIU, Zhenhao SONG, Juan ZHOU, Shaotong DU. Optimal Allocation Strategy for Comprehensive Control Equipment of Power Quality in Distribution Area[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 336 -344 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.336
随着配电网规模的扩大, 大量非线性、随机性负载分散接入电网, 谐波、无功、三相不平衡等问题越发突出且多问题并存, 导致电能质量陷入问题多样、治理决策手段缺乏和实现应用困难的局面[1-3]。 传统的电能质量治理设备配置策略多采用点对点就地补偿的形式投入应用, 缺乏协调性, 实际效率低[3]。事实上,电能质量治理设备类型多样且相互耦合, 配电网亟需面向电网全局的多电能质量治理设备综合优化配置策略,以使治理设备可以充分共享,避免资源浪费。
目前关于治理设备配置策略的研究主要集中在单个电能质量指标的补偿上, 如文献[4-5]通过遗传算法配置有源电力滤波器以治理谐波;文献[6]采用静止无功发生器 SVG(static var generator)通过神经网络得出配置策略,对无功进行补偿;文献[7]根据向量基因 NSGA-II 遗传算法, 采用换相开关治理电网三相不平衡度。
面向多电能质量的综合优化配置策略相对于单电能质量研究尚浅, 电能质量评估无统一标准。 文献[8]以电压偏差、三相电压负序不平衡度、电压谐波总畸变率、电压长时闪边等电压指标衡量电能质量, 通过神经网络与模糊控制得到电能质量评价;文献[9]将供电可靠性问题加入考虑范畴,采用层次化熵权法确定了评估模型的指标权重; 文献[10-12]从供电公司、轨道交通以及分布式电源的角度对影响电能质量问题的因素进行分析, 并建立了评估模型。
本文基于对以上研究成果的分析, 借鉴其思路, 以多电能质量治理效果和经济性为目标, 采用多目标粒子群优化算法实现各类电能质量设备在配电网中的优化配置, 对谐波、无功及三相不平衡问题进行治理, 提升配电台网络整体电能质量, 减小投入成本。该方案首先确定需要治理的电能质量指标, 根据指标建立电能质量综合评估体系, 基于层次化熵权法得到电能质量评价标准;然后从电能质量治理效果和设备投入容量两方面考虑建立目标函数, 并基于多目标粒子群算法配置相应的参数; 最后搭建改进的 IEEE-18 节点系统仿真模型, 仿真结果验证了所提的电能质量设备优化配置策略的有效性。
为治理电能质量问题, 首先需明确待治理的电能质量指标。在影响电能质量的众多问题中, 随着非各类线性、不平衡负载对电网电压和电流波形的影响, 导致谐波畸变、无功缺失和三相不平衡问题尤为突出, 因此, 以解决此三类电能质量问题作为治理目标,选取具体电能质量指标,构成电能质量综合评估体系,如图1 所示。
图1 中, 电能质量评价体系包含 3 个层次: 目标层、准则层和二级指标层,分别对应评估指标$A$ 、 评估涵盖的电能质量问题类型和具体选择的电能质量指标。考虑到各电能质量指标量纲的统一性问题,需通过归一化处理将指标数值约束在$0 \sim 1$ 之间。又由于采用主客观结合的方法确定权重系数, 并结合了专家经验与实际数据, 因此保证了指标体系的可加性。
针对谐波问题的指标为谐波电压总畸变率${\mathrm{{THD}}}_{\mathrm{u}}$ 和各次谐波电压含有率HRU${}^{h}$,分别表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{{THD}}}_{\mathrm{u}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\frac{1}{\left|{U}_{m}^{1}\right|}\sqrt{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{h = 2}}^{H}{\left|{U}_{m}^{h}\right|}^{2}}\\{\mathrm{{HRU}}}^{h}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\frac{\left|{U}_{m}^{h}\right|}{\left|{U}_{m}^{1}\right|} \end{array}\right.$
式中:$H$ 为最高次谐波次数;$M$ 为配电网节点的总数;${U}_{m}^{h}$ 为配电系统节点$m$ 的第$h$ 次谐波电压有效值。
针对无功问题的指标为线损${P}_{\text{loss }}$ 、电压偏差${\Delta V}$ 和功率因数$\cos {\theta }_{\mathrm{{av}}}$,分别表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{\text{loss }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{M}{g}_{mn}\left({{U}_{m}^{2}+ {U}_{n}^{2}- 2{U}_{m}{U}_{n}\cos {\theta }_{mn}}\right)\\{\Delta V}= \frac{1}{M}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\left|{{V}_{m}- 1}\right|\\\cos {\theta }_{uv}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\frac{{P}_{m}}{W\sqrt{{P}_{m}/{Q}_{m}^{2}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${g}_{mn}$ 为节点$m$$n$ 之间的电导;${U}_{m}\text{、}{U}_{n}$ 分别为节点$m$$n$ 的电压有效值;${\theta }_{mn}$ 为节点$m$$n$ 的电压相位差;${V}_{m}$ 为节点$m$ 的电压标幺值;$\cos {\theta }_{m}$ 为节点$m$ 的功率因数;${P}_{m}$${Q}_{m}$ 分别为节点$m$ 的有功、无功负荷。
针对三相不平衡问题的指标为三相不平衡度 IB, 表示为
$\mathrm{{IB}}= \frac{1}{M}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\frac{{U}_{mn}}{{U}_{mp}}$
式中,${U}_{m\mathrm{n}}$${U}_{m\mathrm{p}}$ 分别为节点$m$ 的负序和正序电压。
本文采用层次分析法与熵权法相结合的方式确定各指标权重,其流程如图2 所示。其中,层次分析法依赖决策者主观经验[8],可以结合实际用电侧需求;熵权法基于实际数据,能使评价结果保留一定的客观性; 利用最小二乘法综合两者的优势, 将下层指标归一化后划归到目标层。
求取主观权重时, 将同一层次的因素两两比较, 建立重要标度, 如表1 所示。
通过表1 获得比较矩阵, 由于该矩阵由主观判断所得,需进行一致性检验验证其合理性[9]
根据所得标度加权,计算主观权重为
${\alpha }_{i}= \sqrt[x]{\mathop{\prod }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{x}{\mu }_{ij}}/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{x}\sqrt[x]{\mathop{\prod }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{x}{\mu }_{ij}}\;i = 1,2,\cdots, x $
式中:${\alpha }_{i}$ 为第$i$ 个指标的主观权重;${\mu }_{ij}$ 为与第$j$ 个指标相比第$i$ 个指标的重要程度;$x$ 为参与判断的总指标数。
求取客观权重时, 依据熵权法定义可得指标熵信息计算公式为
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{r}_{i}= {e}_{i}/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{x}{e}_{i}\\{\eta }_{i}= -\frac{1}{\ln x}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{x}{r}_{i}\ln {r}_{i}\end{array}\;i = 1,2,\cdots, x}\right.$
式中:${e}_{i}$ 为指标$i$ 数据的标准化值;${r}_{i}$ 为指标$i$ 标准化后的比重;${\eta }_{i}$ 为指标$i$ 的熵信息。
根据熵信息, 可得客观权重为
${\beta }_{i}= \frac{1 -{\eta }_{i}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{x}\left({1 -{\eta }_{i}}\right)}\;i = 1,2,\cdots, x $
式中,${\mathbf{\beta }}_{i}$ 为第$i$ 个因素的客观权重。
将主、客观权重通过最小二乘法结合, 计算得到综合权重为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} F\left({{\sigma }_{1},{\sigma }_{2},\cdots,{\sigma }_{n}}\right)= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}\left\lbrack {{\left({u}_{i}- {\sigma }_{i}\right)}^{2}+ {\left({v}_{i}- {\sigma }_{i}\right)}^{2}}\right\rbrack +\\\;{4\gamma }\left({\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{2}{\sigma }_{i}- 1}\right)\\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}{\sigma }_{i}= 1,{\sigma }_{i}\geq 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中:$\gamma$ 为拉格朗日算子;${\sigma }_{i}$ 为第$i$ 个因素的综合权重。
此外,考虑到短板效应存在某项指标超标的情况, 需对归一化数据进行修正。引入归一惩罚, 有
${A}_{ab}^{* }= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{A}_{ab}^{* }& 0 <{A}_{ab}^{* }< {A}_{\text{limit1 }}\\{l}_{1}{A}_{ab}^{* }+ {l}_{2}& {A}_{\text{limit1 }}\leq {A}_{ab}^{* }< {A}_{\text{limit2 }}\\{A}_{ab}^{*{l}_{3}}& {A}_{ab}^{* }\geq {A}_{\text{limit2 }}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${A}_{\text{limit }}$${A}_{\text{limit }}$ 为设定的惩罚限值,分别取为 0.8 和${2.3},{A}_{\text{limit }1}< 1,{A}_{\text{limit }2}> 1;{l}_{1}\text{、}{l}_{2}\text{、}{l}_{3}$ 为惩罚放大因子,分别取为$3\text{、}- {1.6}$$2;{A}_{ab}^{* }$ 为第$a$ 类电能质量问题的第$b$ 项指标归一化值,当其接近于 1 时,对其进行非线性放大, 指标值越大, 放大后对评估结果影响程度也越大, 结合权重计算, 得到电能质量综合评估指标$A$ 的计算公式为
$ A ={\sigma }_{1}{A}_{11}^{* }+ {\sigma }_{2}{A}_{12}^{* }+ {\sigma }_{3}{A}_{21}^{* }+ {\sigma }_{4}{A}_{22}^{* }+ {\sigma }_{5}{A}_{23}^{* }+ {\sigma }_{6}{A}_{31}^{* }$
式中:${\mathbf{\sigma }}_{i}$ 为第$i$ 个二级指标的综合权重; 评估指标$A$ 取值在 0-1 之间;${A}_{11}^{* }\sim {A}_{31}^{* }$ 为指标${A}_{11}\sim {A}_{31}$ 的修正归一化值。由于采用$\min$ 优化的原则将指标归一化处理,因此评估指标$A$ 越小,反映电能质量越好。
根据国家标准 GB/T 14549-1993、GB 12325- 2008 以及 GB/T 15543-2008 中规定, 假定配电网络电能质量指标为国标所允许最大限值, 则根据式(9)得电能质量临界评价指标${A}_{0}= {0.6165}$。定义满足国家标准的状态变量$\mathrm{{GB}}$
$\mathrm{{GB}}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 & A >{A}_{0}\\ 1 & A <{A}_{0}\end{array}\right.$
对于谐波问题, 本文针对配电网络中现有设备配置情况进行调控。由于现有设备的可选容量与实际待补尝容量无法有效相匹配, 这里假定已经配置的谐波补偿设备由多个相同额定补偿容量为${S}_{0}$ 的 APF 模块并联组成。同样地,针对无功问题,智能电容器组中每组电容器额定容量为${Q}_{0}$。以谐波补偿为例, 将设备 APF 投入台数作为反映治理设备运行成本的依据, 建立反映谐波治理效果和反映谐波治理设备投入成本的目标函数${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{HE}}}$${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{HC}}}$,分别为
${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{HE}}}= {\rho }_{1}\mathrm{{THD}}+ {\rho }_{2}{\mathrm{{HRU}}}^{2}+ \cdots +{\rho }_{H}{\mathrm{{HRU}}}^{H}$
${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{HC}}}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\left\lceil \frac{{I}_{\mathrm{m}}}{{S}_{0}}\right\rceil &{I}_{\mathrm{m}}> {I}_{\text{limit }}\\ 0 &{I}_{\mathrm{m}}< {I}_{\text{limit }}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\rho }_{1},{\rho }_{2},\cdots,{\rho }_{H}$ 为指标权重;${I}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为待补偿电流的有效值;${I}_{\text{limit }}$ 为允许投入 APF 的电流的最小补偿容量;Гр为向上取整运算。
对于无功问题, 额外地加入节点电压的超限惩罚, 定义为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{{OV}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in \Omega }}\delta {\left(\frac{\Delta {\mathrm{{OV}}}_{i}}{{V}_{\max }- {V}_{\min }}\right)}^{2}\\\Delta {\mathrm{{OV}}}_{i}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{V}_{i}- {V}_{\min }& {V}_{i}< {V}_{\min }\\ 0 &{V}_{\min }\leq {V}_{i}\leq {V}_{\max }\\{V}_{i}- {V}_{\min }& {V}_{i}> {V}_{\min }\end{array}\right.\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\delta$ 为超限惩罚系数;${V}_{\max }$${V}_{\min }$ 分别为电压有效值的最大值和最小值,分别取$1 \pm 7\%;{V}_{i}$ 为节点$i$ 的电压有效值的标幺值;$\Omega$ 为节点集合。需要注意的是, 此处对目标函数的定义与电能质量评估体系中的定义有所不同, OV 是为了在优化算法运算中提升收敛速度所引入的附加环节, 只在算法中出现, 其本质与电能质量评估体系中的电压偏差指标是一致的, 不影响算法结束后电能质量评估体系对整理治理效果的评价。
反映无功治理效果的目标函数${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{QE}}}$ 与反映无功治理设备投入成本的目标函数${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{QC}}}$ 分别表示为
${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{QE}}}= {\lambda }_{1}{P}_{\text{loss }}+ {\lambda }_{2}{\Delta V}+ {\lambda }_{3}\mathrm{{OV}}+ {\lambda }_{4}\theta $
${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{QC}}}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}\frac{{Q}_{m\mathrm{C}}}{{Q}_{m0}}& {Q}_{m\mathrm{C}}> {Q}_{\text{limit }}\\ 0 &{Q}_{m\mathrm{C}}< {Q}_{\text{limit }}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\lambda }_{1}\text{、}{\lambda }_{2}\text{、}{\lambda }_{3}\text{、}{\lambda }_{4}$ 为权重系数;$\theta$ 为各节点平均功率因数角;${Q}_{m0}$${Q}_{m\mathrm{C}}$ 分别为节点$m$ 智能电容器的额定容量和待补偿无功容量;${Q}_{\text{limit }}$ 为最小允许补偿无功容量。
对于三相不平衡问题, 由于换相开关的切换损耗器件的使用寿命, 要求开关动作尽可能少, 由此作为反映三相不平衡运行成本的依据。反映三相不平衡治理效果与治理设备投入成本的目标函数${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{IE}}}$${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}$ 分别为
${\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{IE}}}= \sqrt{\frac{1}{M}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}{\mathrm{{IB}}}_{m}^{2}}$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{IC}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{m = 1}}^{M}{D}_{m}\\{D}_{m}= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 0 &\text{ 未换相 }\\ 1 &\text{ 换相 }\end{array}\right.\end{array}\right.$
式中:${\mathrm{{IB}}}_{m}$ 为节点$m$ 的三相不平衡度;${D}_{m}$ 为节点$m$ 的开关动作状态。
以上参数都经过归一化处理, 此外, 依据国标规定,电压谐波畸变率、各次谐波含量以及无功问题的约束条件为
$\begin{array}{l}\left\{\begin{array}{lll}{\mathrm{{THD}}}_{\mathrm{u}}\leq 4\%& {\mathrm{{HRU}}}^{\left( 2k + 1\right)} \leq 4\%& k = 0,1,\cdots \\{\mathrm{{HRU}}}^{\left( 2k\right)} \leq 2\%& k = 0,1,\cdots &\end{array}\right.\\{V}_{\min }< {V}_{\mathrm{m}}< {V}_{\max }\\{\mathrm{{PF}}}_{\min }< \cos {\varphi }_{m}< {\mathrm{{PF}}}_{\max }\\{Q}_{\min }< {Q}_{\min }< {Q}_{\min }\end{array}$
式中:$\cos {\varphi }_{m}$ 为节点$m$ 的功率因数;${\mathrm{{PF}}}_{\max }$${\mathrm{{PF}}}_{\min }$ 为节点允许功率因数波动的上、下限值;${Q}_{\max }$ 为配电网络所安装的智能电容器可投入无功补偿量的上限值。由于智能电容器为有极补偿装置,${Q}_{m\mathrm{C}}$ 为离散变量。
相较于其他多目标智能算法如 NSGA-II 算法等, 多目标粒子群算法收敛速度更快, 运算时间短[13-14]。采用多目标粒子群算法求解优化配置方案的流程如图3 所示。
根据图3 可知, 为实现多目标粒子群算法, 需明确算法中的粒子位置、适应度函数、速度以及迭代关系,其中,粒子位置$X$ 根据谐波、无功、三相不平衡三类电能质量问题可分为${X}_{\text{Hamonic }}$${X}_{Q}$${X}_{\text{Imbalance }}$ 三部分, 定义为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} X =\left\{{{X}_{\text{Harmonic }},{X}_{Q},{X}_{\text{Imbalance }}}\right\}\\{X}_{\text{Harmonic }}= \left\{{{I}^{2},{I}^{3},\cdots,{I}^{h},\cdots,{I}^{H}}\right\}\\{X}_{Q}= \left\{{{Q}_{C1},\cdots,{Q}_{Cm},\cdots,{Q}_{CM}}\right\}\\{X}_{\text{Imble-loop }}= \left\{{{K}_{11},\cdots,{K}_{m1},\cdots,{K}_{MN}}\right\}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${Q}_{Cm}$ 为节点$m$ 的无功设备出力;${K}_{mn}$ 为节点$m$ 上第$n$ 个负载的开关相序;${I}^{h}$ 为各个节点的三相补偿电流, 定义为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{I}^{h}= \left\{{{I}_{1}^{h},{I}_{2}^{h},\cdots,{I}_{m}^{h},\cdots,{I}_{M}^{h}}\right\}\\{I}_{m}^{h}= \left\{{{I}_{\mathrm{{ma}}}^{h},{I}_{\mathrm{{mb}}}^{h},{I}_{\mathrm{{mc}}}^{h}}\right\}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${I}_{m}^{h}$ 为节点$m$ 的第$h$ 次三相补偿电流;${I}_{\mathrm{{ma}}}^{h}\text{、}{I}_{\mathrm{{mb}}}^{h}$${I}_{\mathrm{{mc}}}^{h}$ 分别为节点$m$ 的第$h$$\mathrm{a}$$\mathrm{\;b}$$\mathrm{c}$ 相谐波电流。
将第 2 节建立的目标函数设置为适应度函数${F}_{1}\sim {F}_{6}$,分别为:${F}_{1}= {\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{HE}}},{F}_{2}= {\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{HC}}},{F}_{3}= {\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{QE}}},{F}_{4}= {\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{QC}}}$,${F}_{5}= {\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{IE}}},{F}_{6}= {\mathrm{{OF}}}_{\mathrm{{IC}}\circ }$
定义 6 项目标函数的位置与速度的综合迭代关系为
$\left\{\begin{matrix}{V}_{n}^{d + 1}= \omega {V}_{n}^{d}+ {c}_{1}\operatorname{rdm}\left({{P}_{\mathrm{b}n}^{d}- {X}_{n}^{d}}\right)+ {c}_{2}\operatorname{rdm}\left({{F}_{1\mathrm{\;b}}^{d}- {X}_{n}^{d}}\right)+ \\{c}_{2}\operatorname{rdm}\left({{F}_{2\mathrm{\;b}}^{d}- {X}_{n}^{d}}\right)+ {c}_{2}\operatorname{rdm}\left({{F}_{3\mathrm{\;b}}^{d}- {X}_{n}^{d}}\right)+ \\{c}_{2}\operatorname{rdm}\left({{F}_{4\mathrm{\;b}}^{d}- {X}_{n}^{d}}\right)+ {c}_{2}\operatorname{rdm}\left({{F}_{5\mathrm{\;b}}^{d}- {X}_{n}^{d}}\right)+ \\{c}_{2}\operatorname{rdm}\left({{F}_{6\mathrm{\;b}}^{d}- {X}_{n}^{d}}\right)\\{X}_{n}^{d + 1}= {X}_{n}^{d}+ {X}_{n}^{d + 1}\end{matrix}\right.$
(21)式中:$\omega$ 为惯性系数;${V}_{n}^{d}$${X}_{n}^{d}$ 分别为算法在第$d$ 次迭代运算时种群中第$n$ 个拟定解的速度和位置;$\mathrm{{rdm}}$ 为生成$0 \sim 1$ 之间随机数的函数;${c}_{1}\text{、}{c}_{2}$ 为常数;${P}_{\mathrm{b}m}^{d}$ 为第$d$ 次迭代时第$m$ 个粒子的历史最优拟定解;${F}_{ib}^{d}$ 为到第$d$ 次迭代为止的所有现存粒子与历史粒子中使第$i$ 个目标函数最优的拟定解。
当迭代次数达到设定次数后,算法迭代停止, 当满足
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left|\right|{F}_{\text{lbest }}^{k}- {F}_{\text{lbst }}^{k - t}\left|\right|< {\delta }_{1}\\\left|\right|{F}_{\text{2bst }}^{k}- {F}_{\text{2bst }}^{k - t}\left|\right|< {\delta }_{2}\\\left|\right|{F}_{\text{3bst }}^{k}- {F}_{\text{3bst }}^{k - t}\left|\right|< {\delta }_{3}\\\left|\right|{F}_{\text{4bst }}^{k}- {F}_{\text{4rst }}^{k - t}\left|\right|< {\delta }_{4}\\\left|\right|{F}_{\text{5bst }}^{k}- {F}_{\text{5bst }}^{k - t}\left|\right|< {\delta }_{5}\\\left|\right|{F}_{\text{5s }}^{k}- {F}_{\text{5s }}^{k - t}\left|\right|< {\delta }_{5}\end{array}\right.$
时,同样算法停止迭代并输出结果。式(22)中,$t$${\delta }_{1}$${\delta }_{2}$${\delta }_{3}$${\delta }_{4}$${\delta }_{5}$${\delta }_{6}$ 为常数。
通过以上步骤, 代入算法中得到一组非劣解集, 基于满足电能质量补偿效果的前提下投入容量最小的原则, 在数个可行解中, 选择满足电能质量指标要求且容量相对最小的解为最终得出的电能质量治理设备优化补偿策略。
为验证多目标粒子群算法的有效性, 本文搭建了改进的 IEEE-18 节点系统仿真模型, 如图4 所示,电压等级为${10}\mathrm{{kV}}$
图4 中, 系统线路参数见文献[15], 用晶闸管模拟非线性负载, 用电阻模拟三相不平衡及无功负载, 由 5 个负荷与接入相序不一的负载构成。相较于原有的 IEEE-18 节点系统,改进的配电网系统在不影响原系统拓扑逻辑的前提下对系统进行调整, 铺设电缆和架空线模拟城市与农村不同的区域情况, 并使节点平均分布在两区域内。表2 为治理设备配置前的电网部分节点电能质量指标。
表2 数据代入式 (9), 得到治理前电能质量评估指标$A ={0.7238}$。又由式 (10) 可知,此时电网电能质量不满足国标限值。
将配置前的数据代入多目标粒子群算法求解, 设定粒子数$N ={150}$,迭代次数$D ={100}$,多目标粒子群算法的速度、位置、迭代关系依据第 3 节进行配置, 依照图3 的步骤多次迭代后, 输出对应每一种电能质量问题的 Pareto 最前沿,如图5 所示。图中, 纵坐标为对应电能质量治理设备的成本投入, 由算法反映投入成本的适应度函数计算得到; 横坐标为反映 3 类电能质量问题的治理效果, 由算法反映治理效果的适应度函数计算后归一化处理得到。解集分布呈负相关, 体现了投入成本与治理效果的矛盾关系, 其中, 可行解为从算法支配解集中提取出的粒子, 满足算法 6 项目标函数适应度综合较小的要求, 不可行解为无法满足目标函数要求或只满足部分目标函数要求的淘汰粒子。每个粒子代表了一种治理方案,最终方案在可行解集中选择。
提取每次迭代后支配解集中综合评估指标$A$ 最小的粒子,可得迭代收敛曲线如图6 所示,其中指标$A$ 可根据式 (9) 在程序中计算获取。由图可见,当迭代次数达到 50 以上时, 收敛曲线已趋于平稳, 此时提升迭代次数对收敛效果的提升不再明显。
根据得到的非劣解集,通过 SEABODE 法[15],依据电能质量综合评估体系与投入成本, 从算法得到的非劣解集中选取合适的解, 配置方案如表3 所示, 其中, 未接入治理设备的位置为空, 负载开关相序的数字 1、2、3 分别对应表示该节点上各个负载所接的相序$\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$$\mathrm{C}$
配置后的电网部分节点电能质量指标如表4 所示。提取此时的数据代入式(9)可得, 此时电能质量综合评估指标$A ={0.4231}$。采用传统点对点配置方案以及 NSGA-Ⅱ 遗传算法对该电网络的治理设备进行配置, 3 种方法的对比如表5 所示。
同样地,设定迭代次数$D ={50}$,将 NSGA-Ⅱ 遗传算法与多目标粒子群算法的收敛速度进行对比, 结果如图7 所示。
表5 可知, 传统点对点配置的治理效果最好, 由于方法简单易实现, 运算速度也最快, 但相应的投入成本也最多;NSGA-Ⅱ 遗传算法和多目标粒子群算法所得配置策略在电能质量达标的基础上投入成本更少。
图7 可见, NSGA-Ⅱ算法在迭代达到 50 次时, 其收敛曲线由于遗传突变操作的影响仍然呈现出波动的趋势, 没有完全收敛; 而多目标粒子群算法相较于遗传算法收敛速度更快, 此时收敛曲线已趋于稳定。
本文对配电网络的电能质量治理设备进行综合优化配置, 采用层次化熵权法对治理效果进行评价,建立了基于电能质量治理效果和投入成本的目标函数, 给出了基于多目标粒子群算法的治理设备优化配置策略。该优化配置策略综合考虑了电能质量治理效果与投入成本, 在保证电能质量需求的基础上相较于传统配置策略有效地节约了成本, 且兼具良好的电能质量治理能力, 同时其运算在收敛速度上也有较好的表现。通过搭建改进的 IEEE-18 节点系统仿真模型, 对所提电能质量治理设备优化配置策略进行了仿真验证。优化配置后配电网络的电能质量整体水平得到了显著提高, 验证了本文所提配置策略的有效性。同时, 通过与传统配置策略以及 NSGA-Ⅱ算法配置策略的对比, 验证了方案的经济性和良好的收敛速度。
  • 国家电网有限公司总部科技项目“配电台区电能质量智能化感知与提升关键技术研究”(520600200039)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.336
  • 接收时间:2022-01-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2022-01-12
  • 修回日期:2022-04-25
  • 录用日期:2022-04-26
基金
Science and Technology Project of State Grid "Research on Key Technology of Intelligent Power Quality Perception and Improvement in Distribution Area"(520600200039)
国家电网有限公司总部科技项目“配电台区电能质量智能化感知与提升关键技术研究”(520600200039)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学 电气与动力工程学院 徐州市 221008
    2 国网上海能源互联网研究院有限公司 上海市 201213
    3 河南理工大学 电气学院 焦作市 450001
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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