Article(id=1154038485360042741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.316, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1631548800000, receivedDateStr=2021-09-14, revisedDate=1635177600000, revisedDateStr=2021-10-26, acceptedDate=1636300800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-11-08, onlineDate=1753073815908, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815908, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815908, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815908, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=316, endPage=327, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038486156960503, articleId=1154038485360042741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Key Technology and Economic Mode of HVDC Remote Supply in 5G Base Station Scenario, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Compared with 4G communication, 5G communication uses key technologies such as large-scale antennas, ultra-dense networking, and high-frequency communication to greatly improve its performance, resulting in increased power consumption of single 5G base stations and multiple sites. As a result, the power supply requirements are also changed. At present, there are two kinds of power supply forms which can meet the new power supply requirements, i.e., near supply and HVDC remote supply. Aimed at the HVDC remote supply, the power supply architecture and key technology are sorted out, and a feasible operation mode is proposed by comprehensively considering the operating investment cost in the economic mode of peak-shaving and valley-filling, the busy and idle periods of 5G base station service load, and the peak-valley time-of-use electricity price. On the basis of the construction which has already been invested under the HVDC remote supply scheme, the investment cost is small, and the economic benefit is obtained by using the time-of-use electricity price difference between peak and valley periods, thus reducing the power consumption cost of base stations to a certain degree. Finally, the development of 5G base station power supply is forecasted, providing reference for the research or design of its power supply.

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与4G通讯相比,5G通讯采用大规模天线、超密集组网和高频通讯等关键技术使性能大幅提升,但也使5G 单个基站功耗增加,站点数倍增,因此供电需求发生变化。目前有就近供电及高压直流远供两类供电形式可满足新的供电需求。针对高压直流远供,梳理了供电架构与关键技术,并综合考量削峰填谷经济模式运行投资成本、5G基站业务负荷忙闲时段、峰谷分时电价,提出一种可行的工作模式。该工作模式在高压直流远供方案已投资建设的基础上,投资成本小,并利用峰谷分时电价差获得经济效益,一定程度上缓解基站用电成本高的现状。最后对5G基站供电的发展进行展望,为研究或设计其供电提供参考。

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周京华(1974-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:大功率变流技术。E-mail:zjh@ncut.edu.cn。

孟祥飞(1998-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:990202341@qq.com。

陈亚爱(1961-),女,中国电源学会高级会员,硕士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、新能源发电控制技术。E-mail:cya@ncut.edu.cn。

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周京华(1974-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:大功率变流技术。E-mail:zjh@ncut.edu.cn。

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周京华(1974-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:大功率变流技术。E-mail:zjh@ncut.edu.cn。

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孟祥飞(1998-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:990202341@qq.com。

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孟祥飞(1998-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:990202341@qq.com。

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陈亚爱(1961-),女,中国电源学会高级会员,硕士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、新能源发电控制技术。E-mail:cya@ncut.edu.cn。

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陈亚爱(1961-),女,中国电源学会高级会员,硕士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、新能源发电控制技术。E-mail:cya@ncut.edu.cn。

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[S]. 2012., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154038649588016127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=53, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YD/T 2344.1-2011, Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery for Communication Part 1: Integrated Battery PackWu Jingwen, Dong Wen, et al. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. [S]. 2012. (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154038649676095488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.tower.com.cn/default/main/index/noticedetail.jsp?_operation =notice&_purchaseNoticeType = 4&_results NoticeType, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=磷酸铁锂蓄电池组(集成式)技术要求及检测规范第1部分:备电[EB/OL]. 2019-12-26)[2021-08-22]., articleTitle=磷酸铁锂蓄电池组(集成式)技术要求及检测规范第1部分:备电, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154038649780953091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.tower.com.cn/default/main/index/noticedetail.jsp?_operation =notice&_purchaseNoticeType =4&_re-sultsNoticeType, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Technical requirements and testing specifications of Ferrous lithium phosphate battery pack (integrated) part 1:standby power[EB/OL]. 2019-12-26)[2021-08-22]. in Chinese)., articleTitle=Technical requirements and testing specifications of Ferrous lithium phosphate battery pack (integrated) part 1:standby power, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154038645402100627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, awardId=IDHT20180502, language=EN, fundingSource=Beijing High Level Innovation Team Construction Plan(IDHT20180502), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038645490181014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, awardId=IDHT20180502, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市高水平创新团队建设计划资助项目(IDHT20180502), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154038637009298110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038637013492415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, companyId=1154038637009298110, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Inverter Technology Engineering Research Center of Beijing North China University of Technology Beijing 100144 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038637017686720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, companyId=1154038637009298110, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北方工业大学 北京市变频技术工程技术研究中心 北京 100144)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154038642201846583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Architecture of 5G base station network, figureFileSmall=uD4qSECZt23vNkcmDKDzmw==, figureFileBig=iF619LCQqHJ1gQib+EHqNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642289926969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图1, caption=5G 基站网络构架, figureFileSmall=uD4qSECZt23vNkcmDKDzmw==, figureFileBig=iF619LCQqHJ1gQib+EHqNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642361230138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Histogram of power consumption by 5G equipment, figureFileSmall=lDcS66KmLX7+gpxVsDkVIg==, figureFileBig=0qXMa0KVAC9oOxviNbvLFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642415756091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图2, caption=5G 设备功耗柱状图, figureFileSmall=lDcS66KmLX7+gpxVsDkVIg==, figureFileBig=0qXMa0KVAC9oOxviNbvLFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642491253565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Line chart of power consumption by $5\mathrm{G}$ equipment at different service load rates (equipment with${4.8}\mathrm{{GHz}}$ bandwidth), figureFileSmall=afpT4uctCmZmUhJx/x0xSw==, figureFileBig=Uw1pNdHBjwvX0/baZi8edQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642545779519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图3, caption=5G 设备不同业务负荷率功耗折线图(4.8$\mathrm{{GHz}}$ 频宽设备), figureFileSmall=afpT4uctCmZmUhJx/x0xSw==, figureFileBig=Uw1pNdHBjwvX0/baZi8edQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642596111169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Scheme I for expanding traditional switching power supply, figureFileSmall=woEO5H41LWaCutejh7IugA==, figureFileBig=JD+bomUCR8bhoFwJgdFa+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642646442819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图4, caption=扩建传统开关电源供电方案 I, figureFileSmall=woEO5H41LWaCutejh7IugA==, figureFileBig=JD+bomUCR8bhoFwJgdFa+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642700968773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Scheme II for expanding traditional switching power supply, figureFileSmall=dp2R68Eyyekb+AU6TDtD1g==, figureFileBig=6soxevc88NdSUbwqnYipKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642763883335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图5, caption=扩建传统开关电源供电方案 II, figureFileSmall=dp2R68Eyyekb+AU6TDtD1g==, figureFileBig=6soxevc88NdSUbwqnYipKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642814214985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Scheme III for expanding traditional switching power supply, figureFileSmall=1xqwECsh70mHDtB9GqfNoA==, figureFileBig=WzifgVJqNQFLb0YY1BtYpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642877129547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图6, caption=扩建传统开关电源供电方案III, figureFileSmall=1xqwECsh70mHDtB9GqfNoA==, figureFileBig=WzifgVJqNQFLb0YY1BtYpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038642935849805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Scheme IV for expanding traditional switching power supply, figureFileSmall=B1NLZLjUlpIoZAbhXnfVzQ==, figureFileBig=yAxsSDxlcJ7wgONaIu33LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643040707407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图7, caption=扩建传统开关电源供电方案IV, figureFileSmall=B1NLZLjUlpIoZAbhXnfVzQ==, figureFileBig=yAxsSDxlcJ7wgONaIu33LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643091039056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Scheme I of distributed power supply, figureFileSmall=QtZdTmwPPDBMoBaQmZH+Rg==, figureFileBig=hQEfOGmVcBwIx9TTHB9OPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643141370705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图8, caption=分布式供电方案 I, figureFileSmall=QtZdTmwPPDBMoBaQmZH+Rg==, figureFileBig=hQEfOGmVcBwIx9TTHB9OPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643200090962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Scheme II of distributed power supply, figureFileSmall=FcFR1cWev9nPIIGkYvwjMQ==, figureFileBig=cqpZ+OFepjHzpzRV+VPppw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643258811220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图9, caption=分布式供电方案 II, figureFileSmall=FcFR1cWev9nPIIGkYvwjMQ==, figureFileBig=cqpZ+OFepjHzpzRV+VPppw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643321725781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Scheme I of HVDC remote supply, figureFileSmall=LyXGfwvB6qQZciyLelvB8Q==, figureFileBig=6lcBIEl5H73GuiiUcGg2Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643376251735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图10, caption=高压直流远供方案 I, figureFileSmall=LyXGfwvB6qQZciyLelvB8Q==, figureFileBig=6lcBIEl5H73GuiiUcGg2Qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643485303640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Scheme II of HVDC remote supply, figureFileSmall=VjCfihpVD2bkra0EN0flyw==, figureFileBig=qJ/f2DveXhYr/Z8cdf9rlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643531440986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图11, caption=高压直流远供方案 II, figureFileSmall=VjCfihpVD2bkra0EN0flyw==, figureFileBig=qJ/f2DveXhYr/Z8cdf9rlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643585966941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Circuit with phase shifted full-bridge topology, figureFileSmall=JaAObpHYkOrx0ZYgSwv71w==, figureFileBig=tAyVmj5K7C9r8SvnOdpTbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643636298592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图12, caption=移相全桥拓扑电路, figureFileSmall=JaAObpHYkOrx0ZYgSwv71w==, figureFileBig=tAyVmj5K7C9r8SvnOdpTbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643732767587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Circuit with LLC topology, figureFileSmall=+xp2J5nSkr+PoR+0RT9FIg==, figureFileBig=w7LtLKruRLQa5eA5uvMysw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643795682149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图13, caption=LLC 拓扑电路, figureFileSmall=+xp2J5nSkr+PoR+0RT9FIg==, figureFileBig=w7LtLKruRLQa5eA5uvMysw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643854402407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Curves of $4\mathrm{\;G}$ base station during busy and, figureFileSmall=YANMmLfENO2zupQGTn66/A==, figureFileBig=X86ptbGdu+EdTXohiu7N2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038643942482794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图14, caption=4G 基站业务忙闲时段曲线, figureFileSmall=YANMmLfENO2zupQGTn66/A==, figureFileBig=X86ptbGdu+EdTXohiu7N2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038644009591660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Peak-valley time-of-use electricity price curve for non-residents in Beijing, figureFileSmall=UPHbZjG4c21OpqVmEgbjZQ==, figureFileBig=BsL25MTT4JFPLUrDHemh1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038644064117614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=图15, caption=北京市非居民峰谷分时电价曲线, figureFileSmall=UPHbZjG4c21OpqVmEgbjZQ==, figureFileBig=BsL25MTT4JFPLUrDHemh1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038644139615090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Standards for setting up zoned base stations, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 区域基站设置总体要求
中心城区 站间距 240~300 m(约 14~20 座/km²)
新城 站间距${300}\sim {350}\mathrm{\;m}$ (约${10}\sim {14}$$/{\mathrm{{km}}}^{2}$ )
乡镇中心区 站间距${400}\sim {500}\mathrm{\;m}$ (约$5 \sim 8$$/{\mathrm{{km}}}^{2}$ )
其他区域 站间距${1000}\sim {1200}\mathrm{\;m}$ (约1座$/{\mathrm{{km}}}^{2}$ )
), ArticleFig(id=1154038644236084087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=表1, caption=分区基站设置标准, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区域 区域基站设置总体要求
中心城区 站间距 240~300 m(约 14~20 座/km²)
新城 站间距${300}\sim {350}\mathrm{\;m}$ (约${10}\sim {14}$$/{\mathrm{{km}}}^{2}$ )
乡镇中心区 站间距${400}\sim {500}\mathrm{\;m}$ (约$5 \sim 8$$/{\mathrm{{km}}}^{2}$ )
其他区域 站间距${1000}\sim {1200}\mathrm{\;m}$ (约1座$/{\mathrm{{km}}}^{2}$ )
), ArticleFig(id=1154038644294804346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Standards for setting up base stations for important traffic linear projects (m), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
道路分类 中心城区 新城 乡镇 其他区域
快速/高速路 300~350 300~400 400~500 600~800
主干路 300~350 300~400 400~500 700~1000
次干路 300~35 300~400 400~500 700~1000
), ArticleFig(id=1154038644374496125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=表2, caption=重要交通线性工程基站设置标准, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
道路分类 中心城区 新城 乡镇 其他区域
快速/高速路 300~350 300~400 400~500 600~800
主干路 300~350 300~400 400~500 700~1000
次干路 300~35 300~400 400~500 700~1000
), ArticleFig(id=1154038644437410688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Power consumption by $5\mathrm{G}$ equipment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主流设备 典型功耗/W
BBU AAU 单系统
华为 500 1000 3500
中兴 315 980 3255
大唐 800 1380 4940
4G 约 250 约 350 1350
), ArticleFig(id=1154038644508713858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=表3, caption=5G 设备功耗, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主流设备 典型功耗/W
BBU AAU 单系统
华为 500 1000 3500
中兴 315 980 3255
大唐 800 1380 4940
4G 约 250 约 350 1350
), ArticleFig(id=1154038644559045508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Power consumption by$5\mathrm{\;G}$ equipment under different service loads (equipment with${4.8}\mathrm{{GHz}}$ bandwidth), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
业务负荷 率(%) AAU 平均功耗/W BBU 平均功耗/W
中兴 华为 中兴 华为
100 1127.28 1175.4 293.012 325.8
50 892.32 956.8 293.012 325.8
30 762.43 856.9 292.537 319.0
20 733.92 797.5 293.233 319.0
10 699.36 738.6 293.416 319.0
空载 633.00 663.0 293.568 330.0
), ArticleFig(id=1154038644655514502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=表4, caption=$\mathrm{{5G}}$ 设备不同业务负荷功耗(${4.8}\mathrm{{GHz}}$ 频宽设备), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
业务负荷 率(%) AAU 平均功耗/W BBU 平均功耗/W
中兴 华为 中兴 华为
100 1127.28 1175.4 293.012 325.8
50 892.32 956.8 293.012 325.8
30 762.43 856.9 292.537 319.0
20 733.92 797.5 293.233 319.0
10 699.36 738.6 293.416 319.0
空载 633.00 663.0 293.568 330.0
), ArticleFig(id=1154038644714234761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Comparison among different power supply schemes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 适用场景 优点 缺点
扩建传统 供电设备 方案 I ~ IV 具备传统供电 设备,取电点距 离通讯设备近 利用传统设备, 结构简单,电能 变化次数少 供电距离受 限,不能超过 百米范围
分布式电 源供电方 案 I、II 市电取电便捷 且距离通讯设 备近 效率高, 结构 简单 开户数量大, 供电距离小 于百米
高压直流 远供方案 I . II 基站与取电点 远,基站附近无 法供电 实现远距离供 电,可集中供电、 集中备电、集中 管理 电能变换次 数多,结构复 杂, 成本高
), ArticleFig(id=1154038644793926538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=表5, caption=各种供电方案对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 适用场景 优点 缺点
扩建传统 供电设备 方案 I ~ IV 具备传统供电 设备,取电点距 离通讯设备近 利用传统设备, 结构简单,电能 变化次数少 供电距离受 限,不能超过 百米范围
分布式电 源供电方 案 I、II 市电取电便捷 且距离通讯设 备近 效率高, 结构 简单 开户数量大, 供电距离小 于百米
高压直流 远供方案 I . II 基站与取电点 远,基站附近无 法供电 实现远距离供 电,可集中供电、 集中备电、集中 管理 电能变换次 数多,结构复 杂, 成本高
), ArticleFig(id=1154038644911367051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Tab. 6, caption=Operation mode 1, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 电池充放状态 电价分时 基站业务负荷率
18:00~21:00 放电 高峰 ≥75%
23:00~02:00 充电 低谷
其他 空闲
), ArticleFig(id=1154038645007836044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=表6, caption=工作模式 1, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 电池充放状态 电价分时 基站业务负荷率
18:00~21:00 放电 高峰 ≥75%
23:00~02:00 充电 低谷
其他 空闲
), ArticleFig(id=1154038645079139213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Tab. 7, caption=Operation mode 2, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 电池充放状态 电价分时 基站业务负荷率
10:00~12:00 放电 高峰 ≥75%
14:00~15:00 放电 高峰 $\geq {75}\%$
15:00~18:00 充电 平段 ≥75%
18:00~21:00 放电 高峰 ≥75%
23:00~02:00 充电 低谷
其他 空闲
), ArticleFig(id=1154038645142053774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=表7, caption=工作模式 2, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 电池充放状态 电价分时 基站业务负荷率
10:00~12:00 放电 高峰 ≥75%
14:00~15:00 放电 高峰 $\geq {75}\%$
15:00~18:00 充电 平段 ≥75%
18:00~21:00 放电 高峰 ≥75%
23:00~02:00 充电 低谷
其他 空闲
), ArticleFig(id=1154038645213356943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=EN, label=Tab. 8, caption=Economic income for peak-shaving and valley-filling, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工作模式 周期/ 年 净利润/万元 年均 利润/万元 结论
新电池工 作模式 1 8 12.39 1.55 获利
新电池工 作模式 2 8 12.23 1.53 获利
梯次电池 工作模式 1 6 8.74 1.45 获利
梯次电池 工作模式 2 3.99 (0 元回收) 0.665 获利
1.87 (0.2/Wh 元回收) 0.312 获利
6 $-{0.24}\left({{0.4}/\mathrm{{Wh}}\text{ 元回收 }}\right)$ -0.040 不获利
-2.36(0.6/Wh 元回收) -0.393 不获利
), ArticleFig(id=1154038645284660112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038485360042741, language=CN, label=表8, caption=削峰填谷经济收益, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工作模式 周期/ 年 净利润/万元 年均 利润/万元 结论
新电池工 作模式 1 8 12.39 1.55 获利
新电池工 作模式 2 8 12.23 1.53 获利
梯次电池 工作模式 1 6 8.74 1.45 获利
梯次电池 工作模式 2 3.99 (0 元回收) 0.665 获利
1.87 (0.2/Wh 元回收) 0.312 获利
6 $-{0.24}\left({{0.4}/\mathrm{{Wh}}\text{ 元回收 }}\right)$ -0.040 不获利
-2.36(0.6/Wh 元回收) -0.393 不获利
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5G 基站场景下的高压直流远供关键技术与经济模式
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周京华 , 孟祥飞 , 陈亚爱
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(2): 316-327
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(2): 316-327
5G 基站场景下的高压直流远供关键技术与经济模式
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周京华 , 孟祥飞 , 陈亚爱
作者信息
  • 北方工业大学 北京市变频技术工程技术研究中心 北京 100144
  • 周京华(1974-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:大功率变流技术。E-mail:zjh@ncut.edu.cn。

    孟祥飞(1998-),男,中国电源学会会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:990202341@qq.com。

    陈亚爱(1961-),女,中国电源学会高级会员,硕士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、新能源发电控制技术。E-mail:cya@ncut.edu.cn。

Key Technology and Economic Mode of HVDC Remote Supply in 5G Base Station Scenario
Jinghua ZHOU , Xiangfei MENG , Ya'ai CHEN
Affiliations
  • Inverter Technology Engineering Research Center of Beijing North China University of Technology Beijing 100144 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.316
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与4G通讯相比,5G通讯采用大规模天线、超密集组网和高频通讯等关键技术使性能大幅提升,但也使5G 单个基站功耗增加,站点数倍增,因此供电需求发生变化。目前有就近供电及高压直流远供两类供电形式可满足新的供电需求。针对高压直流远供,梳理了供电架构与关键技术,并综合考量削峰填谷经济模式运行投资成本、5G基站业务负荷忙闲时段、峰谷分时电价,提出一种可行的工作模式。该工作模式在高压直流远供方案已投资建设的基础上,投资成本小,并利用峰谷分时电价差获得经济效益,一定程度上缓解基站用电成本高的现状。最后对5G基站供电的发展进行展望,为研究或设计其供电提供参考。

5G基站  /  高压直流远供  /  关键技术  /  经济模式

Compared with 4G communication, 5G communication uses key technologies such as large-scale antennas, ultra-dense networking, and high-frequency communication to greatly improve its performance, resulting in increased power consumption of single 5G base stations and multiple sites. As a result, the power supply requirements are also changed. At present, there are two kinds of power supply forms which can meet the new power supply requirements, i.e., near supply and HVDC remote supply. Aimed at the HVDC remote supply, the power supply architecture and key technology are sorted out, and a feasible operation mode is proposed by comprehensively considering the operating investment cost in the economic mode of peak-shaving and valley-filling, the busy and idle periods of 5G base station service load, and the peak-valley time-of-use electricity price. On the basis of the construction which has already been invested under the HVDC remote supply scheme, the investment cost is small, and the economic benefit is obtained by using the time-of-use electricity price difference between peak and valley periods, thus reducing the power consumption cost of base stations to a certain degree. Finally, the development of 5G base station power supply is forecasted, providing reference for the research or design of its power supply.

5G base station  /  HVDC remote supply  /  key technology  /  economic mode
周京华, 孟祥飞, 陈亚爱. 5G 基站场景下的高压直流远供关键技术与经济模式. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 316 -327 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.316
Jinghua ZHOU, Xiangfei MENG, Ya'ai CHEN. Key Technology and Economic Mode of HVDC Remote Supply in 5G Base Station Scenario[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 316 -327 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.316
$5\mathrm{G}$ 是第五代移动通讯技术的简称,其采用大规模天线、超密集组网以及高频通讯等关键技术, 可实现万物互联、万物智联。与$3\mathrm{G}$$4\mathrm{G}$ 主要聚焦于“移动宽带”这一应用场景不同,其致力于向用户提供更高的系统容量及更快的无线接入速率[1]$5\mathrm{G}$ 在移动宽带、海量机器通信、高可靠低延时通信方面变革,可实现超高清视频、云办公、智能家居、智能交通、智能制造和自动驾驶等, 将广泛应用于各行各业,2020-2023 年是 5G 建设高峰期。
由于单个$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站系统功耗是$4\mathrm{G}$ 基站的$3 \sim 4$ 倍, 且$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站站点数远大于$4\mathrm{G}$,基于以上两点,$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站整体功耗远远大于$4\mathrm{G}$ 基站。因此,$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站供电需求与$4\mathrm{G}$ 不同,原有基站供电不能满足$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站需求。为应对基站供电新需求, 对基站供电技术的研究十分必要。5G 基站的供电按距离远近可分就近供电和高压直流远供,本文将分析就近供电架构不能远距离供电的原因, 阐述高压直流远供方式能高效可靠地实现远距离供电且具有集中供电、集中管理和集中备电等特点, 在此基础上分析高压直流远供实现高效率及可靠运行的关键技术, 并针对高压直流远供其中的集中备电特点, 对其实现削峰填谷经济模式进行研究。
$5\mathrm{G}$ 网络的核心有高频通讯、超密集组网和大规模天线 (与$4\mathrm{G}$ 网络不同) 3 个部分。$4\mathrm{G}$ 通信使用${20}\mathrm{{MHz}}$ 及以下低频段,$5\mathrm{G}$ 通信使用$3\mathrm{{GHz}}$ (低速通信)和$6\mathrm{{GHz}}$ 以上(高速通信)的高频段,如中国四家 5G 运营商频段分别为:中国广电 702~ 798 MHz、中国移动 2515~2675 MHz 和 4800~ 4900 MHz、中国电信 3400~3500 MHz、中国联通${3500}\sim {3600}\mathrm{{MH}}{\mathrm{z}}^{\left\lbrack 2\right\rbrack }$。使用低频段通信带宽窄、 数据率较小、数据传输慢, 而高频段通信带宽宽、数据率较大、数据传输快。但使用高频段通信信号穿透能力弱、覆盖面积小,为此需要缩小基站间距、密集组网以弥补高频通信缺点。$4\mathrm{G}$ 使用$1 \sim 2$ 支天线, 组成 4 个天线阵列,而 5G 使用${32}\left({4 \times 8}\right)\sim {256}(6 \times$ 16)个天线阵列[3]。大规模天线阵列能提高$5\mathrm{G}$ 系统在数据速率和频谱效率方面的性能, 提高基站容量, 但同时也增加了单个基站功耗, 超密基站建设加大了 5G 网络整体耗能。
$5\mathrm{G}$ 网络是将无线终端的数据先发送到无线基站侧,再由基站发送给核心网设备,最终发送到目的接收端,$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站网络构架如图1 所示,其中通讯设备由传输设备 PTN(packet transport network)、基站处理单元 BBU(base band unit) 及有源天线单元 AAU (active antenna unit) 组成。PTN 实现 5G 网络接入,同$5\mathrm{G}$ 主干网交互;$\mathrm{{BBU}}$ 实现$5\mathrm{G}$ 基带信号的解调和调制; AAU 需要相对机房要拉远, 实现射频信号的接受与发送。
$5\mathrm{G}$ 移动通讯因载波频率提高,电磁波衰减变大,导致$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站密度比$4\mathrm{G}$ 大,基站间从千米级压缩到百米级,即 AAU 设备间的距离缩短。根据$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站组网特点, 文献[4]总结了不同城市区域及不同道路通讯设备建设距离, 如表1表2 所示, 基站间的距离主要为${300}\sim {500}\mathrm{\;m}$
5G 基站根据覆盖半径可分为宏基站、微基站、 皮基站及飞基站 4 种。其中, 微基站、皮基站和飞基站用于室内补盲,基站在室内安装取电方便[5];宏基站用于广域 5G 网络覆盖,功耗大,常安装于室外, 其供电难度大, 因此本文只对宏基站供电进行分析[6]$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站负荷有交流和直流,基站机房内的照明负荷及空调负荷属于交流负荷, 由引入机房内的市电对其供电, 而通讯设备属于直流负荷, 需直流供电,本文只对这部分进行研究。AAU、BBU 及 PTN 3 种通讯设备中, PTN 与 BBU 设备紧邻安装且功耗相对较小, 为 BBU 供电时可直接满足 PTN 的供电需求, 因此只针对 AAU 和 BBU 两种设备的供电需求进行研究。文献[5]、[7]和[8]给出了国内主流设备功耗, 如表3 所示, 不同业务负荷下的功耗如表4 所示, 一个宏基站通常采取 1 个 BBU+3 个 AAU 配置, 随着 AAU 设备优化, 一个基站总功耗最大约为${4000}{\mathrm{\;W}}^{\left\lbrack 9\right\rbrack }$。根据表3表4 的数据可以得到图2 所示 5G 设备功耗柱状图及图3 所示 5G 设备不同业务负荷率功耗折线图。由图2 可清晰看出原有$4\mathrm{G}$ 单个系统功耗约${1350}\mathrm{\;W}$,单套$5\mathrm{\;G}$ 系统是$4\mathrm{G}$$3 \sim 4$ 倍;由图3 可分析出$\mathrm{{BBU}}$ 功耗基本不受业务负荷的影响, AAU 功耗受业务负荷影响较大, AAU 设备空载运行时,功率约${650}\mathrm{\;W}$ 左右,到达额定功率${50}\%$ 以上,当 AAU 业务负载率在 0 到 100% 增加时,功率在额定功率的 50%~100%变化。可见,$5\mathrm{G}$ 单套系统与$4\mathrm{G}$ 相比功耗显著增加,$5\mathrm{G}$ 系统内的 AAU 设备功耗随业务负荷增加而变大。
$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站的供电方案按照取电点到远端$\mathrm{{AAU}}$ 设备距离的远近可分为就近供电和高压直流远供两类。就近供电是取电点与$\mathrm{{AAU}}$ 设备近,在百米内, 包括扩建传统 4G 供电设备及分布式供电; 高压直流远供是取电点与$\mathrm{{AAU}}$ 设备远,距离在几百米甚至几千米。
BBU 与 AAU 设备安装距离近且附近具有传统供电设备时,可对基站原有供电设备扩容,扩建传统开关电源供电方案 I 如图4 所示。对容量充足的基站扩容,扩大整流、蓄电池及开关电源容量;容量不充足的设备,更换新设备。对传统供电设备扩容, 最大程度地使用传统设备, 降低建设成本。但开关电源到 AAU 设备为$-{48}\mathrm{\;V}$ 供电系统,线路损耗限制了供电距离, 若 AAU 设备与开关电源两者间距离近适用于此供电方案。
AAU 设备拉远几十米,线路压降大, AAU 设备的输入电压不能使其正常工作[9],可在开关电源与 AAU 设备间增加一级 DC/DC 设备,新增 DC/DC 设备输出电压应高于 AAU 典型工作电压(53.5V),输出电压为可调节动态数值(通常为${57}\sim {72}\mathrm{\;V}$ ),具体输出电压可随开关电源与 AAU 设备距离的变化而变化, 但距离变化有限, 距离拉远几十米以上, 供电效率降低, 线缆粗长, 建设成本增加。扩建传统开关电源供电方案 II 如图5 所示。
传统设备扩容难度大, 并且 AAU 设备距离 BBU 设备拉远${300}\sim {500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 场景,无法对功率需求大的 AAU 设备与 BBU 设备同时供电时, 可保持传统的供电设备不变, 直接利用对 BBU 供电, 在$\mathrm{{AAU}}$ 设备附近引入市电,整流后为$\mathrm{{AAU}}$ 设备供电, AAU 无备电需求的场景可应用此方案。扩建传统开关电源供电方案 III 如图6 所示。
采用扩建传统开关电源供电方案 III 能够充分利用传统供电设备且传统设备无需改动即可满足$\mathrm{{BBU}}$ 设备的功率需求。$\mathrm{{AAU}}$ 设备供电就近取电,电能变换次数少, 供电效率高, 但此方案 AAU 无法备电, 供电稳定性仅取决于市电稳定性, 且引入市电需新开户,新开户数量大,开户费用高[10]
在扩建传统开关电源供电方案 III 架构基础上, 为 AAU 增加电池备电, 提高供电稳定性, 能够实现备电,扩建传统开关电源供电方案IV如图7 所示。 AAU 设备安装于铁塔、灯杆,需要电池体积小、重量轻,常采用刀片电池。整流设备及刀片电池安装分散,管理难度大[11]
新建基站周围无传统供电设备, AAU、BBU 设备相邻安装时,可采用市电整流同时供电; AAU 与$\mathrm{{BBU}}$ 设备不相邻时,可采用两套整流设备分别供电,分布式供电方案 I 如图8 所示。
分布式供电方案 I 就近引电, 投资成本低, 电能转换次数少, 效率高, 但要市电取电便捷, 每个基站自电网取电,新开户数量大,成本高,且 AC/DC 整流设备分散,管理难度大。
在采用分布式供电方案 I 时, 供电稳定性取决于市电运行可靠性, 为满足有备电要求的基站, 可使用刀片电池备电,分布式供电方案 II 如图9 所示。
采用分布式供电方案 II 能实现备电, 但成本提高,电池运行环境差,供电设备分散管理难度大[12]
就近供电具有利旧、结构简单、电能变换次数少的特点。但就近供电具有局限:① 扩建传统供电设备方案中的传统供电设备相较$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站数量少, 且安装位置并不一定适用于$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站,能够被利用的传统供电设备数量有限; ②采用分布式供电, 基站附近市电容量可能不足, 市电增容困难, 对每个 AAU 设备自市电取电进行供电开户数量大、费用高, 运营商难以承受; ③新建基站附近无法就近取电,就近供电方式电压等级低,长距离供电损耗大。 就近供电方式无法突破自身局限性, 大部分基站需要远距离供电, 为减小供电线路的损耗, 可采用高压直流远供方案。
AAU 设备与 BBU 设备相距 300~500 m, BBU 设备集中放置, AAU 设备沿公路线放置或中心向周围辐射状放置, AAU 设备与供电机房距离可达${1500}\mathrm{\;m}$ 或更远。采用高压直流远供方案对 AAU 设备远距离供电时, 在市电容量充裕、空间宽阔的地方集中建设供电机房, 多个 BBU 设备集中放置于机房内,集中对周围 AAU 设备供电[13-14], AAU 与$\mathrm{{BBU}}$ 采用光电复合缆间接连接,数据传输及供电线路一次建设完成。高压直流远供方案 I 如图10 所示。
在高压直流远供中将机房或机柜侧称为局端, AAU 侧称为远端, 局端设备将电压升高到 240~380 V,远端设备将电压降到 AAU 设备工作电压(典型 53.5 V),远端电源对单个 AAU 设备供电时,最大功率按照 AAU 满载设计,需${1200}{\mathrm{\;W}}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$。 1 个局端通常对 3 个远端供电, 但受 AAU 布局的影响, 会出现远端数量不确定的情况, 局端常采用${2000}\mathrm{\;W}$ 电源模块并联方式,满足差异化供电。
在高压直流远供方案$\mathrm{I}$ 的基础上,供电线路功率将逐步增加,原因有: ① 获得$5\mathrm{G}$ 商用运营牌照的有中国联通、中国移动、中国电信和中国广电 4 家公司,随着多家运营商$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站建设,多家运营商共享铁塔、灯杆资源,即一塔或一杆安装多家 AAU 设备或多家运营商 AAU 相邻、相近放置, 多家运营商采用 1 条供电线路[16]; ②部分全向站单扇区容量不足, 即 1 个 AAU 向周围覆盖容量不足, 运行商会采用三扇区架设方式, 1 个 AAU 设备覆盖 1 个 120° 扇区,需架设 3 个 AAU 设备,一杆或一塔 3 个一家运营商设备。以上两点将在同一个空间位置架设多个 AAU 设备, 单条供电线路功率将倍增, 线路损耗随之增大,系统供电效率低。可进一步提高输电线路电压,提高到${500}\sim {700}\mathrm{\;V}$,相较 240$\sim {380}\mathrm{\;V}$ 输电线路进一步降低线路损耗, 且供电距离可拉更远,高压直流远供方案 II 如图11 所示。
高压直流远供方案 II 可为多个 AAU 设备同时供电, 直流远供局端仍采用多个电源模块并联的方式, 满足差异化功率需求, 远端电源额定输出为${4000}\mathrm{\;W}$,能同时满足 3 个$\mathrm{{AAU}}$ 功率需求,输出功率可随 AAU 设备不同业务负荷率的变化而动态调节。
高压直流远供能够突破就近供电方式的局限, 实现不同远距离供电且可同时为多个 AAU 设备供电,骤减了开户数量,局端机房为电池提供了良好的运行环境。但采用高压直流远供出现断电情况时, 将影响一条通讯线路或一个区域通讯, 因此对供电的稳定性要求更高; 另一方面, 高压直流远供方案经过多次电能变换, 整体供电效率不高, 需要对每个电能变换环节优化, 提高供电效率。表5 对各种供电方案进行了对比。
高压直流远供方案给远端基站设备供电需经局端 DC/DC 升压和远端 DC/DC 降压两个电能变换环节,因此供电损耗增加,整体供电效率低。为降低局端、远端变换环节的损耗, 可采用软开关谐振技术, 以降低开关损耗, 提升电能变换效率。又因局端安装于机房或机柜内,远端悬挂安装于灯杆或铁塔上, 空间资源有限, 为了提高开关电源功率密度, 可采用高频控制技术, 减小开关电源体积。基于需要软开关谐振技术、高频控制等因素,局端常采用移相全桥拓扑电路, 远端为 LLC 拓扑电路。
中国铁塔公司制定的通讯电源标准中, 要求局端模块可实现多个并联输出, 适应远端不同功率需求,在负载 50%~100%前提下,效率大于等于 93%[17]。 以图11 高压直流远供方案 II 为例,局端安装于局端机房内或电源柜内,局端模块输入为$-{48}\mathrm{\;V}$ (输入范围为$-{43.2}\sim -{57.6}\mathrm{\;V}{)}^{\left\lbrack {18}\right\rbrack }$,输出为${500}\sim {700}\mathrm{\;V}$ 可调。
局端 DC/DC 设备需高变换比升压、高效率电能变换及宽范围输出。目前大多采用移相全桥拓扑结构, 拓扑结构如图12 所示, 变压器易实现高变换比,并利用谐振电感${L}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 、变压器励磁电感${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 及自身寄生电容串联谐振,形成软开关,实现零电压导通 ZVS(zero voltage switching), 降低开关损耗, 提升电能变换效率。移相全桥采用定频脉冲宽度调制方式, 控制频率高, 控制方式简单且利于提高功率密度[19],通过控制两路驱动信号间的移相角,实现输出电压的调节, 移相角越小输出电压越高, 移相角越大输出电压越低, 通过调节移相角大小实现局端 500~700 V 的宽范围输出。
远端$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 设备与$\mathrm{{AAU}}$ 设备相邻安装,大部分悬挂安装于建筑物墙壁、铁塔、灯杆等位置, 体积和重量不能过大,通常远端设备不大于${10}\mathrm{\;{kg}}$,功率密度高。远端 DC/DC 暴露于自然环境中,机壳需要密封起到防水、防尘效果, 因此需要将电源内热量利用机壳传导到自然环境, 即设备自散热, 机壳不开散热孔, 提高机壳密闭性, 自散热方式的散热能力与机壳表面积、设备内温度和环境温度差有关。 在机壳表面积固定、环境温度不可控的情况下, 设备内温度不能过高,开关电源设备内发热源主要是开关管开关过程发热引起,因此远端$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 设备采用软开关技术, 能有效降低开关损耗引起的发热。经过长距离且距离不等的输电线路,远端设备输入电压在${500}\sim {700}\mathrm{\;V}$ 范围,宽范围输入,输出为${53.5}{\mathrm{\;V}}^{\left\lbrack {17}\right\rbrack }$,高变换比降压。综合考虑远端$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 设备高功率密度、设备自散热、软开关技术、宽范围输入以及高变换比降压等关键因素,远端$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 设备宜采用 LLC 拓扑电路,如图13 所示。
该拓扑是具有变压器的隔离型拓扑结构,通过设计变压器实现高变换比降压,变压器一次侧${L}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为谐振电感${C}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为谐振电容、${L}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为励磁电感,变压器二次侧为整流桥。LLC 拓扑电路使用串联谐振技术, 通过谐振, 为开关管的并联寄生电容形成放电回路, 实现一次侧开关管 ZVS 导通, 同时变压器励磁电感从不参与谐振到参与谐振过程, 变压器二次侧电流输出为 0,实现二次侧整流二极管的零电流关断 ZCS(zero current switching)[19]。变压器一、二次引入软开关技术, 降低了开关管的开关损耗, 减少了开关管的发热, 同时去除风扇散热设备损耗, 提高了效率,在 50%以上负载率时,效率可达 94%以上, 满足企业标准。通过控制开关频率, 调节变换比, 实现宽范围输入电压下, 输出电压稳定, 开关频率为几十到几百千赫兹, 利于实现高功率密度。
$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站总耗电量庞大,高额的电费可能使运营商运营亏损, 因此针对基站供电方案的特点, 推行可行的经济方案,减少运营商运行成本十分必要。
高压直流远供方案中,备电电池容量大,根据铁塔公司与运营商签署的综合服务协议, 普通基站电池容量按无线 3h、传输配置${10}\mathrm{\;h}$ 备电时长配置,通常采用磷酸铁锂电池备电,单套 5G 系统电池容量为${400}{\mathrm{{Ah}}}^{\left\lbrack {11}\right\rbrack }$,按局端机房安装 5 套 5G 系统计算, 局端机房侧电池总容量 2000 Ah。在供电系统正常运行时,大容量的备电电池处于闲置状态, 电池利用率低。文献[5]、[14]和[20]提出采用削峰填谷经济方案,充分使用电池,在电价低谷储能、电价高峰放电,实现削峰填谷,降低 5G 基站用电成本, 但在高压直流远供方案下, 削峰填谷的运行模式设计、成本分析及经济性计算鲜有,本节将进行设计及深入研究。
$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站运行有忙闲时段,由于$5\mathrm{G}$ 业务未完全普及,现假设$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站业务忙闲时段与$4\mathrm{G}$ 基站相同, 以城市道路和商业街区场景为例, 4G 基站业务忙闲时段如图14 所示[7],高业务量集中于 9:00~ 13:00 和 14:00~23:00 两个时段,可以推断 5G 普及后业务集中时段与$4\mathrm{G}$ 类似。以北京市非居民峰谷分时电价为例, 峰谷分时电价曲线如图15 所示[21]。 综合分析图14图15,在$9 :{00}\sim {13}: {00}$ 和 18$:{00}\sim$ 21:00 两个时段, 基站高业务量运行与电价高峰时段重合, 如果在电价低谷时段为电池储能, 在基站高业务量运行时电池放电, 减少高峰重合时段使用电网电量,运行削峰填谷模式,可实现差价收入,减小用电成本[22]
削峰填谷的收益取决于投资成本和工作模式, 工作模式又影响投资成本, 因此需对投资成本深入分析并综合考量后设计工作模式。
削峰填谷经济模式的成本主要包括初始投资成本和运行维护成本。初始投资成本包括变流器成本、电池成本;运维成本是使系统正常运行而对电池和变流器进行的定期与不定期维护、修理。高压直流远供方案为实现削峰填谷模式提供了电池、电池管理系统及为电池充放电双向$\mathrm{{DC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换器设备, 初始投资成本低, 但高压直流远供使用削峰填谷经济模式与不使用相比,电池充放电次数倍增, 充放电深度大,电池容量衰减快,影响电池寿命[23], 通讯系统电池的循环寿命是标称容量降至电池初始额定容量的 70%时, 电池的完整充放电循环次数。高压直流远供方案中,使用新电池备电,设计寿命不应小于 8 年[23] ;梯次电池备电,寿命不小于 6 年[24]。削峰填谷经济方案使电池充放电次数频繁, 当电池寿命达到设计寿命时, 不需要更换电池, 即高压直流远供方案已经提供了初始投资成本, 削峰填谷经济方案无初始投资成本;当电池寿命达不到设计寿命时, 需要更换电池, 相当于削峰填谷经济方案需要初始投资成本, 因此, 是否更换电池决定初始投资成本。电池寿命主要取决于工作温度、充放电倍率和放电深度 3 个方面[25],在局端机房工作温度考虑为${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,充放电倍率、放电深度与运行工作状态相关。为兼顾基站稳定运行及方案运行经济性,电池最大放电深度为 80%。结合表4 不同业务负荷功耗,大于 75%业务负荷率高业务量运行时,$5\mathrm{G}$ 单系统按照恒功率$4\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 计算,则 5 套系统充放电总电流为${377}\mathrm{\;A}$,充放电倍率为${0.188}\mathrm{C}$。综合温度、放电深度和充放电倍率三方面因素可估算得出:采用新电池备电时,循环次数 6000 左右;采用梯次电池备电时,循环次数约为 2${500}^{\left\lbrack {26}- {27}\right\rbrack }$
综合考虑 5G 业务量忙闲时段、北京市非居民峰谷分时电价、电池循环次数对投资成本及电池电量对$5\mathrm{G}$ 系统运行稳定的影响等多方面因素,现设计出两种运行工作模。
工作模式 1, 每日一充一放,运行时段如表6 所示,电池放电深度设定为 80%, 第 1 个重合峰放电后,与低谷时段时间长,充放电时段跨度大,不利于系统备电,选择在${18}: {00}\sim {21}: {00}$ 时段附近电池放电,即第 2 个重合峰放电,此时段重合时间长且晚间放电后与低谷电价时间跨度小, 放电后短时间内充电,电池低电量时间短,提高备电可靠性。
工作模式 2, 每日两充两放,运行时段如表7 所示, 在高电价与高业务量两次重合时段放电, 充放电时段固定, 其中一次充电在电价平段充电, 一次在电价低谷充电。
工作模式 1 和 2 下, 新电池寿命满足设计寿命, 即使用新电池情况下, 高压直流远供方案提供了初始条件,削峰填谷初始投资成本为 0 ; 采用梯次电池备电时, 运行在工作模式 1 下, 无需更换电池, 无初始投资成本;工作模式 2 运行下, 期间需更换一次电池, 才能达到设计寿命, 即使用梯次电池在工作模式 2 运行, 削峰填谷方案具有初始投资成本。
对两种工作模式经济性进行分析, 常规新电池边界条件:单位运维成本为 0.05 元/kWh; 结合电池化学能转为电能及充放电系列损耗, 能量转换效率定为 90%;容量衰减为 2%/1000 次[28-29] ;循环次数为 6000 次。梯次利用电池边界条件:回收价分别为$0\text{、}{0.2}\text{、}{0.4}$ 和0.6元$/\mathrm{{Wh}}$ ; 电池重组及 BMS 成本为 0.4 元$/\mathrm{{Wh}}$ ;单位运维成本为 0.05 元$/\mathrm{{kWh}}$ ;能量转换效率为 85%;容量衰减为 3.5%/1000 次[26] ;循环次数为 2500。
采用常规新电池备电的以 8 年设计寿命为经济周期, 在工作模式 1 的运行模式下, 8 年净利润为 12.39 万元,年均利润为 1.55 万元,在工作模式 2 的运行模式下净利润 12.23 万元,年均利润为 1.53 万元; 采用梯次电池备电的以 6 年为经济周期, 在工作模式 1 的运行模式下, 6 年净利润为 8.74 万元,年均利润为 1.45 万元,在工作模式 2 的运行模式下,回收价分别为 0、0.2、0.4 和 0.6 元/Wh 的 6 年净收入为 3.99 万元、1.87 万元、-0.24 万元、-2.36 万元,经济收益如表8 所示。
表8 可以清晰得出, 采用新电池备电的高压直流远供方案运行削峰填谷经济方案均能获利, 工作模式 1 经济效益大于工作模式 2, 原因有 3 点: ①工作模式 2 单日总放电量虽然大于工作模式 1, 但工作模式 2 在平段电价进行一次充电, 平段与高峰电价差小; ②工作模式 1 放电深度设计为 80%, 放电时长在$4\mathrm{\;h}$ 左右,与工作模式 2 的$6\mathrm{\;h}$ 定时长放电差距不大;③运行次数多,增加了运行维护成本, 因此应运行在工作模式 1。采用梯次电池备电运行在工作模式 1 及工作模式 2 的 0 和 0.2 元回收价情况下获利, 其他效益为负, 工作模式 2 需更换电池且运行成本高, 采用梯次电池应在工作模式 1 下运行。
采用削峰填谷模式后, 电池低电量运行时长较不采用时相对增加, 对系统备电稳定性有一定影响。当电网计划停电时, 可提前停止削峰填谷运行模式, 在电池低电量时段突发电网停电, 剩余电量能够维持基站$1\mathrm{\;h}$ 以上运行,若电网仍未恢复供电,基站具有停运风险,但目前电网供电稳定,故障清除快, 突发状况概率低, 基站因利用削峰填谷模式停运概率极低。在高压直流远供方案下, 采用削峰填谷经济效益十分可观,但需要结合具体供电环境, 承担相应风险。
$5\mathrm{\;G}$ 基站建设过程中,对其供电要最大程度地降低供电损耗, 提高经济效益, 一方面要利用原有$4\mathrm{G}$ 基站供电设备,扩容后为$5\mathrm{G}$ 基站供电;另一方面对新建站供电的设计可采用高压直流远供供电方式, 推行削峰填谷经济模式。本文通过分析基站整体忙闲时段,得出业务高峰时段,但基站实际运行过程中,不同基站运行环境不同,业务高峰时段略有差异, 且不同基站电池备电容量、荷电状态和健康状态不同, 基站间具有差异。因此, 需针对每个基站实际情况确定其电池具体充放电时刻, 有效运行削峰填谷经济模式, 达到降低基站用电成本的目的。
随着 “碳中和、碳达峰” 战略目标的提出, 新能源将大规模应用, 海量的 5G 基站具有消纳新能源的能力, 当采用高压直流远供方案的基站接入新能源直流微网时, 可减少交直流变换环节, 既能提高供电系统效率, 又能促进新能源的利用, 因此采用高压直流远供的基站接入新能源直流微网具有良好前景。
  • 北京市高水平创新团队建设计划资助项目(IDHT20180502)
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2024年第22卷第2期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.316
  • 接收时间:2021-09-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-09-14
  • 修回日期:2021-10-26
  • 录用日期:2021-11-08
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Beijing High Level Innovation Team Construction Plan(IDHT20180502)
北京市高水平创新团队建设计划资助项目(IDHT20180502)
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    北方工业大学 北京市变频技术工程技术研究中心 北京 100144
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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