Article(id=1154038487545275138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.113, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1614960000000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-06, revisedDate=1620144000000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-05, acceptedDate=1620748800000, acceptedDateStr=2021-05-12, onlineDate=1753073816429, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1711728000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753073816429, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753073816429, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753073816429, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154038481564197598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='455', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753073815003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780998609, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004624629683027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154038481564197598, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=113, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154038488233140997, articleId=1154038487545275138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Single-input Step-up Seven-level Inverter Based on Switched-capacitor, columnId=1152281492488549232, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=DC-AC Inverters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problems of complex topologies, high total standing voltage of switches, and unbalanced series capacitor voltages in the existing multilevel inverters, a novel seven-level inverter based on switched-capacitor is proposed. By adopting the phase disposition pulse width modulation strategy, three capacitors are reasonably controlled in series/parallel with the DC source, so that the seven-level output with a triple boost gain is realized. The proposed inverter uses only one single DC source, so it has advantages such as a simple structure, fewer components, high boost gain and self-balanced capacitor voltage. In addition, it does not use the H-bridge to change the polarities of output levels, thus reducing the total standing voltage of switching devices. The topology, working principle, capacitor voltage self-balance, modulation strategy, capacitor parameter and current stress are analyzed, and five aspects including the numbers of switches, diodes and capacitors, the total standing voltage and the boost gain are compared with those of the existing topologies, which fully proves the practicality of the proposed topology. Finally, the feasibility of this topology was verified by experimental results.

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针对现有多电平逆变器存在拓扑结构复杂、开关器件总电压应力高和串联电容电压不平衡的问题,提出了一种新型的开关电容七电平逆变器。通过同相层叠脉宽调制策略,合理地控制开关管使得三个电容器与直流电源串并联分时运行,实现了三倍升压增益的七电平输出。该逆变器采用单个直流输入电源,不仅具有结构简单、器件少、升压能力强和电容电压自平衡等优势,并且负载端不采用逆变H桥来改变输出电平极性,从而降低开关器件的总电压应力。分析了逆变器的拓扑结构、工作原理、电容电压自平衡、调制策略、电容参数和电流应力,并从开关管数量、二极管数量、电容数量、总开关电压应力和升压增益5个方面与现有拓扑进行了比较分析,充分证明所提拓扑的实用性。最后实验结果验证了该拓扑的可行性。

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张国鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器、开关电容拓扑及其控制。E-mail:774584085@qq.com。

陈仕铠(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器、电机控制。E-mail:199031391@qq.com。

叶远茂(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、电池管理系统。E-mail:eeyeym@gdut.edu.cn。

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张国鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器、开关电容拓扑及其控制。E-mail:774584085@qq.com。

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张国鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器、开关电容拓扑及其控制。E-mail:774584085@qq.com。

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陈仕铠(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器、电机控制。E-mail:199031391@qq.com。

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陈仕铠(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器、电机控制。E-mail:199031391@qq.com。

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叶远茂(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、电池管理系统。E-mail:eeyeym@gdut.edu.cn。

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叶远茂(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、电池管理系统。E-mail:eeyeym@gdut.edu.cn。

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Electric Machines and Control, 2020. 24(3): 97-105 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=Seven-level inverter with reduced blocking voltage and self-balancing of capacitors, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154038576183500902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487545275138, awardId=51907033, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(51907033), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154038576233832552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487545275138, awardId=51907033, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907033), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154038569107710951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487545275138, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154038569116099560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487545275138, companyId=1154038569107710951, 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caption=负载突变的实验波形, figureFileSmall=7AEpof1GrUCbTE9XYyQLNQ==, figureFileBig=s0P7HcUTfcrFiQnKNXtsHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154038575491440733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487545275138, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=States of switches and capacitors in seven-level inverter, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开关管状态 电容状态 ${u}_{0}$
${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{R}}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{5}$ ${C}_{1}$ ${C}_{2}$ ${C}_{3}$
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 D D C $+ 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 D C $\mathrm{N}$ $+ 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 C $\mathrm{N}$ $\mathrm{N}$ $+{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 C $\mathrm{N}$ $\mathrm{N}$ 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 $\mathrm{N}$ $\mathrm{N}$ C 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 $\mathrm{N}$ $\mathrm{N}$ C $-{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 $\mathrm{N}$ C D $- 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 C D D $- 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038575566938207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487545275138, language=CN, label=表1, caption=七电平逆变器的开关管和电容状态, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
开关管状态 电容状态 ${u}_{0}$
${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}$ ${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{R}}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ ${\mathrm{T}}_{5}$ ${C}_{1}$ ${C}_{2}$ ${C}_{3}$
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 D D C $+ 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 D C $\mathrm{N}$ $+ 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 C $\mathrm{N}$ $\mathrm{N}$ $+{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 C $\mathrm{N}$ $\mathrm{N}$ 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 $\mathrm{N}$ $\mathrm{N}$ C 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 $\mathrm{N}$ $\mathrm{N}$ C $-{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 $\mathrm{N}$ C D $- 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
0 1 0 1 1 1 0 C D D $- 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038575638241376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487545275138, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Comparison among different seven-level inverters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 文献 [11] 文献 [12] 文献 [13] 文献 [15] 文献 [16] 本文拓扑
开关管 9 8 8 10 10 9
二极管 1 4 4 4 0 2
电容 2 4 4 2 3 3
开关器件的总电压应力 17 16 12 18 8 15
增益 3 3 3 3 1.5 3
H 桥 1 1 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154038575705350241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487545275138, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同七电平逆变器的比较, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 文献 [11] 文献 [12] 文献 [13] 文献 [15] 文献 [16] 本文拓扑
开关管 9 8 8 10 10 9
二极管 1 4 4 4 0 2
电容 2 4 4 2 3 3
开关器件的总电压应力 17 16 12 18 8 15
增益 3 3 3 3 1.5 3
H 桥 1 1 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1154038575755681890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487545275138, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Experimental devices and their parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件 参数
主控芯片 TMS320F28335
开关管 IRF730PBF/IRF4229PBF
二极管 MBR40250G
电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ ${3300\mu }\mathrm{F}/{200}\mathrm{\;V}$
电容${C}_{2}$ ${470\mu }\mathrm{F}/{200}\mathrm{\;V}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154038575822790755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154038487545275138, language=CN, label=表3, caption=实验器件及参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
器件 参数
主控芯片 TMS320F28335
开关管 IRF730PBF/IRF4229PBF
二极管 MBR40250G
电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ ${3300\mu }\mathrm{F}/{200}\mathrm{\;V}$
电容${C}_{2}$ ${470\mu }\mathrm{F}/{200}\mathrm{\;V}$
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基于开关电容的单输入升压型七电平逆变器
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张国鑫 , 陈仕铠 , 叶远茂
电源学报 | DC-AC 逆变器 2024,22(2): 113-120
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电源学报 | DC-AC 逆变器 2024, 22(2): 113-120
基于开关电容的单输入升压型七电平逆变器
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张国鑫 , 陈仕铠 , 叶远茂
作者信息
  • 广东工业大学 自动化学院 广州 510006
  • 张国鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器、开关电容拓扑及其控制。E-mail:774584085@qq.com。

    陈仕铠(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:多电平逆变器、电机控制。E-mail:199031391@qq.com。

    叶远茂(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,教授。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动、电池管理系统。E-mail:eeyeym@gdut.edu.cn。

Single-input Step-up Seven-level Inverter Based on Switched-capacitor
Guoxin ZHANG , Shikai CHEN , Yuanmao YE
Affiliations
  • School of Automation Guangdong University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 China
出版时间: 2024-03-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.113
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针对现有多电平逆变器存在拓扑结构复杂、开关器件总电压应力高和串联电容电压不平衡的问题,提出了一种新型的开关电容七电平逆变器。通过同相层叠脉宽调制策略,合理地控制开关管使得三个电容器与直流电源串并联分时运行,实现了三倍升压增益的七电平输出。该逆变器采用单个直流输入电源,不仅具有结构简单、器件少、升压能力强和电容电压自平衡等优势,并且负载端不采用逆变H桥来改变输出电平极性,从而降低开关器件的总电压应力。分析了逆变器的拓扑结构、工作原理、电容电压自平衡、调制策略、电容参数和电流应力,并从开关管数量、二极管数量、电容数量、总开关电压应力和升压增益5个方面与现有拓扑进行了比较分析,充分证明所提拓扑的实用性。最后实验结果验证了该拓扑的可行性。

多电平逆变器  /  开关电容  /  电压自平衡  /  脉宽调制

Aimed at the problems of complex topologies, high total standing voltage of switches, and unbalanced series capacitor voltages in the existing multilevel inverters, a novel seven-level inverter based on switched-capacitor is proposed. By adopting the phase disposition pulse width modulation strategy, three capacitors are reasonably controlled in series/parallel with the DC source, so that the seven-level output with a triple boost gain is realized. The proposed inverter uses only one single DC source, so it has advantages such as a simple structure, fewer components, high boost gain and self-balanced capacitor voltage. In addition, it does not use the H-bridge to change the polarities of output levels, thus reducing the total standing voltage of switching devices. The topology, working principle, capacitor voltage self-balance, modulation strategy, capacitor parameter and current stress are analyzed, and five aspects including the numbers of switches, diodes and capacitors, the total standing voltage and the boost gain are compared with those of the existing topologies, which fully proves the practicality of the proposed topology. Finally, the feasibility of this topology was verified by experimental results.

Multilevel inverter  /  switched-capacitor  /  voltage self-balance  /  pulse width modulation
张国鑫, 陈仕铠, 叶远茂. 基于开关电容的单输入升压型七电平逆变器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (2) : 113 -120 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.113
Guoxin ZHANG, Shikai CHEN, Yuanmao YE. Single-input Step-up Seven-level Inverter Based on Switched-capacitor[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (2) : 113 -120 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.113
多电平逆变器因具有开关损耗少、开关管电压应力低和输出电压谐波含量少等优点而在 DC-AC 电源转换系统中得到了快速发展,并且已经广泛应用于各种新能源发电系统中[1-2]。比如,在传统的光伏系统中, 一般将多个光伏串联电池组件与二极管箝位型、飞跨电容型或级联$\mathrm{H}$ 桥型多电平逆变器相连实现升压逆变[3]。然而,过多的电池组件和箝位器件势必会增加系统的体积和成本, 并且飞跨电容型逆变器也存在串联电容电压不平衡等问题[4]。另一种实现升压逆变的传统方式则是将 DC-DC 升压电路与$\mathrm{H}$ 桥电路相连。该方式没有电容电压不平衡问题, 但开关器件的电压应力过高, 并且变换过程中的死区增加了波形的畸变率,降低了可靠性。
为此, 近年来各种升压型逆变器不断涌现, 比较典型的有$\mathrm{Z}$ 源变换器和基于开关电容技术的多电平逆变器[6-7]。其中,开关电容型多电平逆变器具有自主升压和电容电压自平衡等优势, 因而成为直流低压输入逆变并网这一类应用场合的研究热点。 比如,文献[8]提出的拓扑通过多个开关电容单元的串并联组合, 使得电容组合串并联分时运行, 达到增加升压增益和输出电平数的目的, 并且该开关电容结构可以模块化设计。然而, 该拓扑所使用的器件数量较多,并且其末端逆变$\mathrm{H}$ 桥需承受的电压应力等于最大输出电压,因此无法应用在高压输出场合。为了减少器件数量, 文献[9]提出了一种开关电容单元由一个电容、一个开关和两个二极管组成的拓扑, 但由于二极管的单向导电性, 其只能用于功率因素接近 1 的场合。为了具备带感性负载能力,文献[10-12]提出了新型拓扑, 它们虽然也减少了器件数量,但负载端仍使用逆变$\mathrm{H}$ 桥。为了移除逆变$\mathrm{H}$ 桥,文献[13-16]提出了几种新型七电平拓扑。其中,文献[13]所提拓扑采用 2 个逆变半桥来实现七电平输出, 有效降低了开关器件的总电压应力, 但其采用的电容和二极管数量较多。文献[14]所提拓扑将电容数量减少到 2 个, 并且每个开关管所承受的最大反向电压都不超过直流电源电压, 但大量开关器件增加了控制的复杂程度。文献[15]所提拓扑虽然也减少了电容数量,但其开关管和二极管的数量仍旧较多。相比之下,文献[16]所提拓扑没有采用二极管, 并且开关器件的总电压应力较低, 但其升压增益只有 1.5 倍。
针对上述开关电容型多电平逆变器存在的问题, 提出了一种新型基于开关电容的七电平逆变器,具有以下优点:①逆变器只需要 1 个直流电源;②结构对称简单;③具有自主升压能力,电压增益为 3 倍;④开关电容电压自平衡;⑤无需逆变$\mathrm{H}$ 桥, 开关器件的总电压应力较低。
本文所提出的七电平逆变器拓扑结构如图1 所示, 该拓扑由直流电源, 开关电容电路和半桥电路组成。开关电容电路包括电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}$${C}_{3}$,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 以及开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{1}- {\mathrm{T}}_{5}$。其中,开关管负责控制直流电源与电容串并联分时运行, 使得电容交替充放电实现更多输出电平。半桥电路分别由开关管${S}_{L}$${S}_{L}^{\prime }$${S}_{R}$${S}_{R}^{\prime }$ 组成,其中${S}_{L}$${S}_{R}^{\prime }$${S}_{R}^{\prime }$ 是互补开关。因此, 通过合理地控制两个半桥电路的开关管交替工作, 可实现输出电平正负极性转换。
图2 描述 7 个电平对应的工作状态, 为简化分析, 做出如下假设: 电容容量足够大, 使得电容上电压纹波忽略不计;所有功率器件为理想器件, 没有导通电阻和正向压降;电路负载为纯阻性。
(1) 状态$1\left({{u}_{0}= 0}\right)$ : 如图2(a) 所示,开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 导通,${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$${\mathrm{T}}_{5}$ 关断,此时电容${C}_{1}$ 与电源并联充电到${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$,同时,电容${C}_{2}$${C}_{3}$ 的串联电压使得二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 反向截止。在半桥电路中,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{R}}^{\prime }$ 导通,${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 关断,此时逆变器输出电平为 0 ;如图2(b) 所示为另一种电流回路,当开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{5}$ 导通,${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 关断时,电容${C}_{3}$ 与电源并联充电到${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$。同时,半桥电路中的开关管状态与第一种的相反, 逆变器输出电平也为 0。
(2)状态$2\left({{u}_{0}= +{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)$ :如图2 $\left(\mathrm{c}\right)$ 所示,电容${C}_{1}$ 通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 和二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 与电源并联充电到${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$; 同时电源通过开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 直接给负载供电,其余开关管处于关断状态。逆变器输出电平为$+{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
(3)状态$3\left({{u}_{0}= -{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)$ :如图2(d) 所示,电容${C}_{3}$ 通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{5}$ 和二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 与电源并联充电到${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$; 同时电源通过开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 直接给负载供电,其余开关管处于关断状态。逆变器输出电平为$-{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}\circ }$
(4)状态$4\left({{u}_{0}= + 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)$ :如图2(e) 所示,电容${C}_{2}$ 通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{4}$${\mathrm{T}}_{5}$ 与电源并联充电到${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$; 同时电源通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{\mathrm{R}}^{\prime }$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 与电容${C}_{1}$ 串联给负载供电, 其余开关管处于关断状态。逆变器输出电平为$+ 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
(5) 状态$5\left({{u}_{0}= - 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)$ : 如图2(f) 所示,电容${C}_{2}$ 通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{4}$${\mathrm{T}}_{5}$ 与电源并联充电到${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$; 同时电源通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{R}}\mathrm{R}$ 与电容${C}_{3\text{ 串 }}$ 联给负载供电, 其余开关管处于关断状态。逆变器输出电平为$- 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}\circ }$
(6) 状态$6\left({{u}_{0}= + 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)$ : 如图2 $\left(\mathrm{\;g}\right)$ 所示,电容${C}_{3}$ 通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{5}$ 和二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 与电源并联充电到${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$; 同时电源通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;T}}_{5}\text{、}{\mathrm{\;S}}_{\mathrm{R}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 与电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{2}$ 串联给负载供电,其余开关管处于关断状态。逆变器输出电平为$+ 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
(7) 状态$7\left({{u}_{0}= - 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}\right)$ : 如图2(h) 所示,电容${C}_{1}$ 通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 和二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 与电源并联充电到${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$; 同时电源通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{2}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{3}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{4}\text{、}{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}$${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 与电容${C}_{2}$${C}_{3}$ 串联给负载供电,其余开关管处于关断状态。逆变器输出电平为$- 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$
表1 列出了 9 个开关管和 3 个电容的状态, 其中开关管的 “1” 和 “0” 分别表示导通和关断;电容的 “D”、“C”和“N”分别表示放电、充电和闲置状态。此外, 所提拓扑各个工作状态都具有对应的反向电流回路, 因此在阻感性负载情况下, 输出电压波形不会失真。
由第 1.2 节对该逆变器的分析和表1 所示的开关管和电容状态可知,电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}$${C}_{3}$ 在输出电压的一个周期内均交替工作在充电和放电状态。具体而言,${C}_{1}$ 在输出电平为$- 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}},0$ (状态$1\mathrm{\;A}$ ) 和$+{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 时通过电源并联充电,而在输出电平为$+ 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$$+ 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 时与电源串联后一起向负载放电;${C}_{3}$ 在输出电平为$-{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}},0$ (状态$1\mathrm{\;B}$ )和$+ 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 时通过电源并联充电, 而在输出电平为$- 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$$- 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 时与电源串联后一起向负载放电;对于${C}_{2}$ 而言,其在输出电平为$- 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$$+ 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 时通过电源并联充电,而在输出电平为$- 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$$+ 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 时与电源串联后一起向负载放电。可见,在输出电压的一个周期内,电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{2}$${C}_{3}$ 均多次与电源串联充电, 使得它们的电压均能动态保持在输入电源电压${V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 的幅值并自动实现平衡。
本文以同相层叠脉宽调制为例对所提七电平逆变器调制策略进行分析。如图3 所示, 使用 6 路三角载波信号${e}_{1}- {e}_{6}$ 与零电位信号${e}_{0}$,将正弦调制信号${e}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 从上至下划分为八个区域。通过结合表1 对应的工作状态,将${e}_{\mathrm{s}}$${e}_{0}$ -${e}_{6}$ 进行比较后,可得到 7 路原始脉冲信号${u}_{0}- {u}_{6}$。当调制信号较大时,对应的原始脉冲输出逻辑为 “1”,否则为 “0”。最终,7 路原始脉冲波形经过逻辑组合后, 可得到开关管驱动信号。具体逻辑组合关系为
${V}_{\mathrm{{GSL}}}= {\bar{V}}_{\mathrm{{GSL}}}= {u}_{0}{u}_{4}+ {u}_{3}$
${V}_{\mathrm{{GSR}}}= {\bar{V}}_{\mathrm{{GSR}}}= {\bar{u}}_{0}$
(3)(4)(5)
图3 下方为逆变器输出电压波形${V}_{0}$。从图中可以看出通过合理控制开关管状态可以得到 3 倍增益的七电平输出。对于七电平逆变器,调制比${M}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 定义为
${M}_{\mathrm{a}}= \frac{{A}_{\mathrm{s}}}{3{A}_{\mathrm{c}}}$
式中:${A}_{\mathrm{s}}$${A}_{\mathrm{c}}$ 分别为正弦调制信号和三角载波信号的幅值;${M}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为调制比,其取值范围是$0 <{M}_{\mathrm{a}}\leq 1$,与输出电平数有对应的关系。当$2/3 <{M}_{\mathrm{a}}\leq 1$ 时,输出电平数为 7 ; 当$1/3 <{M}_{\mathrm{a}}\leq 2/3$,输出电平数为 5 ; 当 0 <${M}_{\mathrm{a}}\leq 1/3$,输出电平数为 3。
开关电容的电压纹波由电容值, 放电时间和负载参数类型决定。当电压纹波越小,逆变器的效率越高。在本节中, 以电容最大电压纹波不超过其额定电压的 10%来计算电容值。
表1图3 可知,电容${C}_{1}$ 在输出电平为$+ 2{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$$+ 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 放电,假设载波信号频率远大于调制信号频率,输出负载功率因数$\cos \varphi = 1$,可近似认为最大电压纹波在时间${t}_{1}$${t}_{4}$ 之间,其中${t}_{1}$${t}_{4}$ 的表达式分别为
${t}_{1}= \frac{{\sin }^{-1}\left(\frac{2{A}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)}{{2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
${t}_{4}= \frac{\pi -{\sin }^{-1}\left(\frac{2{A}_{\mathrm{c}}}{{A}_{\mathrm{s}}}\right)}{{2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{s}}}$
电容电压纹波与电容所放电的电荷量有对应的关系,因此电容${C}_{1}$${t}_{1}$${t}_{4}$ 之间放电电荷量$\Delta {Q}_{1}$ 可表示为
$\Delta {Q}_{{C}_{1}}= {\int }_{{t}_{1}}^{{t}_{4}}{I}_{\mathrm{o}}\sin \left({{2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{s}}t -\varphi }\right)\mathrm{d}t $
式中,${I}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为负载电流,为了满足纹波条件,电容值${C}_{1}$ 可根据下式选择,即
${C}_{1}\geq \frac{\Delta {Q}_{{C}_{1}}}{{0.1}{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}}$
由于电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 具有对称性,${C}_{3}$ 的纹波参数与${C}_{1}$ 相等。此外,电容${C}_{2}$ 仅在输出电平为$\pm 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 放电,以图3 调制波的正半周为例,电容${C}_{2}$${t}_{2}$${t}_{3}$ 之间放电,因此电容${C}_{2}$${t}_{2}$${t}_{3}$ 之间放电电荷量$\Delta {Q}_{2}$
$\Delta {Q}_{{C}_{2}}= {\int }_{{t}_{2}}^{{t}_{3}}{I}_{\mathrm{o}}\sin \left({{2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{s}}t -\varphi }\right)\mathrm{d}t $
在纯阻性负载情况下,逆变器在输出电平$+ 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}$ 对应的负载电流值恒为$+ 3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}/R$。当载波频率远大于调制波频率时,可近似认为${t}_{2}$${t}_{3}$ 时刻的调制波幅值均为${A}_{\mathrm{s}}$。因此,电容${C}_{2}$ 的放电电荷量也可以进一步表示为
$\Delta {Q}_{{C}_{2}}= \frac{3{V}_{\mathrm{{dc}}}\left({3{M}_{\mathrm{a}}- 2}\right)}{{f}_{\mathrm{c}}R}$
由于在阻感负载情况下, 输出电压和电流之间有相位差, 电容电压纹波相对纯阻性负载下减小, 因此电容${C}_{2}$ 的选择根据纯阻性负载下来考虑,最终应满足下式
${C}_{2}\geq \frac{{30}\left({3{M}_{\mathrm{a}}- 2}\right)}{{f}_{\mathrm{c}}R}$
对于开关电容型多电平逆变器, 流过开关器件的最大电流出现在电容的充电瞬间,所以开关电容的最大充电电流就是开关器件的电流应力。由 2.2 节分析可知,电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 的电压纹波相等,且大于${C}_{2}$ 的电压纹波,所以最大充电电流出现在电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 的充电瞬间。由于${C}_{1}$ 通过开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$ 以及二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 与电源并联充电,其充电回路实际上是${R}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 充电电路。假设${C}_{1}$ 的充电回路的等效电阻为${R}_{\mathrm{{eq}}}$,其最大充电电流可以表示为
${I}_{{C}_{1}}= \frac{\Delta {Q}_{{C}_{1}}}{{C}_{1}{R}_{\text{eq }}}$
由式 (14) 可知,${C}_{1}$ 的最大充电电流与其在${t}_{1}$${t}_{4}$ 之间放电电荷量$\Delta {Q}_{1}$ 成正比,而与电容值${C}_{1}$ 成反比。因此, 可以通过增加开关电容的电容值来减少电流应力。此外, 当电流应力较大时, 开关损耗会随着开关频率的增加而相应增加, 所以需要采用合适的开关频率来调制开关电容型多电平逆变器,一般推荐选择 5~20 kHz。
为了评估本文所提七电平逆变器的整体特性, 选取了近年来几种典型的开关电容七电平逆变器进行比较。由表2 可知, 文献[11]所使用的二极管和电容数量以及文献[12]所使用的开关管数量均少于本文所提拓扑,但由于后端采用逆变$\mathrm{H}$ 桥结构,$\mathrm{H}$ 桥开关管需要承受最大输出电压, 使得开关器件的总电压应力相对较高。文献[13]无需逆变$\mathrm{H}$ 桥则可以实现七电平输出, 开关器件的总电压应力也比本文少,但相应的拓扑器件个数也增多,尤其使用了 4 个电容, 这将会增加逆变器的体积与成本。相比之下, 文献[15]电容个数比本文少 1 个, 但使用过多的开关管使得开关器件的总电压应力大大增加。文献[16]没有使用二极管, 开关器件的总电压应力也相对更低, 但其升压能力较弱, 因此不适合应用在低压输入场合。
经过比较分析后可知,本文所提拓扑无需使用逆变$\mathrm{H}$ 桥即可以实现七电平输出。同时,在电压增益为 3 倍的前提下, 该逆变器所使用的拓扑器件个数和开关器件的总电压应力也相对较低。
为了进一步验证所提七电平逆变器的可行性, 搭建了一台低功率的实验样机系统。该样机系统采用 TMS320F28335 作为主控制器产生如图3 中开关逻辑信号。将输出的开关逻辑信号经过驱动电路放大后,控制开关管实现逆变器交流输出。表3 给出了具体的实验器件参数。其中, 样机系统的直流输入源为${100}\mathrm{\;V}$,载波频率为$5\mathrm{{kHz}}$,调制比为 0.9。
当负载为纯电阻${100\Omega }$ 时,图4(a)和 4(b)为开关管和电容${C}_{2}$ 的电压波形,其中开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{L}}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{1}\text{、}{\mathrm{T}}_{2}$${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$ 所承受的电压应力均为${100}\mathrm{\;V}$,开关管${S}_{\mathrm{R}}$ 所承受的电压应力为${300}\mathrm{\;V}$,与理论分析的一致。由于开关管${\mathrm{T}}_{4}$${\mathrm{T}}_{5}$ 的状态分别与${\mathrm{T}}_{3}$${\mathrm{T}}_{1}$ 的相同,因此其电压应力也为${100}\mathrm{\;V}$,从而验证该逆变器开关器件的总电压应力较低。同时,可以看出电容${C}_{2}$ 在向负载放电时会产生电压纹波, 但很快电容就得到充电,因此,在该电容值较小的情况下也不会造成过大的电压纹波。此外,输出电压和电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{3}$ 的电压波形如图4(c) 所示。输出电压的峰值和有效值分别为${300}\mathrm{\;V}$${189}\mathrm{\;V}$。电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 分别在正负半周内交替充放电, 具有一定的对称性, 最终电容电压均在四分之一输出周期内能够快速充满, 因此该逆变器的电容不需要额外的均衡电路和复杂调制算法的情况下能够自动平衡。再有, 从图中可知电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 的最大电压纹波分别为${4.29}\mathrm{\;V}$${4.21}\mathrm{\;V}$,高出式(7)~式(10)计算的理论值${3.89}\mathrm{\;V}$${10}\%$ 左右,这主要是由于实验中电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 的实际容值低于其标定值${3300\mu }\mathrm{F}$,使得理论计算的电压纹波稍微偏低。
当带感性负载${100\Omega }- {53}\mathrm{{mH}}$ 时,所对应的输出电压电流,电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 的电压波形如图5(a) 所示。 此时,输出电压的有效值为${190}\mathrm{\;V}$,输出电流的有效值为${1.77}\mathrm{\;A}$,因此该逆变器具有带感性负载的能力。此外,电容${C}_{1}$${C}_{3}$ 的最大电压纹波相比在纯阻性负载下有所减小。图5(b) 所示的为输出电压和输出电流的 FFT 分析。其中, 在输出电压的 FFT 分析中,谐波电压主要出现在载波频率$5\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 及其整数倍附近。相比之下, 在感性负载下电流谐波得到有效的抑制,最大谐波电流幅值仅为${24}\mathrm{{mA}}$
为了验证该逆变器具有良好的动态特性, 纯阻性负载在${100}\sim {200\Omega }$ 之间切换时的实验波形如图6 所示。可见, 当负载特征突变时, 电容电压纹波有相应的变化, 但最终能够快速保持平衡稳定。同时, 输出电压非常稳定,几乎不受负载突变的干扰。
提出了一种新型的开关电容七电平逆变器, 该逆变器通过控制开关管使电容分时串并联运行, 实现三倍电压增益的七电平输出。在文中讨论了所提逆变器的拓扑结构、工作原理,电容电压自平衡和调制策略, 并结合同相层叠脉宽调制分析了开关电容的电压纹波和电流应力, 为实验部分的电容取值以及开关频率范围的选择提供理论依据。同时,文中将所提逆变器与近年几种典型的开关电容逆变器比较,验证该逆变器具有电路结构简单、拓扑器件少、升压能力强和开关器件的总电压应力低的优势。最后设计了一台实验样机验证了理论分析的可行性, 实验结果表明, 逆变器在稳态和动态条件下均具有良好的工作性能。因此, 所提七电平三倍增益逆变器比较适用于光伏和燃料电池等低压新能源并网接口。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907033)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.2.113
  • 接收时间:2021-03-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-06
  • 修回日期:2021-05-05
  • 录用日期:2021-05-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51907033)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907033)
作者信息
    广东工业大学 自动化学院 广州 510006
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