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The influence of ash deposition on the output characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules and the deposition rule of pollution particles on the modules' surface are studied, which are helpful for formulating an ash removal scheme and improving the efficiency of photoelectric conversion. The PV array on the roof of a fan hall in North China Electric Power University is taken as the research object, and an artificial ash distribution experiment was carried out to explore the influence of different ash deposition amounts on the output power, current and voltage of modules. To determine the influence of one single factor on the deposition of pollution particles, a numerical model of particle deposition is established using COMSOL under the same conditions as those in the natural deposition test of PV modules, and the influences of wind speed, humidity, particle size and pollution concentration on the deposition of pollution particles on the surface of PV modules are simulated and analyzed. Test results show that ash deposition has little influence on the working voltage, but a great influence on the output power and working current. When the ash deposition density is 5.07 g/m², the changing rates of output power, current and voltage are 8.71%, 6.48% and 0.40%, respectively. Simulation results show that when other conditions are the same, the deposition amount of particles decreases first and then increases with the growing wind speed and particle size, and the minimum value is reached at the wind speed of 3 m/s and particle size of 15 µm. Under the same conditions, the particle deposition amount increases with the growing humidity and pollution concentration.

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探究光伏组件表面积灰对其输出特性的影响及污秽颗粒在组件表面的沉积规律,有助于制定清灰方案,提高光电转化效率。以置于华北电力大学风机大厅楼顶的光伏阵列为研究对象,进行人工布灰试验,探究了不同积灰量对组件输出功率、电流和电压的影响;为探究某单一因素对污秽颗粒沉积的影响,利用COMSOL软件建立与光伏组件自然积灰试验条件相同的颗粒沉积数值模型,模拟分析了风速、湿度、颗粒粒径和污秽浓度对光伏组件表面污秽颗粒沉积的影响。试验结果表明:积灰对工作电压影响较小,对输出功率和工作电流影响较大,且当积灰密度为5.07 g/m²时,组件输出功率、电流和电压的变化率分别为8.71%、6.48%和0.40%。模拟结果表明:其他条件相同,颗粒的沉积量随风速和粒径的增大均先减小后增大,在风速 3m/s和粒径15 µm时取得最小值;相同条件下,颗粒沉积量均随湿度和污秽的浓度的增大而增大。

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吕玉坤(1964-),男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:流体力学与叶轮机械,传热传质与多相流,工程热物理及其它学科交叉。E-mail: luyukunf@126.com。

周庆文(1995-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail: 15656588971@163.com。

魏子安(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail:1137301965@qq.com。

赵伟萍(1992-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail:zhaoweiping2015@163.com。

汪岳池(1998-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:绝缘子积污。E-mail: 2416364520@qq.com.

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吕玉坤(1964-),男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:流体力学与叶轮机械,传热传质与多相流,工程热物理及其它学科交叉。E-mail: luyukunf@126.com。

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吕玉坤(1964-),男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:流体力学与叶轮机械,传热传质与多相流,工程热物理及其它学科交叉。E-mail: luyukunf@126.com。

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周庆文(1995-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail: 15656588971@163.com。

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周庆文(1995-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail: 15656588971@163.com。

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魏子安(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail:1137301965@qq.com。

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魏子安(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail:1137301965@qq.com。

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赵伟萍(1992-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail:zhaoweiping2015@163.com。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

赵伟萍(1992-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail:zhaoweiping2015@163.com。

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汪岳池(1998-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:绝缘子积污。E-mail: 2416364520@qq.com.

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

汪岳池(1998-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:绝缘子积污。E-mail: 2416364520@qq.com.

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instruments, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 功能
SM206 太阳能辐射仪 测量太阳辐照度
AS8336 风速仪 测量环境风速
CS215 温湿度仪 测量环境温湿度
静电吸附纸 收集板表面灰尘
实验室电子天平 测量灰尘质量
), ArticleFig(id=1154038580558160108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038484068197101, language=CN, label=表1, caption=实验仪器说明, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 功能
SM206 太阳能辐射仪 测量太阳辐照度
AS8336 风速仪 测量环境风速
CS215 温湿度仪 测量环境温湿度
静电吸附纸 收集板表面灰尘
实验室电子天平 测量灰尘质量
), ArticleFig(id=1154038580612686062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038484068197101, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Operating voltage and current of PV modules under different ash densities, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 积灰密度 ($\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ) 平均工作电压/V 平均工作电流/A $\left({V}_{\rho 1.27}\right.$ ${V}_{\text{dust }})/$ ${V}_{{\rho 1},{27}}/\%$ $\left({{I}_{\rho 1.27}- {I}_{\text{dust }}}\right)$ $/{I}_{\rho 1.27}/\%$
10 月 22 日 1.27 91.81 4.01 0 0
10 月 19 日 2.53 91.64 3.90 0.16 2.74
10 月 23 日 3.80 91.56 3.83 0.27 4.49
10 月 13 日 5.07 91.44 3.75 0.40 6.48
), ArticleFig(id=1154038580679794928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038484068197101, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同积灰密度下光伏组件的工作电压及电流, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
日期 积灰密度 ($\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ) 平均工作电压/V 平均工作电流/A $\left({V}_{\rho 1.27}\right.$ ${V}_{\text{dust }})/$ ${V}_{{\rho 1},{27}}/\%$ $\left({{I}_{\rho 1.27}- {I}_{\text{dust }}}\right)$ $/{I}_{\rho 1.27}/\%$
10 月 22 日 1.27 91.81 4.01 0 0
10 月 19 日 2.53 91.64 3.90 0.16 2.74
10 月 23 日 3.80 91.56 3.83 0.27 4.49
10 月 13 日 5.07 91.44 3.75 0.40 6.48
), ArticleFig(id=1154038580730126577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038484068197101, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Density and dynamic viscosity of air under different humidities, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相对湿度/% 密度$\left({\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}}\right)$ 动力粘度$\left({\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$
30 1.239 ${1.835}\;{90}\times {10}^{-5}$
50 1.232 ${1.83749}\times {10}^{-5}$
70 1.224 ${1.841}\;{21}\times {10}^{-5}$
90 1.218 ${1.844}\;{71}\times {10}^{-5}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038580788846834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038484068197101, language=CN, label=表3, caption=不同湿度下空气的密度与动力粘度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
相对湿度/% 密度$\left({\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}}\right)$ 动力粘度$\left({\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s}}\right)$
30 1.239 ${1.835}\;{90}\times {10}^{-5}$
50 1.232 ${1.83749}\times {10}^{-5}$
70 1.224 ${1.841}\;{21}\times {10}^{-5}$
90 1.218 ${1.844}\;{71}\times {10}^{-5}$
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积灰对光伏组件性能影响的试验研究及数值模拟
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吕玉坤 , 周庆文 , 魏子安 , 赵伟萍 , 汪岳池
电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024,22(2): 175-182
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电源学报 | 新能源系统 2024, 22(2): 175-182
积灰对光伏组件性能影响的试验研究及数值模拟
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吕玉坤 , 周庆文 , 魏子安 , 赵伟萍 , 汪岳池
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 能源动力与机械工程学院 保定 071003
  • 吕玉坤(1964-),男,硕士,副教授。研究方向:流体力学与叶轮机械,传热传质与多相流,工程热物理及其它学科交叉。E-mail: luyukunf@126.com。

    周庆文(1995-),男,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail: 15656588971@163.com。

    魏子安(1997-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail:1137301965@qq.com。

    赵伟萍(1992-),女,博士研究生。研究方向:光伏组件积污与传热。E-mail:zhaoweiping2015@163.com。

    汪岳池(1998-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:绝缘子积污。E-mail: 2416364520@qq.com.

Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Influence of Ash Deposition on Performance of Photovoltaic Modules
Yukun LÜ , Qingwen ZHOU , Ziʼan WEI , Weiping ZHAO , Yuechi WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering North China Electric Power University Baoding 071003 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.175
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探究光伏组件表面积灰对其输出特性的影响及污秽颗粒在组件表面的沉积规律,有助于制定清灰方案,提高光电转化效率。以置于华北电力大学风机大厅楼顶的光伏阵列为研究对象,进行人工布灰试验,探究了不同积灰量对组件输出功率、电流和电压的影响;为探究某单一因素对污秽颗粒沉积的影响,利用COMSOL软件建立与光伏组件自然积灰试验条件相同的颗粒沉积数值模型,模拟分析了风速、湿度、颗粒粒径和污秽浓度对光伏组件表面污秽颗粒沉积的影响。试验结果表明:积灰对工作电压影响较小,对输出功率和工作电流影响较大,且当积灰密度为5.07 g/m²时,组件输出功率、电流和电压的变化率分别为8.71%、6.48%和0.40%。模拟结果表明:其他条件相同,颗粒的沉积量随风速和粒径的增大均先减小后增大,在风速 3m/s和粒径15 µm时取得最小值;相同条件下,颗粒沉积量均随湿度和污秽的浓度的增大而增大。

光伏组件  /  输出特性  /  积污特性  /  试验研究  /  数值模拟

The influence of ash deposition on the output characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) modules and the deposition rule of pollution particles on the modules' surface are studied, which are helpful for formulating an ash removal scheme and improving the efficiency of photoelectric conversion. The PV array on the roof of a fan hall in North China Electric Power University is taken as the research object, and an artificial ash distribution experiment was carried out to explore the influence of different ash deposition amounts on the output power, current and voltage of modules. To determine the influence of one single factor on the deposition of pollution particles, a numerical model of particle deposition is established using COMSOL under the same conditions as those in the natural deposition test of PV modules, and the influences of wind speed, humidity, particle size and pollution concentration on the deposition of pollution particles on the surface of PV modules are simulated and analyzed. Test results show that ash deposition has little influence on the working voltage, but a great influence on the output power and working current. When the ash deposition density is 5.07 g/m², the changing rates of output power, current and voltage are 8.71%, 6.48% and 0.40%, respectively. Simulation results show that when other conditions are the same, the deposition amount of particles decreases first and then increases with the growing wind speed and particle size, and the minimum value is reached at the wind speed of 3 m/s and particle size of 15 µm. Under the same conditions, the particle deposition amount increases with the growing humidity and pollution concentration.

Photovoltaic (PV) module  /  output characteristics  /  fouling characteristics  /  experimental study  /  numerical simulation
吕玉坤, 周庆文, 魏子安, 赵伟萍, 汪岳池. 积灰对光伏组件性能影响的试验研究及数值模拟. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 175 -182 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.175
Yukun LÜ, Qingwen ZHOU, Ziʼan WEI, Weiping ZHAO, Yuechi WANG. Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Influence of Ash Deposition on Performance of Photovoltaic Modules[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 175 -182 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.175
为满足可持续发展和环保要求, 太阳能、风能等新能源近些年得到迅猛发展。与其他新能源相比,太阳能具有安全、无污染、电站建设周期短以及受环境制约小等特点[1]。光伏板作为分布式光伏发电的基本单元,起着吸收光能并转为电能的作用, 其露天放置时表面会聚集大量微小颗粒形成积灰。 光伏组件积灰不仅阻碍热量传递, 使其表面温度升高[2],降低能量转换效率,还会形成遮挡效应,降低其表面玻璃的透射率,影响太阳能吸收[3]。相关研究表明,积灰量越多,光伏组件输出特性越差[4-5]。 Salim 等[6] 对沙特阿拉伯地区的光伏组件进行了自然积灰实验,积灰 8 个月后,其输出功率相比清洁状态时降低了 32%。
目前国内外学者通过试验研究、数值模拟和理论分析等方法对光伏组件积灰所产生的影响展开了诸多研究, 并取得了丰硕的研究成果。尤鸿芃等[7-8] 利用实验电站进行了光伏组件积灰实验,发现光伏组件表面的透光率以及最大功率点会随着积灰密度的增加而线性降低;Haeberlin 等。 究表明,灰尘、花粉等的沉积可使光伏系统的发电量降低 8%~10%,另外,积灰会破坏光伏组件表面热平衡、腐蚀板其表面钢化玻璃;Ruiz 等[10] 研究了灰尘遮挡对光伏组件发电效率的影响, 发现光伏组件表面 1/2 被遮挡时其输出功率最少损失 19%, 而当其完全被遮挡时其输出功率损失最高可达 79%; Chen 等[11] 通过不同积灰密度下的实验发现,${10}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 的灰尘密度使光伏组件输出功率下降了 34%, 此外, 光电转化效率和填充因子 (FF) 也随积灰密度的增加而降低,当积灰密度较低 (小于${30}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ )时,粉尘质量密度每增加${10}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,转化效率平均降低 3.4%;Hachicha 等四试验研究了安装倾角对光伏组件积灰的影响, 结果表明, 积灰 2 周后, 当光伏组件安装倾角分别为${0}^{\circ }\text{、}{25}^{\circ }$${45}^{\circ }$ 时,其积灰量分别增加了 37.63%、14.11%和 10.95%。
除了试验研究的方法外, Lu 等[13] 采用数值模拟的方法对灰尘沉积于光伏组件表面速率的研究结果表明, 光伏组件的安装倾角对灰尘的沉积行为会产生很大影响,当安装倾角分别为${25}^{\circ }$${40}^{\circ }$${140}^{\circ }$${155}^{\circ }$ 时,颗粒最大沉积率分别为${14.28}\%,{13.53}\%$, 6.79%和 9.78%;Zhao 等 [14]提出了基于能量的污秽颗粒沉积判据并建立了污秽颗粒沉积数值模型, 模拟结果显示,颗粒的沉积量随风速的增大先减小后增加, 随湿度的增加而增加, 随安装倾角的增大则变小; Abdolzadeh 等[15] 采用${v}^{2}$ -$f$ 模型预测了颗粒在光伏组件表面的沉积速率, 模拟发现, 当光伏组件安装倾角由${90}^{\circ }$ 减至${0}^{\circ }$ 时,大粒径颗粒的沉积率明显增大, 且在特定安装倾角下, 增大雷诺数可降低其沉积率。
在灰尘粘附机理方面,由于灰尘的物理特性与颗粒的大小、形状和重量有关,相关研究发现:小粒径的灰尘颗粒$\left({2 \sim {10\mu }\mathrm{m}}\right)$ 在组件表面分布更均匀, 间隙更小, 因而对太阳辐射的遮挡效果更加显著, 球形的灰尘颗粒与组件表面之间的接触面积更大, 粘附力更强[16-17]。李艳强等[18] 对微小颗粒在固体表面粘附的力学模型进行了分析, 指出颗粒所受的粘附力主要是范德华力、静电力、电磁力和毛细作用力。
综上所述, 积灰对光伏组件性能的影响不可忽视。根据积灰量可预测积灰对光伏组件性能的影响程度, 指导清灰工作的开展。因此, 探究光伏组件的积灰特性十分必要。自然条件下, 组件表面颗粒沉积过程复杂且影响因素较多, 采取人工布灰的试验方法可在其他环境因素都不变的情况下, 对不同积灰密度对光伏组件性能的影响进行差异化研究。数值模拟方法能通够过多物理场耦合解析单一变量对污秽颗粒沉积的影响, 探究不同环境条件与光伏组件表面颗粒沉积的关系, 为制定光伏组件的清灰方案、提高光电转化效率提供参考。因此, 本文以置于本校风机大厅楼顶的光伏阵列为研究对象, 通过人工布灰试验, 对不同积灰密度下光伏组件的输出功率、工作电压和电流进行监测分析; 此外, 利用 COMSOL 软件建立了与光伏阵列自然积灰试验条件相同的颗粒沉积数值模型, 模拟研究了风速、粒径、湿度和污秽浓度对光伏组件表面颗粒沉积的影响, 以获得颗粒的沉积特性。
试验台布置示意如图1 所示。光伏阵列安装在本校风机大厅楼顶,由 3 块 YL250P-29b 型多晶硅光伏板串联组成,安装倾角为${45}^{\circ }$,如图2 所示。 每块光伏板的主要尺寸(长$\times$$\times$ 厚)为${1650}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times$ 990 mm$\times {40}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$。太阳能控制器作为连接光伏阵列与蓄电池的核心部件, 对光伏阵列功率调节, 蓄电池起着充、放电保护的重要作用。试验台选择了 T4415ND 型号太阳能控制器和 2 块${90}\mathrm{{Ah}}$ 电池,试验过程中的风速、辐照度等环境因素可由相关数据采集装置得到,其他试验器材及功能如表1 所示。
试验中, 光伏组件积灰密度的确定参考了自然积灰的密度值。光伏组件的自然积灰试验于 2019 年 10 月 -11 月进行, 期间基本无降雨。光伏组件表面的积灰由静电吸附纸擦拭收集, 并烘干称重, 得到单块光伏组件表面的积灰量约为${1.9}\mathrm{g}$。以自然积灰量为基准,按照 1、3、5、7 的倍数关系确定本试验中单块光伏板表面的布灰质量分别为 1.9 、 3.8,5.7和${7.6}\mathrm{g}$。单块光伏板去除铝合金边框后的有效面积为${1575}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {950}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$,由此可得到试验积灰密度分别为${1.27}\text{、}{2.53}\text{、}{3.80}$${5.07}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$
人工布灰试验在 2020 年 9 月-11 月进行。试验中, 所用灰尘颗粒为与自然积灰粒径相仿的电站粉煤灰。通过 MS3000 激光粒度分析仪测量发现, 自然积灰与试验粉煤灰中超 60%的粒径均主要分布在$1 \sim {20\mu }\mathrm{m}$。每次试验前先清除光伏组件表面的积灰,然后称取等质量粉煤灰尘各 3 份,均匀布撒在 3 块光伏板上。利用辐射仪、温湿度仪和风速仪等仪器测量试验段内的环境参数。试验时间段为每天 12 点至 13 点。按照上述试验步骤依次完成 1.27、2.53、3.80 和${5.07}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 积灰密度下光伏组件输出参数的测量。
为探究不同积灰密度对光伏组件输出特性的影响, 需保证试验段内的环境参数变化不大。试验发现 10 月 13 日、10 月 19 日、10 月 22 日和 10 月 23 日的环境温度为分别为${22.8}\text{、}{23.5}\text{、}{23.8}$${23.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,均处于低风速状态,且辐射量变化不大,故研究这 4 天试验段内的光伏组件输出特性的变化, 其相对应的积灰密度分别为${5.07}\text{、}{2.53}\text{、}{1.27}$${3.80}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$。各试验段内的太阳辐照度、光伏组件的发电功率和工作电流分别如图3~图6 所示。
图3 可以看出, 虽然试验日期不同, 但其辐照度变化趋势基本一致, 均随着时间逐渐降低。辐照度最大差值约为${50}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,平均辐照度分别为${879}\text{、}{880}\text{、}{878}$${878}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$,可认为这 4 天试验段内辐照度基本一致。
图4 可见, 在试验时间段内, 不同积灰密度下光伏组件的输出功率随时间变化的趋势基本一致, 同一时刻下, 其输出功率随积灰密度的增大逐渐减小。各试验时间段内, 光伏组件的输出功率平均值分别为${367}\text{、}{358}\text{、}{348}$${335}\mathrm{\;W}$。与自然积灰状态即积灰密度${1.27}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 时的平均功率相比,当积灰密度为${2.53}\text{、}{3.80}$${5.07}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 时,其功率变化率分别为 2.16%、5.17%和 8.71%。不同积灰密度对光伏组件工作电压和电流的影响如表2 所示,${V}_{\rho 1.27}$${I}_{\rho 1.27}$ 分别为积灰密度为${1.27}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 时的平均工作电压和工作电流;${V}_{\text{dust }}$${I}_{\text{dust }}$ 分别为不同积灰密度下的平均工作电压和工作电流。
表2 可知, 光伏组件的工作电压及电流均随着积灰密度的增大而减小, 但积灰对工作电流的影响比对工作电压的影响要大得多。在积灰密度为${5.07}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 时,相较于自然积灰状态下的电流与电压,电流变化量为 6.48%,电压的变化量为 0.40%。 在不同积灰密度下, 工作电压的变化量均不超过$1\%$。由此可见,积灰主要是通过影响光伏组件的工作电流进而影响其输出功率的。
通过积灰试验量化分析了不同积灰密度对光伏组件输出功率、电流及电压的影响程度, 发现积灰密度越大功率损失越多。研究光伏组件表面的积灰特性对预测光伏组件的输出性能、指导清灰工作的开展具有一定的参考意义。光伏组件积灰过程复杂,受环境因素影响较大,数值模拟方法可弥补试验研究周期长的不足, 且能通过多物理场的耦合解析单一变量对污秽颗粒沉积的影响。此外, 建立颗粒沉积数值模型也有助于预测特定环境下光伏组件表面颗粒的沉积量。因此,本文利用 COMSOL 软件中的流场 (即 spf) 模块和流体流动粒子追踪 (即 fpt) 模块模拟分析环境湿度、风速、粒径和浓度对颗粒沉积量的影响。
在流场模块中, 气流流经倾斜放置的光伏组件时流线会发生一定的弯曲。因此, 流场选用不可压缩$k -\varepsilon$ 湍流模型,并通过求解 NANS 方程来模拟气流分布[19-20],其控制方程为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\rho \left({U\nabla }\right) U =\nabla \left\{{-{\rho I}+ \left({\mu +{\mu }_{\mathrm{T}}}\right)\left\lbrack {\nabla U +{\left(\nabla U\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}}\right\rbrack \frac{2}{3}{\rho kI}}\right\}+ F \\\nabla U = 0 \\\rho \left({U\nabla }\right) k =\nabla \left\lbrack {\left({\mu +\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{T}}}{{\sigma }_{k}}}\right)\nabla k}\right\rbrack +{p}_{k}- {\rho \varepsilon }\\\rho \left({U\nabla }\right)\varepsilon =\nabla \left\lbrack {\left({\mu +\frac{{\mu }_{\mathrm{T}}}{{\sigma }_{k}}}\right)\nabla \varepsilon }\right\rbrack +{C}_{\varepsilon 1}\frac{\varepsilon }{k}{p}_{k}- {C}_{\varepsilon 2}\rho \frac{{\varepsilon }^{2}}{k}\\{\mu }_{\mathrm{T}}= \rho {C}_{0}\frac{{k}^{2}}{k}\\\rho \left({U\nabla }\right)\varepsilon =\rho {C}_{0}\frac{{k}^{2}}{k}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$\rho$ 为空气密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};p$ 为压强,$\mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2};I$ 为主应力张量;$U$ 为流场速度;$\mu$${\mu }_{\mathrm{T}}$ 分别为空气动力粘度和湍流动力粘度;$F$ 为体积力,$\mathrm{N}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};k$$\varepsilon$ 分别为湍动能和湍流耗散率;${p}_{k}$ 为湍动能源项;${C}_{\mu }$${\sigma }_{k}$${\sigma }_{\varepsilon }$${C}_{\varepsilon 1}$${C}_{\varepsilon 2}$ 为湍流模型参数。
在颗粒与空气组成的气固两相流体系中,颗粒为稀相且颗粒间的相互作用微弱。因此, 模拟时为简化计算,不考虑粒子间的相互作用力,在流场中仅考虑重力${F}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 、气流稳态曳力${F}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 和浮力${F}_{\mathrm{b}}$ 的作用, 其计算公式分别为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{F}_{\mathrm{g}}= \pi {d}^{3}{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}g/6 \\{F}_{\mathrm{b}}= \pi {d}^{3}{\rho g}/6 \\{F}_{\mathrm{d}}= m\left({u - v}\right)/{\tau }_{\mathrm{p}}\\{\tau }_{\mathrm{p}}= 2{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}{d}^{2}/{9\mu }{C}_{\mathrm{D}}{\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{e}}\\{C}_{\mathrm{p}}= {24}\left({1 +{0.15}{\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{e}}{e}^{0.687}}\right)/{\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{e}}\end{array}\right.$
式中:$d$ 为颗粒直径,$\mathrm{m};{\rho }_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为颗粒密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};g$ 为重力加速度,${\mathrm{m}}^{2}/\mathrm{s};m$ 为颗粒质量,$\mathrm{{kg}};u$$v$ 分别为流场和颗粒速度,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{\tau }_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为颗粒在流场中的速度响应时间,$\mathrm{s};{C}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为阻力系数;$\mu$ 为空气动力粘度,$\mathrm{{Pa}}\cdot \mathrm{s}$;${\mathrm{{Re}}}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 为雷诺数。
在气固两相流体系中, 空气湿度的改变将对空气密度和动力粘度产生影响,也会影响颗粒所受的曳力。表3 为不同湿度下空气的密度与动力粘度。
综合考虑上述力之后,颗粒运动特性为
$\frac{{m}_{\mathrm{p}}\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= {F}_{\mathrm{g}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{d}}+ {F}_{\mathrm{e}}$
式中:${m}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为粒子质量,$\mathrm{{kg}};t$ 为运动时间,$\mathrm{s};{F}_{\mathrm{e}}$${F}_{\mathrm{g}}$${F}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 分别为颗粒所受浮力、重力和流体曳力,$\mathrm{N}$
根据安装在本校风机大厅楼顶的光伏阵列, 在 COMSOL 软件中建立相同尺寸的光伏阵列模型,如图7(a) 所示。在光伏阵列的外部,构建${6.5}\mathrm{\;m}\times$ ${4.0}\mathrm{\;m}\times {2.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的长方体作为流场计算区域。经网格无关性验证, 当长方体区域及光伏阵列的网格总数约为 135 万时,计算精度和计算时间能到达到要求。
根据光伏板的材料参数, 模拟时将光伏板表面设置为玻璃,四周边框设置为铝合金,此外,将流场计算区域设置为空气。当外界湿度变化时,空气密度和动力粘度等参数可根据文献[21]计算得到。模拟时, 流场设置采用速度入口、压力出口, 并将其余 4 个壁面设置为对称边界条件,采用壁面函数法求解其速度和压力分布。流场边界条件设置如图7(b) 所示。在流体流动粒子追踪模块中, 可直接定义颗粒的受力、粒径及密度等。
利用 2.2 节建立的污秽颗粒沉积模型,以颗粒沉积量$\left({\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}\right)$ 作为光伏板积灰程度的评价指标,研究当安装倾角为${45}^{\circ }$ 时,风速$v$ 、湿度${RH}$ 、粒径$d$ 和浓度$c$ 等因素对颗粒沉积量的影响,模拟结果如图8 所示。
图8(a) 可见, 不同粒径下, 污秽颗粒的沉积量均随风速的增大先减小后增加,且在风速为$3\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时取得最小值。自然环境下, 污秽颗粒在风的裹挟下运动至光伏板表面,并与之发生碰撞。小风速下$\left({ < 3\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}}\right)$,颗粒的跟随性较差,速度响应时间变长, 与光伏板碰撞概率变低, 沉积量减少; 随着风速的增大, 颗粒在流场中的响应时间变短, 跟随性增强。 此外, 由式 (2) 可知, 颗粒所受曳力与风速正相关, 风速越高,颗粒所受曳力越大,此时,污秽颗粒在光伏板的沉积量将增多。另一方面,同一风速下,随着颗粒粒径的增大, 沉积量逐渐减小, 颗粒粒径在 15 和${30\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 时,沉积量分别达到最大值和最小值且颗粒粒径为${15\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 时的沉积量约为${30\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 时的 2 倍。
分析图8(b)可见, 在其他条件相同时, 污秽颗粒的沉积量随湿度的增大而逐渐增加。空气湿度越大,颗粒表面所受的粘附力也越大,其所受的粘附力主要为范德华力和毛细力,空气湿度越大,颗粒所受的毛细力越强, 故其沉积量越多。同时可发现, 湿度由 30%增大到 90%时,风速越大,颗粒在光伏板表面的沉积量增幅越多。
图8(c) 可见,各湿度下污秽颗粒的沉积量随粒径的增大先减小后增加, 且在粒径为 15 和${25\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 时分别取得最大值与最小值。其他条件相同时,随着颗粒粒径的增加,其所受的重力增大,跟随性变差, 速度响应时间变长, 与光伏板发生碰撞的概率降低, 故沉积量减少。随着粒径进一步增加, 颗粒所受的合力与动能也将增大, 与光伏板表面碰撞概率增加, 故沉积量增加。此外, 从图中还可看出, 各粒径下颗粒沉积量的差异大于各湿度下颗粒沉积量的差异, 这可能是粒径对颗粒运动和沉积的影响大于湿度对其的影响造成的。
图8(d) 可见, 颗粒沉积量与污秽浓度呈正相关变化, 且随着污秽浓度的增大近似呈线性增长。原因可能是:污秽浓度越大,单位体积内颗粒的质量越大,颗粒数也较多,与板表面之间发生碰撞并附着的概率也越大, 致使颗粒沉积量增大。这表明大气污染越严重,光伏组件表面积灰量越多,其输出功率的损失也越大, 因此, 提高大气质量有利于提高光伏电站整体效益。此外, 还可发现, 风速越高,越有利于颗粒的沉积,沉积量在$7\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时较多。
综上, 污秽浓度的改变对颗粒沉积量的影响最大,风速一方面起清洁作用,另一方面又加剧积灰。 研究积灰特性可以为制定光伏组件清灰方案提供参考, 陈璐等[22] 对积灰的影响程度进行了量化计算, 并以此确定了光伏电站动态清洗周期; 徐志明等[23] 对积灰累计时间与日发电量损失关系进行了拟合, 并利用最小二乘法求解出光伏电站最佳清扫周期。积灰量的改变将影响光伏组件的透射率和发电量, 通过监测透射率和发电量的改变, 以此来确定清扫周期与发电量的关系将是后期的研究重点。
通过对置于本校风机大厅楼顶的光伏板进行布灰试验, 探究了不同积灰密度对光伏组件输出功率、工作电压与电流的影响; 利用 COMSOL 软件建立了光伏组件三维模型, 模拟研究了不同风速、粒径、湿度和污秽颗粒浓度与光伏板沉积量的关系。 主要结论如下。
(1)随着积灰密度的增大,光伏组件的输出功率、工作电压和电流均逐步减小。积灰密度为${5.07}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ 时,相较于自然积灰状态,组件输出功率、电流、电压的变化率分别为${8.71}\%$${6.48}\%$ 和 0.40%, 光伏板组件输出功率的下降主要受工作电流的影响。
(2)同一湿度和浓度下,污秽颗粒在光伏组件表面的沉积量随风速的增大先减小后增大, 且在$3\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时取得最小值。风速不变时,颗粒粒径越大越不易在板表面沉积。
(3)相同条件下,颗粒沉积量均随湿度和污秽浓度的增大而增加。降低大气污染程度, 光伏组件表面的积灰量将减少,其输出功率也将提高。
(4)同一湿度和风速下,颗粒沉积量随粒径的增大先减小后增加,且在粒径 15 和${25\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 时分别取得最大值和最小值, 粒径对颗粒运动和沉积的影响大于湿度对其的影响。
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.175
  • 接收时间:2021-07-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-07-08
  • 修回日期:2021-08-14
  • 录用日期:2021-08-27
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    华北电力大学 能源动力与机械工程学院 保定 071003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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