Article(id=1154040955876397698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.49, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1611590400000, receivedDateStr=2021-01-26, revisedDate=1622563200000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-02, acceptedDate=1623686400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-06-15, onlineDate=1753074404925, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1706544000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753074404925, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753074404925, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074404925, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154040955071095059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753074404733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753781011721, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=49, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154040956308411011, articleId=1154040955876397698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Buck-type Single-switch Integrated Power Factor Correction Converter, columnId=1153024091842924578, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=AC-DC Converters, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The conventional Buck-type power factor correction (PFC) converter has a disadvantage of high harmonic current, which limits its applications. A Buck-type single-switch integrated PFC converter is proposed and analyzed. This converter is composed of a Buck-type PFC converter and a Buck-Boost PFC converter, and they are integrated by only one active switch, thereby simplifying the control. Under the constant on time (COT) control, the dead zone of input current in the Buck-type PFC converter is eliminated. With advantages of Buck and Buck-Boost converters, this converter can achieve a high power factor and a high efficiency in universal-input applications. The circuit structure, working principle, steady-state characteristics and design considerations of the proposed converter are introduced and analyzed. Finally, a 56 W prototype was built, and experimental results verified the analysis results.

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传统的Buck 功率因数校正PFC(power factor correction)变换器存在谐波电流大的缺点,限制了其应用范围。提出并分析了一种Buck型单开关整合式功率因数校正变换器。该变换器由一个Buck PFC变换器和一个Buck-Boost PFC 变换器通过一个开关管整合而成,简化了控制;同时,采用恒导通时间控制,消除了Buck PFC 变换器输入电流的死区;结合Buck 和Buck-Boost 变换器的优势,在全输入电压范围下可以实现高功率因数和高效率。介绍并分析了该变换器的电路结构、工作原理、稳态特性以及设计思路,最后,搭建了一台56W的实验样机,验证了分析结果的正确性。

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文娅(2000-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 158918102@qq.com。

万宇阳(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:功率因数校正技术、开关变换器的拓扑与控制技术。E-mail: 405378785@qq.com.

刘雪山(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术的应用、开关电源的拓扑与控制技术。E-mail:xueshan5851@163.com。

肖剑桥(2000-),女,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 1138677219@qq.com。

王海东(2002-),男,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 1109647293@qq.com.

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文娅(2000-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 158918102@qq.com。

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文娅(2000-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 158918102@qq.com。

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万宇阳(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:功率因数校正技术、开关变换器的拓扑与控制技术。E-mail: 405378785@qq.com.

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万宇阳(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:功率因数校正技术、开关变换器的拓扑与控制技术。E-mail: 405378785@qq.com.

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刘雪山(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术的应用、开关电源的拓扑与控制技术。E-mail:xueshan5851@163.com。

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刘雪山(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术的应用、开关电源的拓扑与控制技术。E-mail:xueshan5851@163.com。

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肖剑桥(2000-),女,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 1138677219@qq.com。

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肖剑桥(2000-),女,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 1138677219@qq.com。

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王海东(2002-),男,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 1109647293@qq.com.

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王海东(2002-),男,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 1109647293@qq.com.

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Design considerations of soft-switched Buck PFC converter with constant on-time (COT) control[J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2011. 26(11): 3144-3152., articleTitle=Design considerations of soft-switched Buck PFC converter with constant on-time (COT) control, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154041039577928187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955876397698, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=28, issue=5, pageStart=2277, pageEnd=1184, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Xie Xiaogao, Zhao Chen, Zheng Lingwei, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie Xiaogao, Zhao Chen, Zheng Lingwei, et al. An improved Buck PFC converter with high power factor[J]. 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ArticleFig(id=1154041037757600206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955876397698, language=CN, label=图2, caption=半个工频周期内的输入电流波形及其控制时序, figureFileSmall=m7tOWvBLjpBQ8Jlvnh7Cjw==, figureFileBig=RBPbpWmuzhfJBBz/gl58nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041037812126159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955876397698, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Key waveforms of the proposed single-switch integrated PFC converter, figureFileSmall=XYXfjC2Gi0ihj1ddHWWAfA==, figureFileBig=Lok0HYYgYyo4BzV9viPTBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041037883429328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955876397698, language=CN, label=图3, caption=所提单开关整合式 PFC 变换器的主要波形, figureFileSmall=XYXfjC2Gi0ihj1ddHWWAfA==, figureFileBig=Lok0HYYgYyo4BzV9viPTBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041037921178065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955876397698, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Equivalent circuits of the proposed converter in the case of $\theta <{\omega t}< \pi -\theta$, figureFileSmall=T5IkEnHd9hyXm56Drud5KA==, figureFileBig=K7nrsCCOcA7ZoVeRlZKxjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041037988286930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955876397698, language=CN, label=图4, caption=在 $\theta <{\omega t}< \pi -\theta$ 情况下所提变换器的等效电路, figureFileSmall=T5IkEnHd9hyXm56Drud5KA==, figureFileBig=K7nrsCCOcA7ZoVeRlZKxjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041038038618579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040955876397698, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Equivalent circuits of the proposed converter in the case of $0 <{\omega t}< \theta$ and $\pi -\theta <{\omega t}< \pi$, figureFileSmall=Q47qZ3on1ZL2c964OMNxjg==, figureFileBig=C0kJsW/3OiNr7lWn2q/Clg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041038093144532, 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Buck 型单开关整合式功率因数校正变换器
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文娅 , 万宇阳 , 刘雪山 , 肖剑桥 , 王海东
电源学报 | AC-DC 变换器 2024,22(1): 49-56
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电源学报 | AC-DC 变换器 2024, 22(1): 49-56
Buck 型单开关整合式功率因数校正变换器
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文娅 , 万宇阳 , 刘雪山 , 肖剑桥 , 王海东
作者信息
  • 四川大学 电气工程学院 成都 610065
  • 文娅(2000-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 158918102@qq.com。

    万宇阳(1994-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:功率因数校正技术、开关变换器的拓扑与控制技术。E-mail: 405378785@qq.com.

    刘雪山(1981-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电力电子技术的应用、开关电源的拓扑与控制技术。E-mail:xueshan5851@163.com。

    肖剑桥(2000-),女,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 1138677219@qq.com。

    王海东(2002-),男,本科。研究方向:功率因数校正技术。E-mail: 1109647293@qq.com.

Buck-type Single-switch Integrated Power Factor Correction Converter
Ya WEN , Yuyang WAN , Xueshan LIU , Jianqiao XIAO , Haidong WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 China
出版时间: 2024-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.49
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传统的Buck 功率因数校正PFC(power factor correction)变换器存在谐波电流大的缺点,限制了其应用范围。提出并分析了一种Buck型单开关整合式功率因数校正变换器。该变换器由一个Buck PFC变换器和一个Buck-Boost PFC 变换器通过一个开关管整合而成,简化了控制;同时,采用恒导通时间控制,消除了Buck PFC 变换器输入电流的死区;结合Buck 和Buck-Boost 变换器的优势,在全输入电压范围下可以实现高功率因数和高效率。介绍并分析了该变换器的电路结构、工作原理、稳态特性以及设计思路,最后,搭建了一台56W的实验样机,验证了分析结果的正确性。

功率因数校正  /  电流谐波  /  Buck PFC变换器  /  整合式

The conventional Buck-type power factor correction (PFC) converter has a disadvantage of high harmonic current, which limits its applications. A Buck-type single-switch integrated PFC converter is proposed and analyzed. This converter is composed of a Buck-type PFC converter and a Buck-Boost PFC converter, and they are integrated by only one active switch, thereby simplifying the control. Under the constant on time (COT) control, the dead zone of input current in the Buck-type PFC converter is eliminated. With advantages of Buck and Buck-Boost converters, this converter can achieve a high power factor and a high efficiency in universal-input applications. The circuit structure, working principle, steady-state characteristics and design considerations of the proposed converter are introduced and analyzed. Finally, a 56 W prototype was built, and experimental results verified the analysis results.

Power factor correction (PFC)  /  current harmonics  /  Buck-type PFC converter  /  integrated
文娅, 万宇阳, 刘雪山, 肖剑桥, 王海东. Buck 型单开关整合式功率因数校正变换器. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (1) : 49 -56 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.49
Ya WEN, Yuyang WAN, Xueshan LIU, Jianqiao XIAO, Haidong WANG. Buck-type Single-switch Integrated Power Factor Correction Converter[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (1) : 49 -56 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.49
近年来, 随着电力电子技术的快速发展, 电力电子装置已经广泛应用于电力系统、工业以及交通等相关领域。为了减小电力电子装置对电网的谐波污染, 一些国家和国际学术团体颁布并实施了一些电流谐波标准,如 IEC555-2、IEEE519、IEC61000-3-2 等[1]。为了满足这些谐波标准,必须使用功率因数校正 PFC (power factor correction) 技术来使开关变换器的输入电流谐波达到限制标准,因此众学者开始广泛研究各种结构的 PFC 变换器。
相比于两级 PFC 变换器, 单级 PFC 变换器具有效率高和体积小的特点[2],因此,单级 PFC 变换器成为人们的研究热点。一般来说, 传统的开关变换器拓扑, 例如升压 (Boost)、降压 (Buck) 和升降压 (Buck-Boost)变换器, 都可以实现单级功率因数校正,并且每个拓扑都有各自的特点。
Boost PFC 变换器具有输入电流纹波小和效率高的特点,被广泛应用于 PFC 领域[3-4]。在全输入电压$\left({{90}\sim {265}\mathrm{{Vac}}}\right)$ 范围内, Boost PFC 变换器都可以获得较高的 PF 值, 尤其当电感电流工作在临界连续模式时, 其功率因数为单位 1。然而, Boost PFC 变换器只能进行升压转换, 即其输出电压必须高于输入电压峰值, 这限制了 Boost PFC 变换器的应用领域。在全输入电压$\left({{90}\sim {265}\mathrm{{Vac}}}\right)$ 应用中,该变换器输出的直流电压一般设定为${400}\mathrm{\;V}$,无法直接给负载设备供电。因此, Boost PFC 变换器一般用于两级变换系统中的前级 PFC 变换, 后级仍需级联一个降压型 DC-DC 变换器。
在全输入电压范围应用中,可兼顾升压和降压转换是一个非常有优势的特性, 因此, Buck-Boost PFC 变换器是较好的选择[5-6]。但该变换器的输入电流在一个开关周期内是断续的, 因此有较大输入电流纹波,此外,其仅在开关管关断时传递能量给负载, 因此相对于 Buck 和 Boost PFC 变换器, Buck-Boost PFC 变换器的效率较低, 开关管电压电流应力高。
Buck PFC 变换器具有可降压转换、开关管应力低和效率高的特点, 非常适合非隔离并且输出电压低于输入电压峰值的应用场合[7-9]。然而,该变换器只在输入电压高于输出电压时才会由电源给负载传递能量,也就是说,当输入电压低于输出电压时输入电流为 0, 输入电流存在死区时间。因此, 在全输入电压范围应用中, Buck PFC 变换器的功率因数较低, 很难通过各类谐波标准的限制, 尤其在输出电压较高的时候。输入并联型变换器可有效改善 Buck PFC 变换器的 THD, 消除输入电流死区。 文献[9]研究了一种 Buck 变换器与 Boost 变换器输入并联工作的 PFC 变换器, 可实现 Buck 模式与 Boost 模式的自动切换, 但是需要采样输入电压, 并且使用了两个主开关管, 控制电路复杂。
本文提出了一种 Buck 型单开关整合式功率因数校正变换器。该变换器由一个 Buck PFC 变换器和一个 Buck-Boost PFC 变换器通过一个开关管整合而成,简化了控制;采用恒导通时间控制,消除了 Buck PFC 变换器输入电流的死区; 结合 Buck 和 Buck-Boost 变换器的优势, 在全输入电压范围下可以实现高功率因数和高效率。因此, 所提变换器适用于在全输入电压范围下的 PFC 应用场合。本文对该变换器进行了详细地理论分析, 并搭建了一台${56}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的实验样机,验证分析结果的正确性。
为了改善传统 Buck PFC 变换器的输入电流谐波,消除输入电流的死区,可以将 Buck PFC 变换器和其他变换器整合成一个单开关 PFC 变换器, 利用此方法, Buck PFC 变换器和其他变换器的开关管导通时间相同。因此, 由于其他变换器在输入电压小于输出电压时会继续工作, Buck PFC 变换器的输入电流死区即可被有效消除。图1 为本文提出的 Buck 型单开关整合式功率因数校正变换器拓扑及其控制电路, 相比于传统的 Buck PFC 变换器增加了一个 Buck-Boost 励磁电感${L}_{1}$ 、中间储能电容${C}_{1}$ 和二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$。该$\mathrm{{PFC}}$ 变换器采用恒导通时间控制, 其中 Buck-Boost 电感电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}$ 工作在临界导通模式 CRM (critical conduction mode),通过选择${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 的电感量, Buck 电感电流${i}_{{L}_{2}}$ 工作在频率变化的断续导通模式 DCM (discontinuous conduction mode)。 相比于传统的定频断续导通模式, 变频断续导通模式的电感电流峰值更低,有助于提升变换器的效率。
为了简化分析, 做如下假设。
(1)所有的开关管、二极管、电感和电容均为理想元件。
(2)电容${C}_{1}\text{、}{C}_{\mathrm{o}1}$${C}_{\mathrm{o}2}$ 足够大,稳态输出电压的开关纹波可以忽略,即${v}_{{c}_{1}}\text{、}{v}_{o1}$${v}_{o2}$ 为恒定值。
(3)开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 远大于电网电压频率${f}_{\mathrm{L}}$,即${f}_{\mathrm{s}}\gg {f}_{\mathrm{L}}$
(4) 输入电压是全波整流正弦波,即$\left|{{v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( t\right)}\right|=$ ${V}_{\mathrm{p}}\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|$,其中${V}_{\mathrm{p}}$ 为电压幅值,$\omega ={2\pi }{f}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为输入电压的角频率。
图2 所示, Buck PFC 变换器仅在输入电压高于${v}_{\mathrm{o}2}- {v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{i}}}$ 时工作,因此,当所提 PFC 变换器工作在稳态时,有 2 种不同的工作状态: 1 )$\theta <{\omega t}< \pi -\theta$; 2 )$0 <{\omega t}< \theta$$\pi -\theta <{\omega t}< \pi$。其中
$\theta =\left\{\begin{array}{ll}\left|{{\sin }^{-1}m}\right|& m \geq 0 \\ 0 & m < 0 \end{array}\right.$
$ m =\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{o}2}- {v}_{{C}_{1}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{p}}}$
1)$\theta <{\omega t}< \pi -\theta$
在此工作状态, 所提 PFC 变换器在一个开关周期内有 3 种工作模态。图3 为其稳态工作时的主要波形,图4 为各模态的等效电路。
模态 1$\left\lbrack {{t}_{0}\sim {t}_{1}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4(a) 所示,在${t}_{0}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 导通,输入电源给 Buck-Boost 电感${L}_{1}$ 和 Buck 电感${L}_{2}$ 充电,因此,电感电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}\left( t\right)$${i}_{{L}_{2}}\left( t\right)$ 线性上升, 可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{{L}_{1}}\left( t\right)= \frac{\left|{v}_{\text{in }}\right|}{{L}_{1}}\left({t -{t}_{0}}\right)\\{i}_{{L}_{2}}\left( t\right)= \frac{\left|{v}_{\text{in }}\right|+ {v}_{{C}_{1}}- {v}_{\mathrm{o}2}}{{L}_{2}}\left({t -{t}_{0}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
当开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 关断时,此工作模态结束,电感电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}\left( t\right)$${i}_{{L}_{2}}\left( t\right)$ 达到最大值,即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{{L}_{1}- \mathrm{p}}\left( t\right)= \frac{\left|{v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\right|}{{L}_{1}}{t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}\\{i}_{{L}_{2}- \mathrm{p}}\left( t\right)= \frac{\left|{v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\right|+ {v}_{{C}_{1}}- {v}_{\mathrm{o}2}}{{L}_{2}}{t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}\end{array}\right.$
式中,${t}_{\text{on }}$ 为开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的导通时间。模态 1 的工作时间${\tau }_{1}= {t}_{\mathrm{{on}}\circ }$
模态 2$\left\lbrack {{t}_{1}\sim {t}_{2}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4(b) 所示,在${t}_{1}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 关断,此时,电感电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}\left( t\right)$${i}_{{L}_{2}}\left( t\right)$ 分别通过二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 续流,因此,电感电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}\left( t\right)$${i}_{{L}_{2}}\left( t\right)$ 线性下降,可表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{i}_{{L}_{1}}\left( t\right)= {i}_{{L}_{1}- \mathrm{p}}\left( t\right)- \frac{{v}_{{C}_{1}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{o}1}}{{L}_{1}}\left({t -{t}_{1}}\right)\\{i}_{{L}_{2}}\left( t\right)= {i}_{{L}_{2}- \mathrm{p}}\left( t\right)- \frac{{v}_{\mathrm{o}1}+ {v}_{\mathrm{o}2}}{{L}_{2}}\left({t -{t}_{1}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
${i}_{{L}_{2}}\left( t\right)$ 下降到 0 时,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 关断。在${t}_{2}$ 时刻模态 2 结束, 模态 2 的工作时间为
${\tau }_{2}= \frac{\left|{v}_{\text{in }}\right|+ {v}_{{C}_{1}}- {v}_{\mathrm{o}2}}{{v}_{\mathrm{o}1}+ {v}_{\mathrm{o}2}}{t}_{\text{on }}$
模态$3\left\lbrack {{t}_{2}\sim {t}_{3}}\right\rbrack$ : 如图4(c) 所示,在${t}_{2}$ 时刻,开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 和二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 都关断,而二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 保持导通, 电感电流${i}_{{L}_{1}}\left( t\right)$ 继续下降,在${t}_{3}$ 时刻,${i}_{{L}_{1}}$ 下降到 0,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{1}$ 关断,模态 3 结束且一个开关周期完成。模态 3 的工作时间为
${\tau }_{3}= \frac{\left|{v}_{\text{in }}\right|}{{v}_{{C}_{1}}+ {v}_{\text{ol }}}{t}_{\text{on }}- {\tau }_{2}$
由式 (6) 和式 (7) 可得, 所提 PFC 变换器一个开关周期为
${T}_{\mathrm{s}}= {\tau }_{1}+ {\tau }_{2}+ {\tau }_{3}= \frac{{V}_{\mathrm{P}}\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|+ {v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{t}}}+ {v}_{\mathrm{o}1}}{{v}_{\mathrm{o}1}+ {v}_{{C}_{\mathrm{t}}}}{t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}$
2)$0 <{\omega t}< \theta$$\pi -\theta <{\omega t}< \pi$
在此工作状态, 所提 PFC 变换器在一个开关周期内有 2 种工作模态, 与传统 CRM Buck-Boost PFC 变换器相同,图5 为其为各模态的等效电路。 在模态 1 时,二极管${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ 反向截止,电感电流${i}_{{L}_{2}}= 0$, 其余工作状态与$\theta <{\omega t}< \pi -\theta$ 时相同; 在模态 2 时,工作状态与$\theta <{\omega t}< \pi -\theta$ 时的模态 3 相同。在$\theta <{\omega t}< \pi -\theta$ 情况下,电容${C}_{\mathrm{o}2}$ 存在充电模式和放电模式; 在$0 <$ ${\omega t}< \theta$$\pi -\theta <{\omega t}< \pi$ 情况下,电容${C}_{\mathrm{o}2}$ 只存在放电模式。在一个工频周期内,电容${C}_{\mathrm{o}2}$ 可以满足安秒平衡特性。由于电容${C}_{\mathrm{o}2}$ 的容值足够大,为了便于理论分析,假设电容${C}_{\mathrm{o}2}$ 稳态输出电压的开关纹波可以忽略,即${v}_{\mathrm{o}2}$ 为恒定值。
对所提 PFC 变换器进行理论和参数设计分析, 所有的计算参数都基于${56}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的实验样机。
根据第 2 节的工作原理分析, 在一个开关周期内,平均输入电流可以表示为
${i}_{\text{in-avg }}\left( t\right)= \left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{k{V}_{\mathrm{p}}{t}_{\text{on }}\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}{2{L}_{1}\left({k +\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}\right)} &\\{\omega t}\in \left\lbrack {0,\theta )\cup (\pi -\theta,\pi }\right\rbrack &\\\frac{k{V}_{\mathrm{p}}{t}_{\text{on }}\left\lbrack {\left({{L}_{2}+ {L}_{1}}\right)\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|- {L}_{1}m}\right\rbrack }{2{L}_{1}{L}_{2}\left({k +\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}\right)} &\\{\omega t}\in \left\lbrack {\theta,\pi,- \theta }\right\rbrack &\end{matrix}\right.$
其中
$ k =\frac{{v}_{\mathrm{{ol}}}+ {v}_{{C}_{1}}}{{V}_{\mathrm{p}}}$
根据式 (9), 半个工频周期内的输入功率为
${P}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= {P}_{\mathrm{o}}= \frac{2}{{T}_{\mathrm{L}}}{\int }_{0}^{{T}_{\mathrm{L}}/2}{v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( t\right){i}_{\mathrm{{in}}- \mathrm{{avg}}}\left( t\right)\mathrm{d}t =\\\frac{k{V}_{\mathrm{P}}^{2}{t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}\left({\alpha {L}_{2}+ \beta {L}_{1}}\right)}{{2\pi }{L}_{1}{L}_{2}}$
式中:${P}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 为输出功率;${T}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 为工频周期; 系数$\alpha \text{、}\beta$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\alpha ={\int }_{0}^{\pi }\frac{{\sin }^{2}\left({\omega t}\right)}{k +\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}\mathrm{d}{\omega t}\\\beta ={\int }_{\theta }^{\pi -\theta }\frac{\left({\sin \left({\omega t}\right)- m}\right)\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}{k +\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}\mathrm{d}{\omega t}\end{array}\right.$
由式(11)得一个开关周期内开关管的导通时间为
${t}_{\mathrm{{on}}}= \frac{{2\pi }{L}_{1}{L}_{2}{P}_{\mathrm{o}}}{k{V}_{\mathrm{P}}^{2}\left({\alpha {L}_{2}+ \beta {L}_{1}}\right)} $
根据式 (8) 和式 (13), 一个开关周期内开关管频率为
${f}_{\mathrm{s}}= \frac{{k}^{2}{V}_{\mathrm{P}}^{2}\left({\alpha {L}_{2}+ \beta {L}_{1}}\right)}{{2\pi }{L}_{1}{L}_{2}{P}_{\mathrm{o}}\left({\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|+ k}\right)} $
根据式 (14) 可知,在一个工频周期内,$\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|= 1$ 时,开关管频率最小。因此,在${v}_{\text{in }}$${100}\sim {240}\mathrm{{Vac}}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{o}}=$ ${80}\mathrm{\;V}$${i}_{\mathrm{o}}= {0.7}\mathrm{\;A}$${L}_{1}= {650\mu }\mathrm{H}$${L}_{2}= {200\mu }\mathrm{H}$ 的情况下,最小开关频率范围为${36.5}\sim {143.0}\mathrm{{kHz}}$
将式(13)代入式(9)中,可得半个工频周期内的平均输入电流为
${i}_{\text{in-avg }}\left( t\right)= \left\{\begin{matrix}\frac{\pi {P}_{\mathrm{o}}\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}{{V}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({\alpha +{\beta \mu }}\right)\left({k +\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}\right)} &\\{\omega t}\in \left\lbrack {0,\theta )\cup (\pi -\theta,\pi }\right\rbrack &\\\frac{\pi {P}_{\mathrm{o}}\left\lbrack {\left({1 +\mu }\right)\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|- {\mu m}}\right\rbrack }{{V}_{\mathrm{p}}\left({\alpha +{\beta \mu }}\right)\left({k +\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}\right)} &\\{\omega t}\in \left\lbrack {\theta,\pi -\theta }\right\rbrack &\end{matrix}\right.$
式中,$\mu ={L}_{1}/{L}_{2}$
根据式 (15),在${v}_{\mathrm{o}}= {80}\mathrm{\;V}\text{、}{P}_{\mathrm{o}}= {56}\mathrm{\;W}\text{、}{v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}= {220}\mathrm{{Vac}}$ 的情况下,所提 PFC 变换器在$\mu$ 取不同值时的归一化输入电流如图6(a) 所示。由图6(a) 可以看出, 输入电流波形的失真随着$\mu$ 的增加而增加。在${v}_{\mathrm{o}}=$ ${80}\mathrm{\;V}\text{、}{P}_{0}= {56}\mathrm{\;W}\text{、}\mu ={3.25}$ 的情况下,所提 PFC 变换器在${v}_{\text{in }}$ 不同取值时的归一化的输入电流如图6(b)所示。由图6(b)可以看出, 输入电流波形的失真随着${v}_{\text{in }}$ 的增加而减小。
根据式 (15), 所提 PFC 变换器的输入功率因数为
$\mathrm{{PF}}= \frac{{P}_{\text{in }}}{\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{P}}}{\sqrt{2}}\sqrt{\frac{1}{\pi }{\int }_{0}^{\pi }{i}_{\text{in }}^{2}\mathrm{\;d}{\omega t}}}= \frac{\sqrt{2}\left({\alpha +{\beta \mu }}\right)}{\sqrt{\pi \left({{\lambda }_{1}+ 2{\lambda }_{2}\mu +{\lambda }_{3}{\mu }^{2}}\right)}}$
其中
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{1}= {\int }_{0}^{\pi }\frac{{\sin }^{2}\left({\omega t}\right)}{{\left( k +\left|\sin \left(\omega t\right)\right|\right)}^{2}}\mathrm{\;d}{\omega t}\\{\lambda }_{2}= {\int }_{\theta }^{\pi -\theta }\frac{\left({\sin \left({\omega t}\right)- m}\right)\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}{{\left( k +\left|\sin \left(\omega t\right)\right|\right)}^{2}}\mathrm{\;d}{\omega t}\\{\lambda }_{3}= {\int }_{\theta }^{\pi -\theta }{\left(\frac{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)- m}{k +\left|{\sin \left({\omega t}\right)}\right|}\right)}^{2}\mathrm{\;d}{\omega t}\end{array}\right.$
根据式 (16),在${100}\sim {240}\mathrm{{Vac}}$ 输入电压下,$\mu$ 的不同取值对$\mathrm{{PF}}$${v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$ 关系的影响如图7 所示。当$\mu ={1.00}$ 时, PF 在全输入电压范围下低于 0.97 ;当$\mu >{3.25}$ 时, PF 随着输入电压${v}_{\text{in }}$ 的增加而减小,且一直保持在 0.97 以上。
输入电流的谐波含量受$\mu$${v}_{\text{in }}$ 的影响,当$\mu$ 过大或者过小时, Buck 变换器和 Buck-Boost 变换器的功率分配极其不均衡,并且电容${C}_{1}$ 两端的电压会非常高,导致开关管的电压应力高,因此,$\mu$ 需要在合理的范围内。本文选择$\mu$ 分别为${1.00}\text{、}{3.25}$ 、 6.00 和 10.00 来分析输入电流奇次谐波含量, 与 IEC61000-3-2 C 类法规进行比较,在$\mu$ 取不同值的情况下输入电流奇次谐波含量与输入电压的关系如图8 所示,其中${i}_{\mathrm{{in}}}\left( n\right)$ 是输入电流的$n$ 次谐波含量,$\mathrm{{IEC}}\left( n\right)$$\mathrm{{IEC}}{61000}- 3 - 2\mathrm{C}$ 类法规的$n$ 次谐波电流限制。因为更高次的奇次谐波 (大于 9 次) 很容易通过 IEC61000-3-2 C 类法规的限制,所以在分析时可暂不考虑。
图8 可知,当$\mu ={1.00}$ 时,5 次谐波超出了 IEC61000-3-2C 类法规的限制; 当$\mu >{3.25}$ 时,在全输入电压范围内输入电流谐波均可以通过 IEC61000-3-2 C 类法规的限制。因此,选择合理的$\mu$,该变换器即可在全输入电压范围下改善输入电流谐波,提高功率因数。
为验证图1 所示的 PFC 变换器和控制回路, 搭建了一台在${100}\sim {240}\mathrm{{Vac}}$ 输入电压下的${56}\mathrm{\;W}$ 实验样机。实验参数为${v}_{\mathrm{{in}}}$${100}\sim {240}\mathrm{{Vac}}$,滤波电感${L}_{\mathrm{f}}=$ ${2.2}\mathrm{{mH}}$,滤波电容${C}_{\mathrm{{fl}}}= {100}\mathrm{{nF}}$,滤波电容${C}_{\mathrm{f}2}= {330}\mathrm{{nF}}$,${L}_{1}= {650\mu }\mathrm{H},{L}_{2}= {200\mu }\mathrm{H},{C}_{1}= {10\mu }\mathrm{F},{C}_{o1}= {C}_{o2}= {680\mu }\mathrm{F}$, 开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${15}\mathrm{{NM}}{65}$,额定输出电流为${0.7}\mathrm{\;A}$,额定输出电压均为${80}\mathrm{\;V}$。为了与传统 Buck PFC 变换器进行比较,搭建了一台主电感为${300\mu }\mathrm{H}$ 的 CRM Buck PFC 变换器的实验样机, 其他主要电路参数与所提变换器实验参数保持一致。
图9(a)${220}\mathrm{{Vac}}$ 输入电压时所提 PFC 变换器输入电压与输入电流波形。由图9(a)可知, 输入电流均可以很好地跟踪输入电压的变化, 实现了功率因数校正。在输入电压峰值时, 所提 PFC 变换器的开关管反向电压和电感电流波形如图9(b) 所示。由图9(b) 可知, Buck-Boost 电感电流工作在 CRM, Buck 变换器电感电流工作在 DCM。输入电压峰值时开关管最大反向电压为${380}\mathrm{\;V}$,小于开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 的最大反向电压,并且理论计算的开关管反向电压为${376}\mathrm{\;V}$,实验结果符合理论分析。图9(c)${220}\mathrm{{Vac}}$ 电压输入时输出电压和输出电流的稳态波形。由图9(c)可以看出,两个输出电容电压均在${40}\mathrm{\;V}$ 附近,完成了自动均压。
图10(a) 为所提 PFC 变换器和传统 Buck PFC 变换器的 PF 对比。由图10(a) 可知, 在 100~240 Vac 输入范围内,所提 PFC 变换器功率因数均高于传统 Buck PFC 变换器,且均高于 0.97。图10(b) 为在${120}\mathrm{{Vac}}$ 输入电压下输入电流的谐波测试结果。由图10(b)可知, 所提 PFC 变换器输入电流的各次谐波均远小于 IEC61000-3-2 C 类规定的谐波最大值限定标准, 而传统 Buck PFC 变换器无法满足 IEC61000-3-2 C 类规定的谐波最大值限定标准。图10(c) 为所提 PFC 变换器和传统 Buck PFC 变换器的效率曲线,可以看出,传统 Buck PFC 变换器的效率稍高于所提 PFC 变换器, 而所提 PFC 变换器的最大效率可以达到 93.5%。相比于传统 Buck PFC 变换器,由于加入了 Buck-Boost PFC 变换器,所提变换器开关管电流应力和元器件数量均增加, 导致了效率低于传统 Buck PFC 变换器。
针对传统 Buck PFC 变换器输入电流谐波高和存在输出电流死区的问题,本文提出并分析了 Buck 型单开关整合式功率因数校正变换器。该变换器由一个 Buck PFC 变换器和一个 Buck-Boost PFC 变换器通过一个开关管整合而成, 简化了控制;采用恒导通时间控制,消除了 Buck PFC 变换器输入电流的死区; 结合 Buck 和 Buck-Boost 变换器的优势, 该变换器在全输入电压范围下可以实现高功率因数和高效率。最后,搭建了一台${56}\mathrm{\;W}$ 的实验样机,验证了分析结果的正确性。
  • 四川省区域创新合作资助项目(2021YFQ0006)
  • 四川大学自贡市校地合作专项资金资助项目(2019CDZG-14)
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2024年第22卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.49
  • 接收时间:2021-01-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-01-26
  • 修回日期:2021-06-02
  • 录用日期:2021-06-15
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Sichuan Regional Innovation Cooperation Project(2021YFQ0006)
四川省区域创新合作资助项目(2021YFQ0006)
Special Fund for Cooperation of Sichuan University and Zigong City(2019CDZG-14)
四川大学自贡市校地合作专项资金资助项目(2019CDZG-14)
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    四川大学 电气工程学院 成都 610065
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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