Article(id=1154040959655465621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.204, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1616428800000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-23, revisedDate=1623081600000, revisedDateStr=2021-06-08, acceptedDate=1623081600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-06-08, onlineDate=1753074405824, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1706544000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753074405824, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753074405824, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074405824, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154040955071095059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753074404733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753781011721, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=204, endPage=211, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154040960288805528, articleId=1154040959655465621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Design of Pulse Power Supply for HT-6M Tokamak Heating Field, columnId=1153695648848269792, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Special Power Supply, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The HT-6M Tokamak Reconstruction is an international project of cooperation between China and Thailand for responding to the Belt and Road Initiative. The function of pulse power supply for heating field is to breakdown and produce plasma, and the corresponding power supply scheme adopts the form of capacitor energy storage pulse discharge. To calculate the parameters of power supply that meet the requirements, the discharging process of pulse power supply for heating field is analyzed mathematically, and the core devices are designed and developed according to working parameters of power supply equipment. To verify the theoretical analysis of discharging process, a set of small capacitor energy storage pulse power supply was developed. At the same time, a turn-off experiment on a high-power solid-state circuit breaker was carried out.

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HT-6M 托卡马克装置重建是为响应“一带一路”倡议的中泰合作国际项目,加热场脉冲电源的作用是击穿和产生等离子体,其电源方案采用电容储能脉冲放电形式。为计算出满足要求的电源参数,对加热场脉冲电源放电过程进行数学分析,并根据电源设备的工作参数,设计并研制了电源的核心器件。为验证电源放电过程的理论分析,研制了一套小型电容储能脉冲电源,证明理论分析正确性的同时,对电源大功率固态断路器进行关断实验。

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管锐(1992-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:脉冲功率技术。E-mail:guanrui@ipp.ac.cn。

周宇(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:磁体电源。E-mail:zhouyu@ipp.ac.cn。

高宗球(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士研究生。研究方向:磁体电源。E-mail:gaozongqiu@ipp.ac.cn。

张健(1979-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副研究员。研究方向:聚变工程辅助加热电源。E-mail:zhangj@ipp.ac.cn。

黄懿赟(1975-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:脉冲功率技术及聚变工程辅助加热电源技术。E-mail:yyhuang@ipp.ac.cn。

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管锐(1992-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:脉冲功率技术。E-mail:guanrui@ipp.ac.cn。

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管锐(1992-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:脉冲功率技术。E-mail:guanrui@ipp.ac.cn。

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周宇(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:磁体电源。E-mail:zhouyu@ipp.ac.cn。

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周宇(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:磁体电源。E-mail:zhouyu@ipp.ac.cn。

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高宗球(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士研究生。研究方向:磁体电源。E-mail:gaozongqiu@ipp.ac.cn。

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高宗球(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士研究生。研究方向:磁体电源。E-mail:gaozongqiu@ipp.ac.cn。

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张健(1979-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副研究员。研究方向:聚变工程辅助加热电源。E-mail:zhangj@ipp.ac.cn。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

张健(1979-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副研究员。研究方向:聚变工程辅助加热电源。E-mail:zhangj@ipp.ac.cn。

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黄懿赟(1975-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:脉冲功率技术及聚变工程辅助加热电源技术。E-mail:yyhuang@ipp.ac.cn。

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黄懿赟(1975-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:脉冲功率技术及聚变工程辅助加热电源技术。E-mail:yyhuang@ipp.ac.cn。

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Study on application performance and its influencing factors of high energy density metallized film Capacitor[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2013. 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Thermal characteristics of high voltage and high current thyristor assembly[J]. 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参数 数值
负载电感/mH 4.37
负载电阻/m$\Omega$ 25.5
调波电感/mH 5
调波电感电阻/m$\Omega$ 14.14
传输线电感/$\mu \mathrm{H}$ 4.2
传输线及接触电阻/m$\Omega$ 13.3
输出电流/kA 17
峰值时间/ms 53
击穿电压/kV 3
), ArticleFig(id=1154041066014626758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959655465621, language=CN, label=表1, caption=电源负载参数及要求, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
负载电感/mH 4.37
负载电阻/m$\Omega$ 25.5
调波电感/mH 5
调波电感电阻/m$\Omega$ 14.14
传输线电感/$\mu \mathrm{H}$ 4.2
传输线及接触电阻/m$\Omega$ 13.3
输出电流/kA 17
峰值时间/ms 53
击穿电压/kV 3
), ArticleFig(id=1154041066073347015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959655465621, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Parameters of damping inductor, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电感${L}_{\mathrm{D}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 电阻${R}_{\mathrm{D}}/\mathrm{m}\Omega$
10
73
20
70
30
76
171
50
83
60
20
70
), ArticleFig(id=1154041066132067272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959655465621, language=CN, label=表2, caption=阻尼电感参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电感${L}_{\mathrm{D}}/\mu \mathrm{H}$ 电阻${R}_{\mathrm{D}}/\mathrm{m}\Omega$
10
73
20
70
30
76
171
50
83
60
20
70
), ArticleFig(id=1154041066186593225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959655465621, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Main parameters of high-power circuit breaker, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定电压$/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 13.5
额定电流/kA 24
电流平方时间积$/\left({{\mathrm{A}}^{2}\mathrm{\;S}}\right)$ ${36.78}\times {10}^{6}$
通态电流临界上升率$/\left({\mathrm{A}\cdot \mu {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 1000
静态均压电阻/($\mathrm{k}\Omega /\mathrm{W}$ ) 250/100
缓冲电容/(kV/μF) 5/5
缓冲电阻/(Ω/kJ) 1/33
), ArticleFig(id=1154041066245313482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959655465621, language=CN, label=表3, caption=大功率断路器的主要参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
额定电压$/\mathrm{{kV}}$ 13.5
额定电流/kA 24
电流平方时间积$/\left({{\mathrm{A}}^{2}\mathrm{\;S}}\right)$ ${36.78}\times {10}^{6}$
通态电流临界上升率$/\left({\mathrm{A}\cdot \mu {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}}\right)$ 1000
静态均压电阻/($\mathrm{k}\Omega /\mathrm{W}$ ) 250/100
缓冲电容/(kV/μF) 5/5
缓冲电阻/(Ω/kJ) 1/33
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HT-6M 托卡马克加热场脉冲电源的设计
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管锐 1, 2 , 周宇 1 , 高宗球 1, 2 , 张健 1, 2 , 黄懿赟 1, 2
电源学报 | 特种电源 2024,22(1): 204-211
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电源学报 | 特种电源 2024, 22(1): 204-211
HT-6M 托卡马克加热场脉冲电源的设计
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管锐1, 2 , 周宇1 , 高宗球1, 2 , 张健1, 2 , 黄懿赟1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 合肥 230031
  • 2 中国科学技术大学研究生院 科学岛分院 合肥 230026
  • 管锐(1992-),男,博士研究生。研究方向:脉冲功率技术。E-mail:guanrui@ipp.ac.cn。

    周宇(1991-),男,硕士,工程师。研究方向:磁体电源。E-mail:zhouyu@ipp.ac.cn。

    高宗球(1995-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,博士研究生。研究方向:磁体电源。E-mail:gaozongqiu@ipp.ac.cn。

    张健(1979-),男,中国电源学会会员,博士,副研究员。研究方向:聚变工程辅助加热电源。E-mail:zhangj@ipp.ac.cn。

    黄懿赟(1975-),男,中国电源学会会员,通信作者,博士,研究员。研究方向:脉冲功率技术及聚变工程辅助加热电源技术。E-mail:yyhuang@ipp.ac.cn。

Design of Pulse Power Supply for HT-6M Tokamak Heating Field
Rui GUAN1, 2 , Yu ZHOU1 , Zongqiu GAO1, 2 , Jian ZHANG1, 2 , Yiyun HUANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
  • 2 Science Island Branch University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
出版时间: 2024-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.204
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HT-6M 托卡马克装置重建是为响应“一带一路”倡议的中泰合作国际项目,加热场脉冲电源的作用是击穿和产生等离子体,其电源方案采用电容储能脉冲放电形式。为计算出满足要求的电源参数,对加热场脉冲电源放电过程进行数学分析,并根据电源设备的工作参数,设计并研制了电源的核心器件。为验证电源放电过程的理论分析,研制了一套小型电容储能脉冲电源,证明理论分析正确性的同时,对电源大功率固态断路器进行关断实验。

HT-6M  /  电容储能  /  脉冲电源  /  大功率固态断路器

The HT-6M Tokamak Reconstruction is an international project of cooperation between China and Thailand for responding to the Belt and Road Initiative. The function of pulse power supply for heating field is to breakdown and produce plasma, and the corresponding power supply scheme adopts the form of capacitor energy storage pulse discharge. To calculate the parameters of power supply that meet the requirements, the discharging process of pulse power supply for heating field is analyzed mathematically, and the core devices are designed and developed according to working parameters of power supply equipment. To verify the theoretical analysis of discharging process, a set of small capacitor energy storage pulse power supply was developed. At the same time, a turn-off experiment on a high-power solid-state circuit breaker was carried out.

HT-6M  /  capacitor energy storage  /  pulse power supply  /  high-power solid-state circuit breaker
管锐, 周宇, 高宗球, 张健, 黄懿赟. HT-6M 托卡马克加热场脉冲电源的设计. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (1) : 204 -211 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.204
Rui GUAN, Yu ZHOU, Zongqiu GAO, Jian ZHANG, Yiyun HUANG. Design of Pulse Power Supply for HT-6M Tokamak Heating Field[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (1) : 204 -211 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.204
HT-6M装置是合肥等离子体物理研究所的小型托卡马克装置, 为响应 “一带一路”号召, HT-6M 装置主机被赠送给泰国, 帮助泰国进行核聚变技术的研究,本课题组承担 HT-6M 装置电源设计工作。 HT-6M 装置加热场电源的作用主要是击穿等离子体,加热场电源的设计直接关系到放电实验能否成功, 故有必要对电源的工作过程进行详细分析, 设计电源参数, 同时对电源中的关键设备进行设计和研制。当电源发生短路时会产生很大的短路电流, 导致电容器发生爆炸, 给电源带来灾难性伤害, 故应重点分析短路过程, 设计短路保护。为确保设计的合理性, 研制一套电容储能脉冲电源样机, 进行放电实验,并对大功率固态断路器进行关断测试。
加热场脉冲电源具有输出电流大、工作时间短的特点, 是典型的脉冲放电形式, 因此可采用相对稳定可靠的、基于电容器充放电技术的脉冲电源[14]。 其电路拓扑如图1 所示,包括高压直流充电机${\mathrm{V}}_{1}$ 、 脉冲电容阵列${C}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 、阻尼电感[5-6] 、固态断路器${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 、脉冲晶闸管${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$ 、换流电阻${R}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 、泄放开关${\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}1}/{\mathrm{S}}_{\mathrm{D}2}$ 、泄放电阻${R}_{\mathrm{D}1}/{R}_{\mathrm{D}2}$ 、调波电感阻感${R}_{\mathrm{A}}/{L}_{\mathrm{A}}$ 、传输线阻感${R}_{\mathrm{T}}/{L}_{\mathrm{T}}$ 、负载${R}_{\mathrm{o}}/{L}_{\mathrm{o}}$
电源的工作过程包括充电、放电和泄放 3 个过程。首先高压直流充电机对脉冲电容充电,脉冲电容器储存能量, 当电容器充电电压达到设定值时, 停止充电,等待放电。当电源接收到放电指令,闭合固态断路器和脉冲晶闸管,电容器对负载放电,形成脉冲电流。当负载电流达到峰值时,为了击穿等离子体, 需要在负载两端产生较大的反向击穿电压, 通过增加回路电阻, 提高电流下降率, 从而产生较大的反向击穿电压。实现方式为固态断路器两端并联电阻, 输出电流达到峰值时, 断开固态断路器, 输出电流通过换流电阻, 从而达到增大回路电阻的效果。当系统故障无法完成正常放电或电源紧急停止时, 为保证系统安全,脉冲电容器需要通过泄放装置将能量释放。 电源负载参数及要求如表1 所示。
放电过程是电源最为关键和复杂的一步, 所以本节重点对放电过程进行分析。图2 为放电过程原理。电源的放电过程主要包括 2 个阶段:第 1 阶段脉冲电容器通过固态断路器和脉冲晶闸管向负载放电, 形成脉冲峰值电流; 第 2 阶段断开放电开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$,流经${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$ 电流换流至电阻支路,通过增大回路电阻使电流下降率变大, 从而在加热场磁体两端产生击穿电压。
放电过程第 1 阶段等效电路如图2(a) 所示, 储能电容可以等效为一个直流源和初始电压为 0 的电容串联。建立第 1 阶段输出电流与直流源的传递函数, 即
$ T\left( s\right)= \frac{I\left( s\right)}{U\left( s\right)} =\frac{\frac{1}{L}s}{{s}^{2}+ \frac{R}{L}s +\frac{1}{LC}}$
其中:$R ={R}_{\mathrm{{DT}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{C}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{O}}, L ={L}_{\mathrm{{DT}}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{C}}+ {L}_{\mathrm{O}}$
第 1 阶段电路工作在二阶 RLC 欠阻尼状态, 故输出电流时域表达式为
$ i\left( t\right)= \frac{{U}_{0}}{\sqrt{\frac{L}{C}- {\left(\frac{R}{2}\right)}^{2}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{R}{2L}t}\sin \sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}- {\left(\frac{R}{2L}\right)}^{2}}t $
式中,${U}_{0}$ 为脉冲电容器初始储能。根据$\mathrm{d}i\left( t\right)/\mathrm{d}t = 0$,
得到输出电流峰值时间为
${T}_{\mathrm{p}}= \frac{\arctan \sqrt{\frac{4L}{C{R}^{2}}- 1}}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}- {\left(\frac{R}{2L}\right)}^{2}}}$
输出峰值电流为
${I}_{\mathrm{P}}= \frac{{U}_{0}}{\sqrt{\frac{L}{C}- {\left(\frac{R}{2}\right)}^{2}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{R}{2L}{T}_{\mathrm{p}}}\sin \sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}- {\left(\frac{R}{2L}\right)}^{2}}{T}_{\mathrm{p}}$
根据$i\left( t\right)= C\mathrm{\;d}u\left( t\right)/\mathrm{d}t$,得到电容电压时域表达式为
$ u\left( t\right)= {U}_{0}\sqrt{\frac{4L}{{4L}- {R}^{2}C}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{R}{2L}t}.\\\sin \left({\sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}- {\left(\frac{R}{2L}\right)}^{2}}t +\arctan \sqrt{\frac{4L}{C{R}^{2}}- 1}}\right)$
根据式 (3) 和式 (4), 计算出满足负载参数和要求的电容器参数: 电容器的电压为${5188}\mathrm{\;V}$,电容为${137.4}\mathrm{{mF}}$。根据式 (5),当输出电流达到峰值时,电容器的电压为${939}\mathrm{\;V}$
第 2 阶段等效电路如图2(b) 所示, 电路可以等效为一个电容器初始电压${U}_{\mathrm{C}{20}}= {939}\mathrm{\;V}$ 、电感初始电流为 0 的零输入二阶回路, 以及一个电容器初始电压为 0、电感初始电流${I}_{20}= {17}\mathrm{{kA}}$ 的零输入二阶回路的线性叠加。
分析电容器初始电压、电感初始电流为 0 的零输入二阶回路, 建立传递函数为
${T}_{1}\left( s\right)= \frac{{I}_{1}\left( s\right)}{{U}_{1}\left( s\right)} =\frac{s/L}{{s}^{2}+ \frac{{R}_{1}}{L}s +\frac{1}{LC}}$
其中,${U}_{1}\left( s\right)= {U}_{\mathrm{C}{20}}/s,{R}_{1}= {R}_{\mathrm{D}}+ {R}_{0}+ {R}_{\mathrm{C}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{S}}$
电流时域表达式为
${i}_{1}\left( t\right)= \frac{{U}_{0}}{\sqrt{\frac{L}{C}- {\left(\frac{{R}_{1}}{2}\right)}^{2}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{1}}{2L}t}\sin \sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}- {\left(\frac{{R}_{1}}{2L}\right)}^{2}}t $
分析电感初始电流${I}_{20}= {17}\mathrm{{kA}}$ 、电容初始电压为 0 的零输入二阶回路分析, 建立传递函数为
${T}_{2}\left( s\right)= \frac{{I}_{2}\left( s\right)}{{U}_{2}\left( s\right)} =\frac{{s}^{2}}{{s}^{2}+ \frac{{R}_{1}}{L}s +\frac{1}{LC}}$
其中,${U}_{2}\left( s\right)= {I}_{20}/s$。电流时域表达式为
${i}_{2}\left( t\right)= {I}_{20}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{1}}{2L}t}\cos \sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}- {\left(\frac{{R}_{1}}{2L}\right)}^{2}}t -\\\sqrt{\frac{{R}_{1}^{2}C}{{4L}- {R}_{1}^{2}C}}\sin \sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}- {\left(\frac{{R}_{1}}{2L}\right)}^{2}}t)$
叠加两部分激励,加热场电源输出电流表达式为
$ i\left( t\right)= \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{C}{20}}}{\sqrt{\frac{L}{C}- {\left(\frac{{R}_{1}}{2}\right)}^{2}}}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{1 - t}}{2L}}\sin \sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}- {\left(\frac{{R}_{1}}{2L}\right)}^{2}}t +\\{I}_{20}{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{{R}_{1}}{2L}t}\left({\cos \sqrt{\frac{1}{LC}- {\left(\frac{{R}_{1}}{2L}\right)}^{2}}t -\sqrt{\frac{{R}_{1}^{2}C}{{4L}- {R}_{1}^{2}C}}.}\right.\\\sin \left({\frac{1}{LC}- {\left(\frac{{R}_{1}}{2L}\right)}^{2}t}\right)$
所以,当$t = 0$ 时电流变化率为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}i\left( t\right)}{\mathrm{d}t}/t = 0 =- \frac{{R}_{1}{I}_{20}}{L}+ \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{C}{20}}}{L}$
此时, 加热场线圈电压为
${U}_{\mathrm{H}}= {L}_{0}\left({-\frac{{R}_{1}{I}_{20}}{L}+ \frac{{U}_{\mathrm{C}{20}}}{L}}\right)+ {R}_{0}{I}_{20}$
为保证等离子体击穿, 加热场线圈电压不小于$-{3000}\mathrm{\;V}$;根据式 (12),换流电阻不小于${433}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega$, 最终设计为${550}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega$,加热场线圈电压为$-{3938}\mathrm{\;V}$。 根据式 (12) 可知,可以通过增大${R}_{1}$,即增大换流电阻${R}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 来增大加热场线圈电压。为了验证计算,对放电过程进行仿真, 结果如图3 所示。由仿真波形可见,峰值电流为${17}\mathrm{\;{kA}}$,峰值时间${53}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,换流时刻加热场线圈电压为$-{3923}\mathrm{\;V}$,与理论计算基本一致。
高压充电机采用串联谐振的方案[7-8],确保所有工况下的零电流开关, 增加了高压充电机的工作效率, 充电机工作效率大于 90%。为保证电容器充电时间最大不超过${60}\mathrm{\;s}$,充电机的充电电流设计为$I =$ ${CU}/T ={0.1374}\times {5500}/{60}= {13}\mathrm{\;A}$,充电电压不稳定性小于 0.5%。充电机电路结构如图4 所示。
脉冲电容器是加热场脉冲电源的核心部件, 其电容采用自愈式金属化聚丙烯膜脉冲电容器[9-11],具有储能密度高、通流能力强、自愈能力强、寿命长的优点, 在激光领域、电磁炮领域和脉冲强磁场领域等有着相当广泛的应用。脉冲电容器实物如图5 所示。
考虑到装置的频繁工作, 要求脉冲电容器的工作寿命不低于 20000 次。目前已完成电容器 20000 次放电实验,实验波形如图6 所示。实验参数为电容器充电电压${5.5}\mathrm{{kV}}$,峰值电流${54.6}\mathrm{{kA}}$,反向峰值电流${3.64}\mathrm{{kA}}$。在进行 20000 次充放电后,电容容值从${3.90}\mathrm{\;{mF}}$ 下降至${3.82}\mathrm{\;{mF}}$,下降率小于$5\%$;其他参数几乎没有变化。
当单台电容器发生短路时, 非故障电容器会对故障电容器放电, 产生很大的短路电流, 损坏电容器, 甚至使电容器发生爆炸, 损坏其他电源设备, 危及人身安全,故有必要限制单台电容器短路时的短路电流。通过给每台电容器串联一只阻尼电感, 能够有效控制短路电流大小, 阻尼电感结构如图7 所示。
对于此电容器样机,短路电流峰值不超过${70}\mathrm{\;{kA}}$。 同时设计阻尼电感时,需要考虑阻尼电感的承受能力, 阻尼电感不能超过最大温升。当单台电容器发生短路时,由于阻尼电感参数相对于负载很小, 可被看作短路, 故单台电容器短路时等效电路如图8 所示。等效电路总电容${C}_{\mathrm{T}}= {35}{C}_{\mathrm{S}}$,总电感${L}_{\mathrm{T}}=$ ${36}/{35}{L}_{\mathrm{D}}$,总电阻${R}_{\mathrm{T}}= {36}/{35}{R}_{\mathrm{D}}$
当单台电容器发生短路时,短路电流峰值为
${I}_{\mathrm{{sp}}}= \frac{U}{{R}_{\mathrm{T}}}\left({1 +\frac{{\alpha }_{2}}{{\alpha }_{1}}}\right){\left(\frac{{\alpha }_{2}}{{\alpha }_{1}}\right)}^{\left(\frac{1}{{\alpha }_{1}/{\alpha }_{2}- 1}\right)} $
其中:${\alpha }_{1}= \frac{{R}_{\mathrm{T}}}{2{L}_{\mathrm{T}}}- \sqrt{{\left(\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{T}}}{2{L}_{\mathrm{T}}}\right)}^{2}- \frac{1}{{L}_{\mathrm{T}}{C}_{\mathrm{T}}}}$;
${\alpha }_{2}= \frac{{R}_{\mathrm{T}}}{2{L}_{\mathrm{T}}}+ \sqrt{{\left(\frac{{R}_{\mathrm{T}}}{2{L}_{\mathrm{T}}}\right)}^{2}- \frac{1}{{L}_{\mathrm{T}}{C}_{\mathrm{T}}}}\text{。 }$
为保证短路电流峰值不超过${70}\mathrm{{kA}}$,根据式 (13), 阻尼电感应满足的条件如表2 所示。
根据表2 可知, 阻尼电感中电感的变化对短路电流峰值的影响较小, 阻尼电感中电阻的变化对短路电流峰值的影响较大。同时, 设计阻尼电感电阻应大于${70}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega$ 较为合理。
阻尼电感采用直径${\phi 11}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的 304 不锈按照螺线管的结构进行绕制, 如图7 所示。阻尼电感电阻为
$ R =\rho \frac{l}{s}= {730}\times \frac{3.14ND}{S}$
式中:$N$ 为阻尼电感线圈的匝数;$D$ 为阻尼电感绕制直径;$S$ 为 304 不锈钢横截面积;$l$ 为 304 不锈钢的长度;$\rho$ 为 304 不锈钢的密度,大小为${7.93}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}$
综合考虑阻尼电感的长宽比例,$D$ 设计为${11.6}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$, 故$S$${3.14}\times {5.5}^{2}= {95}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{2}$。为了保证阻尼电感电阻大于${70}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega$,根据式 (14),$N$ 需满足的条件为
$ N >\frac{70S}{{3.14}\times {730D}}= {25}$
阻尼电感温升计算方法为
$ T =\frac{2W}{3.14N\rho SD}\times {1000}$
式中:$W$ 为电容器储存能量,$W ={0.5}\times {0.1374}\times {5500}^{2}=$ 2123.6 kJ。
为了保证阻尼电感最大温升不超过${600}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,根据式 (16), 阻尼电感线圈的匝数需满足条件
$ N \geq \frac{2W}{3.14\rho SDT}= {26}$
根据式 (15) 和式 (17), 电源样机中阻尼电感的匝数设计为 30 匝,则
$ R =\rho \frac{l}{s}{730}\times \frac{{3.14}\times {0.116}\times {30}}{95}= {84}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega $
阻尼电感电感量为
$ L = k\frac{{u}_{o}}{4\pi }{N}^{2}D ={2.9}\frac{{4\pi }\times {10}^{-7}}{4\pi }\times {30}^{2}\times {0.116}= {30\mu }\mathrm{H}$
$k$ 的值由阻尼电感长度${l}_{1}$ 和绕制直径$D$ 的比值有关,当${l}_{1}/D ={1.1}\times {30}/{11.6}= {2.845}$ 时,$k ={2.9}$
根据阻尼电感参数建立仿真模型, 得到短路过程短路电流仿真波形如图9 所示。
根据以上分析,阻尼电感采用直径${\phi 11}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 304 不锈绕制,绕制直径为${11.6}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$,匝数为 30 匝, 能够满足单台电容器短路时短路电流不超过${70}\mathrm{\;{kA}}$, 阻尼电感温升不超过${600}{}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
随着电力电子器件功率等级的提高, 大功率断路器可以通过功率半导体的串并联实现大电流关断, 具有稳定性强、维护方便和寿命长等优点。根据功率器件种类的不同, 将大功率断路器分成基于 LC 振荡的人工过零固态断路器和纯固态断路器。 对于人工过零固态断路器, 需要通过电容器和脉冲电感的振荡为晶闸管提供反向电压,实现大功率断路器电流过零关断。由于电容器需要配置充电机装置和泄放装置, 使得人工过零固态断路器具有辅助设备多、占地面积大、控制复杂、关断时间长的缺点。纯固态断路器主要包括 IGCT、IGBT 两种,由于 IGCT 器件功率等级相对于 IGBT 更高,非常适用于大功率断路器的应用场合, 故大功率断路器采用 IGCT 串并联方案实现。此类大功率断路器已广泛应用于核聚变、直流输电、轨道交通等领域。
图10 为大功率断路器电压和电流仿真波形, 最大关断电压和电流为${9.1}\mathrm{{kV}}$${17}\mathrm{{kA}}$,根据关断电压和电流参数, 选择型号为 CAc4000-45IGCT 器件,通过三串六并实现最大关断电压${13.5}\mathrm{{kV}}$ 和最大关断电流${24}\mathrm{{kA}}$。大功率断路器的主要参数如表3 所示。实物如图11 所示。
由于高功率脉冲晶闸管[10-12] 具有体积小、工作寿命长、稳定性高、重复频率高的优点,故电源中放电开关选用大功率脉冲晶闸管。在进行晶闸管选型时主要考虑晶闸管的额定电压、峰值电流、电流平方的积分。电源中大功率半控开关最大工作电压为${5500}\mathrm{\;V}$,峰值电流为${17}\mathrm{{kA}},{I}^{2}t$${10.4}\times {10}^{6}{\mathrm{\;A}}^{2}\mathrm{\;S}$。考虑到工作寿命及裕量, 放电开关选择 2 只型号为 MKPE 200-065 晶闸管串联。MKPE 200-065 晶闸管额定电压为${6500}\mathrm{\;V}$,承受峰值电流${200}\mathrm{{kA}}@{0.5}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,${I}^{2}t$${26}\times {10}^{6}{\mathrm{\;A}}^{2}\mathrm{\;S}$,能够满足晶闸管工况。脉冲晶闸管实物如图12 所示。
换流电阻作为等离子体击穿的核心器件, 选型应主要考虑耐压、耐脉冲、承受大能量、分布电感等。常用的电阻一般有以下 4 种:线绕电阻、膜式电阻、碳合成电阻和陶瓷电阻。对于这种工况下的电阻,陶瓷电阻主要具有可靠性高、可以承受短时过载和高峰值功率、体积小、分布电感小的优点, 故换流电阻选用陶瓷电阻。换流电阻最大工作吸能为$Q ={\int }_{0}^{T}{i}^{2}\left( t\right){R}_{\mathrm{s}}\mathrm{d}t ={1.25}\mathrm{{MJ}}$,阻值${550}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega$。根据最大工作吸能和阻值,选择型号为$\mathrm{{AB}}{622}$,阻值${1283}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega$, 吸能${110}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$ 的电阻片,通过三串七并实现阻值为${550}\mathrm{\;m}\Omega$,最大吸能${2.31}\mathrm{{MJ}}$图13 为电阻实物。
为了验证放电过程的数学分析, 确保电容器参数计算的准备性, 搭建一套小型脉冲电源装置, 如图14 所示。电路参数为电容器充电电压${3200}\mathrm{\;V}$, 电容值${39}\mathrm{{mF}}$,负载电感${6.1}\mathrm{{mH}}$,负载电阻${27.2}\mathrm{m}\Omega$, 实验波形如图15 所示,峰值电流${7.6}\mathrm{{kA}}$,峰值时间${24}\mathrm{\;{ms}}$,根据式 (3) 和式 (4) 得,峰值电流${7.7}\mathrm{\;{kA}}$,峰值时间${24}\mathrm{{ms}}$,理论计算值和实验值基本一致,验证了数学分析的准确性。
换流过程是加热场脉冲功率电源至关重要的环节, 大功率固态断路器的可靠关断, 决定了电源是否能够换流成功, 产生击穿电压。大功率固态断路器能否可靠关断取决于能否承受关断时的电压和电流, 故对 IGCT 关断过程进行实验验证, 实验原理如图16 所示, 首先电容器充电至设定值, 然后触发放电开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$${\mathrm{S}}_{2}$,电容器通过阻感放电,当电流达到峰值时,断开放电开关${\mathrm{S}}_{1}$,电流换至换流电阻${R}_{\mathrm{S}}$ 支路, IGCT 电压和电流实验波形如图17 所示, 关断电流为${17}\mathrm{\;{kA}}$,关断电压为${9.6}\mathrm{\;{kV}}$,满足设计的要求。
为了验证换流电阻设计的合理性, 首先将电容器充电至${5000}\mathrm{\;V}$,电容器向换流电阻释放能量,换流电阻吸收${487.5}\mathrm{\;{kJ}}$ 电容器储能。环境温度${15}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,测量换流电阻温度如图18 所示,最大温度为${34.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。根据换流电阻吸能与温升成正比的关系, 换流电阻吸收 1.25$\mathrm{{MJ}}$ 能量时最大温升${49}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$。假设环境温度${40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,则实际工况换流电阻最大温度${89}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,不超过允许最大温度${150}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$,满足设计的要求。
本文介绍了电源的工作过程, 并对放电过程进行了详细的数学分析, 计算出满足要求的电源参数, 对电源的关键设备进行了设计, 并对电源的短路故障状态进行了分析, 设计了短路保护方法。最后, 通过搭建的脉冲电源装置验, 同时进行了固态断路器关断换流实验, 证了理论分析的正确性。
  • 中泰 HT-6M 托卡马克装置重建项目(P640895)
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2024年第22卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.204
  • 接收时间:2021-03-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-23
  • 修回日期:2021-06-08
  • 录用日期:2021-06-08
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China and Thailand HT-6M Tokamak Reconstruction(P640895)
中泰 HT-6M 托卡马克装置重建项目(P640895)
作者信息
    1 中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院 合肥 230031
    2 中国科学技术大学研究生院 科学岛分院 合肥 230026
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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