Article(id=1154040956895613575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.222, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1620230400000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-06, revisedDate=1622822400000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-05, acceptedDate=1623168000000, acceptedDateStr=2021-06-09, onlineDate=1753074405166, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1706544000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753074405166, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753074405166, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074405166, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154040955071095059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753074404733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753781011721, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=222, endPage=228, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154040957470233227, articleId=1154040956895613575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Research on Digital Contactless Load Measurement Based on Characteristic Parameters in Transient Process, columnId=1154040957365375626, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Others, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The problem of high-order nonlinearity in the transient process of a wireless power transmission system is a difficulty in load measurement and identification. When dealing with beat-frequency signals due to the high-order nonlinearity, there are some problems in the existing analog envelope detection method, such as signal distortion, poor circuit flexibility, and limited measurement range. Aimed at these problems, a digital envelope detection method was proposed based on Hilbert transform, and a digital envelope detector was designed to extract the envelope of the voltage beat-frequency signal. In addition, simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the proposed method. Results show that this method can accurately extract the envelope of the voltage beat-frequency signal with different loads, and it achieved an error of less than 5% in the load resistance range of 1-2 000 Ω. The proposed method extends the contactless load measurement range based on characteristic parameters in the transient process, providing a new idea for measuring the internal resistance of batteries in aircraft such as unmanned aerial vehicles.

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无线能量传输系统暂态过程中的高阶非线性问题是负载测量和辨识的一个难点,在处理由于高阶非线性出现的拍频信号时,现有模拟包络检波方法存在信号易失真、电路灵活性差以及测量范围有限等问题。针对此,提出基于希尔伯特变换的数字包络检波方法。在希尔伯特变换的基础上,设计数字包络检波器,提取电压拍频信号的包络线,并通过仿真和实验对所提方法进行验证,结果表明:对于不同待测负载,该方法均能够准确提取电压拍频包络线,实现负载阻值1~2000范围内误差小于5%的测量。该方法拓宽了基于暂态特征参数的非接触负载测量的范围,为无人机等飞行器电池內阻的测量提供了新思路。

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朱正斌(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能变换器及分布式储能系统稳定性。E-mail:zhu zhengbin@zju.edu.cn。

黄军(1981-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:空间电源系统及控制技术。E-mail: huju1981@163.com。

牛剑锋(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:大容量电力电子母排结构优化。E-mail: 22060048@zju.edu.cn。

孟洋洋(1996-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子变换器与先进控制。E-mail:2181 0124@zju.edu.cn。

胡斯登(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电动汽车与储能系统。E-mail: husideng@zju.edu.cn。

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朱正斌(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能变换器及分布式储能系统稳定性。E-mail:zhu zhengbin@zju.edu.cn。

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朱正斌(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能变换器及分布式储能系统稳定性。E-mail:zhu zhengbin@zju.edu.cn。

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黄军(1981-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:空间电源系统及控制技术。E-mail: huju1981@163.com。

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黄军(1981-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:空间电源系统及控制技术。E-mail: huju1981@163.com。

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牛剑锋(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:大容量电力电子母排结构优化。E-mail: 22060048@zju.edu.cn。

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牛剑锋(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:大容量电力电子母排结构优化。E-mail: 22060048@zju.edu.cn。

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孟洋洋(1996-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子变换器与先进控制。E-mail:2181 0124@zju.edu.cn。

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孟洋洋(1996-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子变换器与先进控制。E-mail:2181 0124@zju.edu.cn。

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胡斯登(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电动汽车与储能系统。E-mail: husideng@zju.edu.cn。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

胡斯登(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电动汽车与储能系统。E-mail: husideng@zju.edu.cn。

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figureFileBig=BudxIRBLDiI2G9y82RuLrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041029067002160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956895613575, language=CN, label=图8, caption=电池内阻测量, figureFileSmall=Rvn2g+tmMD/xMLPp2V8Ahw==, figureFileBig=BudxIRBLDiI2G9y82RuLrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041029142499634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956895613575, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Comparison between analog circuit and digital detections, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 模拟电路检波 数字算法检波
通用性 良,测量范围窄 优,统一$\mathrm{K}$ 域和$\mathrm{H}$ 域的检测,测量范围宽
失真度 电气参数固定, 且存在元件的温漂老化问题, 包络结果失真度高 自适应地调整算法参数, 包络结果失真度低
难点 合适的电路拓扑与电气参数选择 合适的算法选择
), ArticleFig(id=1154041029251551539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956895613575, language=CN, label=表1, caption=模拟电路检波与数字算法检波的对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 模拟电路检波 数字算法检波
通用性 良,测量范围窄 优,统一$\mathrm{K}$ 域和$\mathrm{H}$ 域的检测,测量范围宽
失真度 电气参数固定, 且存在元件的温漂老化问题, 包络结果失真度高 自适应地调整算法参数, 包络结果失真度低
难点 合适的电路拓扑与电气参数选择 合适的算法选择
), ArticleFig(id=1154041029352214838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956895613575, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Simulation and experimental parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流电压${U}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{V}$ 12
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 10
原边电感寄生电阻${R}_{{L}_{2}}/\Omega$ 2.823
原边谐振电容${C}_{1}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 2.2
副边谐振电容${C}_{2}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 2.2
原边谐振电感${L}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 465
副边谐振电感${L}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 474
副边电感寄生电阻${R}_{{L}_{1}}/\Omega$ 3.732
${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 耦合系数$k$ 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1154041029423518007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956895613575, language=CN, label=表2, caption=仿真与实验参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
直流电压${U}_{\mathrm{m}}/\mathrm{V}$ 12
开关频率${f}_{\mathrm{{sw}}}/\mathrm{{kHz}}$ 10
原边电感寄生电阻${R}_{{L}_{2}}/\Omega$ 2.823
原边谐振电容${C}_{1}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 2.2
副边谐振电容${C}_{2}/\mathrm{{nF}}$ 2.2
原边谐振电感${L}_{1}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 465
副边谐振电感${L}_{2}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 474
副边电感寄生电阻${R}_{{L}_{1}}/\Omega$ 3.732
${L}_{1}$${L}_{2}$ 耦合系数$k$ 0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1154041029549347130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956895613575, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Simulation and experimental measurement results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 实验 1 实验 2
理论阻值$/\Omega$ 1.11 1.43
仿真$\alpha$ 4051.7 4234.4
仿真阻值$/\Omega$ 1.120 1.447
实测$\alpha$ 5182.3 5342.9
实测阻值$/\Omega$ 1.08 1.36
实测误差/% 2.7 4.8
), ArticleFig(id=1154041029654204732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040956895613575, language=CN, label=表3, caption=仿真与实验测量结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 实验 1 实验 2
理论阻值$/\Omega$ 1.11 1.43
仿真$\alpha$ 4051.7 4234.4
仿真阻值$/\Omega$ 1.120 1.447
实测$\alpha$ 5182.3 5342.9
实测阻值$/\Omega$ 1.08 1.36
实测误差/% 2.7 4.8
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基于暂态特征参数的数字式非接触负载测量研究
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朱正斌 1 , 黄军 2 , 牛剑锋 1 , 孟洋洋 1 , 胡斯登 1
电源学报 | 其他 2024,22(1): 222-228
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电源学报 | 其他 2024, 22(1): 222-228
基于暂态特征参数的数字式非接触负载测量研究
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朱正斌1 , 黄军2 , 牛剑锋1 , 孟洋洋1 , 胡斯登1
作者信息
  • 1 浙江大学 电气工程学院 杭州 310000
  • 2 上海空间电源研究所 上海 201109
  • 朱正斌(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:储能变换器及分布式储能系统稳定性。E-mail:zhu zhengbin@zju.edu.cn。

    黄军(1981-),男,博士,研究员。研究方向:空间电源系统及控制技术。E-mail: huju1981@163.com。

    牛剑锋(1998-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:大容量电力电子母排结构优化。E-mail: 22060048@zju.edu.cn。

    孟洋洋(1996-),男,硕士。研究方向:电力电子变换器与先进控制。E-mail:2181 0124@zju.edu.cn。

    胡斯登(1984-),男,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:电动汽车与储能系统。E-mail: husideng@zju.edu.cn。

Research on Digital Contactless Load Measurement Based on Characteristic Parameters in Transient Process
Zhengbin ZHU1 , Jun HUANG2 , Jianfeng NIU1 , Yangyang MENG1 , Sideng HU1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Electrical Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310000 China
  • 2 Shanghai Institute of Space Power Sources Shanghai 201109 China
出版时间: 2024-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.222
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无线能量传输系统暂态过程中的高阶非线性问题是负载测量和辨识的一个难点,在处理由于高阶非线性出现的拍频信号时,现有模拟包络检波方法存在信号易失真、电路灵活性差以及测量范围有限等问题。针对此,提出基于希尔伯特变换的数字包络检波方法。在希尔伯特变换的基础上,设计数字包络检波器,提取电压拍频信号的包络线,并通过仿真和实验对所提方法进行验证,结果表明:对于不同待测负载,该方法均能够准确提取电压拍频包络线,实现负载阻值1~2000范围内误差小于5%的测量。该方法拓宽了基于暂态特征参数的非接触负载测量的范围,为无人机等飞行器电池內阻的测量提供了新思路。

无线能量传输  /  负载测量与辨识  /  希尔伯特变换  /  数字包络检波

The problem of high-order nonlinearity in the transient process of a wireless power transmission system is a difficulty in load measurement and identification. When dealing with beat-frequency signals due to the high-order nonlinearity, there are some problems in the existing analog envelope detection method, such as signal distortion, poor circuit flexibility, and limited measurement range. Aimed at these problems, a digital envelope detection method was proposed based on Hilbert transform, and a digital envelope detector was designed to extract the envelope of the voltage beat-frequency signal. In addition, simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the proposed method. Results show that this method can accurately extract the envelope of the voltage beat-frequency signal with different loads, and it achieved an error of less than 5% in the load resistance range of 1-2 000 Ω. The proposed method extends the contactless load measurement range based on characteristic parameters in the transient process, providing a new idea for measuring the internal resistance of batteries in aircraft such as unmanned aerial vehicles.

Wireless power transmission  /  load measurement and identification  /  Hilbert transform  /  digital envelope detection
朱正斌, 黄军, 牛剑锋, 孟洋洋, 胡斯登. 基于暂态特征参数的数字式非接触负载测量研究. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (1) : 222 -228 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.222
Zhengbin ZHU, Jun HUANG, Jianfeng NIU, Yangyang MENG, Sideng HU. Research on Digital Contactless Load Measurement Based on Characteristic Parameters in Transient Process[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (1) : 222 -228 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.222
磁耦合式的无线能量传输 WPT(wireless power transmission) 技术不断发展, 其通过电磁感应的方式将能量非接触地从电源端传递到负载端, 具有安全、便利和灵活等优点, 在电动汽车充电、航空航天及植入式生物医学等不方便或不可能直接接触的场景中得到了广泛应用[1]。在一个 WPT 系统中,二次侧负载可通过电磁耦合改变整个系统的阻抗, 影响系统控制和能量传输效率。因此, 负载的测量与辨识是 WPT 系统高效率、高性能稳定运行的重要基础, 快速准确地辨识和测量负载成为研究热点[24]
近年来, 通过暂态过程提取负载参数成为该领域研究的新思路,基于零输入响应中的暂态过程, 通过分析电压或电流信号的幅值衰减率,计算出待测负载的阻值,实现了大阻值负载的高精确度测量[5-6]。 然而负载阻值较小时, 上述测量方法的精度明显降低。针对此问题, 文献[7-8]分析认为, 负载电阻减小后, WPT 系统的暂态过程将由二阶系统的暂态响应过渡到四阶系统的暂态响应, 暂态行为随之发生变化, 测量精度降低, 因此, 该文献采用二极管包络检波电路滤除四阶振荡波形的拍频, 实现了小阻值负载的精准辨识。
在信号分析领域, 二极管包络检波电路设计简单且在大信号检波状态下行之有效。然而, 该方法在基于暂态特征参数的 WPT 系统负载测量中仍存在问题[7-9] :由于磁耦合线圈原副边电感和电容等储能元件的存在, WPT 系统属于高阶非线性系统,随着负载变化, 系统呈现出两极点主导或四极点主导, 相应地, 其电压呈现出不同的拍频现象, 针对不同阶次的振荡波形, 需要设计不同的检波电路, 故二极管包络检波的通用性一般, 换言之, 二极管包络检波方法无法兼顾大阻值负载和小阻值负载的准确测量;二极管包络检波是一种模拟电路检波方法, 二极管等非线性电子元器件的特性会随温度、 时间和电压等条件的改变而改变, 检波精度低。因此,针对阻值不同的电阻负载寻求一种统一和准确的包络线波形提取方法, 对于基于暂态特征参数的非接触负载测量十分重要。
文献[10]讨论了同步检波, 一种基于双差分放大电路的小信号线性检波方法, 有效解决了二极管包络检波中出现的检波精度低以及二极管产生的非线性压降问题, 但该方法需要准确判断载波信号的相位,相位不同步会造成检波信号失真;文献[11-12] 介绍了一种基于希尔伯特变换(Hilbert transform)的数字包络检波方法,通过设计一个${90}^{\circ }$ 移相器,实现信号频谱各分量幅值不变的同时相移${90}^{\circ }$,进而获取信号包络线, 相比于前述包络检波方法, 对包络信号的提取更加平滑准确。
综上, 为了从高阶非线性的 WPT 系统中更加准确地提取负载阻值, 本文将希尔伯特变换应用到电压信号的数字处理上, 取代二极管包络检波的中间环节,精确测量小阻值负载,并在此基础上补充大阻值负载辨识算法。避免了检波器电路参数的设计, 简化了系统电路, 在保证测量精度的同时进一步拓宽了非接触负载测量系统的阻值辨识范围, 即其通用性更强, 对大阻值负载或小阻值负载, 均能够精准测量。最后,通过仿真和实验对所提方法的有效性进行验证, 同时, 将测量对象扩展到电池内阻, 为无人机等飞行器电池内阻的测量提供新思路。
图1(a) 给出了基于暂态特征参数的非接触负载测量所用主电路拓扑, 系统先后进入高频能量注入模式和衰减模式[5-6],负载电阻的阻尼将通过电磁耦合影响原边侧电压幅值的衰减率,如图1(b) 所示。因此测量衰减模式暂态过程中电感线圈两端电压,提取振幅衰减率即可实现对负载阻值的测量。
图1(b) 中等效电路为四阶系统, 文献[9]从根轨迹的角度对负载条件与衰减模式进行建模分析, 指出在不同负载条件下, 系统的暂态过程可能会呈现二阶或四阶阻尼振荡状态。负载条件可表示为
${R}^{* }\geq \left({{2.5}- 3{k}^{2}}\right){R}_{{L}_{1}}- {R}_{{L}_{2}}+ \\\sqrt{\left({{2.5}- 3{k}^{2}}\right){R}_{L}^{2}+ \frac{6L}{C}{k}^{2}\left({1 -{k}^{2}}\right)} $
式中:${R}^{* }$ 为待测负载;${R}_{{L}_{1}}$${R}_{{L}_{2}}$ 分别为原、副边杂散电阻;$L$ 为原、副边自感平均值;$C$ 为谐振电容;$k$ 为原、副边耦合系数。
当负载阻值较大且满足式(1)时,系统存在主导极点, 暂态振荡过程表现为二阶阻尼振荡, 如图2(a) 所示, 且负载阻值越大, 主导极点作用越明显, 该范围负载阻值的集合定义为$\mathrm{K}$ 域; 当负载阻值不满足式 (1)时,不存在主导极点,暂态振荡过程表现为四阶阻尼振荡,如图2(b) 所示,且负载阻值越小,各极点越接近,该范围负载阻值的集合定义为$\mathrm{H}$ 域。
图2(a)$\mathrm{K}$ 域负载的电压响应波形,${V}_{L}\left( t\right)$ 为衰减的原边侧电感电压,${V}_{{L}_{0}}$ 为电感电压包络线,则该包络线的衰减率$\alpha$ 与待测负载电阻${R}^{* }$ 的关系为
${R}^{* }= \frac{{\omega }_{0}^{2}{M}^{2}}{{2\alpha L}- {R}_{{L}_{1}}}- {R}_{{L}_{2}}$
式中:$M$ 为原、副边间的互感;${\omega }_{0}$ 为 WPT 系统原、 副边 LC 谐振的固有频率。
图2(b)$\mathrm{H}$ 域负载的拍频电压波形,${V}_{\mathrm{L}}\left( t\right)$ 为衰减的原边侧电感电压,$K\left( t\right)$ 为电感电压的包络线, 文献$\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack$ 指出${V}_{L}\left( t\right)$$K\left( t\right)$ 的数学形式为
${V}_{L}\left( t\right)= A{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\alpha t}}\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{d}}t +{\varphi }_{1}}\right)\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}t +{\varphi }_{2}}\right)$
$ K\left( t\right)= \left|{A{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\alpha t}}\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{d}}t +{\varphi }_{1}}\right)}\right|$
式中:$A$ 为描述幅值的常量;${\omega }_{\mathrm{d}}$${\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为描述频率的常量;$t$ 为时间;${\varphi }_{1}$${\varphi }_{2}$ 为描述相位的常量。
通过连接拍频的峰值即可获得包络线峰值衰减曲线${V}_{{L}_{0}}$,其衰减率$\alpha$ 与待测负载电阻${R}^{* }$ 的关系为
${R}^{* }= {4\alpha }\left({1 -{k}^{2}}\right) L -{R}_{{L}_{1}}- {R}_{{L}_{2}}$
由此, 即可通过式 (2)、式 (5) 和电感电压包络线的衰减率$\alpha$ 求解出负载阻值。在现有文献中,电压包络线衰减率的获取大多采用二极管包络检波的方法, 其与数字包络检波方法的比较如表1 所示。
数字算法检波的难点在于合适的算法选择, 针对非接触负载测量, 本文提出了一种基于希尔伯特变换的包络检波算法,主动识别$\mathrm{K}$ 域和$\mathrm{H}$ 域负载, 负载大范围变动时,亦可准确提取包络线,有利于高灵活、宽范围地测量负载参数。
待处理的电感电压${V}_{L}\left( t\right)$ 为频率固定、幅值逐渐衰减的二阶或者四阶振荡, 其包络线刻画了幅值的变化, 而希尔伯特变换具有频谱各分量幅值不变的同时相移${90}^{\circ }$ 的性质,可低失真地获取非接触负载测量中的电压包络线, 便于求取衰减率。本文以四阶振荡时的电感电压${V}_{L}\left( t\right)$ 为例,介绍非接触负载测量中, 基于希尔伯特变换的数字检波算法的原理。
为表达方便,以连续时间实值信号${u}_{x}\left( t\right)$ 代指电感电压${V}_{L}\left( t\right)$,其希尔伯特变换结果${u}_{y}\left( t\right)$ 可以视为${u}_{x}\left( t\right)$ 与冲激响应$h\left( t\right)= 1/\left({\pi t}\right)$ 的卷积,则
${u}_{y}\left( t\right)= T\left\lbrack {{u}_{x}\left( t\right)}\right\rbrack =\frac{1}{\pi }{\int }_{-\infty }^{+\infty }\frac{{u}_{x}\left( t\right)}{t -\tau }\mathrm{d}\tau ={u}_{x}\left( t\right)* \frac{1}{\pi t}$
式中:$T\left\lbrack \right\rbrack$ 为希尔伯特变换;$*$ 为卷积运算;$\tau$ 为积分变量。对$h\left( t\right)$ 做傅里叶变换,可以得到
$ H\left({j\omega }\right)= - j\operatorname{sgn}\left(\omega \right)= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}- j &\omega > 0 \\ 0 &\omega = 0 \\ j &\omega < 0 \end{array}\right.$
式中:$\operatorname{sgn}\left(\right)$ 为符号函数;$j$ 为虚数。设${U}_{X}\left(\omega \right)$${U}_{Y}\left(\omega \right)$ 分别为${u}_{x}\left( t\right)$${u}_{y}\left( t\right)$ 的傅里叶变换,则由式 (6) 及时域卷积定理可得
${U}_{Y}\left(\omega \right)= - j\operatorname{sgn}\left(\omega \right){U}_{X}\left(\omega \right)$
根据式 (8) 可知, 希尔伯特变换结果不会影响信号的幅值,但会将信号的正频率分量乘以$- j$,即正频率成分移相负${90}^{\circ }$;同时会将原始信号的负频率分量乘以$j$,即负频率成分移相正${90}^{\circ }$。式 (3) 中的电感电压${V}_{L}\left( t\right)$ 经希尔伯特变换后的${u}_{y}\left( t\right)$ 表达式可表示为
${u}_{y}\left( t\right)= A{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\alpha t}}\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{d}}t +{\varphi }_{1}}\right)\cos \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{c}}t +{\varphi }_{2}}\right)$
进一步地,在构造${u}_{x}\left( t\right)$ 的希尔伯特变换${u}_{y}\left( t\right)$ 后,将两者按照欧拉公式进行组合,即可得到${u}_{x}\left( t\right)$ 的解析信号${u}_{z}\left( t\right)$
${u}_{z}\left( t\right)= {u}_{x}\left( t\right)+ j{u}_{y}\left( t\right)$
${u}_{z}\left( t\right)$ 求模可得
$\left|{{u}_{z}\left( t\right)}\right|= \sqrt{{u}_{x}^{2}\left( t\right)+ {u}_{y}^{2}\left( t\right)} =\\\left|{A{\mathrm{e}}^{-{\alpha t}}\sin \left({{\omega }_{\mathrm{d}}t +{\varphi }_{1}}\right)}\right|= K\left( t\right)$
因此,对包络线信号$K\left( t\right)$ 的求解可以转化为对模值$\left|{{u}_{z}\left( t\right)}\right|$ 的求解。设${U}_{Z}\left(\omega \right)$${u}_{z}\left( t\right)$ 的傅里叶变换,考虑式(8)可得
${U}_{Z}\left(\omega \right)= {U}_{X}\left(\omega \right)+ j{U}_{Y}\left(\omega \right)= {U}_{X}\left(\omega \right)+ \\\operatorname{sgn}\left(\omega \right){U}_{X}\left(\omega \right)= \left\{\begin{array}{ll} 2{U}_{X}\left(\omega \right)& \omega > 0 \\{U}_{X}\left(\omega \right)& \omega = 0 \\ 0 &\omega < 0 \end{array}\right.$
由式 (12) 可知,所得解析信号${U}_{Z}\left(\omega \right)$ 只含有正频率分量,且是原始信号${U}_{X}\left(\omega \right)$ 正频率分量的 2 倍。
在获得${U}_{Z}\left(\omega \right)$ 后,进行反傅里叶变换即可得到解析信号${u}_{z}\left( t\right)$,需要指出的是${u}_{z}\left( t\right)$ 是包含实部和虚部的复信号。最后,对复信号${u}_{z}\left( t\right)$ 求模,得到待处理拍频电压的包络线信号$K\left( t\right)$
在使用 DSP 进行系统控制、数据采集和信号处理时,待处理信号不再是连续信号${u}_{x}\left( t\right)$,而是采样信号序列${u}_{x}\left( n\right)$,利用快速傅里叶变换得到频域信号${U}_{X}\left( k\right)$,与前述连续时域推导过程相同,得到解析信号${U}_{Z}\left( k\right)$,即
${U}_{Z}\left( k\right)= \left\{\begin{array}{ll}{U}_{X}\left( k\right)& k = 0 \\ 2{U}_{X}\left( k\right)& k = 1,2,3,\cdots,\frac{N}{2}- 1 \\ 0 & k =\frac{N}{2},\cdots, N - 1 \end{array}\right.$
其中,$k = 0,1,2,\cdots, N - 1$$k = N/2,\cdots, N - 1$ 对应负频率部分。进一步地,对解析信号${U}_{Z}\left( k\right)$ 作反变换并求取模值,即可得到原始信号${u}_{x}\left( n\right)$ 的包络线$\left|{{u}_{z}\left( n\right)}\right|$。数字式非接触负载测量流程如图3 所示。
当系统进入能量衰减模式后, DSP 对电感电压进行数据采样。首先根据振荡波形判断负载区间, 若负载阻值位于$\mathrm{H}$ 域,则应用希尔伯特检波算法, 生成包络曲线;若负载阻值位于$\mathrm{K}$ 域,则直接使用振荡波形作为包络曲线。然后选取包络线的峰值点,借助最小二乘法提取衰减率$\alpha$,最后通过式 (2) 和式 (5) 即可计算出负载阻值。
根据第 2 节的分析, 设计了基于希尔伯特变换的数字式非接触负载测量平台,并在不同的负载阻值下进行仿真与实验验证, 使用的各电路参数如表2 所示。本研究所搭建的实验平台如图4 所示, 包含 WPT 主电路和信号调理电路两部分, 其中, 主电路中开关器件的控制和电感两端电压信号的数据采集与处理均由德州仪器的 TMS320F 28377S开发板实现,待测电阻阻值为${1.11\Omega }$,其理论阻值由 LCR 电桥(型号固纬 LCR6100)测量得到。
系统能量传输过程结束后,图1(a) 所示的开关管${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 断开、${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 闭合, WPT 系统由高频能量注入模式进入衰减模式。在衰减模式这一暂态过程中,电感线圈两端电压${U}_{\mathrm{L}}$ 不断衰减,其仿真波形如图5 所示。 对其进行包络检波, 检波的实验和仿真结果如图6 所示, 其中实验结果为 DSP 中读取数据后作图所得, 可以看到, 数字包络检波器能够准确提取暂态过程中电感电压波形的包络线。
图6 可见, 仿真中, 经希尔伯特变换后, 拍频电压信号的包络未出现失真,衰减率曲线拟合准确;实验中, 由于实际电路中存在信号干扰, 包络结果出现略微失真, 但在拍频峰值点的包络保真度良好, 仍可准确拟合衰减率曲线。
最后,由包络线计算衰减率$\alpha$ 和电阻${R}^{* }$,进行了 2 次实验,结果见表3。其中,由于实验电路存在寄生参数,因此实测衰减率$\alpha$ 要比仿真大,实测阻值与理论阻值在误差允许范围内吻合,验证了基于希尔伯特变换的数字包络检波器的可行性。
$2\mathrm{k}\Omega$ 及以下多个不同阻值的负载分别进行仿真,对于阻值位于$\mathrm{K}$ 域和$\mathrm{H}$ 域的负载,辨识误差均小于 5%, 结果如图7 所示。本研究使用的数字包络检波方法,实现了$\mathrm{H}$ 域和$\mathrm{K}$ 域系统负载的统一测量,能精确辨识大阻值和小阻值负载。与传统方法相比[7],该方法在保证$\mathrm{H}$ 域系统负载测量精度的同时,减小了$\mathrm{K}$ 域系统负载测量的误差,提高了负载精准测量的范围。
进一步地, 对电池负载进行多组重复测量, 并记录追踪电池放电过程中的阻值变化, 如图8 所示。图8(b)中, 所提方法多次测量电池内阻的平均值为${0.917\Omega }$,标准差为${0.024\Omega }$,说明该方法在电池内阻测量中同样具有良好的适用性。图8(a)中, 电池放电时间越长,内阻越大,且放电前期内阻变化缓慢,这与电池特性一致。因此,本方法可应用于电池内阻的追踪测量领域, 为监测电池充放电状态以及健康管理提供了一种有效检测手段。
$\mathrm{K}$ 域和$\mathrm{H}$ 域中 WPT 系统的暂态行为存在差异,而现有模拟包络检波方法参数固定,对不同暂态行为适应性差, 导致负载辨识范围窄。针对该问题,本文采用基于希尔伯特变换的数字包络检波方法,并结合$\mathrm{K}$ 域和$\mathrm{H}$ 域系统特征,优化了 WPT 系统的暂态特征参数识别与负载测量方法。首先根据负载对电压拍频的暂态影响, 利用希尔伯特变换能够精准提取包络线的优势, 设计了基于希尔伯特变换的数字包络检波器,实现了小阻值负载的精确辨识,并在此基础上,补充大阻值负载辨识算法,统一了$\mathrm{K}$ 域和$\mathrm{H}$ 域系统的负载测量方法,与传统方法相比,能够实现全域系统负载的准确测量。最后, 本文通过仿真与实验验证了所提方法的有效性。
在负载大范围切换的 WPT 系统中, 该方法的负载辨识误差小于 5%, 精确度高, 通用性好, 同时该方法亦能够实时追踪电池负载内阻的变化, 适用于航空航天和汽车电子等多个领域。今后的工作中, 会将本研究的成果集成于各类无线充电系统中, 辨识智能手机和人体医疗植入设备内嵌电池的内阻,评估电池的安全和寿命。此外还可用于汽车移动式无线充电公路中, 在监测汽车电池安全的同时, 跟踪和识别汽车位置。
  • 上海航天科技创新基金资助项目(SAST2017-136)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2020XZZX005-02)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.222
  • 接收时间:2021-05-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-06
  • 修回日期:2021-06-05
  • 录用日期:2021-06-09
基金
Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology Innovation Fund(SAST2017-136)
上海航天科技创新基金资助项目(SAST2017-136)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2020XZZX005-02)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2020XZZX005-02)
作者信息
    1 浙江大学 电气工程学院 杭州 310000
    2 上海空间电源研究所 上海 201109
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/dyxb/CN/10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.222
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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