Article(id=1154040962641813797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.119, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1614700800000, receivedDateStr=2021-03-03, revisedDate=1618329600000, revisedDateStr=2021-04-14, acceptedDate=1618934400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-04-21, onlineDate=1753074406537, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1706544000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753074406537, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753074406537, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074406537, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154040955071095059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753074404733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753781011721, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=119, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154040963707167018, articleId=1154040962641813797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Review of Current-sharing Control Technologies for Parallel-operating IGBTs, columnId=1153024086025429058, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Power Semiconductor Devices, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) have been widely applied in the modern power electronics technology, and the paralleling of IGBTs has become an economical and feasible method in some working scenarios where one single device cannot meet the design requirements. The paralleling of IGBT modules can simplify the circuit structure, increase the converter output power, and improve the power density of devices. During the operation of IGBTs in parallel, the current imbalance, which may be caused by the difference in IGBTs' characteristics in a static or dynamic mode, the inconsistency of junction temperature, the asymmetry of a drive circuit or power loop, as well as the aging or failure of IGBTs due to long-term use, will affect the system's reliability and stability. The research hotspots of parallel-operating IGBTs at home and abroad are investigated. The principle and influence of static and dynamic current imbalance are summarized, and the difference in the current-sharing control principles is analyzed. The performance characteristics of current-sharing control are summarized and compared from the aspects of power loop current-sharing control and drive circuit current-sharing control. Furthermore, the development of current-sharing technologies for parallel-operating IGBTs in the future is also prospected.

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绝缘栅双极型晶体管 IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor)在现代电力电子技术中应用广泛,在某些单个器件性能达不到设计要求的工作场合,IGBT的并联使用成为一种经济可行的方法。多模块 IGBT并联应用可以简化电路结构,增大变流器输出功率,提高装置功率密度。IGBT 并联应用过程中,器件本体的动、静态特性及结温的差异,驱动电路结构及功率回路不对称性,伴随IGBT长期使用出现的老化或失效等问题,都会引起并联 IGBT 支路电流的不均衡,影响系统的可靠性和稳定性。对国内外 IGBT 并联应用所关注的研究热点进行了调研分析,总结了 IGBT 并联动、静态电流不均衡产生的原理及影响,分析了电流均衡控制原理的差异。从功率回路均流控制和驱动回路均流控制两个方面,对IGBT并联应用均流控制的工作特性进行了分析总结和技术对比,并对IGBT 并联均流技术的发展方向进行了展望。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=tR7ycl8CpwqLR2O/d5yXqg==, magXml=qtZFWXZxBdRcoTvP7AROcA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=RDDxFNI2Zc9pGFbDzhaJrg==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=OfIfxdV73MUwysk8PP3XsA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

穆峰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 18121479@bjtu.edu.cn。

刘宜鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:yixin1996@163.com。

李鑫(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 18121470@bjtu.edu.cn。

孙湖(1970-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:牵引传动系统可靠性。E-mail: hsun1@bjtu.edu.cn。

黄先进(1980-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:变流器控制与设计,半导体功率器件特性与应用等。E-mail: xjhuang@bjtu.edu.cn。

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穆峰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 18121479@bjtu.edu.cn。

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穆峰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 18121479@bjtu.edu.cn。

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刘宜鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:yixin1996@163.com。

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刘宜鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:yixin1996@163.com。

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李鑫(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 18121470@bjtu.edu.cn。

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李鑫(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 18121470@bjtu.edu.cn。

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孙湖(1970-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:牵引传动系统可靠性。E-mail: hsun1@bjtu.edu.cn。

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孙湖(1970-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:牵引传动系统可靠性。E-mail: hsun1@bjtu.edu.cn。

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黄先进(1980-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:变流器控制与设计,半导体功率器件特性与应用等。E-mail: xjhuang@bjtu.edu.cn。

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

黄先进(1980-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:变流器控制与设计,半导体功率器件特性与应用等。E-mail: xjhuang@bjtu.edu.cn。

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影响因素 影响程度
通态饱和压降
结温
导通阈值电压
通态电阻
门极驱动信号
负载差异
), ArticleFig(id=1154041051208737251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040962641813797, language=CN, label=表1, caption=IGBT 并联时静态均流影响因素, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 影响程度
通态饱和压降
结温
导通阈值电压
通态电阻
门极驱动信号
负载差异
), ArticleFig(id=1154041051271651813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040962641813797, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Influencing factors for dynamic current-sharing of parallel-operating IGBTs, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 影响程度
通态饱和压降
结温
导通阈值电压
二极管反向恢复特性(考虑 IGBT 模块)
门极电阻
门极驱动信号
门极电路连线差异
直流母线侧连线差异
负载差异
母排杂散电感
), ArticleFig(id=1154041051334566375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040962641813797, language=CN, label=表2, caption=IGBT 并联时动态均流影响因素, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 影响程度
通态饱和压降
结温
导通阈值电压
二极管反向恢复特性(考虑 IGBT 模块)
门极电阻
门极驱动信号
门极电路连线差异
直流母线侧连线差异
负载差异
母排杂散电感
), ArticleFig(id=1154041051405869547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040962641813797, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=Comparison of features among four types of drive circuit, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
驱动方式 成本 线路长度敏感性 射极环流抑制 驱动核紧凑分布需求 复杂度
直接驱动 较差 不需要
隔离驱动 非常好 需要
静态多分 一般 不需要
动态多分 较好 不需要
), ArticleFig(id=1154041051468784109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040962641813797, language=CN, label=表3, caption=4种驱动回路结构特性对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
驱动方式 成本 线路长度敏感性 射极环流抑制 驱动核紧凑分布需求 复杂度
直接驱动 较差 不需要
隔离驱动 非常好 需要
静态多分 一般 不需要
动态多分 较好 不需要
), ArticleFig(id=1154041051527504367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040962641813797, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Comparison among current-sharing methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均流方式 均流效果 引入损耗 设计复杂度 可靠性
降额法 较高
优化功率回路布局 适中 适中 适中 较高
外加电感法 较好
引入$\mathrm{Z}$ 源网络的外加电感法 较好 较高 较高 较高
优化热网络参数 适中 较低 适中
直接驱动 较差
隔离驱动 较好 较高 适中
静态多分 适中 较低 较低
动态多分 较好 适中 较高
发射极电阻反馈法 适中 较低
磁芯同步法 较好 适中
平均电流法 适中 适中 较低
参考电流法 适中 较低 适中
闭环电流斜率控制法 适中 较低 较低 适中
链式控制法 较好 较低 较高
门极延迟控制法 较好 较高 适中
变门极电阻控制法 适中 较低 适中 适中
), ArticleFig(id=1154041051598807537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040962641813797, language=CN, label=表4, caption=均流方式对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
均流方式 均流效果 引入损耗 设计复杂度 可靠性
降额法 较高
优化功率回路布局 适中 适中 适中 较高
外加电感法 较好
引入$\mathrm{Z}$ 源网络的外加电感法 较好 较高 较高 较高
优化热网络参数 适中 较低 适中
直接驱动 较差
隔离驱动 较好 较高 适中
静态多分 适中 较低 较低
动态多分 较好 适中 较高
发射极电阻反馈法 适中 较低
磁芯同步法 较好 适中
平均电流法 适中 适中 较低
参考电流法 适中 较低 适中
闭环电流斜率控制法 适中 较低 较低 适中
链式控制法 较好 较低 较高
门极延迟控制法 较好 较高 适中
变门极电阻控制法 适中 较低 适中 适中
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IGBT 并联应用均流控制技术综述
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穆峰 , 刘宜鑫 , 李鑫 , 孙湖 , 黄先进
电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2024,22(1): 119-132
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电源学报 | 功率半导体器件 2024, 22(1): 119-132
IGBT 并联应用均流控制技术综述
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穆峰, 刘宜鑫, 李鑫, 孙湖, 黄先进
作者信息
  • 北京交通大学 电气工程学院 北京 100044
  • 穆峰(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 18121479@bjtu.edu.cn。

    刘宜鑫(1996-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail:yixin1996@163.com。

    李鑫(1995-),男,硕士研究生。研究方向:电力电子与电力传动。E-mail: 18121470@bjtu.edu.cn。

    孙湖(1970-),男,硕士,高级工程师。研究方向:牵引传动系统可靠性。E-mail: hsun1@bjtu.edu.cn。

    黄先进(1980-),男,中国电源学会高级会员,通信作者,博士,副教授。研究方向:变流器控制与设计,半导体功率器件特性与应用等。E-mail: xjhuang@bjtu.edu.cn。

Review of Current-sharing Control Technologies for Parallel-operating IGBTs
Feng MU, Yixin LIU, Xin LI, Hu SUN, Xianjin HUANG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China
出版时间: 2024-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.119
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绝缘栅双极型晶体管 IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor)在现代电力电子技术中应用广泛,在某些单个器件性能达不到设计要求的工作场合,IGBT的并联使用成为一种经济可行的方法。多模块 IGBT并联应用可以简化电路结构,增大变流器输出功率,提高装置功率密度。IGBT 并联应用过程中,器件本体的动、静态特性及结温的差异,驱动电路结构及功率回路不对称性,伴随IGBT长期使用出现的老化或失效等问题,都会引起并联 IGBT 支路电流的不均衡,影响系统的可靠性和稳定性。对国内外 IGBT 并联应用所关注的研究热点进行了调研分析,总结了 IGBT 并联动、静态电流不均衡产生的原理及影响,分析了电流均衡控制原理的差异。从功率回路均流控制和驱动回路均流控制两个方面,对IGBT并联应用均流控制的工作特性进行了分析总结和技术对比,并对IGBT 并联均流技术的发展方向进行了展望。

IGBT  /  并联  /  均流控制  /  电流不平衡

The insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) have been widely applied in the modern power electronics technology, and the paralleling of IGBTs has become an economical and feasible method in some working scenarios where one single device cannot meet the design requirements. The paralleling of IGBT modules can simplify the circuit structure, increase the converter output power, and improve the power density of devices. During the operation of IGBTs in parallel, the current imbalance, which may be caused by the difference in IGBTs' characteristics in a static or dynamic mode, the inconsistency of junction temperature, the asymmetry of a drive circuit or power loop, as well as the aging or failure of IGBTs due to long-term use, will affect the system's reliability and stability. The research hotspots of parallel-operating IGBTs at home and abroad are investigated. The principle and influence of static and dynamic current imbalance are summarized, and the difference in the current-sharing control principles is analyzed. The performance characteristics of current-sharing control are summarized and compared from the aspects of power loop current-sharing control and drive circuit current-sharing control. Furthermore, the development of current-sharing technologies for parallel-operating IGBTs in the future is also prospected.

Insulated-gate bipolar transistor(IGBT)  /  parallel connection  /  current-sharing control  /  current imbalance
穆峰, 刘宜鑫, 李鑫, 孙湖, 黄先进. IGBT 并联应用均流控制技术综述. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (1) : 119 -132 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.119
Feng MU, Yixin LIU, Xin LI, Hu SUN, Xianjin HUANG. Review of Current-sharing Control Technologies for Parallel-operating IGBTs[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (1) : 119 -132 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.119
随着现代电力电子产业的迅速发展, 大功率电能变换系统对电流容量的需求日益提升。单个绝缘栅双极型晶体管 IGBT(insulated-gate bipolar transistor)器件因其材料特性和制作工艺的约束, 通流能力已接近正常应用的极限, 进而无法满足更大电流容量的应用需求。考虑到系统成本、驱动电路复杂性和硬件结构的简化, 多个 IGBT 直接并联应用成为一种提升变流系统传输容量的有效方法[1]。多个 IGBT 并联运行时, 功率回路结构是否对称, 驱动信号是否一致, 各并联 IGBT 的特性参数以及结温变化是否趋近, 都会影响其处于通态和开关瞬态时集电极电流的一致性, 即引发 IGBT 静态和动态的不均流问题[2]。因此,确保各并联支路 IGBT 静态和动态电流的均衡是 IGBT 并联应用的关键。
静态不均流主要指各并联 IGBT 在通态时由于输出特性和结温的差异及支路阻抗的不一致, 使得负载电流在各并联 IGBT 上的分布不均衡; 动态不均流主要指各并联 IGBT 开通和关断过程开始的时刻以及对应过程中, 集电极电流变化速率的不一致致使部分 IGBT 承受较大的电流应力。为抑制并联 IGBT 间的不均流现象, 国内外研究者提出了不同的均流控制方法, 按照均流控制的路径, 这些方法可分为功率回路均流控制和驱动回路均流控制两类。功率回路均流控制主要通过调整功率回路结构或引入额外的阻抗以及利用热网络分析改善硬件设计, 进而增强并联 IGBT 间或 IGBT 内部芯片间的电热参数的一致性, 或尽可能弱化参数不一致所带来的影响; 驱动回路均流控制主要通过采用一定的辅助电路及控制策略, 调整门极的控制信号进而间接影响 IGBT 的集电极电流特性。
由于实际应用场合的多样性, 需选择合适的 IGBT 均流控制方法以满足并联系统的电流容量需求,权衡各控制方法在均流效果、损耗和电路复杂程度等因素下的原理及特点是必要的。本文根据近年来国内外对 IGBT 并联应用均流控制方法的研究,首先从 IGBT 并联静、动态电流不均衡的原理分析及其影响因素进行阐述, 随后从功率回路均流控制和驱动回路均流控制两个方面说明 IGBT 均流控制方法的研究现状及其原理、特性, 并对其进行归纳总结和对比展望。
静态均流问题可以归结至并联 IGBT 的输出特性或饱和压降上, 以两个 IGBT 直接并联为例说明其静态均流特性,图1 为两并联 IGBT 输出特性曲线及其简化等效电路示意。
图1 中,${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right) 1}$${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right) 2}$ 分别为两个并联 IGBT 中${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 在饱和区下的集电极电压,由于饱和压降较低时 IGBT 的输出特性为非线性, 而在饱和压降较高时近似呈线性,因此可以得到${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的输出特性[3]
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right) 1}= {V}_{\mathrm{o}1}+ {r}_{1}{I}_{\mathrm{C}1}\\{V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right) 2}= {V}_{\mathrm{o}2}+ {r}_{2}{I}_{\mathrm{C}2}\\{I}_{\mathrm{{Cpt}}}= {I}_{\mathrm{C}1}+ {I}_{\mathrm{C}2}\end{array}\right.$
式中:${V}_{\mathrm{o}1}$${V}_{\mathrm{o}2}$ 分别为${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 输出特性曲线线性化后与${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}}$ 轴的交点,即开启电压;${r}_{1}$${r}_{2}$ 分别为${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的通态电阻;${I}_{\mathrm{C}1}$${I}_{\mathrm{C}2}$ 分别为${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的集电极电流;${I}_{\text{Ctot }}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的集电极电流之和。由于${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 为并联关系,存在数学关系:${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right) 1}= {V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right) 2}=$ ${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right)}$,结合式 (1)定义 IGBT 并联时的静态电流不均衡度, 即
$\delta =\frac{{I}_{\mathrm{C}1}- {I}_{\mathrm{C}2}}{{I}_{\text{Ctot }}}= \frac{2\left({{V}_{\mathrm{o}2}- {V}_{\mathrm{o}1}}\right)}{\left({{r}_{1}+ {r}_{2}}\right){I}_{\text{Ctot }}}+ \frac{{r}_{2}- {r}_{1}}{{r}_{1}+ {r}_{2}}$
由于并联时通常会选取同一批次的 IGBT, 其开启电压${V}_{\mathrm{o}}$ 较为接近,一般情况下可认为${V}_{\mathrm{o}1}\approx$ ${V}_{\mathrm{o}2}$,继而可将式(2)简化为
$\delta =\frac{{r}_{2}- {r}_{1}}{{r}_{1}+ {r}_{2}}$
其中,${r}_{1}$${r}_{2}$ 表征着 IGBT 中${\mathrm{Q}}_{1}$${\mathrm{Q}}_{2}$ 的饱和压降, 可知饱和压降对静态均流特性有重要影响。通过对 IGBT 的饱和压降构成进一步分析, 可以了解到结温对 IGBT 并联静态均流特性的影响[4],即
${V}_{\mathrm{{CE}}\left(\mathrm{{sat}}\right)} ={I}_{\mathrm{C}}{R}_{\mathrm{m}}= {I}_{\mathrm{C}}\left({{R}_{\mathrm{{ch}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{a}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{j}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{epi}}}}\right)$
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{m}}$$\mathrm{{IGBT}}$ 的通态电阻;${R}_{\mathrm{{ch}}}$ 为沟道电阻;${R}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为积累层电阻、${R}_{\mathrm{j}}$$\mathrm{{JFET}}$ 电阻;${R}_{\mathrm{{epi}}}$ 为外延层电阻。 其中,${R}_{\mathrm{a}}$${R}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 与器件的制造工艺有关,${R}_{\mathrm{{epi}}}$ 会随器件结温的升高而略有增大,${R}_{\mathrm{{ch}}}$ 作为通态电阻,主要受门极导通电压和结温的影响, 即
${R}_{\mathrm{{ch}}}= \frac{L}{Z{\mu }_{\mathrm{{ns}}}{C}_{\mathrm{{ox}}}\left({{V}_{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{{on}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{GE}}\left(\mathrm{{th}}\right)}}\right)} $
式中:$L$ 为 IGBT 的沟道长度;$Z$ 为单位面积的沟道宽度;${\mu }_{\mathrm{{ns}}}$ 为沟道反型层电子的迁移率;${C}_{\mathrm{{ox}}}$ 为单位面积的栅氧化层电容;${V}_{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{{on}}}$ 为导通时对应的驱动电压;${V}_{\mathrm{{GE}}\left(\mathrm{{th}}\right)}$ 为 IGBT 的开通阈值电压。
沟道反型层电子的迁移率${\mu }_{\mathrm{{ns}}}$ 是关于结温${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 的减函数, 即
${\mu }_{\mathrm{{ns}}}\left({T}_{\mathrm{j}}\right)= {\mu }_{\mathrm{{ns}}}\left({T}_{0}\right){\left({T}_{\mathrm{j}}\right)}^{-m}$
式中:${T}_{0}$$m$ 均为常数
由式 (4)$\sim$ 式 (6) 可知,随着 IGBT 结温的升高, 其通态电阻会增大进而导致其集电极电流减小, 使得通态电阻较小的 IGBT 流过更多电流, 经过累积后在各并联 IGBT 的通态损耗和老化程度上产生进一步的差异,对此问题,近年来各 IGBT 厂商如英飞凌、ABB 等推出了具有正温度系数 PTC (positive temperature coefficient) 的 IGBT 以抑制并联应用时静态电流的不均衡现象。
IGBT 并联应用时静态电流的不均衡可归咎于饱和压降的不一致, 器件自身的输出特性、结温和外部电路阻抗的不一致都将对并联 IGBT 的饱和压降产生影响, 最终导致负载电流在各并联 IGBT 上分布不均。在实际应用中, 影响并联 IGBT 饱和压降进而引发静态电流不均衡的因素如表1 所示[5]
IGBT 并联时动态不均流现象的主要表现为并联 IGBT 开通、关断过程起始时刻的不一致或集电极电流在开通、关断过程中变化速率的不一致。其中, IGBT 开通、关断过程起始时刻的不一致通常源于门极驱动信号或门极驱动回路参数的不一致, 集电极电流在开通、关断过程中变化速率的不一致则与器件内部参数及门极驱动电压有关[6-7]
以 IGBT 的开通过程为例, IGBT 在该过程中存在开通延迟时间${t}_{\mathrm{d}\left(\mathrm{{on}}\right)}$,它对应 IGBT 的门极电压由关断时的稳态值达到导通阈值所经过的时间[8],即
${t}_{\mathrm{d}\left(\mathrm{{on}}\right)} =- \left({{R}_{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{{on}}}+ {R}_{\mathrm{{int}}}}\right){C}_{\mathrm{{ies}}}\ln \left\lbrack {1 -\frac{{V}_{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{{on}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{{GE}}\left(\mathrm{{th}}\right)}}{{V}_{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{{on}}}- {V}_{\mathrm{G},\mathrm{{off}}}}}\right\rbrack $
式中:${R}_{\mathrm{G},\text{ on }}$${R}_{\text{int }}$ 分别为门极驱动电阻和 IGBT 内部的门极电阻;${C}_{\text{ies }}$ 为 IGBT 的输入电容;${V}_{\mathrm{G},\text{ on }}$${V}_{\mathrm{G},\text{ off }}$ 分别为门极驱动电路开通和关断时输出的稳态电压;${V}_{\mathrm{{GE}}\left(\mathrm{{th}}\right)}$ 为 IGBT 的导通阈值电压。门极驱动电阻及输出电压、IGBT 内部的门极电阻、IGBT 结电容以及导通阈值电压的差异都会对并联 IGBT 开通过程起始时刻的一致性产生一定影响, 此外, 开通延迟时间${t}_{\mathrm{d}\left(\mathrm{{on}}\right)}$ 还会随着结温${T}_{\mathrm{j}}$ 的升高而增大。
在 IGBT 开通延迟结束后,集电极电流开始上升,其上升速率可表示为
$\frac{\mathrm{d}{I}_{\mathrm{C}}}{\mathrm{d}t}= {g}_{\mathrm{m}}\frac{\mathrm{d}{V}_{\mathrm{{GE}}}}{\mathrm{d}t}$
式中:${I}_{\mathrm{C}}$ 为集电极电流;${V}_{\mathrm{{GE}}}$ 为门极电压;${g}_{\mathrm{m}}$ 为等效跨导,与 IGBT 自身参数以及门极电压有关,可知其对动态均流存在影响。
与开通过程类似, IGBT 的关断过程也与上述参数存在一定关联。IGBT 自身参数以及门极驱动电压都会对并联 IGBT 的开关过程起始时刻和电流变化速率的一致性产生影响。另外, 对于单个 IGBT, 其内部布局 (如引入开尔文发射极) 会影响各并联芯片的电流均衡[9],这意味着包括 IGBT 在内的功率模块内部需要更加合理的布局以确保并联芯片间电流的均衡分布[10]。IGBT 并联时影响其动态均流特性的因素如表2 所示[5]
由以上分析可知, IGBT自身特性及其结温、门极驱动电路与功率回路布局以及负载特性都将对 IGBT 并联应用时的均流特性产生影响,因此,在未采取任何功率回路、驱动回路和散热设计方面的优化时, 通常要对并联 IGBT 进行降额计算及降额应用, 即通过降低流经并联 IGBT 的负载电流上限以妥协性地确保系统的稳定运行。
不同数目的 IGBT 并联并满足一定的静态和动态均流特性时, 由于静态降额因子取值普遍高于动态降额因子, 因此在考虑并联系统的降额时可以优先考虑静态降额因子[11]。并联 IGBT 运行在安全工作区内时,通过并联 IGBT 数目$n$ 、单个 IGBT 的集电极电流额定值${I}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{{nom}}\right)}$ 以及平均电流${I}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{{ave}}\right)}$,可以得到并联 IGBT 总电流上限$\sum {I}^{\left\lbrack {12}\right\rbrack }$,即
$\alpha =\left({\frac{{I}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\max \right)}}{{I}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\text{ ave }\right)}}- 1}\right)\times {100}\%$
$\sum I ={I}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\text{ nom }\right)}\left\lbrack {1 +\left({n - 1}\right)\frac{\left( 1 -\alpha /{100}\right)}{\left( 1 +\alpha /{100}\right)}}\right\rbrack $
式中,${I}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{{max}}\right)}$ 为并联 IGBT 中承受最大电流应力的 IGBT 对应的集电极电流。
为尽量减少降额对各并联 IGBT 性能的限制, 针对复杂且多样的影响因素, 在确保选用同一型号、批次及相近正温度特性 IGBT 的前提下, 还需要采取合适的均流控制方法。
功率回路的设计是 IGBT 并联应用中至关重要的一步, 通过对每个并联 IGBT 的外围功率回路引入无源器件或优化功率回路布局来提高并联系统各支路参数的一致性, 以达到降低静、动态电流的不均衡度的目的。以 IGBT 并联应用为前提进行功率回路设计时, 通常会带有一定的妥协性, 需要在各支路电流均衡度和达到相应均流指标而引入的损耗等方面进行考量。
在优化并联 IGBT 功率回路布局方面,阻抗匹配对 IGBT 并联应用中电流分布的影响需要重点考虑[13]。研究构建功率回路间分布参数模型的等效电路, 设计了不同的功率回路连接方式进行性能比较测试, 如图2 所示。在并联 IGBT 支路间门-射极阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{{ge}}}$ 和集-射极阻抗${Z}_{\mathrm{{ce}}}$ 差异较小的两种结构 (图2(b)和(d))下,各并联 IGBT 的门极电压差异较小,并联系统拥有更好的均流特性。研究显示,图2(d)结构具有更好的动、静态均流特性, 虽然在实际中较难实现。
并联 IGBT 发生短路时的负载对称连接的均流问题,也需要特别考虑。基于$3\mathrm{D}$ 数学模型及仿真, 研究非对称负载连接下功率回路中电感分布对均流特性的影响, 通过改进交流侧连接端子结构的设计使其增加了额外的连接, 进而有效降低了交流侧的杂散电感, 使得短路工况下并联 IGBT 的电流分配得到优化, 通过后续短路工况的仿真可知, 增加接触面积, 采用更小的电流回路连接能够有效抑制短路工况时的电流不均衡[14]
在设计功率回路的布局时, 通常会受到许多实际条件的约束使并联系统无法在电流通路和空间电磁场方面达到完全对称[15-16],引入额外的无源器件进行阻抗匹配或抑制各支路在开关过程中集电极电流的变化速率成为了一种辅助性措施。
外加电感平衡法如图3 所示, 通过在各 IGBT 所在的支路中均引入额外的电感, 进而抑制 IGBT 开通和关断过程中集电极电流的变化速率, 其基本原理是通过 IGBT 外围引入比杂散电感大一个或数个量级的$\mu \mathrm{H}$ 级电感以抑制原支路中杂散电感间存在的差异。外加电感法可以同时抑制动态电流和静态电流的不均衡, 且开关频率越高, 效果就越好。
目前该种方法仅见于涉及两电平电路拓扑中的应用的文献中, 在其他电路拓扑形式中的应用有待进一步研究[16]。外加电感的大小可以表示为
$ L =\frac{{U}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}}{\Delta {I}_{\max }}{\Delta t}$
式中:${U}_{\mathrm{{DC}}}$ 为直流母线电压;$\Delta {I}_{\max }$ 为所允许的电流偏差最大值;${\Delta t}$ 为并联 IGBT 间开关过程起始时刻的偏差。
对外加电感后电流的不均衡度进行推导与简化[3],得到
$\delta =\frac{{r}_{2}- {r}_{1}}{{r}_{1}+ {r}_{2}}\left\lbrack {1 -\exp \left({-\frac{{r}_{1}+ {r}_{2}}{2L}t}\right)}\right\rbrack $
外加电感法虽然在工程上易于实现,却存在着明显的缺点: ①由于 IGBT 功率回路中引入了取值高于杂散电感一个或数个量级的电感, 在选用同一驱动电路配合发射极电阻反馈法进行 IGBT 并联驱动时, IGBT 门极驱动回路产生的反馈电压会出现严重的振荡, 进而导致开关管的损坏; ②该方法对因 IGBT 模块内部参数不一致产生的续流二极管反向恢复电流的不一致并无改善作用。
在每个 IGBT 独立驱动和外加电感的基础上, 基于特定的拓扑可以进一步改善 IGBT 的并联均流特性[3],如图4 所示,以外加电感法为基础,在直流侧引入了一个$\mathrm{Z}$ 源网络,该网络由吸收电感${L}_{\mathrm{{dc}}\_ \mathrm{{bl}}}$${L}_{\mathrm{{dc}}\_ \mathrm{b}2}$ 、吸收电容${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}\_ \mathrm{b}1}$${C}_{\mathrm{{dc}}\_ \mathrm{b}2}$ 、二极管$\mathrm{D}$ 组成,输出侧电感由电感${L}_{\mathrm{e}1}$${L}_{\mathrm{e}2}$ 组成,负载由负载电感$L$ 、电容$C$ 和负载电阻$R$ 组成, IGBT 模块由 4 个 IGBT 组成的$\mathrm{H}$ 桥型并联电路构成,${V}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为直流输入电压,${C}_{\mathrm{d}}$ 为直流侧吸收电容。
该拓扑使 IGBT 开通和关断过程中的集电极电流变化速率均受到支路电感的抑制, 继而减小动态电流的不均衡,而$\mathrm{Z}$ 源网络中的电感将会使 IGBT 开通过程中换向速率变慢, 减缓了二极管反向恢复所带来的开通时动态电流不均。该方法配合软开通方式可以降低开通损耗, 由于附加的电感在任何时刻都存在电流通路, 不会产生额外的过电压, 直流侧电感则能够抑制短路时电流的$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$,进而简化短路保护的设计。该拓扑带来的问题为:IGBT 关断时,$\mathrm{Z}$ 源网络中电感的部分电流会流入 IGBT 吸收电容对其充电,进而抬高 IGBT 关断时集射极电压的第二尖峰值,为抑制该尖峰,需要在引入$\mathrm{Z}$ 源网络时额外引入 1 个二极管和 2 个$\mu \mathrm{H}$ 级电感的基础上,在直流侧添加由二极管及电容组成的 CDC 网络。
并联 IGBT 间的电流分布不仅受到各支路阻抗影响, 还与热网络中存在的耦合效应有着重要的联系,半导体器件的开关损耗与通态损耗通常会受到结温的影响, 而结温也会由于损耗的存在而波动, 进而影响器件的瞬态和通态特性。为了较准确地预测 IGBT 模块瞬态结温的变化进而将其推广至并联系统,需要建立 IGBT 模块的瞬态电热模型,以分析并联 IGBT 散热路径之间的耦合关系, 优化并联系统中功率模块的安装位置和散热器设计,利用自然风冷、强迫风冷和水冷这 3 种常用的冷却措施[17] 在保证各 IGBT 的结温处于安全工作区内的同时, 使得各模块具有较小的结温差异,以提高瞬态和通态时集电极电流的一致性。
并联 IGBT 模块间的散热布局会对各模块温升及热量交换产生较大影响, 准确的热耦合特性分析有利于模块间散热布局的合理设计。通过引入 Elmore 延时的 RC 组件模型 RCCM(RC component model), 可以反映热量在每个组成层级之间的传导延迟并提取热网络中的热阻抗参数和时间常数, 进而对采取一定冷却措施下的 IGBT 模块的瞬态和通态的热特性进行分析[17]。而通过采集模块外壳的热测量数据与热阻抗参数${Z}_{\mathrm{{jc}}}$ 相结合的方式提取整个系统的 RC 网络参数, 将使 IGBT 结温的预测易于实现[18]。 通过对单个 IGBT 模块进行热模型的建立与分析, 使瞬态时结温变化的预测较为准确, 但由于解析方法求解热模型较为困难, 并未将分析推广到并联 IGBT 应用中。采用改进型并联热阻抗模型分析结温对 IGBT 瞬态和通态的影响时, 器件之间存在横向的热流分布使得散热路径间存在的耦合将被考虑在内[19],即在单个器件热阻模型的基础上添加横向耦合的热阻部分,将器件总的损耗分成横向${P}_{\mathrm{H}}$ 和纵向${P}_{\mathrm{V}}$ 流动,并以此为基础,建立了 IGBT 并联瞬态电热模型(损耗与结温相互影响的耦合模型), 通过实验和仿真结果对比发现, 模块距离增大导致散热器水平热阻抗部分的参数增大,该模型使并联模块之间的热耦合特性的分析更加准确。
并联 IGBT 的热耦合参数不仅需要从模块散热布局方面进行优化, 单个模块内部芯片间的温度也会相互作用进而影响整个模块的温度。基于功率模块内部热量的横向传导分析热交叉耦合作用的基理, 根据单芯片工作时其他芯片受到的温度影响建立交叉耦合热网络模型, 并对交叉耦合热网络模型、传统热网络模型以及有限元模型获取的平均结温情况进行对比[20],可以指导模块封装参数的优化以提高模块的可靠性。
IGBT 并联应用下功率回路的均流控制主要通过优化功率回路电热特性的一致性以及在主电路中引入额外的元件, 确保并联 IGBT 具有较为合理的动、静态均流特性。但在高压大功率场合,额外引入的元件的体积、损耗及成本较高, 某些功率回路布局也较难实现。
驱动回路均流控制由驱动电路结构和门极控制策略两方面组成, 其中门极控制策略主要通过改变各并联 IGBT 门极控制信号的大小和一致性来间接控制其集电极电流的一致性, 根据对门极输入的影响方式可分为无源控制和有源控制两种。无源控制仅通过在门极回路引入无源器件即可实现反馈调节, 无需控制策略与检测电路二者的配合, 主要包括发射极电阻反馈法和磁芯同步法; 有源控制通过辅助电路与控制策略相配合实现对并联 IGBT 均流特性的实时调节, 主要包括平均电流法、闭环电流斜率控制法、链式控制法和门极延迟控制法。
在 IGBT 并联应用中, 除了功率回路的设计与优化, 驱动电路结构的选取对于并联 IGBT 的均流特性同样具有重大影响。通过测试和分析, 对比了不同 IGBT 门极驱动回路结构对 IGBT 并联动态工作特性的影响,具体结果如表3 所示[21]
4 种 IGBT 驱动结构如图5 所示, PI(power in-tergrations)、青铜剑科技、飞仕得科技等驱动开发商将会综合考虑功率模块封装和客户需求等因素, 推出针对某型号 IGBT 并联应用的驱动电路。
发射极电阻反馈法是在并联 IGBT 使用同一驱动电路的前提下引入的均流控制方法, 如图6 所示, 处于同一驱动电路下的各 IGBT 的辅助发射极公共点${AE}$ 及其功率发射极公共点$E$ 之间将不可避免的存在环路[22],该环路使并联 IGBT 自身特性或功率回路寄生参数不一致时伴随的集电极电流不均衡, 通过环路影响各并联 IGBT 的门极电压, 以对不均流形成抑制,通过增大发射极电阻${R}_{\mathrm{E}1}$${R}_{\mathrm{E}2}$ 可以增大这种反馈作用。
通过实验和研究发现, 发射极电阻反馈法存在一种危险的振荡现象[3],当发射极电阻取值较小时, 电流不均所引起的反馈电压较弱, 无法有效改善并联 IGBT 的均流特性; 而当发射极电阻取值较大时, 不同的$\mathrm{d}i/\mathrm{d}t$ 与发射极杂散电感会产生很强的反馈电压叠加在门极驱动回路上, 造成 IGBT 门极电压在密勒平台附近发生较大的变化, 甚至产生严重振荡, 这是使用该方法时有待解决的问题。
考虑到同一驱动电路下并联 IGBT 间存在的环路问题, 在并联 IGBT 的门极与辅助发射极间设置共模扼流线圈可以实现门极与辅助发射极的解耦[22],进而削弱发射极寄生电感不一致带来的影响, 如图7 所示。该方法相较于发射极电阻反馈法, 均流效果虽有所改善,但引入共模扼流线圈会增加驱动回路的体积和结构复杂度。尽管该方法在发射极寄生电感存在一定差异时对均流的改善作用得到了验证, 并联 IGBT 本身参数存在差异等情况下的均流效果则并未被提及。
磁芯同步法的另一种方式更加常用, 也称为脉冲变压器法, 该方法于 2002 年被提出并在串联均压中得到应用[23],这一方法同样适用于 IGBT 并联应用。将变比为$1 : 1$ 的脉冲变压器的一次侧和二次侧分别串入两路并联 IGBT 门极所在的线路, 通过磁耦合的方式实现驱动电流的同步性, 当驱动电阻和并联 IGBT 的内部参数分别一致时, 门极电阻对 IGBT 输入电容的充放电过程也将趋于一致, 从而实现 IGBT 的动态均流。而根据变压器的原理,通过级联可以实现多路 IGBT 并联的驱动信号补偿,这种良好的扩展性成为了脉冲变压器法最大的特点和优点[24],运用脉冲变压器法的$n$ 级 IGBT 并联驱动连接如图8 所示。
脉冲变压器法对改善驱动信号延时不同导致的并联 IGBT 动态电流不均衡具有较好的效果, 根据并联 IGBT 的参数和驱动信号延时等条件,将 IGBT 动态过程等效为输入电容充放电等效电路继而推导得到其范围, 变压器的互感、漏感设计可由此为参考[25]。采用磁芯同步法进行均压控制时,考虑到栅极平衡核的漏感对均压效果的影响[26],漏感越小可使两个绕组的电流差值越小,则均衡效果越好。
通过平均电流与各并联 IGBT 实际电流的偏差${\Delta i}$ 调整门极电压的大小,实现并联 IGBT 的静态均流控制, 如图9 所示, 对于并联 IGBT 中的某一条支路$i$,其参考电流$\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{i}}^{\left\lbrack {27}\right\rbrack }$ 可表示为
$\Delta {i}_{\mathrm{i}}\left( t\right)= \left\lbrack {\frac{1}{n}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{n}{i}_{\mathrm{j}}\left({t - T}\right)}\right\rbrack -{i}_{\mathrm{i}}\left({t - T}\right)$
式中:$T$ 为采样时间;$n$ 为并联 IGBT 的数目;${i}_{\mathrm{i}}$ 为静态电流, 通常取自通态过程结束前的电流 (所有被测电流无需精确至同一时刻)。文献[28]也提出了利用并联 IGBT 的平均电流${I}_{\mathrm{C}\left(\mathrm{{AVG}}\right)}$ 及各 IGBT 的实际电流${I}_{\mathrm{X}i}$ 得到作用于 IGBT 门极的电压$\Delta {V}_{i}$,进而与控制信号${V}_{\mathrm{{PWM}}}$ 相叠加成为实际作用于门极的驱动电压${V}_{\mathrm{{GE}}i}$ 实现并联 IGBT 的均流。
平均电流法对静态电流有较好的均衡作用, 而对动态均流的实现则需借助复杂的数字处理, 且均流过程存在一定的延迟,需通过优化控制策略及改善控制、功率回路的结构设计以进一步提升均流效果。
通过引入一种无需数字处理环节的稳态电流环可以优化并联 IGBT 静态均流特性[29],如图10 所示。该稳态电流环通过参考电流得到对应的参考电压${v}_{\text{refo }}$
参考电流法有较好的静态均流效果, 可通过模拟电路实现对静态电流的调节, 有效节约了器件成本, 该方法的均流效果容易受到 IGBT 参数差异的影响。
通过对集电极电流变化速率$\mathrm{d}{I}_{\mathrm{C}}/\mathrm{d}t$ 设置参考值, 使各并联 IGBT 在开关过程中按照既定的斜率上升和下降, 进而实现均流[30], 其控制电路如图11 所示。该方法通过检测辅助发射极至功率发射极间寄生电感两端的电压,与对应参考电流斜率的参考电压进行比较,实现并联均流。由于在控制算法中存在发射极寄生电感${L}_{\mathrm{E}}$ 作为关键参数,闭环电流斜率控制法易受到 IGBT 参数的影响。
在并联时各 IGBT 按照一定的次序, 将其相邻的一个 IGBT 的集电极电流作为参考, 可以避免平均电流法可能引发的控制饱和问题[31],如图12 所示。
链式控制法规避了平均电流法参考值的计算以及控制饱和的发生, 简化了控制结构, 但各并联 IGBT 电流的提取仍需额外的器件和空间, 且该方法缺少相应的动态均流措施。
与 IGBT 串联均压中采取的门极延迟控制原理相同, 通过分别调节各并联 IGBT 驱动信号的时序, 使其能够在相近的时刻开通或关断, 即可改善系统的动态均流特性[32-33]。通过第 3.2.1 节提及的由平均电流和测量电流得到的参考电流${\Delta i}$,经控制算法得到延迟时间${\Delta t}$,对开通及关断控制信号进行延迟调节,如图13 所示,并在${1000}\mathrm{\;V}/{800}\mathrm{\;A}$ 下选用 4 个 IGBT 半桥模块进行并联测试, 得到了可接受的均流效果[27],但该方法的均流效果受电流采集时刻与器件选择的影响, 存在一定局限性。
通过将已知的器件参数代入均流模型的方式获取需要引入的延时补偿后, 经过精细调整, 可改善并联 IGBT 的动态均流特性。通过 PCB 罗氏线圈测量各支路电流后,与设置的电流阈值${I}_{\text{trig }}$ 相比较, 进而获取对应的延时,随后选择并联 IGBT 中任意一路作为参考支路, 用于调节其他支路上 IGBT 驱动信号的延迟时间[34-35]。采用 PCB 罗氏线圈测量或利用发射极感应电压${V}_{\mathrm{{Ee}}}$ 可以获取集电极电流的上升、下降沿信息,再通过引入主从结构和链式结构 2 种门极延迟控制, 门极驱动的不同步能够得到有效改进。对于利用 IGBT 发射极感应电压${V}_{\mathrm{{Ee}}}$ 获取集电极电流上升、下降沿实现自动的延迟时间补偿的控制策略,其均流效果在${1700}\mathrm{\;V}/{450}\mathrm{\;A}$ 条件下的 IGBT 三模块并联应用中得到验证[36-37]
门极电阻${R}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 的取值对 IGBT 的开通/关断延迟时间、集电极电流变化速率以及集射极电压变化速率等方面会产生不同程度的影响。仅在开通及关断延迟阶段通过数字输入与模拟开关结合的方式, 将两个电阻串联以改变门极电阻的大小, 在延迟阶段结束后将门极电阻切换至原始值, 经过以上过程, 并联 IGBT 的动态均流特性(600 V/90 A)可得到优化[38]。该方法可看作通过影响驱动回路对输入电容的充放电过程间接地改变开关延迟时间,可认为是一种间接的门极延迟控制方法, 但并未在更高功率等级下进行测试, 有待进一步探索。
对上述均流方式 (包括降额法) 的对比如表4 所示, 分别从均流效果、引入损耗、设计复杂度和可靠性 4 个方面进行了比较。
降额法作为最简单的均流方式, 不会引入过多损耗, 但会对器件的利用率产生较大限制, 不适用于并联 IGBT 数目较多的情况, 因此还需要从功率回路和驱动回路两方面考虑进行均流控制。
对于功率回路, 优化其电磁以及热网络参数的一致性可以有效均衡各支路电流的分布, 但在实际运行条件的限制下, 可能需要外加电感法配合在一定程度上抑制电流的变化速率, 这同时也会引入较大的损耗, 而基于拓扑的外加电感法引入的关断电压尖峰问题亦需配合额外的元件对其进行抑制, 因此,仅依赖外加电感的均流方式在高压、高频的场合并不适用。
对于驱动回路, 在未采用任何门极控制策略时, 可以根据系统对均流特性的需求选取不同的驱动电路结构以使门极信号达到相应的一致性, 尽管隔离驱动结构具有较好的均流效果, 但对信号隔离环节中各元件的一致性的要求会随着并联 IGBT 数目的增加而更加严苛, 同时也不适用于并联 IGBT 的分布较为松散的场合; 在发射极引入反馈电阻虽然可以有效抑制不均流但存在振荡的风险, 其较大的反馈电阻在并联器件开关频率较高的场合将带来的较大的驱动损耗; 磁芯同步法可抑制由驱动信号延时不一致而产生的电流不均, 其均流效果较为理想, 电路拓扑简单, 具有扩展性, 但耦合变压器的存在会使驱动电路的体积增大, 其复杂程度也会提高, 适用于并联 IGBT 本身参数差异较小且系统体积限制不高的情况。平均电流法和链式控制法对静态均流能够起到一定的改善作用, 但需要额外的电流检测电路或易受器件参数的影响, 参考电流法结构简单且具有较好的静态均流效果, 但也有一定的参数依赖性, 以上三者适用于器件开关频率不高的场合;闭环电流斜率控制法在改善动态不均流的同时也存在器件参数的依赖性, 且不适用于驱动信号传输延时差异较大、器件开关频率较高的场合;门极延迟控制法尽管能达到较好的动态均流效果, 但较为依赖延时补偿的测量及计算精度, 对控制单元的快速性和稳定性有着较高要求, 较适用于中高频场合, 变门极电阻控制法较于前者更加简单但缺少自适应调节能力,且对于集电极电流的测量精度有着一定要求, 更高功率等级下是否适用还需进一步验证。
在上述均流方式需要进一步完善的同时, 未来的 IGBT 并联均流控制应具备以下特征:基于 IGBT 模块封装及内部芯片布局的优化,功率回路及散热设计得到进一步简化, 结合具体的应用场合, 驱动电路的结构和并联控制策略应尽可能简单, 确保系统均流指标的同时具备一定的检测和保护功能, 各并联 IGBT 的驱动电路应独立、模块化,具有可替换性。均流技术的发展可能集中在以下 6 个方向。
(1)IGBT 模块内部芯片和汇流回路布局以及 IGBT 模块封装技术。器件封装内部电流路径间的电磁耦合以及并联芯片之间的热耦合对整个并联系统的影响较为显著, 优化封装与芯片布局将有效确保单个器件的稳定运行进而降低其并联使用的风险[39]。在 IGBT 模块内部,封装芯片数量和汇流回路电磁特性以及热特性都会以并联应用为基础专门考量,模块封装的端子布局、形状尺寸,会基于多模块并联情况下电磁特性以及热特性加以考虑。
(2)功率汇流回路的材料结构设计。在现有低感叠层母排的基础上, 向无感叠层母排、柔性连接母排发展,利用新材料、新工艺,进一步降低功率回路寄生参数影响, 增强各并联支路的参数一致性。
(3)并联 IGBT 模块结构布局立体化。散热结构突破目前大多数散热基板平面布局, 向具有不同三维结构的空间分层散热方式发展。
(4)IGBT 驱动电路智能化、精细化。从当前确保控制脉冲同步而各并联 IGBT 门极实际不同步, 到考虑客观控制回路寄生参数的影响, 实现脉冲异步而各并联 IGBT 门极同步开通的转变。这需要研发更加智能、更加精细化控制的 IGBT 驱动电路, 实现自动检测驱动回路参数差异,自动实现驱动信号超前滞后精细化调节。
(5)均流检测技术。动、静态均流时所采用的某些判据对于相应检测电路的精度和器件参数依赖性都有着较高的要求, 因此, 更加泛用、低成本、可集成以及精准的均流检测技术是实现理想均流控制所不可或缺的[40]。各并联 IGBT 间集电极电流的检测以及信息交互可在各自的驱动电路间完成, 系统的均流检测范围可跟随并联 IGBT 数目的增加而稳定扩展。
(6)均流控制与在线监测功能的集成。随着 IGBT 应用领域愈加广泛以及运行工况愈发复杂, 各并联 IGBT 采用集成了均流控制与在线监测功能的独立驱动将会更加合理和有效地确保其性能发挥,延长模块的使用寿命[41]。将均流控制与 IGBT 过温、老化及失效的监测预警系统相结合,更有助于确保器件的可靠性。
对于并联 IGBT 的均流控制, 可以从功率回路和驱动回路两方面进行考虑。功率回路均流控制包括加强各并联 IGBT 及其所在支路在电磁及热耦合方面的一致性以及外加电感实现对集电极电流变化速率的抑制; 驱动回路均流控制包括驱动电路结构和门极控制策略两方面, 从电路结构和功能上实现对门极电压的调节。从均流效果、引入损耗、设计复杂度和可靠性 4 个方面对比了文中提到的各均流方式, 并对未来 IGBT 并联均流技术可能的研究方向进行了展望。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(2019JBM063)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(2019YJS189)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.119
  • 接收时间:2021-03-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-03-03
  • 修回日期:2021-04-14
  • 录用日期:2021-04-21
基金
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2019JBM063)
中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(2019JBM063)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2019YJS189)
中央高校基本科研业务费资助项目(2019YJS189)
作者信息
    北京交通大学 电气工程学院 北京 100044
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