Article(id=1154038482373698272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1637510400000, receivedDateStr=2021-11-22, revisedDate=1646323200000, revisedDateStr=2022-03-04, acceptedDate=1647360000000, acceptedDateStr=2022-03-16, onlineDate=1753073815195, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073815195, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073815195, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073815195, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=139, endPage=146, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038482826683108, articleId=1154038482373698272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Novel CRM-Boost APFC Control Method, columnId=1153024091842924578, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=AC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The advantages of a Boost-APFC circuit operating in critical conduction mode are introduced. Aimed at the disadvantages of the traditional single-phase CRM-Boost APFC voltage mode control method, such as a long PI parameter debugging time, a poor adjustment effect and increasing unstable factors, a single-phase CRM-Boost APFC voltage mode control method with a static operating point is proposed, and the advantages of this method are verified by PSIM simulations. Considering the shortcomings of the novel interleaved control method, such as a long PI parameter debugging time, increasing unstable factors and the need to use an additional voltage-controlled current source, an improved two-phase interleaved parallel CRM-Boost APFC voltage mode control method is put forward, and the PSIM simulations are completed, with a power factor as high as 99.96%. A 4 kW two-phase interleaved parallel CRM-Boost APFC experimental prototype was made, and it was experimentally debugged, with a power factor of 99.66% and an efficiency of 98.02%.

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介绍了 Boost-APFC电路工作在临界导通模式下的优势。针对传统单相CRM-Boost APFC电压模式控制方法存在 PI参数调试时间较长、调节效果较差、不稳定因素增加等不足,提出了一种有静态工作点的单相 CRM-Boost APFC电压模式控制方法,并通过PSIM 仿真验证了该方法的优点。针对新型交错控制方法存在PI参数调试时间较长、不稳定因素增加等不足和需要额外使用一个电压控制电流源的情况,提出了一种改进型两相交错并联CRM-Boost APFC电压模式控制方法,并且完成了PSIM仿真,功率因数高达99.96%。制作了一台4kW的两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 实验样机,并进行了实验调试,功率因数达到了99.66%,效率为98.02%。

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陈明城(1996-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:2515830251@qq.com。

张卫平(1957-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:zwp@ncut.edu.cn。

刘元超(1981-),男,硕士,高级实验师。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:lyc@ncut.edu.cn。

史本元(1998-),男,硕士。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:shibenyuan98@163.com。

张晓强(1976–),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:动力锂离子电池。E-mail:zxq@ncut.edu.cn。

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陈明城(1996-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:2515830251@qq.com。

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陈明城(1996-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:2515830251@qq.com。

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张卫平(1957-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:zwp@ncut.edu.cn。

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张卫平(1957-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:zwp@ncut.edu.cn。

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刘元超(1981-),男,硕士,高级实验师。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:lyc@ncut.edu.cn。

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刘元超(1981-),男,硕士,高级实验师。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:lyc@ncut.edu.cn。

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史本元(1998-),男,硕士。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:shibenyuan98@163.com。

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史本元(1998-),男,硕士。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:shibenyuan98@163.com。

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张晓强(1976–),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:动力锂离子电池。E-mail:zxq@ncut.edu.cn。

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张晓强(1976–),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:动力锂离子电池。E-mail:zxq@ncut.edu.cn。

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waveforms, figureFileSmall=o+2I+GkDddzJ8u4qEUjRoQ==, figureFileBig=pQkoX2gljzcX5UDSwh8A4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038611189162086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=CN, label=图10, caption=两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 实验波形, figureFileSmall=o+2I+GkDddzJ8u4qEUjRoQ==, figureFileBig=pQkoX2gljzcX5UDSwh8A4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038611239493736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Impact of ${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ amplitude limiting on system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 限幅范围 优点 缺点
过大 输出电压较快达到目标值 功率因数较低; 输 出电压超调量较大
过小 功率因数较高;输出电压超调量较小 输出电压较慢达到目标值
), ArticleFig(id=1154038611281436778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=CN, label=表1, caption=${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 限幅范围大小对系统的影响, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 限幅范围 优点 缺点
过大 输出电压较快达到目标值 功率因数较低; 输 出电压超调量较大
过小 功率因数较高;输出电压超调量较小 输出电压较慢达到目标值
), ArticleFig(id=1154038611327574126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Main parameters of single-phase simulation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${V}_{\text{in }}$ /VAC 220
${V}_{0}/\mathrm{{VDC}}$ 400
${P}_{0}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 4
$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 23
${V}_{\text{Ton }}$ 0.038
${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ $\pm {0.003}\;8$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038611390488688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=CN, label=表2, caption=单相仿真主要参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${V}_{\text{in }}$ /VAC 220
${V}_{0}/\mathrm{{VDC}}$ 400
${P}_{0}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 4
$L/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 23
${V}_{\text{Ton }}$ 0.038
${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ $\pm {0.003}\;8$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038611461791859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Main parameters of two-phase interleaved parallel simulation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${V}_{\text{in }}$ /VAC 220
${V}_{0}/\mathrm{{VDC}}$ 400
${P}_{0}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 4
${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 23
${V}_{\text{Ton }}$ 0.019
${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ $\pm {0.001}\;9$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038611516317812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=CN, label=表3, caption=两相交错并联仿真主要参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${V}_{\text{in }}$ /VAC 220
${V}_{0}/\mathrm{{VDC}}$ 400
${P}_{0}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 4
${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 23
${V}_{\text{Ton }}$ 0.019
${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ $\pm {0.001}\;9$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038611570843765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Main experimental parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${V}_{\text{in }}$ /VAC 220
${V}_{0}/\mathrm{{VDC}}$ 400
${P}_{0}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 4
${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 65
${C}_{0}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ $4 \times {470}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038611629564022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=CN, label=表4, caption=实验主要参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${V}_{\text{in }}$ /VAC 220
${V}_{0}/\mathrm{{VDC}}$ 400
${P}_{0}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 4
${L}_{1}\text{、}{L}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 65
${C}_{0}/\mu \mathrm{F}$ $4 \times {470}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038611688284279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=Experimental data, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${V}_{\text{in }}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)/\mathrm{V}$ 221.3
${I}_{\text{in }}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)/\mathrm{A}$ 18.5
${V}_{0}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)/\mathrm{V}$ 401.3
${I}_{0}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)/\mathrm{A}$ 10.0
${P}_{0}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 4.01
$\eta /\%$ 98.02
PF/% 99.66
), ArticleFig(id=1154038611734421624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038482373698272, language=CN, label=表5, caption=实验数据, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
${V}_{\text{in }}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)/\mathrm{V}$ 221.3
${I}_{\text{in }}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)/\mathrm{A}$ 18.5
${V}_{0}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)/\mathrm{V}$ 401.3
${I}_{0}\left(\mathrm{{rms}}\right)/\mathrm{A}$ 10.0
${P}_{0}/\mathrm{{kW}}$ 4.01
$\eta /\%$ 98.02
PF/% 99.66
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一种新型的CRM-Boost APFC 控制方法
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陈明城 , 张卫平 , 刘元超 , 史本元 , 张晓强
电源学报 | AC-DC 变换器 2024,22(2): 139-146
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电源学报 | AC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(2): 139-146
一种新型的CRM-Boost APFC 控制方法
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陈明城 , 张卫平 , 刘元超 , 史本元 , 张晓强
作者信息
  • 北方工业大学 节能照明电源集成与制造北京市重点实验室 北京 100144
  • 陈明城(1996-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:2515830251@qq.com。

    张卫平(1957-),男,博士,教授。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:zwp@ncut.edu.cn。

    刘元超(1981-),男,硕士,高级实验师。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:lyc@ncut.edu.cn。

    史本元(1998-),男,硕士。研究方向:开关电源设计。E-mail:shibenyuan98@163.com。

    张晓强(1976–),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:动力锂离子电池。E-mail:zxq@ncut.edu.cn。

Novel CRM-Boost APFC Control Method
Mingcheng CHEN , Weiping ZHANG , Yuanchao LIU , Benyuan SHI , Xiaoqiang ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy-saving Lighting Power Integration and Manufacture North China University of Technology Beijing 100144 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.139
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介绍了 Boost-APFC电路工作在临界导通模式下的优势。针对传统单相CRM-Boost APFC电压模式控制方法存在 PI参数调试时间较长、调节效果较差、不稳定因素增加等不足,提出了一种有静态工作点的单相 CRM-Boost APFC电压模式控制方法,并通过PSIM 仿真验证了该方法的优点。针对新型交错控制方法存在PI参数调试时间较长、不稳定因素增加等不足和需要额外使用一个电压控制电流源的情况,提出了一种改进型两相交错并联CRM-Boost APFC电压模式控制方法,并且完成了PSIM仿真,功率因数高达99.96%。制作了一台4kW的两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 实验样机,并进行了实验调试,功率因数达到了99.66%,效率为98.02%。

Boost-APFC  /  临界导通模式  /  静态工作点  /  两相交错并联

The advantages of a Boost-APFC circuit operating in critical conduction mode are introduced. Aimed at the disadvantages of the traditional single-phase CRM-Boost APFC voltage mode control method, such as a long PI parameter debugging time, a poor adjustment effect and increasing unstable factors, a single-phase CRM-Boost APFC voltage mode control method with a static operating point is proposed, and the advantages of this method are verified by PSIM simulations. Considering the shortcomings of the novel interleaved control method, such as a long PI parameter debugging time, increasing unstable factors and the need to use an additional voltage-controlled current source, an improved two-phase interleaved parallel CRM-Boost APFC voltage mode control method is put forward, and the PSIM simulations are completed, with a power factor as high as 99.96%. A 4 kW two-phase interleaved parallel CRM-Boost APFC experimental prototype was made, and it was experimentally debugged, with a power factor of 99.66% and an efficiency of 98.02%.

Boost-APFC  /  critical conduction mode  /  static operating point  /  two-phase interleaved parallel
陈明城, 张卫平, 刘元超, 史本元, 张晓强. 一种新型的CRM-Boost APFC 控制方法. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 139 -146 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.139
Mingcheng CHEN, Weiping ZHANG, Yuanchao LIU, Benyuan SHI, Xiaoqiang ZHANG. Novel CRM-Boost APFC Control Method[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 139 -146 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.139
当前, 提高功率因数已成为海内外电力电子技术的研究热点之一[1-3]。在进行$\mathrm{{AC}}/\mathrm{{DC}}$ 变换时,输入交流电流易产生尖峰电流, 不仅含有基波, 还携带有其他各高次谐波分量,造成很强的谐波污染。其主要危害可分为如下几点: ①由于输电线路都有一定的阻抗, 致使谐波电流产生额外压降, 进而给电网电压带来畸变, 影响其他电气设备的正常运行; ②谐波电流会使输电线或变电设备积聚大量热量, 加速老化;③谐波电流存有高频分量,在电场耦合、 磁场耦合作用下,会干扰通信电路[4-5]
根据电路是否采用有源器件, 功率因数校正电路可以分为无源功率因数校正 PPFC(passive power factor correction) 和有源功率因数校正 APFC(active power factor correction)两种[6-7]。本文的研究对象主要为 Boost APFC 电路。传统的单相 CRM-Boost APFC 的控制方法有电流模式控制和电压模式控制两种[8]。由于电流模式控制方法需要使用乘法器和 PI 调节器, 并且需要实时检测输入电压值和电感电流值,控制方式较复杂[9]。而对于电压模式控制方法, 只要保证开关管导通时间基本恒定, 便能使输入电流平均值正比于输入电压, 实现高功率因数, 无需实时检测输入电压值,控制方式较简单。因此, 本文采用电压模式控制。
APFC 电路按照储能电感的电流状态可分为三种工作模式:连续导通模式 CCM(continuous conduction mode)、断续导通模式 DCM (discontinuous conduction mode)和临界导通模式 CRM(critical conduction mode)。CRM 电路相比于 CCM 和 DCM, 具有如下优点: ①与 CCM 相比, CRM 电路当电感电流下降到零时,开关管开通,二极管关断,避免了二极管的反向恢复, 降低了二极管的关断损耗和开关管的开通损耗[10-11]; ②与 DCM 相比, CRM 电路的输入电流和输出电压纹波小、功率因数较高[12]
单相临界导通模式 Boost APFC (简称 “单相 CRM-Boost APFC”)主电路如图1 所示。一个开关周期内的工作状态可分为开关管导通状态和关断状态。开关管$\mathrm{G}$ 导通时,二极管$\mathrm{D}$ 关断,电感电流${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$${V}_{\mathrm{g}}/\mathrm{L}$ 的斜率线性上升,导通${T}_{\text{on }}$ 时间后电感电流达到峰值${i}_{\mathrm{{Lpeak}}}$; 开关管$\mathrm{G}$ 关断时,二极管$\mathrm{D}$ 导通, 电感电流${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$$\left({{V}_{0}- {V}_{\mathrm{g}}}\right)/L$ 的斜率大小线性下降,经过${T}_{\text{off }}$ 时间降为 0。
电感电流的峰值表达式为
${i}_{\text{Lpeak }}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{g}}}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{{on}}}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{m}}\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}{L}{T}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$
式中,${V}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为输入电压的峰值。
电感电流的波形为三角波, 因此输入电流平均值为电感电流峰值的一半[13],即
${i}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{m}}\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}{2L}{T}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$
输出功率的表达式为
${P}_{\mathrm{o}}= \eta {P}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= \eta \frac{1}{\pi }{\int }_{0}^{\pi }{V}_{\mathrm{g}}{i}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\mathrm{d}{\omega t}= \frac{\eta {V}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}{4L}{T}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$
式中,$\eta$ 为效率[14]
由式 (3)可得到导通时间的表达式为
${T}_{\mathrm{{on}}}= \frac{{4L}{P}_{\mathrm{o}}}{n{V}_{\mathrm{m}}^{2}}$
图2图3 分别为单相 CRM-Boost APFC 电压模式控制的原理及其主要波形。在${t}_{0}$ 时刻,电感电流${i}_{\mathrm{L}}= 0$,导致产生一个$\mathrm{{ZCD}}$ 信号,使得$S = 1$, RS 触发器置位。RS 触发器置位使得$Q = 1,\bar{Q}= 0$, 这时驱动开关管$\mathrm{G}$ 导通,${SW}$ 断开,电流源${I}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 给电容$C$ 充电,电容电压${V}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 和电感电流${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 同时开始线性上升。
${t}_{1}$ 时刻,${V}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 上升到${V}_{\text{comp }}$ 值,使得$R = 1,\mathrm{{RS}}$ 触发器复位。RS 触发器复位使得$Q = 0,\bar{Q}= 1$,这时驱动开关管$\mathrm{G}$ 断开,$\mathrm{{SW}}$ 接通,电感电流${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 开始线性下降,电容$C$ 瞬间放电,${V}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 瞬间为 0。在${t}_{2}$ 时刻电感电流${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 下降到 0 时,再次产生一个ZCD 信号,进入到下一个开关周期,如此循环往复进行下去。
由于${V}_{\mathrm{c}}$${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 同时从 0 开始线性上升,因此${V}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的大小对应${i}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 的上升时间${t}_{\mathrm{r}}$,二者具有线性关系。${V}_{\text{comp }}$ 的大小直接决定了${T}_{\text{on }}$ 的大小。${V}_{\mathrm{c}}$${t}_{\mathrm{r}}$ 之间符合电容充电公式,即
${V}_{\mathrm{c}}= \frac{1}{C}{i}_{\mathrm{c}}{t}_{\mathrm{r}}$
本文对传统单相 CRM-Boost APFC 电压模式控制方法进行改进, 提出了一种有静态工作点的单相 CRM-Boost APFC 电压模式控制方法。由公式 (2)可知,当电感$L$ 选定,只要控制导通时间${T}_{\text{on }}$ 恒定时,输入电流的平均值正比于输入电压, 很好地实现功率因数校正。然而,如果实际导通时间完全是一个定值, 将导致输出电压负反馈失效, 输出电压实际值与给定值偏差较大。本文以公式(4)计算出来的${T}_{\text{on }}$ 作为静态工作点,并让实际导通时间${t}_{\text{on }}$${T}_{\text{on }}$ 附近微小变化, 这样既保证了系统较高的功率因数, 也保证了输出电压的准确度和调节速度。
图4 为有静态工作点的单相 CRM-Boost APFC 电压模式控制原理图,里面的${V}_{\text{Ton }}$ 对应着静态工作点${T}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$,可通过公式 (4) 与公式 (5) 求出。${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 为误差放大器输出且经过限幅后的值,${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 的限幅范围决定了${V}_{\text{comp }}$ 的变化范围,进而影响着导通时间${t}_{\text{on }}$ 的变化范围。
${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 限幅范围过大时,导致${V}_{\mathrm{{comp}}}$ 变化范围过大,从而导致${t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 变化范围过大,使得输入电流跟随输入电压效果较差、输出电压负反馈调节速度较快, 最终使得系统的功率因数较低、输出电压较快达到目标值, 但启动时输出电压冲击较大; 相反, 当${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 限幅范围过小时,会最终使得功率因数较高、输出电压较慢达到目标值, 但启动时输出电压冲击较小。${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 限幅范围一般在$\pm {0.1}\times {V}_{\mathrm{{Ton}}}$ 左右比较合适。表1 总结了${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 限幅范围大小对系统的影响。
有无静态工作点对 PI 调试的影响: 有静态工作点时,可以在${V}_{\text{Ton }}$ 基础上,权衡系统对功率因数、 输出电压超调量与输出电压调节速度的要求, 较快且合理地选择$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 参数和${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 限幅范围,大大简化$\mathrm{{PI}}$ 参数调试过程; 无静态工作点时, PI 参数调试时间较长、调节效果较差、不稳定因素增加,严重时可能存在“炸管”和“烧器件”等风险。
当今, 变换器的功率等级不断增大。在输出电压一定的情况下, 必然会增加升压电感的电流, 使开关管的电流增大,带来很大的电流应力和电压应力,并且产生很大的电磁干扰和功率损耗[15]。与单相 CRM-Boost APFC 电路相比, 两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 电路具有器件应力更低、输入电流纹波更小、电感磁性尺寸更小和功率等级更高等优点[1617]。 两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 电路含有两个电感、 两个功率开关管和两个续流二极管。两条并联支路的参数均一致。
本文对文献[9]提出的电压模式两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 新型交错控制方法(以下简称为 “新型交错控制方法”) 进行了改进, 提出了一种改进型两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 电压模式控制方法(以下简称为“改进型控制方法”)。
图5图6 分别为改进型控制方法的控制原理和控制波形。该控制方法中${V}_{\text{comp }}$ 由静态工作点对应的电压${V}_{\text{Ton }}$${V}_{\text{PI }}$ 叠加。A 相的比较电压为${V}_{\mathrm{{comp}}}$,而$\mathrm{B}$ 相的比较电压为${V}_{\mathrm{{comp}}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{e}}$${V}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 的存在是为了控制$\mathrm{B}$ 相的相位与$\mathrm{A}$ 相差${180}^{\circ }$,实现两相交错。
A 相电感电流下降到零时会产生一个 ZCD1 信号。图6 中, 为了区别表示 A 相在不同时刻产生的 ZCD1 信号, 分别用 ZCD11、ZCD12、ZCD13 表示 ZCD1 的先后顺序。同理, B 相先后产生的 ZCD2 信号分别用 ZCD21 和 ZCD22 表示。
$\mathrm{A}$ 相电感电流下降到 0 时,产生一个 ZCD11 信号,使得图5 中的${V}_{\text{rampl }}$ 触发器置位,触发器置位使得$\bar{Q}= 0$,进而使 SW1 断开,电流源 IC 给电容$C$ 充电,使得${V}_{\text{rampl }}$ 线性上升。当$\mathrm{B}$ 相电感电流下降到 0 时,产生一个 ZCD21 信号,使得${V}_{\text{rampl }}$ 触发器复位,触发器复位使得$\bar{Q}= 1$,进而使 SW1 接通,电容$C$ 迅速放电,使得${V}_{\text{rampl }}$ 瞬间变为 0。当$\mathrm{A}$ 相电感电流再次下降到 0 时,产生一个 ZCD12 信号,使得${V}_{\text{rampl }}$ 再次线性上升, 如此循环往复进行下去。从中不难发现,${V}_{\text{rampl }}$ 有个特点: 每次遇到 ZCD1 信号都开始线性上升,遇到 ZCD2 信号瞬间变为 0。由电容充电式(5)可知,当充电电容和充电电流为恒值时,上升电压与上升时间具有线性关系。因此,可用${V}_{\text{rampl }}$ 的峰值电压${V}_{1\mathrm{{to}}2}$,表示$\mathrm{{ZCD}}{11}$$\mathrm{{ZCD}}{21}$ 的时间。同理,根据对偶性,可以用${V}_{\mathrm{{ramp}}2}$ 的峰值电压${V}_{2\mathrm{{tol}}}$,表示 ZCD21 到 ZCD12 的时间。通过比较${V}_{1\mathrm{{to}}2}$${V}_{2\mathrm{{tol}}}$ 的大小, 可用判断 ZCD11 到 ZCD21 的时间是否等于 ZCD21 到 ZCD12 的时间,即 A、B 相是否实现${180}^{\circ }$ 交错。
图6 展示的控制波形为例,当${V}_{1\mathrm{{to}}2}< {V}_{2\mathrm{{to}}1}$ 时,意味着 ZCD21 偏离了 ZCD11 与 ZCD12 的中心点, 向 ZCD11 方向靠拢,此时 B 相与 A 相的相位差$\theta <{180}^{\circ }$。 由于${V}_{1\mathrm{{to}}2}< {V}_{2\mathrm{{to}}1}$,所以,$\mathrm{{Ve}}= {V}_{2\mathrm{{to}}1}- {V}_{1\mathrm{{to}}2}> 0$$\mathrm{\;B}$ 相的比较电压为${V}_{\text{comp }}+ {V}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 增大。由电容充电公式 (5) 可知,当充电电容和充电电流为恒值时, 比较电压越大, 所需要的充电时间就越长,对应着开关管的导通时间${t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 越长。由于$\mathrm{B}$ 相的比较电压${V}_{\mathrm{{comp}}}+ {V}_{\mathrm{e}}$ 增大,所以下一个开关周期, B相开关管的导通时间增加,使 ZCD22 更加接近 ZCD12 和 ZCD13 的中心点。同理, 根据对偶性,当$\mathrm{B}$ 相与$\mathrm{A}$ 相的相位差$\theta >{180}^{\circ }$ 时,$\mathrm{B}$ 相下一开关周期的导通时间将减少。通过负反馈控制$\mathrm{B}$ 相跟踪$\mathrm{A}$ 相相位,实现${180}^{\circ }$ 相移。
本文提出的改进型控制方法与新型交错控制方法相比有两大改进点: ①在对输出电压进行闭环控制的过程中, 本文采用有静态工作点的控制方法, 有静态工作点的控制优点在 1.3 节已经阐述; ②在对$\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$ 相位进行交错控制的过程中,新型交错控制方法使用了一个电压控制电流源,$\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$ 相充电电容和比较电压相同的前提下, 通过 B 相充电电流的变化改变导通时间。而本文的改进型控制方法省去了一个电压控制电流源,在$\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{\;B}$ 相充电电容和充电电流相同的前提下,直接改变$\mathrm{B}$ 相比较电压来改变导通时间。
本文对有静态工作点的单相 CRM-Boost APFC 电压模式控制方法进行了 PSIM 仿真, 如图7 所示, 并验证了该方法的优点。仿真的主要参数如表2 所示。
图8(a) 可以看出, 输出电压很好地控制在${400}\mathrm{\;V}$图8(b)上面的是电感电流波形,下面的是开关管驱动波形, 从图中可看出电感电流工作在临界导通模式。
在系统达到稳定的状态下比较功率因数。从图8(c)可看出,无静态工作点时功率因数为 99.73%。图8(d)可看出,有静态工作点时功率因数为 99.97%, 相比于前者较高。这是因为有静态工作点时,在静态工作点附近对${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 进行合理的限幅,导通时间受输出电压纹波变化的程度较小,功率因数较高。
图8 $\left(\mathrm{e}\right)$ 与(f)的对比可看出,与无静态工作点相比, 有静态工作点时输出电压超调量较小。这是由于在静态工作点附近很好地对${V}_{\mathrm{{PI}}}$ 限幅,使得刚启动时,${t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$ 变化没那么激烈。
针对 1.4 节提出的改进型两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 电压模式控制方法进行了 PSIM 仿真。 仿真的主要参数如表3 所示。
图9(a) 可看出,输出电压稳定在${400}\mathrm{\;V}$; 由图9(b) 可看出, 功率因数 PF 达到了 99.96%; 由图9(c)可看出, A、B相实现了${180}^{\circ }$ 交错导通。
本文制作了一台$4\mathrm{\;{kW}}$ 两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 实验样机, 并进行了调试。实验主要参数如表4 所示。由图10(a) 可看出, A、B 相实现 180 交错导通,具体实验数据如表5 所示。
本文针对传统单相 CRM-Boost APFC 电压模式控制方法存在的一些不足, 提出了一种有静态工作点的单相 CRM-Boost APFC 电压模式控制方法, 并通过 PSIM 仿真验证了该方法的优点。相比于单相 CRM-Boost APFC 电路, 两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 电路更加适用于大功率、大电流的场合。针对新型交错控制方法存在的一些不足, 提出了一种改进型两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 电压模式控制方法, 并且完成了 PSIM 仿真, 功率因数高达 99.96%。制作了一台 4kW 的两相交错并联 CRM-Boost APFC 实验样机,并进行了实验调试,功率因数达到了 99.66%,效率为 98.02%。
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3202009)
  • 北京高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(KM201910009012)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.139
  • 接收时间:2021-11-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-11-22
  • 修回日期:2022-03-04
  • 录用日期:2022-03-16
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China(3202009)
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3202009)
Fudamental Research Funds for Beijing Universities(KM201910009012)
北京高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(KM201910009012)
作者信息
    北方工业大学 节能照明电源集成与制造北京市重点实验室 北京 100144
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.139
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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