Article(id=1154040959231840915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.133, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1615478400000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-12, revisedDate=1620662400000, revisedDateStr=2021-05-11, acceptedDate=1621785600000, acceptedDateStr=2021-05-24, onlineDate=1753074405725, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1706544000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753074405725, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753074405725, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074405725, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154040955071095059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753074404733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753781011721, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=139, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154040960225890967, articleId=1154040959231840915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Simulation and Analysis of IGBT Dynamic Avalanche Failure Mechanism, columnId=1153024086025429058, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Semiconductor Devices, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The phenomenon of dynamic avalanche occurring during the IGBT turn-off process is one of the important reasons for its failure. To study the dynamic avalanche failure mechanism of IGBT, the Silvaco software was used to simulate and analyze this mechanism. Through the simulation and analysis of the breakdown mechanism, current density distribution and temperature distribution of dynamic avalanche, it is concluded that dynamic avalanche can generate moving current filaments and dead filaments which are either moving slowly or fixed. However, the failure of the device is caused by the dead filaments formed by dynamic avalanche. The dead filaments will lead to a sharp increase of local temperature in the IGBT, and the IGBT will eventually fail because the local temperature is too high to burn the device. On this basis, the causes of dead filaments are analyzed, and specific measures to prevent the dynamic avalanche failure of IGBT are also put forward.

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IGBT在关断过程中所发生的动态雪崩现象是导致其失效的重要原因之一。为研究IGBT动态雪崩失效机理,利用Silvaco 软件对其进行仿真分析。通过对动态雪崩击穿机制、电流密度分布和温度分布的仿真分析,得出动态雪崩可以产生移动的电流丝和移动十分缓慢或固定不动的“死丝”。引起器件失效的是动态雪崩形成的死丝,死丝会导致 IGBT 内局部溫度的急剧增加,最终因局部温度过高烧毁器件导致IGBT的失效。在此基础上分析了死丝产生的原因并进一步提出防止IGBT动态雪崩失效的具体措施。

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关艳霞(1963-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:功率半导体器件的教学与研究。E-mail: 21293924@qq.com。

刘亭(1995-),女,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail:luristin@163.com。

刘勇(1995-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: 1904452259@qq.com。

邓杰(1995-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: dj15248568828@163.com。

王卉如(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: 1025144310@qq.com。

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关艳霞(1963-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:功率半导体器件的教学与研究。E-mail: 21293924@qq.com。

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关艳霞(1963-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:功率半导体器件的教学与研究。E-mail: 21293924@qq.com。

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刘亭(1995-),女,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail:luristin@163.com。

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刘勇(1995-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: 1904452259@qq.com。

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刘勇(1995-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: 1904452259@qq.com。

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邓杰(1995-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: dj15248568828@163.com。

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王卉如(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: 1025144310@qq.com。

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王卉如(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: 1025144310@qq.com。

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turn-off process, figureFileSmall=2LA/i80vlSyeK3jXShRJ0g==, figureFileBig=Q6ZzRZjmIj2XJfqJ3eNWXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041046389478038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=CN, label=图5, caption=IGBT 关断过程中集电极-发射极电压, figureFileSmall=2LA/i80vlSyeK3jXShRJ0g==, figureFileBig=Q6ZzRZjmIj2XJfqJ3eNWXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041046444003991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Measurement of current filaments in IGBT using thermal reaction microscopy ${}^{\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=zbYxxd6D3wUSvQSPrDd+UQ==, figureFileBig=XSbaa+kbGGqBNPDej7YMVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041046498529944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=CN, label=图6, caption=使用热反应显微镜测出 IGBT 中的电流丝 ${}^{\left\lbrack {10}\right\rbrack }$, figureFileSmall=zbYxxd6D3wUSvQSPrDd+UQ==, figureFileBig=XSbaa+kbGGqBNPDej7YMVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041046578221721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Current density distribution at 2.26, 2.30, 2.37 and ${2.42\mu }\mathrm{s}$ during IGBT turn-off process, figureFileSmall=DHw75RVQV57U82rNkNYF+g==, figureFileBig=JV0tuqYqZ05EpmALWLppfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041046653719195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=CN, label=图7, caption=IGBT 关断过程中在 ${2.26}\text{、}{2.30}\text{、}{2.37}$ 和 ${2.42\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 电流密度分布, figureFileSmall=DHw75RVQV57U82rNkNYF+g==, figureFileBig=JV0tuqYqZ05EpmALWLppfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041046708245149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Horizontal and 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figureFileSmall=fgDab4Hc/p1K3mVtKjWa+w==, figureFileBig=tdkHJzhWD4IS0TYzLfuQQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041047035400866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Horizontal temperature distribution when dead filament is formed $\left({y ={12.106\mu }\mathrm{m}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=QjI0i1fLC++WU8PiX2JZBg==, figureFileBig=buz3XSxZRyR3HmNPeVmlug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041047110898340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=CN, label=图10, caption=形成死丝时横向温度分布 $\left({y ={12.106\mu }\mathrm{m}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=QjI0i1fLC++WU8PiX2JZBg==, figureFileBig=buz3XSxZRyR3HmNPeVmlug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041047178007206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Collector-emitter voltage of different gate resistors during IGBT turn-off process, figureFileSmall=7tF+VNd01Fs9cDl/FRIPqw==, figureFileBig=+V6R7XgXgpiMp+WVyXe9WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041047257698984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=CN, label=图11, caption=IGBT 关断过程中不同门极电阻的集电极-发射极电压, figureFileSmall=7tF+VNd01Fs9cDl/FRIPqw==, figureFileBig=+V6R7XgXgpiMp+WVyXe9WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154041047324807851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=Design parameters of IGBT structure, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 掺杂浓度$/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$
N+源区 ${9.3}\times {10}^{19}$
P+基区 ${2.7}\times {10}^{17}$
漂移区 ${1.5}\times {10}^{14}$
缓冲层 ${1.0}\times {10}^{17}$
P+衬底 ${1.0}\times {10}^{19}$
), ArticleFig(id=1154041047387722413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040959231840915, language=CN, label=表1, caption=IGBT 结构设计参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 掺杂浓度$/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{-3}$
N+源区 ${9.3}\times {10}^{19}$
P+基区 ${2.7}\times {10}^{17}$
漂移区 ${1.5}\times {10}^{14}$
缓冲层 ${1.0}\times {10}^{17}$
P+衬底 ${1.0}\times {10}^{19}$
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IGBT 动态雪崩失效机理仿真分析
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关艳霞 , 刘亭 , 刘勇 , 邓杰 , 王卉如
电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2024,22(1): 133-139
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电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2024, 22(1): 133-139
IGBT 动态雪崩失效机理仿真分析
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关艳霞 , 刘亭 , 刘勇 , 邓杰 , 王卉如
作者信息
  • 沈阳工业大学 信息科学与工程学院 沈阳 110870
  • 关艳霞(1963-),女,博士,副教授。研究方向:功率半导体器件的教学与研究。E-mail: 21293924@qq.com。

    刘亭(1995-),女,通信作者,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail:luristin@163.com。

    刘勇(1995-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: 1904452259@qq.com。

    邓杰(1995-),男,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: dj15248568828@163.com。

    王卉如(1997-),女,硕士。研究方向:功率半导体器件。E-mail: 1025144310@qq.com。

Simulation and Analysis of IGBT Dynamic Avalanche Failure Mechanism
Yanxia GUAN , Ting LIU , Yong LIU , Jie DENG , Huiru WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Information Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Technology Shenyang 110870 China
出版时间: 2024-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.133
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IGBT在关断过程中所发生的动态雪崩现象是导致其失效的重要原因之一。为研究IGBT动态雪崩失效机理,利用Silvaco 软件对其进行仿真分析。通过对动态雪崩击穿机制、电流密度分布和温度分布的仿真分析,得出动态雪崩可以产生移动的电流丝和移动十分缓慢或固定不动的“死丝”。引起器件失效的是动态雪崩形成的死丝,死丝会导致 IGBT 内局部溫度的急剧增加,最终因局部温度过高烧毁器件导致IGBT的失效。在此基础上分析了死丝产生的原因并进一步提出防止IGBT动态雪崩失效的具体措施。

IGBT  /  动态雪崩  /  失效机理  /  温度  /  电场

The phenomenon of dynamic avalanche occurring during the IGBT turn-off process is one of the important reasons for its failure. To study the dynamic avalanche failure mechanism of IGBT, the Silvaco software was used to simulate and analyze this mechanism. Through the simulation and analysis of the breakdown mechanism, current density distribution and temperature distribution of dynamic avalanche, it is concluded that dynamic avalanche can generate moving current filaments and dead filaments which are either moving slowly or fixed. However, the failure of the device is caused by the dead filaments formed by dynamic avalanche. The dead filaments will lead to a sharp increase of local temperature in the IGBT, and the IGBT will eventually fail because the local temperature is too high to burn the device. On this basis, the causes of dead filaments are analyzed, and specific measures to prevent the dynamic avalanche failure of IGBT are also put forward.

IGBT  /  dynamic avalanche  /  failure mechanism  /  temperature  /  electric field
关艳霞, 刘亭, 刘勇, 邓杰, 王卉如. IGBT 动态雪崩失效机理仿真分析. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (1) : 133 -139 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.133
Yanxia GUAN, Ting LIU, Yong LIU, Jie DENG, Huiru WANG. Simulation and Analysis of IGBT Dynamic Avalanche Failure Mechanism[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (1) : 133 -139 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.133
现代 IGBT 在电力电子设备中通常需要能够承受一定极端开关条件的能力, 虽然已有实验证明 IGBT 能够承受这种工作条件[1],但随着时间的推移和极端开关条件的积累可能导致 IGBT 性能退化, 使 IGBT 能否正常工作存在很大的不确定性。限制 IGBT 可靠性的关键影响因素之一是器件在关断时发生的雪崩现象,这种现象称为动态雪崩。
在关断过程中出现的动态雪崩现象是限制功率器件长期稳定性的重要因素[2]。动态雪崩最容易出现在电压斜率十分陡峭且漂移区掺杂浓度低的高压器件中[3]。目前,已经针对不同类型功率器件的动态雪崩现象进行了研究, 大多数研究表明, 动态雪崩在关断过程中产生电流丝, 是一种不稳定的现象, 而产生的电流丝决定了器件内的温度分布, 这是判断器件失效与否的重要因素。IGBT 器件的研究表明,在设备切换过程中,由于外界因素导致 IGBT 承受过大电流时, IGBT 内会形成电流丝,在平面栅 IGBT 器件中, 电流丝的形成会导致集电极与发射极之间电压斜率的变化。
通过 Silvaco 软件的仿真可以更好地观察动态雪崩发生的过程。仿真采用 12 元胞并联的平面栅穿通型 IGBT 结构, 如图1 所示, IGBT 内掺杂浓度如表1 所示。其中 IGBT 漂移区的厚度为${57\mu }\mathrm{m}$,缓冲层厚度为${5\mu }\mathrm{m},\mathrm{P}+$ 衬底厚度为${15.6\mu }\mathrm{m},\mathrm{N}+$ 源区的结深为${0.4\mu }\mathrm{m},\mathrm{P}+$ 基区的结深为${5.8\mu }\mathrm{m}$
图2 所示是在感性负载下 IGBT 的测试电路, 其中$\mathrm{{IGBT}}$ 是 12 元胞并联的结构,${L}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 是寄生电感,${L}_{\text{load }}$ 是感性负载,${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{F}}$ 作为续流二极管在 IGBT 关断时泄放掉感性负载中存储的能量。IGBT 关断过程的仿真需分成两个部分[5] : 第一部分是静态部分,此时IGBT 的门极电压保持在${15}\mathrm{\;V}$, IGBT 处于正向导通状态, 集电极电压很小; 第二部分是动态过程, 门极电压从${15}\mathrm{\;V}$ 下降至$0\mathrm{\;V}$, IGBT 逐渐关断,集电极处电压逐渐升高,而动态雪崩就发生在这个过程中。
当 IGBT 开始关断时,门极电压逐渐降低,沟道开始关断,集电极电压逐渐升高, IGBT中$\mathrm{P}$ 基区与漂移区形成的 PN 结反偏, 空间电荷区也随之展宽, IGBT 开始承担电压,但此时仍有大量电子通过沟道与集电极注入的空穴进行复合[6]。在这个过程中, IGBT 内纵向电场强度逐渐增加, PN 结耗尽区的泊松方程可表示为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{\;d}x}= \frac{\mathrm{q}}{\varepsilon }{N}_{\mathrm{D}}$
式中:$E$ 为电场强度;$x$ 为到结的距离;$\mathrm{q}$ 为电子电荷;$\varepsilon$ 为硅的介电常数;${N}_{\mathrm{D}}$ 为带正电荷的电离施主浓度。在耗尽区电离施主的掺杂浓度几乎不变, 因此电场分布梯度不变, 且随着外加电压的增大最大电场强度逐渐增加,如图3 所示。
$\left({x ={464.189\mu }\mathrm{m}}\right)$
随着 IGBT 沟道逐渐关断, 通过沟道的电子数量逐渐减少, 与集电极注入的空穴复合减少, 此时漂移区中会存储大量的空穴, 在集电极电压上升的过程中, 这些存储在漂移区中的空穴要被移除, 这些空穴在移除的过程中会作为空穴电流穿过空间电荷区[7]。通过仿真观察$\mathrm{{IGBT}}$ 关断过程中电流密度$j$ 约为${65}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$,若以空穴在硅中的饱和漂移速度${v}_{\mathrm{{sat}}\left(\mathrm{p}\right)} = 1 \times {10}^{7}\mathrm{\;{cm}}/\mathrm{s}$,则
$ j = p\mathrm{\;q}{v}_{\mathrm{{sat}}\left(\mathrm{p}\right)} $
根据式 (2) 可计算得到此时的空穴浓度$p ={4.06}\times$ ${10}^{13}{\mathrm{\;{cm}}}^{-3}$,这个数量级的掺杂浓度很高,因此在计算有效掺杂浓度时应考虑存储在漂移区中的空穴浓度。
考虑到空穴浓度的泊松方程可表示为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{\;d}x}= \frac{\mathrm{q}}{\varepsilon }\left({{N}_{\mathrm{D}}+ p}\right)$
考虑到空穴浓度, 漂移区中的电场梯度变陡, 此时在 IGBT 集电极电压尚未达到击穿电压时, IGBT 内的电场强度就已经达到临界击穿电场强度而发生雪崩击穿,即 IGBT 发生动态雪崩,在这过程中发生的动态雪崩称为一级动态雪崩。动态雪崩发生时会使 IGBT 的击穿电压降低,一级动态雪崩发生时会在 IGBT 纵向一定长度内产生电子-空穴对,动态雪崩产生的电子会向集电极移动, 而产生的空穴会向发射极处移动,若用${p}_{\mathrm{{av}}}$ 表示动态雪崩产生的空穴浓度,此时在$\mathrm{{PN}}$ 结处的泊松方程可表示为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{\;d}x}= \frac{\mathrm{q}}{\varepsilon }\left({{N}_{\mathrm{D}}+ p +{p}_{\mathrm{{av}}}}\right)$
由此可以看出,在漂移区与$\mathrm{P}$ 基区的$\mathrm{{PN}}$ 结处电场梯度非常高。在距该 PN 结较远的区域,考虑到$\mathrm{{PN}}$ 结处动态雪崩产生的电子浓度${n}_{\mathrm{{av}}}$,以及在该处由动态雪崩产生的一些空穴浓度${p}_{\mathrm{{av}}}$,此时的泊松方程可以表示为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{\;d}x}= {N}_{\mathrm{D}}+ p +{p}_{\mathrm{{av}}}- {n}_{\mathrm{{av}}}$
随着距漂移区与$\mathrm{P}$ 基区的$\mathrm{{PN}}$ 结距离渐远,动态雪崩产生的空穴会与流动的电子发生补偿, 导致空穴浓度减小、电子浓度增加,从而导致电场梯度再次减小。在这个过程中, 漂移区中电场分布曲线呈$\mathrm{S}$ 型,${2.255\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 时漂移区的电场分布如图4 所示, 此时的动态雪崩也称为二级动态雪崩。
IGBT 在关断过程中集电极-发射极之间的电压如图5 所示,集电极-发射极的电压斜率在${2.255\mu }\mathrm{s}$ 时发生突变,持续 90 ns后恢复。这是因为 IGBT 发生二级动态雪崩时出现了局部电荷浓度增加, 而局部电荷浓度的增加会放大集电极-发射极之间的电压斜率,此时 IGBT 内部会出现电流丝[8]。文献[9]测试了 IGBT 关断过程中集电极电压曲线, IGBT 形成电流丝时集电极电压曲线斜率也随之发生变化, 如图5(b)所示。因实际器件与理想器件有一定差异, 使得实际测得的集电极电压斜率变化幅度要大于仿真结果, 动态雪崩产生电流丝的现象更明显。
二级动态雪崩发生时,在 IGBT 内部会产生低电流密度全面积分布的电流, 与此同时还会产生高电流密度移动的电流丝。文献[10]通过热反射显微镜测出 IGBT 在动态雪崩过程中非破坏性移动电流丝的形成, 如图6 所示。如图7 所示, 展示了IGBT在关断过程中不同时刻 IGBT 内部电流密度分布, 通过仿真可以确定电流丝中的电流密度为${20}\sim {150}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$, 从图中可以看出电流丝的移动。
IGBT 在关断过程中形成的移动电流丝通常不会引起器件失效,若将器件所处的环境温度设为${300.0}\mathrm{\;K}$,那么通过仿真可知,在电流丝移动的过程中,器件内部横、纵向最高温度在${300.0}\sim {300.9}\mathrm{\;K}$ 之间,如图8 所示,远小于造成器件损坏的${398.0}\mathrm{\;K}$。 这是因为电流丝内部的高电流密度会将存储的载流子快速移出等离子体区,载流子浓度的减少对动态雪崩起抑制作用[11]。此外,在电流丝聚集区域电流密度较大使该区域温度升高, 由于雪崩电离率具有负温度系数, 所以电流丝聚集区域温度的升高也使得该处的碰撞电离减小, 对动态雪崩也会起到抑制作用。
移动的电流丝会随着温度的升高而向温度更低的区域移动, 通常不会造成 IGBT 的损坏。在关断过程中会在某一处形成固定的或移动十分缓慢的电流丝, 这种电流丝也称为 “死丝”。文献[12]证明 IGBT 在短路时发生动态雪崩效应会在 IGBT 内形成“死丝”, 极易造成 IGBT 的失效。如图9 所示, 形成死丝后, IGBT 内的电流密度高达${2000}\mathrm{\;A}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$,高电流密度的聚集会产生很高的温度。如图10 所示, 此时器件内最高温度可达${445.0}\mathrm{\;K}$,远高于器件正常工作的最高温度${398.0}\mathrm{\;K}$,极易造成 IGBT 失效。 IGBT 形成死丝的原因主要有以下几种: ①动态雪崩产生较大的电流密度,在横向通过$\mathrm{P}$ 基区流向发射极的过程中,在$\mathrm{P}$ 基区横向电阻的作用下产生较大电压,使得$\mathrm{N}+$ 源区与$\mathrm{P}$ 基区之间的$\mathrm{{PN}}$ 结导通, 这使得寄生在 IGBT 内的晶闸管导通发生闩锁效应,使 IGBT 无法被关断,最终会因为 IGBT 发生闩锁效应产生的大电流密度导致局部温度过高而烧毁器件[13]; ②由于 IGBT 存在边界反射,电流丝在到达器件边界处会变成双倍[14],而变成双倍的电流丝很难向 IGBT 体内移动, 最终会因为边界处电流密度过大产生的温度过高而烧毁器件;③如果器件因为工艺水平低、使用材料不均匀或器件内部参数设置不合理, 使器件存在制造上的缺陷, 那么 IGBT 在关断过程中产生的电流丝也会在缺陷处聚集, 若此处的温度达到本征温度, 便会在缺陷处形成死丝,最后因为电流聚集导致温度过高而烧毁器件。
动态雪崩是 IGBT 关断过程中不可避免的现象, 但并不是所有的动态雪崩都会造成 IGBT 失效, 使 IGBT 失效的主要原因是在动态雪崩过程中产生的死丝,如果能有效抑制死丝的产生,就能提高 IGBT 抗动态雪崩的能力。
从器件使用的角度上, 可以通过增大门极电阻来抑制 IGBT 的动态雪崩。如图11 所示, 当门极电阻为${5\Omega }$ 时,可以观察到二级动态雪崩导致集电极电压曲线斜率先增大又恢复原来斜率的现象;当增大门极电阻为${100\Omega }$ 时,高门极电阻可以使沟道保持导通, 直到负载电流降低, 电子通过沟道进入漂移区补偿漂移区中的移动空穴, 使电流均匀分布在器件内, 有效抑制动态雪崩的发生, 此时集电极电压曲线的斜率几乎保持不变。但随着门极电阻的增大,$\mathrm{P}$ 基区与漂移区形成$\mathrm{{PN}}$ 结的空间电荷区展宽速度变慢, 提取电子、空穴的能力大大降低, 集电极电压斜率降低,会导致关断功耗的增加。
从器件参数角度针对动态雪崩中死丝的形成机理进行分析, 可以总结出有效抑制死丝形成的措施: ①对 IGBT 的结构设计进行优化,降低$\mathrm{P}$ 基区的横向电阻, 提高 IGBT 抗闩锁效应的能力; ②通过优化 IGBT 的终端来降低器件边缘处载流子的聚集, 减小 IGBT 的边界反射效应[15];③ 在 IGBT 制造过程中, 采用更优质的材料和设备, 使制造出 IGBT 内部结构更加均匀,减小 IGBT 内部缺陷。
IGBT 正向导通时存储在漂移区的大量空穴使 IGBT 在关断过程中击穿电压降低, 发生动态雪崩效应。动态雪崩的发生使 IGBT 内部产生电流集中现象——电流丝,电流丝分为可移动电流丝和移动十分缓慢或固定不动的死丝。移动电流丝因内部高电流密度会将存储的载流子快速移出等离子体区, 载流子浓度减少及雪崩电离率的负温度系数可以有效抑制动态雪崩效应, 电流丝向温度较低的区域移动,此时 IGBT 内最高温度为${300.9}\mathrm{\;K}$,一般不会造成器件损坏。死丝在 IGBT 内通常不会移动或移动十分缓慢, 该处电流密度的迅速增加使得 IGBT 内温度可达${445.0}\mathrm{\;K}$,产生的高温极易造成 IGBT 的失效。可以通过增大 IGBT 的门极电阻和改进器件结构的方法有效抑制动态雪崩效应的发生。
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2024年第22卷第1期
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.133
  • 接收时间:2021-03-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-12
  • 修回日期:2021-05-11
  • 录用日期:2021-05-24
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    沈阳工业大学 信息科学与工程学院 沈阳 110870
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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