Article(id=1154038482486939706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.290, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1621872000000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-25, revisedDate=1630857600000, revisedDateStr=2021-09-06, acceptedDate=1631203200000, acceptedDateStr=2021-09-10, onlineDate=1753073815223, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815223, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815223, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815223, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=290, endPage=304, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038483023810621, articleId=1154038482486939706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Interval Planning Method for Micro Energy Grid Considering Source-load Uncertainties, columnId=1152281496049037440, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power System, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The optimal configuration of source-storage in micro energy grid(MEG) is a primary challenge at the early stage of its construction since there exist complicated energy flows. In addition, the uncertainties (especially the stochastic fluctuations of wind, solar, and multi-energy load power) in MEG are difficult to describe and overcome. To address these problems, the uncertainties of renewable energy and load demand are described as intervals, the minimization of annual converted investment cost is taken as the objective, and a linear AC power flow model is coupled. The constraints of cool/heat/electric power balance, node voltage static security, line capacity and heat pipe transmission power are taken into account, and the indeterministic constraints are transformed into deterministic ones based on the interval linear pro-gramming theory, thereby constructing an interval-based optimal planning model of MEG with the consideration of source-load uncertainties. The feasibility and superiority of this model are verified by case studies and analyses, indicat-ing that the planning scheme can adapt to different uncertain scenarios and ensure the system's stable operation.

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微能源网存在复杂的能量流动,其源-储优化配置成为其建设初期的首要挑战。此外,微能源网包含的不确定性,特别是风能、太阳能和多能负荷功率的随机波动性难以描述和克服。为解决上述问题,文中将可再生能源和负荷需求的不确定性描述为区间,以年折算投资成本最小为目标,耦合线性化交流潮流模型,计及冷/热/电功率平衡约束、节点电压静态安全约束、线路容量约束、热管道传输功率约束,并基于区间线性规划理论将相应的不确定性约束转化为确定性约束,构建了考虑源-荷不确定性的微能源网区间最优规划模型。通过算例分析验证了模型的可行性和优越性,规划方案可以适应不同的不确定场景,能够保证系统的稳定运行。

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李利(1971-),男,通信作者,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划与运行。E-mail: 1007014937@qq.com。

韩胜峰(1977-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划与运行。E-mail: 50421816@qq.com。

郑焕坤(1980-),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: 106865488@qq.com。

李征(1983-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: handsome9812@126.com。

李会彬(1975-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: lhbuse@sohu.com。

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李利(1971-),男,通信作者,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划与运行。E-mail: 1007014937@qq.com。

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李利(1971-),男,通信作者,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划与运行。E-mail: 1007014937@qq.com。

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韩胜峰(1977-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划与运行。E-mail: 50421816@qq.com。

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韩胜峰(1977-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划与运行。E-mail: 50421816@qq.com。

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郑焕坤(1980-),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: 106865488@qq.com。

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郑焕坤(1980-),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: 106865488@qq.com。

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李征(1983-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: handsome9812@126.com。

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李征(1983-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: handsome9812@126.com。

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李会彬(1975-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: lhbuse@sohu.com。

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李会彬(1975-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: lhbuse@sohu.com。

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journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Combination pattern of worst-case constraints, figureFileSmall=SsUlFsaEC5ZyMMZkhQaedQ==, figureFileBig=fNXqb6SFvgwsx33cCjHwug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038670261736102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图6, caption=最劣场景约束组合模式, figureFileSmall=SsUlFsaEC5ZyMMZkhQaedQ==, figureFileBig=fNXqb6SFvgwsx33cCjHwug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038670320456359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Network structure of MEG system, figureFileSmall=OKXTeovdsp4DWaMCAKjS4Q==, figureFileBig=VdYkOf4u6vSFNc97jH8OzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038670370788008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图7, caption=MEG 系统网络结构, 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label=Fig. 11, caption=Real-time balance curve of heat power, figureFileSmall=8iiCJV3oJs5KOBZgz/v8TQ==, figureFileBig=NeSXq7ozgKPY3YPjSZL1wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038670798607024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图11, caption=节点 4 热功率实时平衡曲线, figureFileSmall=8iiCJV3oJs5KOBZgz/v8TQ==, figureFileBig=NeSXq7ozgKPY3YPjSZL1wA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038670848938673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Real-time balance curve of cool power at Node 4, figureFileSmall=QX+Y8SdbcWc8s2SEWgzlow==, figureFileBig=p22QAjNcCZyHwv2nyQgQ5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038670907658930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图12, caption=节点 4 冷功率实时平衡曲线, figureFileSmall=QX+Y8SdbcWc8s2SEWgzlow==, figureFileBig=p22QAjNcCZyHwv2nyQgQ5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038670966379187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Optimal electricity operation under uncertain scenarios at Node 2, figureFileSmall=cCo40XURLGzYo5xkA6EAYQ==, figureFileBig=XYOEXd8K4HE+zTS7kwOJmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038671025099444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图13, caption=节点 2 不确定场景下的电母线侧最优运行, figureFileSmall=cCo40XURLGzYo5xkA6EAYQ==, figureFileBig=XYOEXd8K4HE+zTS7kwOJmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673021588149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Optimal heating operation under uncertain scenarios at Node 2, figureFileSmall=DM9BLjRbmGvyvXk8EvnFng==, figureFileBig=9Sic4b4FPjZXe8F8ikEbSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673097085624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图14, caption=节点 2 不确定场景下的热母线侧最优运行, figureFileSmall=DM9BLjRbmGvyvXk8EvnFng==, figureFileBig=9Sic4b4FPjZXe8F8ikEbSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673151611577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Optimal cooling operation under uncertain scenarios at Node 2, figureFileSmall=yL5lVLfLae2xefQWqUEzLg==, figureFileBig=mQrSjVewIKdJgphyZ8tQSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673206137530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图15, caption=节点 2 不确定场景下的冷母线侧最优运行, figureFileSmall=yL5lVLfLae2xefQWqUEzLg==, figureFileBig=mQrSjVewIKdJgphyZ8tQSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673256469179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Data of electrical load in one year, figureFileSmall=TqJDClwmi6vXMCpnLolpHQ==, figureFileBig=EPJxrCo+rBfiMZzw5FBL8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673306800828, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图16, caption=全年电负荷数据, figureFileSmall=TqJDClwmi6vXMCpnLolpHQ==, figureFileBig=EPJxrCo+rBfiMZzw5FBL8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673357132477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Data of heat load in one year, figureFileSmall=u58imGriD/DNCAoDqwxgEQ==, figureFileBig=m9ydXmL6c7ski8P0qjXH4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673411658430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图17, caption=全年热负荷数据, figureFileSmall=u58imGriD/DNCAoDqwxgEQ==, figureFileBig=m9ydXmL6c7ski8P0qjXH4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673466184383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Data of cool load in one year, figureFileSmall=hQFpxcFFrC9dclqfoj/JWQ==, figureFileBig=hHOE97j5H3wWP0Yg3/8UuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673512321728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图18, caption=全年冷负荷数据, figureFileSmall=hQFpxcFFrC9dclqfoj/JWQ==, figureFileBig=hHOE97j5H3wWP0Yg3/8UuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673592013505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Data of wind speed in one year, figureFileSmall=ek1QpuCOx25r0yH2scPzEw==, figureFileBig=dck4M+Hud9V3p9tq5kAzlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673646539458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图19, caption=全年风速数据, figureFileSmall=ek1QpuCOx25r0yH2scPzEw==, figureFileBig=dck4M+Hud9V3p9tq5kAzlg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673701065411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=Data of irradiation in one year, figureFileSmall=FP4uNPC6vu+Y+TSM4zlhjg==, figureFileBig=vFQNL64Pl2V+r3qMssv/Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673751397060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图20, caption=全年辐照数据, figureFileSmall=FP4uNPC6vu+Y+TSM4zlhjg==, figureFileBig=vFQNL64Pl2V+r3qMssv/Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673797534405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 21, caption=Curves of voltage amplitude at Node 1 obtained using two power flow calculation methods, figureFileSmall=XgXzRgZrf7WndZxaebhgmg==, figureFileBig=F6KciTITkDBoy7imAZ7aJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673847866054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图21, caption=两种潮流计算方法的节点 1 电压幅值曲线, figureFileSmall=XgXzRgZrf7WndZxaebhgmg==, figureFileBig=F6KciTITkDBoy7imAZ7aJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673894003399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 22, caption=Curves of voltage amplitude at Node 2 obtained using two power flow calculation methods, figureFileSmall=+0MIPQ0n/jIE/9ns53wcxQ==, figureFileBig=FBMDdW/wAvrKSFEn05X3MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673944335048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图22, caption=两种潮流计算方法的节点 2 电压幅值曲线, figureFileSmall=+0MIPQ0n/jIE/9ns53wcxQ==, figureFileBig=FBMDdW/wAvrKSFEn05X3MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038673998861001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 23, caption=Curves of voltage amplitude at Node 3 obtained using two power flow calculation methods, figureFileSmall=IZbcDcaRBA5J/GJShHrh5g==, figureFileBig=ojklYGddY7hp+dlpnyssyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038674057581258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图23, caption=两种潮流计算方法的节点 3 电压幅值曲线, figureFileSmall=IZbcDcaRBA5J/GJShHrh5g==, figureFileBig=ojklYGddY7hp+dlpnyssyg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038674116301515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Fig. 24, caption=Curves of voltage amplitude at Node 4 obtained using two power flow calculation methods, figureFileSmall=lh6b7vyIFa1VHisJxXoMHw==, figureFileBig=+0x0PQah/n2hgK/mqehUJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038674183410380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=图24, caption=两种潮流计算方法的节点 4 电压幅值曲线, figureFileSmall=lh6b7vyIFa1VHisJxXoMHw==, figureFileBig=+0x0PQah/n2hgK/mqehUJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038674237936333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Technical parameters of each distributed energy source, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备类型 技术参数 数值
ICE ${\eta }_{\text{ICE }}$ 0.3
${\alpha }_{\text{ICE }}$ 1.48
${P}_{\mathrm{{ICE}},\mathrm{{MAX}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 250
${P}_{\mathrm{{ICE}},\mathrm{{MIN}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 125
WT $P{g}_{\mathrm{{WT}},\text{ unit },\mathrm{{MAX}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 30
PV $P{g}_{\mathrm{{PV}},\text{unit},\mathrm{{MAX}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 1
DIG $P{g}_{\mathrm{{DIG}},\text{ unit },\mathrm{{MAX}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 4
$P{g}_{\mathrm{{DIG}},\text{unit},\mathrm{{MIN}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 1
BSS ${\Phi }_{\text{BSS }}$ 0.04
${\chi }_{\text{BSS }}$ 0.25
${SOC}_{\mathrm{{BSS}},\mathrm{{MIN}}}$ 0.2
${SOC}_{\mathrm{{BSS}},\mathrm{{MAX}}}$ 0.9
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}$ 0.95
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}$ 0.95
GB ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{GB}}}$ 0.8
TSS ${\Phi }_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}$ 0.04
${\chi }_{\text{TSS }}$ 0.25
${SOC}_{\mathrm{{TSS}},\mathrm{{MIN}}}$ 0.2
${SOC}_{\mathrm{{TSS}},\mathrm{{MAX}}}$ 0.9
${\eta }_{\text{TSS}}^{\text{dis}}$ 0.95
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}$ 0.95
AC ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{AC}}}$ 1.2
EC ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{EC}}}$ 4
), ArticleFig(id=1154038674317628110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=表1, caption=各分布式能源的技术参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备类型 技术参数 数值
ICE ${\eta }_{\text{ICE }}$ 0.3
${\alpha }_{\text{ICE }}$ 1.48
${P}_{\mathrm{{ICE}},\mathrm{{MAX}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 250
${P}_{\mathrm{{ICE}},\mathrm{{MIN}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 125
WT $P{g}_{\mathrm{{WT}},\text{ unit },\mathrm{{MAX}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 30
PV $P{g}_{\mathrm{{PV}},\text{unit},\mathrm{{MAX}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 1
DIG $P{g}_{\mathrm{{DIG}},\text{ unit },\mathrm{{MAX}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 4
$P{g}_{\mathrm{{DIG}},\text{unit},\mathrm{{MIN}}}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 1
BSS ${\Phi }_{\text{BSS }}$ 0.04
${\chi }_{\text{BSS }}$ 0.25
${SOC}_{\mathrm{{BSS}},\mathrm{{MIN}}}$ 0.2
${SOC}_{\mathrm{{BSS}},\mathrm{{MAX}}}$ 0.9
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}$ 0.95
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}$ 0.95
GB ${\eta }_{\mathrm{{GB}}}$ 0.8
TSS ${\Phi }_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}$ 0.04
${\chi }_{\text{TSS }}$ 0.25
${SOC}_{\mathrm{{TSS}},\mathrm{{MIN}}}$ 0.2
${SOC}_{\mathrm{{TSS}},\mathrm{{MAX}}}$ 0.9
${\eta }_{\text{TSS}}^{\text{dis}}$ 0.95
${\eta }_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}$ 0.95
AC ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{AC}}}$ 1.2
EC ${\alpha }_{\mathrm{{EC}}}$ 4
), ArticleFig(id=1154038674384736975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Economic parameters of each distributed energy source, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备类型 固定费用 ($) 单位费用 (<inline-formula>/kW or </inline-formula>/kWh) 维修费用 (<inline-formula>/kW or </inline-formula>/kWh) 运营周期 (年)
ICE 0 1452 0.0078 20
WT 0 2000 0.0100 24
PV 2500 2039 0.3200 20
DIG 0 1000 0.0070 2.8
BSS 500 700 0.1100 9
GB 6000 42 0.3300 20
TSS 0 30 0.0020 25
AC 250 426 2 15
EC 2300 489 0.2000 10
), ArticleFig(id=1154038674451845840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=表2, caption=各分布式能源的经济参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备类型 固定费用 ($) 单位费用 (<inline-formula>/kW or </inline-formula>/kWh) 维修费用 (<inline-formula>/kW or </inline-formula>/kWh) 运营周期 (年)
ICE 0 1452 0.0078 20
WT 0 2000 0.0100 24
PV 2500 2039 0.3200 20
DIG 0 1000 0.0070 2.8
BSS 500 700 0.1100 9
GB 6000 42 0.3300 20
TSS 0 30 0.0020 25
AC 250 426 2 15
EC 2300 489 0.2000 10
), ArticleFig(id=1154038674502177489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Specific planning results in three modes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供能设备 模式 1 模式 2 模式 3
CHP ${2500}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 2500 kW[2500-节点 3] 2000 kW[250-节点 1,500-节点 2, 750-bus,500-节点 5]
规划结果 WT 690 kW 720 kW[720-节点 5] 2490 kW[330-节点 1,810-节点 2, 1200-节点 4,150-节点 5]
PV 1585 kW 1653 kW[189-节点 1,1464-节点 4] 5957 kW[561-节点 1,4901-节点 2,292-节 点 4,203-节点 5]
ESS ${550}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 672 kW·h[672-节点 4] 2561 kW·h[368-节点 1,260-节点 2, 889-节点 3,1044-节点 4]
DIG ${360}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 400 kW[400-节点 5] 800 kW[8-节点 2,72-节点 3,720-节点 5]
GB ${1020}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 1033 kW[328-节点 1,142-节点 2, 563-节点 4] 1354 kW[170-节点 1,327-节点 2, 857-节点 4]
TSS 4200 kW 5624 kW[2106-节点 3,3518kW-节点 4] 8153 kW·h[1283-节点 1,5000-节点 2, 1870-节点 3]
AC 1330 kW 1462 kW[262-节点 1,246-节点 2, 457-节点 3,497-节点 4] 40 kW[19-节点 2,21-节点 3]
EC 1480 kW 1574 kW[28-节点 1,154-节点 2, 1028-节点 3,364-节点 4] 2367 kW[361-节点 1,1458-节点 2, 548-节点 4]
年成 初期投资费用 1560701.5 1571997.8(+12%) 2057765.2(+31%)
运行费用 1054798.0 1182123.4(+0.6%) 1272775.3 (+7%)
($) 总成本 2615499.5 2754121.1(+5.3%) 3330540.5 (+27%)
), ArticleFig(id=1154038674581869267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=表3, caption=三种模式的具体规划结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供能设备 模式 1 模式 2 模式 3
CHP ${2500}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 2500 kW[2500-节点 3] 2000 kW[250-节点 1,500-节点 2, 750-bus,500-节点 5]
规划结果 WT 690 kW 720 kW[720-节点 5] 2490 kW[330-节点 1,810-节点 2, 1200-节点 4,150-节点 5]
PV 1585 kW 1653 kW[189-节点 1,1464-节点 4] 5957 kW[561-节点 1,4901-节点 2,292-节 点 4,203-节点 5]
ESS ${550}\mathrm{\;{kW}}\cdot \mathrm{h}$ 672 kW·h[672-节点 4] 2561 kW·h[368-节点 1,260-节点 2, 889-节点 3,1044-节点 4]
DIG ${360}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 400 kW[400-节点 5] 800 kW[8-节点 2,72-节点 3,720-节点 5]
GB ${1020}\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 1033 kW[328-节点 1,142-节点 2, 563-节点 4] 1354 kW[170-节点 1,327-节点 2, 857-节点 4]
TSS 4200 kW 5624 kW[2106-节点 3,3518kW-节点 4] 8153 kW·h[1283-节点 1,5000-节点 2, 1870-节点 3]
AC 1330 kW 1462 kW[262-节点 1,246-节点 2, 457-节点 3,497-节点 4] 40 kW[19-节点 2,21-节点 3]
EC 1480 kW 1574 kW[28-节点 1,154-节点 2, 1028-节点 3,364-节点 4] 2367 kW[361-节点 1,1458-节点 2, 548-节点 4]
年成 初期投资费用 1560701.5 1571997.8(+12%) 2057765.2(+31%)
运行费用 1054798.0 1182123.4(+0.6%) 1272775.3 (+7%)
($) 总成本 2615499.5 2754121.1(+5.3%) 3330540.5 (+27%)
), ArticleFig(id=1154038674657366740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Optimal LPSP values in two planning modes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式 1 模式 2
电能 57.1% 0
热能 0 0
冷能 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154038674732864213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=表4, caption=两种规划模式下最优运行的 LPSP 值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模式 1 模式 2
电能 57.1% 0
热能 0 0
冷能 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154038674808361686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Comparative analysis of robust optimization and interval planning, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区间方法 鲁棒优化
投资成本/$ 3330540.5 3454200.4
计算时间/h 13.4 41.4
模型处理难度
), ArticleFig(id=1154038674871276247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482486939706, language=CN, label=表5, caption=鲁棒优化和区间规划对比分析, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
区间方法 鲁棒优化
投资成本/$ 3330540.5 3454200.4
计算时间/h 13.4 41.4
模型处理难度
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考虑源-荷不确定性的微能源网区间规划方法
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李利 1 , 韩胜峰 1 , 郑焕坤 2 , 李征 1 , 李会彬 1
电源学报 | 电力系统 2024,22(2): 290-304
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电源学报 | 电力系统 2024, 22(2): 290-304
考虑源-荷不确定性的微能源网区间规划方法
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李利1 , 韩胜峰1 , 郑焕坤2 , 李征1 , 李会彬1
作者信息
  • 1 国网河北省电力有限公司邢台供电公司 邢台 054000
  • 2 华北电力大学 电气工程学院 保定 071000
  • 李利(1971-),男,通信作者,硕士,教授级高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划与运行。E-mail: 1007014937@qq.com。

    韩胜峰(1977-),男,本科,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网规划与运行。E-mail: 50421816@qq.com。

    郑焕坤(1980-),男,博士,讲师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: 106865488@qq.com。

    李征(1983-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: handsome9812@126.com。

    李会彬(1975-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:配电网可靠性评估。E-mail: lhbuse@sohu.com。

Interval Planning Method for Micro Energy Grid Considering Source-load Uncertainties
Li LI1 , Shengfeng HAN1 , Huankun ZHENG2 , Zheng LI1 , Huibin LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 Xingtai Power Supply Company, State Grid Hebei Electric Power Co., Ltd Xingtai 054000 China
  • 2 School of Electrical Engineering North China Electric Power University Baoding 071000 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.290
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微能源网存在复杂的能量流动,其源-储优化配置成为其建设初期的首要挑战。此外,微能源网包含的不确定性,特别是风能、太阳能和多能负荷功率的随机波动性难以描述和克服。为解决上述问题,文中将可再生能源和负荷需求的不确定性描述为区间,以年折算投资成本最小为目标,耦合线性化交流潮流模型,计及冷/热/电功率平衡约束、节点电压静态安全约束、线路容量约束、热管道传输功率约束,并基于区间线性规划理论将相应的不确定性约束转化为确定性约束,构建了考虑源-荷不确定性的微能源网区间最优规划模型。通过算例分析验证了模型的可行性和优越性,规划方案可以适应不同的不确定场景,能够保证系统的稳定运行。

微能源网  /  不确定性  /  源储优化配置  /  区间最优规划

The optimal configuration of source-storage in micro energy grid(MEG) is a primary challenge at the early stage of its construction since there exist complicated energy flows. In addition, the uncertainties (especially the stochastic fluctuations of wind, solar, and multi-energy load power) in MEG are difficult to describe and overcome. To address these problems, the uncertainties of renewable energy and load demand are described as intervals, the minimization of annual converted investment cost is taken as the objective, and a linear AC power flow model is coupled. The constraints of cool/heat/electric power balance, node voltage static security, line capacity and heat pipe transmission power are taken into account, and the indeterministic constraints are transformed into deterministic ones based on the interval linear pro-gramming theory, thereby constructing an interval-based optimal planning model of MEG with the consideration of source-load uncertainties. The feasibility and superiority of this model are verified by case studies and analyses, indicat-ing that the planning scheme can adapt to different uncertain scenarios and ensure the system's stable operation.

Micro energy grid(MEG)  /  uncertainty  /  source-storage optimal configuration  /  interval-based optimal planning
李利, 韩胜峰, 郑焕坤, 李征, 李会彬. 考虑源-荷不确定性的微能源网区间规划方法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 290 -304 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.290
Li LI, Shengfeng HAN, Huankun ZHENG, Zheng LI, Huibin LI. Interval Planning Method for Micro Energy Grid Considering Source-load Uncertainties[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 290 -304 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.290
能源互联网 EIN(energy interconnected network) 能够实现可再生能源的高效集成, 提高多种能源的利用效率, 是达到 “碳中和”和 “碳达峰” 目标的有效途径[1]。微能源网 MEG (micro energy grid)作为 EIN 的重要承载形式, 是能源利用的终端网络, 在工业园区、大型楼宇等方面均具有丰富的应用场景[2-5]
MEG 的概念最早由文献[6]给出, MEG 是由微电网 MG(micro grid)发展而来, 其本质为多种供能设备协调互动进而满足多能负荷的微电网系统。针对 MG 的优化配置研究, 专家学者们已做出了大量的贡献。文献[7-10]涉及到不同 MG(独立型/并网型)对象, 从不同目的 (经济性/供电可靠性/均考虑) 出发,针对 MG 的源-储优化配置问题,提出了数学规划模型。上述文献提出的优化配置方法均仅针对传统 MG,即仅考虑微电网为单一的供用电系统, 缺乏对多类型能源互联互济的关注。
典型的 MEG 系统应当包括多种源端供能设备和终端用电形式, MEG 的运行规划问题一直是近年来的热点。文献[11-13]分别了需求侧响应, 考虑了发电成本和碳排放等目标,构建了 MEG 系统规划的数学模型。上述针对 MEG 的规划研究建立在能流架构的基础上, 没有考虑系统网络结构及其相关静态安全约束对系统规划的影响。部分关于微电网以及微能源网优化配置的研究考虑网络拓扑结构。文献[14-16]均在典型的网络拓扑结构下开展微能源网的最优规划, 确定了分布式能源的安装位置、容量以及组合形式。
MEG 规划亟需解决的另一个问题是可再生能源以及多能负荷不确定性的刻画和处理, 处理不确定性经典的数学方法有随机优化法、鲁棒优化法[17], 文献[18]基于多场景的方法模拟风光、负荷不确定性, 采用随机规划方法构建了冷热电综合能源系统优化调度模型。随机优化模型需要足够的数据场景支撑,存在场景数量和精度难以均衡的缺点。 文献[19]考虑实时 “最恶劣” 风电、负荷不确定性情景, 建立两阶段日前调度的鲁棒优化模型。但鲁棒优化模型技术处理难度较高,结果偏于保守。
针对目前本课题研究的现状, 本文认为 MEG 规划至少应当包括以下几个方面:①多能设备的容量配置;②多能设备在网架中安装位置的确定;③ 不同多能设备安装的组合方式; ④耦合规划模型下的设备出力计划制定;⑤源-荷不确定性刻画、模型构建以及求解。针对所述研究内容, 本文以年投资成本为目标, 依托冷热电三种虚拟能量母线, 考虑 MEG 网络的拓扑结构, 将可再生能源和负荷需求的不确定性描述为区间, 并基于区间线性规划理论, 提出计及电/热网络静态安全约束的 MEG 优化规划区间模型, 通过设置不同的规划模式, 并分析不同模式下的规划结果, 验证所提模型的可行性和优越性。
为了更详细地阐述 MEG 系统的能流机制, 本文利用文献[20]中能量母线的概念, 并根据不同能量母线和能量转换形式对供能设备进行划分,分析 MEG 的能流过程, 如图1 所示。
不同能量母线根据其能量形式连接相应的供能设备和用能负荷, 其中电母线侧包括热电联产机组 CHP (combined heat and power)、风力发电机组 WT (wind turbine)、光伏 PV (photovoltaic)、柴油发电机组 DE (diesel engine)、储能系统 ESS (energy storage system)、电制冷机 EC (electrical chiller) 和电负荷 EL(electric load); 热母线涵盖 CHP、燃气锅炉 GB (gas boiler)、蓄热装置 TSS (thermal storage system)、吸收式制冷机 AC(absorption chiller) 和用热负荷$\mathrm{{TL}}$ (thermal load); 冷母线对应$\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{EC}}$ 和冷负荷 CL(cool load)。由图1 可以看出, 冷热电各母线之间的能量交互关系通过各能量转换设备实现, 耦合机制虽然清晰但是优化运行时处理计算难度却不低。各种能源设备的出力模型本文不做赘述, 详见文献[7-8,21-23]
本文所述的 MEG 规划模型主要包含两类变量:规划变量和运行变量。规划变量包括节点安装设备与否(二进制变量)、设备安装容量(实型变量) 或设备安装台数(整数变量)。运行变量包括各设备在各时段的电/热/冷功率、储能的能量充/放速率、管道中能量传输功率、电力网络节点电压和线路潮流等, 其中各分布式能源的出力均属于控制变量, 其他属于状态变量。另外, 本章还将待选设备分为离散设备和连续设备。离散设备是指可以将规划容量离散化处理的设备, 例如 WT、CHP 机组以及柴油发电机, 这些发电设备都是以台数为计量单位的, 单位容量即其额定发电功率, 这导致设备容量的梯级变化较大, 对这些设备的规划容量选择应将其离散化处理才合理;连续变量是指可以将规划容量连续化处理的设备,如 PV、储能系统等,虽然这些设备的容量从本质上来说都是离散的, 但如果设备容量的梯级变化较小, 就可以建模为连续变量, 以减少优化模型中的整数变量, 加快模型的求解速度。
MEG 规划模型以其等年值成本目标函数[24],即
${C}_{\mathrm{{TAC}}}= {CRF}\left({r, L}\right)\left({{C}_{\mathrm{{INI}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{REP}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{MAIN}}}}\right)+ {C}_{\mathrm{{OPE}}}$
$\operatorname{CRF}\left({r, L}\right)= \frac{r{\left( 1 + r\right)}^{\mathrm{L}}}{{\left( 1 + r\right)}^{\mathrm{L}}- 1}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{TAC}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{INI}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{REP}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{MAIN}}}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{{OPE}}}$ 分别为等年值成本、 投资成本、置换成本、维护成本以及全年运行成本;${CRF}\left({r, L}\right)\text{、}r\text{、}l$ 分别为资本回收系数、年利率以及 MEG 的工程寿命。
投资成本主要是规划初期设备的购置费用, 表达式为
${C}_{\mathrm{{INI}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{D}{N}_{i}{P}_{\text{Lrated }}{TC}{C}_{i}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{j}^{C}{Ca}{p}_{j}{VC}{C}_{j}$
式中:WT、CHP 等电源的配置一般以个数为单位, 即变量是整数变量, 设备的配置的优化容量为离散的, 而 PV 等电源的配置容量一般以实数变量表示,即变量的性质是连续的;$D$$C$ 分别为离散设备和连续变量设备;${N}_{i}$${Ca}{p}_{j}$ 分别为离散设备的配置数目和连续设备的配置容量;${P}_{i\_ \text{rated }}$ 为离散设备的额定功率;${TC}{C}_{i}$ 为离散设备的单位投资成本;${TC}{C}_{i}$ 为连续设备单位投资成本。
MEG 内设备当达到使用寿命后需要对其进行更换,置换成本表达式为
${C}_{\mathrm{{REP}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{L}\cdot \\\left({\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{D}{DER}_{i\_ \text{flag }}^{l}{N}_{i}{P}_{i\_ \text{rated }}{TCC}_{i}}{{\left( 1 + d\right)}^{l}}+ \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{C}{DER}_{j\_ \text{flag }}^{l}{Cap}_{j}{VCC}_{j}}{{\left( 1 + d\right)}^{l}}}\right)$
式中:${DE}{R}_{i\_ \text{flag }}^{l}$${DE}{R}_{j\_ \text{flag }}^{l}$ 分别为离散设备和连续设备的置换标志,即在第$l$ 年时需要对设备进行替换取 0 或$1;d$ 为折扣率。
MEG 内各功能设备的维护费用可表示为
${C}_{\mathrm{{MAIN}}}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{l = 1}}^{L}\left({\frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{D}{C}_{i\_ \min }{N}_{i}}{{\left( 1 + d\right)}^{l}}+ \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{C}{C}_{j\_ \min }{Ca}{p}_{j}}{{\left( 1 + d\right)}^{l}}}\right)$
式中,${C}_{i\_ \text{main }}$${C}_{j\_ \text{main }}$ 分别为离散设备和连续设备的单位维修费用。
MEG 全年的设备运行费用[24]
${C}_{\mathrm{{OPE}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{fcc}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{psec}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{ecc}}}$
式中,${C}_{\text{fcc }}\text{、}{C}_{\text{pscc }}$${C}_{\text{ecc }}$ 分别表示燃料费用、切负荷以及环境惩罚费用。
燃料费用主要是指 CHP 机组、GB 以及 DE 的燃料消耗费用, 即
${C}_{\mathrm{{fcc}}}= {C}_{\mathrm{{fcc}},\mathrm{{CHP}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{fcc}},\mathrm{{DE}}}+ {C}_{\mathrm{{fcc}},\mathrm{{GB}}}$
${C}_{\text{fcc },\mathrm{{CHP}}}= {f}_{\mathrm{{CHP}}}\cdot {k}_{\mathrm{p}\_ \text{gas }}$
${C}_{\text{fcc },\mathrm{{DE}}}= {Q}_{\mathrm{{DE}}}\cdot {k}_{\mathrm{p}\_ \text{fuel }}$
${C}_{\mathrm{{fcc}},\mathrm{{GB}}}= {f}_{\mathrm{{GB}}}\cdot {k}_{\mathrm{p}\_ \text{gas }}$
式中:${C}_{\mathrm{{fcc}},\mathrm{{CHP}}}$$\mathrm{{CHP}}$ 机组全年的燃气消耗费用;${C}_{\text{fcc },\mathrm{{DIG}}}$$\mathrm{{DE}}$ 全年的燃油消耗费用;${C}_{\text{fcc },\mathrm{{GB}}}$$\mathrm{{GB}}$ 全年的燃气消耗费用;${f}_{\mathrm{{CHP}}}$$\mathrm{{CHP}}$ 机组全年的燃气消耗量;${Q}_{\mathrm{{DIG}}}$ 为柴油发电机组全年的燃油消耗量;${f}_{\mathrm{{GB}}}$ 为燃气锅炉全年的燃气消耗量;${k}_{\mathrm{p}\_ \mathrm{{gas}}}$ 为天然气的单位价格;${k}_{\mathrm{p}\_ \text{fuel }}$ 为燃油的单位价格。
切负荷惩罚费用为
${C}_{\text{pscc }}= {f}_{\text{pscc }}{L}_{\text{pscc }}$
式中:${f}_{\text{pscc }}$ 为惩罚系数;${L}_{\text{pscc }}$ 为全年切负荷总量。
环境惩罚费用主要指的是${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放惩罚费用为
${C}_{\mathrm{{ecc}}}= {E}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}\mu $
式中:${E}_{{\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}}$ 为全年的${\mathrm{{CO}}}_{2}$ 排放量;$\mu$ 为环境惩罚系数。
MEG 规划的约束条件主要包括冷热电功率平衡约束,网络节点电压越限约束,线路传输功率约束、热网管道功率传输约束。
采用文献[25-26]中的交流潮流线性化模型,具体如图2 所示。
图2 可知, 网络潮流的表达式为
${P}_{i + 1}= {P}_{i}- {r}_{l}\frac{{P}_{i}^{2}+ {Q}_{i}^{2}}{{V}_{i}^{2}}- {p}_{i + 1}$
${Q}_{i + 1}= {Q}_{i}- {x}_{l}\frac{{P}_{i}^{2}+ {Q}_{i}^{2}}{{V}_{i}^{2}}- {q}_{i + 1}$
${V}_{i + 1}^{2}= {V}_{i}^{2}- 2\left({{r}_{l}{P}_{i}+ {x}_{l}{Q}_{i}}\right)+ \left({{x}_{l}^{2}+ {r}_{l}^{2}}\right)\frac{{P}_{i}^{2}+ {Q}_{i}^{2}}{{V}_{i}^{2}}$
上述式中右侧的二次项为线路的功率损耗, 一般线路的损耗相对传输功率很小, 故可忽略, 式 (13)~式(15)可转换为
${P}_{i + 1}= {P}_{i}- {p}_{i + 1}$
${Q}_{i + 1}= {Q}_{i}- {q}_{i + 1}$
${V}_{i + 1}^{2}= {V}_{i}^{2}- 2\left({{r}_{l}{P}_{i}+ {x}_{ii}}\right)$
式中:${P}_{i}$${Q}_{i}$ 为节点$i$ 有功和无功功率;${V}_{i}$ 为节点的电压;${r}_{l}$${x}_{l}$ 为线路的电阻和电抗。
将上述简化后的潮流模型同电网络功率平衡约束耦合起来, 得到约束为
$ V{S}_{n, t}= V{S}_{{n}^{\prime }, t}- 2\left({{r}_{n,{n}^{\prime }}{P}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}+ {x}_{n,{n}^{\prime }}{Q}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}}\right)$
$ V{S}_{N, t}= {V}_{0}^{2}$
$ P{i}_{n, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n}^{\prime }}{P}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}$
$ Q{i}_{n, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n}^{\prime }}{Q}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}$
${\underline{V}}^{2}\leq V{S}_{n, t}\leq {\bar{V}}^{2}$
${Q}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}^{2}+ {P}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}^{2}\leq {\bar{S}}_{n,{n}^{\prime }}^{2}$
${SbPi}_{n, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in \{\text{ PV, ICE, DIE, WT }\}}}{Pg}_{n, j, t}- {P}_{n,\text{ EL,}t}- {P}_{n,\text{ EC,}t}+ \\{P}_{n,\mathrm{{BSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}- \frac{1}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}}{P}_{n,\mathrm{{BSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}$
式中:$V{S}_{n, t}$$V{S}_{{n}^{\prime }, t}$ 分别为$t$ 时段节点$n$${n}^{\prime }$ 电压的平方;${r}_{n,{n}^{\prime }}$${x}_{n,{n}^{\prime }}$ 分别为线路$n{n}^{\prime }$ 电阻和电抗;${P}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}$${Q}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}$ 分别为$t$ 时段流过线路$n{n}^{\prime }$ 有功和无功功率;${V}_{0}$ 为平衡节点的电压;$P{i}_{n, t}$$Q{i}_{n, t}$ 分别为$t$ 时段节点$n$ 的注入有功和无功功率;$P{g}_{n, j, t}\text{、}{P}_{n,\mathrm{{EL}}, t}\text{、}{P}_{n,\mathrm{{EC}}, t}$${P}_{n,\mathrm{{BSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}$${P}_{n,\mathrm{{BSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}$ 分别为$t$ 时段$n$ 节点供能设备出力、 负荷功率、电制冷机消耗功率以及储能的充放电功率;$\underline{V}$$\bar{V}$ 为系统节点电压的上下限;${\bar{S}}_{n,{n}^{\prime }}$ 为线路$n{n}^{\prime }$ 视在功率的上限。
由于约束 (24) 为二次约束, 通过图3 所示的方法进行线性化处理。
将图中确切约束边界转换为近似约束边界, 由于近似约束折线在确切约束曲线内, 可以满足求解的正确性, 虽然线性化处理后求解空间缩小, 但是会降低模型求解难度。具体的线性化方法如下所示:
以二次函数$h\left( x\right)= {x}^{2}$ 在一定数值区间上的线性化为例, 如图4, 说明非线性函数线性化的具体策略:
(1)确定合理的分段数$k - 1$,兼顾计算精度和计算效率, 在本文中为 8, 因为线性化分段函数折线首尾相连。
(2)根据$x$ 的不同分段点取值,计算其对应的目标函数值。
(3)将函数按照式(25)、式(30)~式(32)表示为
$ h\left( x\right)= h\left({x}_{1}\right)+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in \psi }}\left({h\left({x}_{i + 1}\right)- h\left({x}_{i}\right)}\right){\delta }_{i}$
$ x ={x}_{i}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i \in \psi }}\left({{x}_{i + 1}- {x}_{i}}\right){\delta }_{i}$
$\left\{{\begin{array}{l}{\delta }_{i + 1}\leq {\varepsilon }_{i}\\{\varepsilon }_{i}\leq {\delta }_{i}\end{array}\;\forall i \in \psi - 1}\right.$
$ 0 \leq {\delta }_{i}\leq 1\;\forall i \in \psi $
式中:$\psi$ 为分段点的集合;${\delta }_{i}$ 为取值范围在$0 \sim 1$ 之间的连续变量,表示在第$i$ 个分段区间上的位置;${\varepsilon }_{i}$ 为二进制变量, 用来保证分段线性化时必须从左至右连续地填满整个分段区间。
MEG 中供热网络功率的输出和消耗也要达到实时平衡, 具体的约束为
$ 0 ={\alpha }_{\mathrm{{CHP}}}P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{CHP}}, t}+ {H}_{n,\mathrm{{GB}}, t}- {H}_{n,\mathrm{{HL}}, t}- {H}_{n,\mathrm{{AC}}, t}+ {H}_{n,\mathrm{{TSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}- \\\frac{1}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}}{H}_{n,\mathrm{{TSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n}^{\prime }}{H}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n}^{\prime }}\left({1 -{\gamma }_{n,{n}^{\prime }}}\right){H}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}$
式中:${H}_{n,\mathrm{{GB}}, t}\text{、}{H}_{n,\mathrm{{HL}}, t}$${H}_{n,\mathrm{{AC}}, t}$ 分别为$\mathrm{{GB}}$ 、热负荷和$\mathrm{{AC}}$ 吸收功率;${H}_{n,\mathrm{{TSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}$${H}_{n,\mathrm{{TSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}$$\mathrm{{TSS}}$ 的吸放热功率;${H}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}$${H}_{{n}^{\prime }, n, t}$ 为方向相反的管道传输功率;${\gamma }_{n,{n}^{\prime }}$ 为热传递损失系数。
同时, 热管道传递的热功率不能超过容量约束的上限, 即
$ 0 \leq {H}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}\leq {\bar{H}}_{n,{n}^{\prime }}$
式中,${\bar{H}}_{n,{n}^{\prime }}$ 为管道可接受传递热量的上限。
每个节点的冷负荷由$\mathrm{{AC}}$$\mathrm{{EC}}$ 联合供应,即
$ 0 ={\alpha }_{\mathrm{{EC}}}{P}_{n,\mathrm{{EC}}, t}+ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{{AC}}}{H}_{n,\mathrm{{AC}}, t}- {C}_{n,\mathrm{{CL}}, t}$
式中:${H}_{n,\mathrm{{AC}}, t}$$\mathrm{{AC}}$ 的消耗热功率;${C}_{n,\mathrm{{CL}}, t}$ 为冷负荷。
系统中各个供能设备出力均应限制在其上下限范围之内,即
${N}_{n, j}\underline{P{g}_{j}}\leq P{g}_{n, j, t}\leq {N}_{n, j}\overline{P{g}_{j}}\;j \in \left\lbrack {\mathrm{{CHP}},\mathrm{{DIE}}}\right\rbrack $
$ 0 \leq P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{PV}}, t}\leq {Ca}{p}_{n,\mathrm{{PV}}}P{g}_{\mathrm{{PV}},\text{ unit }, t}$
$ 0 \leq P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{WT}}, t}\leq {N}_{n,\mathrm{{WT}}}P{g}_{\mathrm{{WT}},\text{ unit }, t}$
$ 0 \leq P{g}_{n, i, t}\leq {Ca}{p}_{n, i}\;i \in \left\lbrack {\mathrm{{GB}},\mathrm{{AC}},\mathrm{{EC}}}\right\rbrack $
基于对环境保护的初衷, 应尽可能的减少污染气体的排放, 即增加可再生能源的出力在负荷中的占比,具体表达式为
$\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{PV}}, t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{WT}}, t}\geq \kappa \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n = 1}}^{N}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}\text{.}\\ P{g}_{n,\text{ EL,}t}$
式中,$\kappa$ 为可再生能源出力占比的下限。
需要说明的是, 本文所提出计及网络安全约束的系统规划模型变量过多,为降低求解难度,以全年 12 个月的典型日 24 小时数据作为规划基础数据。
针对可再生能源和多能负荷的处理不确定性, 本文采用区间数的形式进行刻画, 即给定可再生能源发电和多能负荷的上下限值, 取代原来的固定值。这种描述不确定性的思想和鲁棒优化是一致的。以 1 月份节点 1 下的电负荷日数据为参考, 构造其区间上下限,如图5 所示,电负荷均值作为 1 月份节点 1 的典型日曲线, 电负荷上下限值作为刻画不确定性的边界。
一旦负荷以及可再生能源的不确定性采用区间数进行刻画, 那么第 3 节中相应的含不确定性参数的约束条件就会被转化为不确定的约束条件。即前文所述式(25)、式(30)、式(32)、式(34)及式(35) 代表的约束条件将转换为
${SbP}{i}_{n, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in \{\mathrm{{PV}},\mathrm{{ICE}},\mathrm{{DIE}},\mathrm{{WT}}\}}}P{g}_{n, j, t}- \left\lbrack {\underline{{P}_{n,\mathrm{{EL}}, t}},\overline{{P}_{n,\mathrm{{EL}}, t}}}\right\rbrack -{P}_{n,\mathrm{{EC}}, t}+ \\{P}_{n,\mathrm{{BSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}- \frac{1}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}}{P}_{n,\mathrm{{BSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}\\ 0 ={\alpha }_{\mathrm{{ICE}}}P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{ICE}}, t}+ {H}_{n,\mathrm{{GB}}, t}- \left\lbrack {\underline{{H}_{n,\mathrm{{HL}}, t}},\overline{{H}_{n,\mathrm{{HL}}, t}}}\right\rbrack -{H}_{n,\mathrm{{AC}}, t}+ \\{H}_{n,\mathrm{{TSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}{\mathbf{\eta }}_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}- \frac{1}{{\mathbf{\eta }}_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}}{H}_{n,\mathrm{{TSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n}^{\prime }}{H}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}+ \\\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n}^{\prime }}\left({1 -{\gamma }_{n,{n}^{\prime }}}\right){H}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}\\ 0 ={\alpha }_{\mathrm{{EC}}}{P}_{n,\mathrm{{EC}}, t}+ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{{AC}}}{H}_{n,\mathrm{{AC}}, t}- \left\lbrack {\underline{{C}_{n,\mathrm{{CL}}, t}},\overline{{C}_{n,\mathrm{{CL}}, t}}}\right\rbrack \\ 0 \leq P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{PV}}, t}\leq {Ca}{p}_{n,\mathrm{{PV}}}\left\lbrack {\underline{P{g}_{\mathrm{{PV}},\text{ uint }, t}},\overline{P{g}_{\mathrm{{PV}},\text{ uint }, t}}}\right\rbrack \\ 0 \leq P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{WT}}, t}\leq {N}_{n,\mathrm{{WT}}}\left\lbrack {\overline{P{g}_{\mathrm{{WT}},\text{ uint }, t}},\overline{P{g}_{\mathrm{{WT}},\text{ uint }, t}}}\right\rbrack $
很明显,含式 (38)~式 (41) 及式 (42) 所代表约束条件的规划模型是无法直接求解的。根据区间线性规划 ILP(interval linear programming) 理论[28],当等式和不等式约束的右侧达到其不确定区间的上限或者下限的时候, ILP 优化模型就可以转换成一系列的标准线性规划 LP(linear programming)模型, 通过求解这些简单的 LP 问题, 并比较他们的目标函数值, 可以得到悲观或乐观的结果。悲观解的定义为满足规划模型约束条件最坏情况下所求的解, 从安全或经济的角度给出乐观和悲观的解决方案。 上述不确定约束可以分为两类, 约束式(38)、式(39) 和式 (40) 为等式约束, 约束式 (41) 和式 (42) 为不等式约束。
根据 ILP, 当不等式约束右侧达到下限值时, 即得到此约束的最差场景为
$\left.{0 \leq P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{PV}}, t}\leq {Ca}{p}_{n,\mathrm{{PV}}}P{g}_{\mathrm{{PV}},\text{ uint }, t}}\right\rbrack $
$\left.{0 \leq P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{WT}}, t}\leq {N}_{n,\mathrm{{WT}}}P{g}_{\mathrm{{WT}},\text{ uint }, t}}\right\rbrack $
很显然, 约束式 (43) 和式 (44) 表示的为能够使可行解空间 “最紧” 的边界条件, 可试想, 如果在这个最小的优化空间中存在一个可行解, 那么在优化空间较大的情况下, 对于所有其他可能的情形都是可行的。等式约束的最差场景的确定不同于不等式约束。根据 ILP, 等式约束的最坏情况在满足等式约束的下界或上界时出现, 即
${SbPi}_{n, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in \{\text{PV, ICE, DIE, WT}\}}}{P{g}_{n, j, t}}- \underline{{P}_{n,\text{EL}, t}}- {P}_{n,\text{EC}, t}+ \\{P}_{n,\mathrm{{BSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}- \frac{1}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}}{P}_{n,\mathrm{{BSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}$
${\mathrm{{SbPi}}}_{n, t}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j \in \{\mathrm{{PV}},\mathrm{{ICE}},\mathrm{{DIE}},\mathrm{{WT}}\}}}{\mathrm{{Pg}}}_{n, j, t}- \overline{{P}_{n,\mathrm{{EL}}, t}}- {P}_{n,\mathrm{{EC}}, t}+ \\{P}_{n,\mathrm{{BSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}- \frac{1}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{BSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}}{P}_{n,\mathrm{{BSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}\\ 0 ={\alpha }_{\mathrm{{ICE}}}P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{ICE}}, t}+ {H}_{n,\mathrm{{GB}}, t}- {H}_{n,\mathrm{{HL}}, t}- {H}_{n,\mathrm{{AC}}, t}+ {H}_{n,\mathrm{{TSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}- \\\frac{1}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{TSS}},}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}}{H}_{n,\mathrm{{TSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n}^{\prime }}{H}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n}^{\prime }}\left({1 -{\gamma }_{n,{n}^{\prime }}}\right){H}_{{n}^{\prime }, n, t}$
$ 0 ={\alpha }_{\mathrm{{ICE}}}P{g}_{n,\mathrm{{ICE}}, t}+ {H}_{n,\mathrm{{GB}}, t}- \overline{{H}_{n,\mathrm{{HL}}, t}}- {H}_{n,\mathrm{{AC}}, t}+ {H}_{n,\mathrm{{TSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}{\eta }_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}^{\mathrm{{dis}}}- \\\frac{1}{{\eta }_{\mathrm{{TSS}}}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}}{H}_{n,\mathrm{{TSS}}, t}^{\mathrm{{ch}}}- \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n}^{\prime }}{H}_{n,{n}^{\prime }, t}+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{n}^{\prime }}\left({1 -{\gamma }_{n,{n}^{\prime }}}\right){H}_{{n}^{\prime }, n, t}$
$ 0 ={\alpha }_{\mathrm{{EC}}}{P}_{n,\mathrm{{EC}}, t}+ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{{AC}}}{H}_{n,\mathrm{{AC}}, t}- \underline{{C}_{n,\mathrm{{CL}}, t}}\rbrack $
$ 0 ={\alpha }_{\mathrm{{EC}}}{P}_{n,\mathrm{{EC}}, t}+ {\alpha }_{\mathrm{{AC}}}{H}_{n,\mathrm{{AC}}, t}- \overline{{C}_{n,\mathrm{{CL}}, t}}$
但是, 事先并不知道哪个约束条件能够代表最差场景, 所以要通过试验法寻找最差场景, 每种等式约束可以分为 2 种情况, 组合起来一共有 8 种情况, 通过对这 8 种情况的分别求解, 根据经济性确定最差场景, 如图6 所示。
本文的算例采用文献[28-29]中的${12}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 电压等级微电网结构进行验证, 如图7 所示。MEG 系统的多能负荷根据商业建模数据库(commercial building databases) 软件[21] 进行生成,具体曲线如图8 所示。MEG 中所有供能设备经济性参数和技术参数见表1表2
首先本文针对 MEG 系统的优化配置问题, 构建三种不同规划模式开展算例分析:
模式 1: 仅以能流结构模型为基础进行 MEG 的规划研究,即认为系统为单节点结构,不考虑电压越限、线路和管道功率越限等约束;
模式 2: 在场景 1 的基础上, 耦合交流潮流和热网潮流模型,即考虑系统电热网络的静态安全约束,采用本文所提模型对其源-储开展规划。
模式 3: 在场景 2 的基础上, 考虑源-荷不确定性, 即采用本文提出基于区间规划方法的不确定性模型求解系统的优化配置结果。通过对不同约束场景的计算, 确定当多能负荷达到其上限时, 产生最差场景, 即图6 中所示的两个虚线箭头。
三种规划模式的具体规划结果如表3图9 所示。从表3 可以明确的看出, 传统规划模型, 即规划模式 1 只能确定设备安装的容量,这是因为传统模型不考虑系统结构, 不存在网的概念; 而规划模式 2 能够具体到设备的安装位置, 配置容量以及不同节点下设备的安装组合, 如节点 4 安装了储能、 光伏、燃气锅炉、储热、吸收式制冷机、电制冷机。相比而言, 模式 2 规划结果更加详细和具体, 更贴近实际规划场景。无论模式 1 还是模式 2 规划场景下, 每种供能设备均参加到系统能源配置中, 但是能源配置的容量却存在一定的差异性。模式 2 计及了系统的电热网络安全约束,从数学角度讲,直接造成了规划模式 2 下优化问题的求解空间缩小, 虽然模式 2 中所采用的线性化潮流模型忽略了线路能量损耗, 在能量流动上似乎与模式 1 没有任何区别, 但是节点电压以及电热网络线路潮流约束的限制却成为了造成了规划结果差异的关键因素;除此以外, 模式 2 考虑了热网络管道热能损失, 这意味着在热能的供应过程中, 要实现热负荷的绝对满足, 必须提高热源侧发热功率出力来弥补管道中的能量损失, 进而会造成热源安装容量或数量的提升。而在模式 3 情况下, 由于考虑的不确定性, 而且是不确定性中最差的情况, 整个系统的配置方案相对于模式 2 要丰富许多,每个节点下多能设备配置的类型更多、配置容量更高、组合方式更复杂, 显而易见, 当系统考虑源-荷最差的场景, 即电源侧出力下降到下限、负荷侧需求达到其上限时, 必然需要配置更多的设备以满足整个系统的功率平衡约束。
在投资成本方面,规划模式 2 相对于规划模式 1 上升了约 12%, 主要是规划容量的差异造成了投资成本的差异; 而在全年运行费用上, 两种规划模式只有${0.6}\%$ 的浮动。规划模式 3 相对于规划模式 1 上升了约 27%,在运行费用上有将近 7%的提升,这主要是因为考虑源-荷最差场景中, 不得不增加传统电源(如 CHP)和传统热源(如 GB)的出力来满足多能负荷的需求, 进而造成运行费用的增加; 在设备初期的投资费用上, 模式 3 相较于模式 1 高出 31%,这是因为可再生能源发电占比约束的限制, 导致新能源发电设备配置容量的上升。
模式 1 下所构建的 MEG 系统规划模型仅仅考虑了能量流动机制, 认为系统在一个单节点结构下运行, 其优化运行曲线是系统总体的能量平衡曲线对于各个节点下下的能量运行方式和分配功率分析并不具体, 以此模型来指导 MEMG 的规划工程意义并不充分。为节省篇幅, 本节对规划模式 1 下的多能量平衡曲线不做重点分析。
规划模式 2 中, 选取节点 4 下 7 月份典型日的优化运行结果进行分析,具体见图10~图12
图10~图12 可以看出,节点的热冷电负荷需求均得到绝对满足。电网侧,4 节点由于仅安装了PV, 根据光伏出力的时序特性, 即阳光充足时能够实现电力满发或接近满发, 这意味着在其他时段节点 4 的电能稳定供应需要其他线路功率传输及 ESS 功率支撑, 从图10 可以看出, 上午 8 时, PV 开始出力, 但是其出力功率难以匹配负荷需求, 此时, ESS 放电, 满足剩余负荷需求, 并将多余的电能通过线路进行释放。中午时段,光照充足导致 PV 发电功率基本能够满足用电负荷, 此时不需要其他形式的能量支撑, 线路传输到节点 4 的盈余能量可通过 ESS 进行消纳。热网侧,热负荷由$\mathrm{{GB}}$ 和管道功率传输进行满足。虽然节点 4 安装了 EC,但是冷功率全部由 AC 供应。
规划模式 3 下随机选取节点 2 下四季不确定场景的运行结果进行分析,如图13~图15 所示。
从图中可以看出, MEG 系统节点 2 下不同季节的多能负荷均能得到满足, 且由于规划模式 3 中设备配置类型丰富, 优化运行中设备出力形式也较为复杂。相较于模式 2 中简单的能量供应和消耗关系, 模式 3 中的多能供需平衡, 尤其是电负荷和热负荷的供应, 相对更加多样和灵活。
以上关于模式 2 和模式 3 的分析, 均选取的单一数据场景, 或者预订规划数据场景。为研究两种规划模式下的不确定性场景适应能力, 本文以 MEG 系统供能可靠性[31] 为指标,量化分析不同规划模式的配置结果对不确定性场景的鲁棒性。供能可靠性的计算公式为
${f}_{\text{lpsp }}= \frac{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{P}_{t}^{\text{loss }}}{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{t = 1}}^{T}{P}_{t}^{\text{load }}}\times {100}\%$
式中,${P}_{t}^{\text{load }}$${P}_{t}^{\text{loss }}$ 分别为 MEG 每个时段的多能负荷和切负荷。根据式 (51) 可以看出, 供能可靠性意味着负荷需求的不满足程度, 其值越低越好。
随机选取 MEG 系统中全年数据中的若干源荷不确定性场景, 类似于图16 中曲线所示的场景, 全年数据如图16~图20 所示。
基于两种规划模式的配置结果, 对选取的不确定性场景集进行优化运行分析, 计算供能可靠性。 如表4 所示, 规划模式 1 下, 即不考虑不确定性问题, 供电可靠性为 57.1%, 意味着在若干不确定性场景下,有接近 50%的电力负荷没有得到供应,这无疑将严重影响系统的稳定性, 但在模式 2 中却不存在这样的问题, 这是因为模式 2 计及不确定性, 根据 “最劣” 约束边界进行求解, 故而其配置方案能够满足多种源-荷不确定场景下的经济运行。虽然规划模式 3 在一定程度上牺牲了经济性, 规划结果也偏保守,但是却保证了系统的稳定运行。
上述内容分析了不同模式下的规划方案和运行结果。规划模式 3 中不确定性刻画方法借鉴了鲁棒优化的思想,后续不确定性处理的思路也和鲁棒优化较为接近。为验证本文所提方法的有效性, 将基于本文所提方法和基于鲁棒优化方法得到的规划方案进行对比。需要指出的是, 对鲁棒优化模型的等价处理参见文献[32], 两种方法的具体结果如表5 所示。
表5 中可以看出, 实际上基于鲁棒优化和区间规划方法在经济性上差异性较小, 鲁棒优化的经济成本相对于区间规划提高了约 3.7%,但是在计算时间上鲁棒优化却将近是区间规划方法的 3 倍, 这是因为等价转化后的鲁棒优化模型为非凸的混合整数规划模型, 需要通过 Benders 分解的算法和约束生成算法进行求解, 整个过程技术上处理难度复杂, 计算时间长, 而本文提出的区间规划方法直接调用商业求解器求解即可, 省去了类似于鲁棒优化中间繁琐的步骤, 对不确定性模型的处理也更容易理解。
为验证本文所采用的简化线性交流潮流模型的有效性,采用传统的牛顿拉夫逊算法(NR),并以优化运行结果为已知变量, 求解系统各个节点电压分布,如图21~图24 所示。其中 NR 法电压幅值曲线是由本文所采用的潮流模型优化得到, 而本文方法电压幅值曲线为基于系统设备优化出力由$\mathrm{{NR}}$ 迭代计算而来。
从各个节点的电压曲线图中可以明显的看出, 两种计算方法得到的电压曲线时序变化趋势基本一致, 电压幅值差异性很小, 且均在电压静态安全约束范围内 (0.94~1.06 p.u.), 证明了本文所采用简化线性潮流模型的有效性和合理性, 可以满足工程应用精度的需要。
本文以 MEG 冷热电三种虚拟能量母线为能流机制依托, 计及 MEG 静态安全运行约束, 构建了 MEG 源-储优化配置模型, 并区间线性规划理论, 提出了考虑源-荷不确定性的 MEG 规划模型。主要结论如下。
(1)考虑电/热网络结构以及不确定性的 MEG 规划在建设成本上相对偏高, 但是所提规划模型更符合实际情况, 规划方案更加详细, 更能够保证系统的运行稳定性,对于 MEG 的建设更具工程指导意义。
(2)基于区间方法 MEG 规划模型求解难度降低, 相对于鲁棒优化, 区间规划方法在求解速度和技术处理难度上具备优越性。
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.290
  • 接收时间:2021-05-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-25
  • 修回日期:2021-09-06
  • 录用日期:2021-09-10
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    1 国网河北省电力有限公司邢台供电公司 邢台 054000
    2 华北电力大学 电气工程学院 保定 071000
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