Article(id=1154040960062313110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.110, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1620576000000, receivedDateStr=2021-05-10, revisedDate=1628006400000, revisedDateStr=2021-08-04, acceptedDate=1631030400000, acceptedDateStr=2021-09-08, onlineDate=1753074405922, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1706544000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753074405922, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753074405922, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753074405922, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1154040955071095059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, year='2024', volume='22', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='235', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753074404733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753781011721, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157004679654760495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, issueId=1154040955071095059, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=110, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1154040960938922650, articleId=1154040960062313110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, language=EN, title=Influences of Configuration Characteristic Parameters of PEMFC Differential Pressure Channel on Cell Performance, columnId=1152281491788100462, journalTitle=Journal of Power Supply, columnName=Battery and Energy Storage, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Aimed at the problem that the influencing mechanism of configuration size of a differential pressure channel in proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) for the cell's electrochemical performance is unclear, the influences of channel height and rib width on the oxygen concentration, water concentration distribution characteristics, current density, power density, and pressure drop of a differential pressure channel and a straight channel are studied, and a comparative analysis of the two kinds of channels is performed. Results show that channel height has little effect on both channels, but the differential pressure channel has an obvious advantage when its rib width is 1.25 mm or 1.5 mm. The influence of pressure converter area on the performance of the differential pressure channel is further studied, and results show that its peak power density is the highest when the height and length of the pressure converter area are 0.05 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively. With the comprehensive consideration of influences on power density and pressure drop, the differential pressure channel with a height of 0.4 mm, width of 1.25 mm, rib width of 1.25 mm, and a pressure converter area with a length of 1.5 mm and height of 0.05 mm is selected. In this case, its peak power density is 0.366 1 W/cm², which is 6.3% higher than that of the straight channel.

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针对质子交换膜燃料电池 PEMFC(proton exchange membrane fuel cell)压差流道构型尺寸对电池电化学性能影响机理不明的问题,研究流道高度和脊背宽度对压差流道和直流道在氧气浓度、水浓度分布特征和电流密度、功率密度、压降等方面影响规律,并对两者进行了对比分析,结果表明流道高度对压差流道和直流道性能影响较小,压差流道在脊背宽度为1.25mm和1.50mm时具有明显优势;进一步研究压差流道变压区对流道性能的影响,结果表明变压区高度为0.05mm和长度为1.50mm时,压差流道峰值功率密度最高。综合考虑功率密度和压降的影响,选择压差流道高 0.40 mm、宽1.25 mm、脊背宽 1.25 mm、变压区长1.50 mm、高0.05 mm,此时压差流道峰值功率密度为0.3661 W/cm²,相较于直流道峰值功率密度提升6.3%。

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赵富强(1981-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源汽车与氢燃料电池设计制造。E-mail:zfqgear@163.com。

贾彦奎(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃料电池系统的建模。E-mail: 1727368309@qq.com。

赵小军(1982-),男,博士。研究方向:新能源汽车动力系统设计。E-mail:zhaoxiao jun@weichai.com。

祁慧青(1994-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:氢燃料电池设计制造。E-mail: 1668357381@qq.com。

范晓宇(1992-),男,硕士。研究方向:电池管理系统。E-mail:2468576128@qq.com。

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赵富强(1981-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源汽车与氢燃料电池设计制造。E-mail:zfqgear@163.com。

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赵富强(1981-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源汽车与氢燃料电池设计制造。E-mail:zfqgear@163.com。

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贾彦奎(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃料电池系统的建模。E-mail: 1727368309@qq.com。

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贾彦奎(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃料电池系统的建模。E-mail: 1727368309@qq.com。

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赵小军(1982-),男,博士。研究方向:新能源汽车动力系统设计。E-mail:zhaoxiao jun@weichai.com。

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赵小军(1982-),男,博士。研究方向:新能源汽车动力系统设计。E-mail:zhaoxiao jun@weichai.com。

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祁慧青(1994-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:氢燃料电池设计制造。E-mail: 1668357381@qq.com。

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祁慧青(1994-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:氢燃料电池设计制造。E-mail: 1668357381@qq.com。

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范晓宇(1992-),男,硕士。研究方向:电池管理系统。E-mail:2468576128@qq.com。

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范晓宇(1992-),男,硕士。研究方向:电池管理系统。E-mail:2468576128@qq.com。

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参数 数值
配气流道长$d/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 0.5
流道长$L/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20
气体扩散层厚/mm ${0.38}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
催化层厚/mm ${0.05}^{\left({15}\right)}$
质子交换膜厚/mm ${0.1}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
电池温度/℃ 80
参考压强/Pa ${1.01}\times {10}^{5\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
膜电导率$/\left({\mathrm{S}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${9.825}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
扩散层孔隙率 ${0.4}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
扩散层渗透率$/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ${1.18}\times {10}^{-{11}\left\lbrack {11}\right\rbrack }$
扩散层电导率$/\left({\mathrm{S}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${222}^{\left({15}\right)}$
扩散层相体积分数 ${0.3}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
氢气参考浓度$/\left({\mathrm{{mol}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ ${40.88}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
氧气参考浓度$/\left({\mathrm{{mol}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ ${40.88}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
阳极气体粘度/(Pa·s) ${1.19}\times {10}^{-5\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
阴极气体粘度/(Pa·s) ${2.46}\times {10}^{-5\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
阳极过量系数 2
阴极过量系数 2
), ArticleFig(id=1154041048293692107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040960062313110, language=CN, label=表1, caption=模型参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 数值
配气流道长$d/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 0.5
流道长$L/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 20
气体扩散层厚/mm ${0.38}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
催化层厚/mm ${0.05}^{\left({15}\right)}$
质子交换膜厚/mm ${0.1}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
电池温度/℃ 80
参考压强/Pa ${1.01}\times {10}^{5\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
膜电导率$/\left({\mathrm{S}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${9.825}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
扩散层孔隙率 ${0.4}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
扩散层渗透率$/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ${1.18}\times {10}^{-{11}\left\lbrack {11}\right\rbrack }$
扩散层电导率$/\left({\mathrm{S}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-1}}\right)$ ${222}^{\left({15}\right)}$
扩散层相体积分数 ${0.3}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
氢气参考浓度$/\left({\mathrm{{mol}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ ${40.88}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
氧气参考浓度$/\left({\mathrm{{mol}}\cdot {\mathrm{m}}^{-3}}\right)$ ${40.88}^{\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
阳极气体粘度/(Pa·s) ${1.19}\times {10}^{-5\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
阴极气体粘度/(Pa·s) ${2.46}\times {10}^{-5\left\lbrack {15}\right\rbrack }$
阳极过量系数 2
阴极过量系数 2
), ArticleFig(id=1154041048360800973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040960062313110, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=Simulation schemes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 流道高$H/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 流道宽${W}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 脊背宽${W}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 变压区高$h/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 变压区长$l/\mathrm{{mm}}$
1 0.30 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.75
2 0.35 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.75
3 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.75
4 0.45 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.75
5 0.50 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.75
6 0.40 1.25 0.50 0.05 1.75
7 0.40 1.25 0.75 0.05 1.75
8 0.40 1.25 1.00 0.05 1.75
9 0.40 1.25 1.50 0.05 1.75
10 0.40 1.25 1.25 0 1.75
11 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.10 1.75
12 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.15 1.75
13 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.20 1.75
14 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.25 1.75
15 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.30 1.75
16 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.35 1.75
17 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 0.25
18 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 0.75
19 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.25
20 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.50
21 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 2.25
22 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 2.75
), ArticleFig(id=1154041048453075663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031654075715584, articleId=1154040960062313110, language=CN, label=表2, caption=仿真方案, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 流道高$H/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 流道宽${W}_{\mathrm{c}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 脊背宽${W}_{\mathrm{r}}/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 变压区高$h/\mathrm{{mm}}$ 变压区长$l/\mathrm{{mm}}$
1 0.30 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.75
2 0.35 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.75
3 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.75
4 0.45 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.75
5 0.50 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.75
6 0.40 1.25 0.50 0.05 1.75
7 0.40 1.25 0.75 0.05 1.75
8 0.40 1.25 1.00 0.05 1.75
9 0.40 1.25 1.50 0.05 1.75
10 0.40 1.25 1.25 0 1.75
11 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.10 1.75
12 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.15 1.75
13 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.20 1.75
14 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.25 1.75
15 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.30 1.75
16 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.35 1.75
17 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 0.25
18 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 0.75
19 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.25
20 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 1.50
21 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 2.25
22 0.40 1.25 1.25 0.05 2.75
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PEMFC 压差流道构型特征参数对电池性能的影响
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赵富强 1 , 贾彦奎 1 , 赵小军 2 , 祁慧青 1 , 范晓宇 1
电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024,22(1): 110-118
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电源学报 | 电池与储能 2024, 22(1): 110-118
PEMFC 压差流道构型特征参数对电池性能的影响
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赵富强1 , 贾彦奎1 , 赵小军2 , 祁慧青1 , 范晓宇1
作者信息
  • 1 太原科技大学 重型机械教育部工程研究中心 太原 030024
  • 2 潍柴动力股份有限公司 潍坊 261061
  • 赵富强(1981-),男,博士,副教授。研究方向:新能源汽车与氢燃料电池设计制造。E-mail:zfqgear@163.com。

    贾彦奎(1997-),男,中国电源学会学生会员,通信作者,硕士研究生。研究方向:燃料电池系统的建模。E-mail: 1727368309@qq.com。

    赵小军(1982-),男,博士。研究方向:新能源汽车动力系统设计。E-mail:zhaoxiao jun@weichai.com。

    祁慧青(1994-),女,中国电源学会学生会员,硕士研究生。研究方向:氢燃料电池设计制造。E-mail: 1668357381@qq.com。

    范晓宇(1992-),男,硕士。研究方向:电池管理系统。E-mail:2468576128@qq.com。

Influences of Configuration Characteristic Parameters of PEMFC Differential Pressure Channel on Cell Performance
Fuqiang ZHAO1 , Yankui JIA1 , Xiaojun ZHAO2 , Huiqing QI1 , Xiaoyu FAN1
Affiliations
  • 1 Heavy Machinery Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education Taiyuan University of Science and Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
  • 2 Weichai Power Co., Ltd Weifang 261061 China
出版时间: 2024-01-30 doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.110
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针对质子交换膜燃料电池 PEMFC(proton exchange membrane fuel cell)压差流道构型尺寸对电池电化学性能影响机理不明的问题,研究流道高度和脊背宽度对压差流道和直流道在氧气浓度、水浓度分布特征和电流密度、功率密度、压降等方面影响规律,并对两者进行了对比分析,结果表明流道高度对压差流道和直流道性能影响较小,压差流道在脊背宽度为1.25mm和1.50mm时具有明显优势;进一步研究压差流道变压区对流道性能的影响,结果表明变压区高度为0.05mm和长度为1.50mm时,压差流道峰值功率密度最高。综合考虑功率密度和压降的影响,选择压差流道高 0.40 mm、宽1.25 mm、脊背宽 1.25 mm、变压区长1.50 mm、高0.05 mm,此时压差流道峰值功率密度为0.3661 W/cm²,相较于直流道峰值功率密度提升6.3%。

质子交换膜燃料电池  /  压差流道  /  流道高度  /  脊背宽度  /  变压区

Aimed at the problem that the influencing mechanism of configuration size of a differential pressure channel in proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC) for the cell's electrochemical performance is unclear, the influences of channel height and rib width on the oxygen concentration, water concentration distribution characteristics, current density, power density, and pressure drop of a differential pressure channel and a straight channel are studied, and a comparative analysis of the two kinds of channels is performed. Results show that channel height has little effect on both channels, but the differential pressure channel has an obvious advantage when its rib width is 1.25 mm or 1.5 mm. The influence of pressure converter area on the performance of the differential pressure channel is further studied, and results show that its peak power density is the highest when the height and length of the pressure converter area are 0.05 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively. With the comprehensive consideration of influences on power density and pressure drop, the differential pressure channel with a height of 0.4 mm, width of 1.25 mm, rib width of 1.25 mm, and a pressure converter area with a length of 1.5 mm and height of 0.05 mm is selected. In this case, its peak power density is 0.366 1 W/cm², which is 6.3% higher than that of the straight channel.

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell(PEMFC)  /  differential pressure channel  /  channel height  /  rib width  /  pressure converter area
赵富强, 贾彦奎, 赵小军, 祁慧青, 范晓宇. PEMFC 压差流道构型特征参数对电池性能的影响. 电源学报, 2024 , 22 (1) : 110 -118 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.110
Fuqiang ZHAO, Yankui JIA, Xiaojun ZHAO, Huiqing QI, Xiaoyu FAN. Influences of Configuration Characteristic Parameters of PEMFC Differential Pressure Channel on Cell Performance[J]. Journal of Power Supply, 2024 , 22 (1) : 110 -118 . DOI: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.110
双极板是质子交换膜燃料电池 PEMFC(proton exchange membrane fuel cell) 的关键部件之一, 双极板流道构型直接影响流场间反应物质传质能力, 良好的流道构型可提高气体传质能力[1-3]。双极板上相邻流道间的压力差可增加流场脊下对流[4],增加脊下反应物浓度,提高 PEMFC 输出性能。
现有针对脊下对流的研究主要集中在蛇形流道。文献[4]在蛇形流道中增加子通道增强气体脊下对流, 最大功率密度增加了 23.74%; 文献[5]通过缩小蛇形流场出口截面积发现锥形流场加强了相邻流道间脊下对流,促进脊下区域水的去除,减小了脊和流道区域的氧浓度差异。针对直流道构型研究主要为几何尺寸和几何形状对电池性能的影响。文献[6]通过减小直流道出口高度发现渐变型单直流道可以提高电池性能。文献[7]研究三角形、矩形和椭圆形截面直流道的性能, 结果表明流道截面积从$1{\mathrm{\;{mm}}}^{2}$ 增加到$2{\mathrm{\;{mm}}}^{2}$ 时, 3 种截面流道性能分别提高了约 9%、11%和 13%。文献[8]研究了矩形、圆弧形、燕尾形和梯形流道截面直流道的性能, 得出采用梯形和圆形流道截面时 PEMFC 性能较好。文献[9] 提出了一种流道壁呈正弦函数变化的流道结构,与直流道相比电池性能大幅提升。文献[10]基于直流道提出了一种改进的截面突变流道结构, 发现流道截面突变可增强气体向催化层扩散, 增大电池输出功率。蛇形流道具有脊下对流的优点, 但流道后半段可能出现气体供应不足的现象; 直流道具有结构简单、内部流体压力损失小的特点,但流道内气体扩散性差,限制了电流密度的提升。
因此, 本文研究通过缩小直流道入口、出口端截面积, 增大相邻流道间压力差来增强脊下对流的压差流道的性能。分析流道高度和脊背宽度对压差流道和直流道在氧气浓度、水浓度分布特征和电流密度、功率密度、压降等方面影响规律,并对两者进行对比分析, 进一步研究压差流道变压区对流道性能的影响规律。
压差流道和脊下对流机制如图1 所示。如图1(a) 所示,序号 1~13 依次为入口端、出口端、配气流道、变压区、低压直流道、高压直流道、脊背、阴极气体扩散层、阴极催化层、质子交换膜、阳极催化层、阳极气体扩散层、膜电极。图1(a) 中高压流道与入口端直接连通, 低压流道与出口端直接连通, 高压流道与出口端、低压流道与入口端均通过变压区连通。压差流道通过缩小直流道入口、出口端截面积增大气体在流道内的传质阻力,迫使气体向膜电极扩散, 增加膜电极中反应气体浓度。入口端大部分气体进入高压流道, 少量气体进入低压流道, 在相邻两条流道之间形成压力差, 促进气体脊下对流,提高脊部膜电极气体浓度,脊下对流机制如图1(b) 所示。
对模型做如下假设[11] : 燃料电池内温度恒定,且电池在稳态下运行;反应气体均为理想气体;阴、阳极的反应气体不穿透质子交换膜;多孔介质为各向同性且为匀质状态;反应产物水为气态;忽略重力影响;阳极只有氢气和水,阴极只有氧气、氮气和水。
PEMFC 流场由流道和脊部间隔排列组成, 为减少计算时间, 仿真模型选择使用对称边界条件的流场重复单元[12-13]。 2 种流道仿真模型如图2 所示,序号 1~6 分别为入口端、出口端、脊背、流道、计算单元、流道中间截面, 模型主要尺寸和仿真操作条件如表1 所示, 电堆装配时金属极板流道高度较小极板易发生变形, 增加流道高度会导致燃料电堆体积较大,同时也会增加金属极板的制造难度和成本[14], 因此选取流道高度为${0.3}\sim {0.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 进行压差流道与直流道对比分析研究。
文献[15]研究直流道脊背宽度${0.5}\sim {2.0}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 对电池性能的影响, 得出脊背宽度越窄电池电化学性能越好, 而脊背过窄会使电池接触电阻过大, 所以选用脊背宽度为${0.5}\sim {1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 进行压差流道与直流道对比分析研究,仿真方案如表2 所示。
基于 COMSOL Multiphysics 软件进行 PEMFC 模拟时,主要使用质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程、组分守恒方程以及多组分气相扩散方程等控制反映气体流动、传递与扩散,电化学反应用 Butler-Volmer 方程来描述。
PEMFC 内物质参与反应时遵守质量守恒,质量守恒方程可表达为
$\frac{\partial \left({\varepsilon \rho }\right)}{\partial t}+ \nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon \rho }\mathbf{u}}\right)= {S}_{m}$
式中:$\varepsilon$ 为孔隙率,流道孔隙率为 1,多孔介质孔隙率小于$1;\rho$ 为流体的密度,$\mathrm{{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3};\mathbf{u}$ 为流体速度矢量,$\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{S}_{m}$ 为物质$m$ 的质量源项,不同区域的质量源项不同。
对于牛顿流体来说, 考虑剪切应力和正应力, 动量守恒方程为
$\frac{\partial \left({{\varepsilon \rho }\mathbf{u}}\right)}{\partial t}+ \nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon \rho }\mathbf{{uu}}}\right)= -\varepsilon \nabla p +\nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon \mu }\nabla \mathbf{u}}\right)+ S $
式中:$p$ 为压力,$\mathrm{{Pa}};\mu$ 为动力粘度;${S}_{\mathrm{u}}$ 为动量源项,${S}_{\mathrm{u}}= -\left({\mu /K}\right)\mathbf{u};\nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon \rho }\mathbf{{uu}}}\right)$ 为对流项;$-\varepsilon \nabla p$$\nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon \mu }\nabla \mathbf{u}}\right)$ 为扩散项。
能量守恒方程可表达为
$\frac{\partial \left({{\varepsilon \rho }{c}_{p}T}\right)}{\partial t}+ \nabla \cdot \left({{\varepsilon \rho }{c}_{p}\mathbf{u}T}\right)= \nabla \cdot \left({{k}^{\text{eff }}\nabla T}\right)+ {S}_{\mathrm{Q}}$
式中:${c}_{p}$ 为定压比热容;${k}^{\text{eff }}$ 为有效热导率;$T$ 为温度;${S}_{\mathrm{Q}}$ 为能量源项。
组分守恒方程可表达为
$\frac{\partial \left({\varepsilon {c}_{\mathrm{k}}}\right)}{\partial t}+ \nabla \cdot \left({\varepsilon \mathbf{u}{c}_{\mathrm{k}}}\right)= \nabla \cdot \left({{D}_{\mathrm{k}}^{\text{eff }}\nabla {c}_{\mathrm{k}}}\right)+ {S}_{\mathrm{k}}$
式中:${c}_{\mathrm{k}}$ 为组分浓度;${D}_{\mathrm{k}}^{\mathrm{{eff}}}$ 为组分有效扩散系数;${S}_{\mathrm{k}}$ 为组分源项。
Butler-Volmer 方程可表达为
$ i ={i}_{0}\left\{{\exp \left({\frac{\alpha nF}{RT}\eta }\right)- \exp \left\lbrack {-\frac{\left({1 -\alpha }\right){nF}}{RT}\eta }\right\rbrack }\right\}$
式中:$i$ 为电流密度;${i}_{0}$ 为电极处于平衡状态时的交换电流密度;$\alpha$ 为电极上电子的传递系数;$F$ 为法拉第常数;$\eta$ 为表面过电位;$n$ 为电子数;$R$ 为热力学常数;$T$ 为电池工作温度。
为揭示流道高度对压差流道的影响规律, 选择流道高度为${0.3}\sim {0.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 对压差流道进行分析,具体模型尺寸如表2 仿真方案 1 ~ 5,并在相同尺寸下与直流道进行对比。图3 为 2 种流道不同高度流道中间截面氧气浓度。
图3(a)可知, 压差流道氧气浓度由高压流道向低压流道逐渐降低, 这是因为大部分氧气进入高压流道,少部分氧气进入低压流道;由图3(c) 可知, 流道高度增加, 压差流道氧气浓度最大值、最小值都增大, 但其影响较小, 压差流道氧浓度最大值、最小值分别保持在${6.08}\text{、}{1.53}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 左右。由图3(b) 可知, 直流道氧气浓度沿脊背中线成对称分布, 流道附近氧气浓度较大,而脊背区域浓度较小,最小值出现在脊部中线;由图3(c) 可知,直流道氧气浓度最大值、最小值分别保持在${4.65}\text{、}{1.20}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 左右。流道高度对同一构型流道的影响较小, 文献[15] 研究直流道高度对 PEMFC 的影响, 结果表明改变流道高度对 PEMFC 性能的影响非常有限。对比 2 种流道可得, 2 种流道氧气分布不同, 同一高度下压差流道氧浓度最大值、最小值均大于直流道, 这是由于压差流道两条相邻流道间的压力差促进脊下对流, 提高了脊下氧气浓度, 说明压差流道可促进氧气传质。
图4 为不同流道高度阴极水浓度分布图, 图中气体流动方向沿$X$ 轴正方向。由图4(a) 可知,压差流道水浓度主要分布在低压流道和出口端附近, 流道高度增大, 压差流道水浓度最大值、最小值没有变化,分别为${12.00}\text{、}{1.25}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$。由图4 $\left(\mathrm{\;b}\right)$ 知,直流道水浓度主要分布在脊背区域, 随脊背宽度增大, 直流道脊背高水浓度分布区域增大, 直流道水浓度最大值、最小值分别为${12.50}\text{、}{1.25}\mathrm{\;{mol}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$。对比 2 种流道可知, 2 种流道不同流道高度下最小水浓度相同,但压差流道最大水浓度小于直流道,这是因为直流道生成水主要集中在脊背不易排出,而压差流道生成水主要集中在低压流道和出口端利于排出。
不同流道高度下的极化曲线和功率密度曲线如图5 所示。由图5 可知, 压差流道不同高度下的极化曲线和功率密度曲线几乎相同, 为分析压差流道压降和功率密度峰值变化趋势, 绘制不同流道高度功率密度峰值和压降曲线,如图6 所示。由图6 可得, 压差流道随流道高度增加, 功率密度峰值有略微提升,但影响较小;压差流道压降随流道高度增加而降低。直流道功率密度和压降变化规律与压差流道一致。对比 2 种流道可知, 2 种流道性能从${0.65}\mathrm{\;V}$ 左右开始出现差别,说明不同流道输出性能上的差异主要由于各自欧姆极化和浓差极化不同导致,同一高度下压差流道压降比直流道高约${140}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$。 流道高度越大成形效果越差、成本越高[14],因此选${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 为最佳深度,此时压差流道和直流峰值功率密度分别为${0.3656}\text{、}{0.3443}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$,压差流道峰值功率密度比直流道提高 6.2%。
为揭示脊背宽度对压差流道的影响规律,对脊背宽度为${0.5}\sim {1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的压差流道进行分析,具体模型尺寸如表2 仿真方案 3、6~10。并在相同尺寸下与直流道进行对比。图7 为不同脊宽模型流道中间截面氧气浓度。
图7(a) 可知, 压差流道氧浓度分布形式与图3(a)相似, 由图7(c)可知, 压差流道最大氧浓度随脊宽增大而增大, 而其最小氧浓度随脊宽增大而减小。由图7(b)可知, 直流道随脊宽增加脊背区域氧浓度减小,这是因为脊背变宽,氧气扩散最远距离增大, 由图7(c)可知, 直流道最大氧浓度基本不变, 最小氧浓度随脊宽增大而减小。对比 2 种流道可知, 压差流道脊下氧浓度高于直流道, 这是因为压差流道脊下对流可促进氧气横向传质,提高脊背中氧气浓度;直流道随脊背宽度增加氧浓度最小值下降较快, 而脊背宽度增加对压差流道氧气浓度最小值影响较小,脊宽在${0.50}\text{、}{0.75}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,压差流道氧浓度最小值小于直流道,脊宽在${1.25}\text{、}{1.50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时, 压差流道氧浓度最小值高于直流道, 说明压差流道在脊宽较大时具有优势。
图8 为不同脊宽阴极水浓度分布图, 图中气体流动方向沿$X$ 轴正方向。由图8(a)可知,压差流道生成水主要分布在低压流道和出口端附近,水浓度最大值在出口端附近,随脊背宽度增大,压差流道低压流道水浓度增大。由图8(b)可知,直流道水浓度主要分布在脊背区域,随脊背宽度增大,直流道脊背高水浓度分布区域增大,水浓度最大值也随脊背宽度增大而增大。对比 2 种流道可知, 2 种流道不同脊背宽度下最小水浓度相同,最大水浓度变化趋势不同:直流道最大水浓度随脊宽增大而增大, 而压差流道最大水浓度随脊宽增大而减小,其变化幅度较小。脊宽在${0.50}\text{、}{0.75}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,直流道水浓度最大值小于压差流道,脊宽在${1.25}\text{、}{1.50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,直流道水浓度最大值高于压差流道, 说明压差流道在脊宽较大时具有优势。
图9 为不同脊背宽度模型极化曲线和功率密度曲线, 压差流道随脊宽增加输出功率增大, 压差流道在脊宽较大时具有优势;直流道在脊宽为${0.75}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时输出功率最大,直流道脊宽为${0.50}\sim {0.75}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时接触电阻较大, 电池性能较差, 之后随着脊宽继续增大,气体到达脊背中心,扩散距离增大,浓差损耗增大。对比 2 种流道可知,脊宽为${0.5}\sim {1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 压差流道最大功率密度分别比直流道提高$-{0.7}\%\text{、}{1.1}\%\text{、}{3.4}\%$ 、 6.2%、9.6%。脊宽为${0.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时压差流道的脊下对流优势没有发挥作用, 因为脊宽较小只依靠扩散就能满足气体传质要求,随脊宽增加压差流道的优势增大。 为分析各组功率密度峰值压降变化趋势, 绘制不同脊背宽度功率密度峰值和压降曲线,如图10 所示。
图10 可得, 随脊背宽度增加, 相邻两流道间距增加, 因此 2 种流道压降增大, 但压差流道的压降增幅是直流道的 10 倍。较高的压降有利于提高氧气扩散和排水性能, 但压降过高会增大系统的寄生功率,文献[16]指出单流道压降小于190 Pa 时压力情况分布最佳。因此,综合考虑功率密度和压降的影响, 压差流道选择脊宽 1.25 mm。
变压区具有改变相邻流道压力差, 促进气体脊下对流的作用, 因此进一步分析变压区尺寸对压差流道性能的影响规律。在一定电流密度下燃料电池功率密度峰值最高,电池性能最好[17]。在变压区长为${1.75}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,研究变压区高${0.05}\sim {0.35}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 对压差流道氧气浓度、功率密度和压降的影响规律,具体模型尺寸如表2 仿真方案 3、10~16。氧气浓度、 峰值功率密度和压降如图11 所示。
图11(a) 可知,变压区高为$0 \sim {0.20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时, 氧气浓度最大值随高度增加而减小,变压区高为 0.20~0.35 mm时,氧气浓度最大值基本不变;随高度增大氧气浓度最小值略微降低。由图11(b)可知, 随变压区高度增加流道内气体传质阻力变小, 所以压降和功率密度峰值都逐渐减小。变压区高为 0.05$\sim$ 0.20 mm 时,压降和峰值功率密度下降较快, 变压区高为${0.20}\sim {0.35}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,压降下降较为平缓, 峰值功率密度逐渐接近水平;变压区高为 0 时,峰值功率密度最大,但此时压降高达${218}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$,单流道压降小于${190}{\mathrm{{Pa}}}^{\left\lbrack {16}\right\rbrack }$ 时压力情况分布最佳。因此,选择变压区高度为${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
在变压区高为${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,研究变压区长${0.25}\sim$ ${2.75}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 对压差流道氧气浓度、功率密度和压降的影响规律,具体模型尺寸如表2 仿真方案 3、17~22。氧气浓度、峰值功率密度和压降如图12 所示。
图12(a) 可知,变压区长为${0.50}\sim {1.50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时, 氧气浓度最大值随长度增加而增加, 变压区长为${1.50}\sim {2.75}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,氧气浓度最大值基本不变; 变压区长度变化对氧气浓度最小值影响较小。由图12(b)可知, 随变压区长度增加, 压降逐渐增大, 这是因为变压区增大了气体在流道内的传质阻力; 而功率密度峰值在${0.25}\sim {1.50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 逐渐增大,${1.50}\sim$ ${2.75}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 逐渐减小。变压区长为${1.50}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时功率密度峰值取得最大值${0.3661}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$
本文研究了不同流道高度和脊背宽度对压差流道和直流道性能影响规律, 进一步分析了压差流道变压区尺寸对其性能的影响规律,所得结论如下。
(1)流道高度为${0.3}\sim {0.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时,对比压差流道和直流道发现, 压差流道可提高膜电极中氧气浓度, 促进电池功率密度提升。
(2)脊宽为 0.5~1.5mm 时,脊宽增加使直流道氧气浓度最小值迅速减小, 而压差流道可减缓这种趋势, 减缓浓差极化的出现; 直流道水浓度随脊宽增加而增加,压差流道反之; 直流道在脊宽 0.75$\mathrm{{mm}}$ 时峰值功率密度最大为${0.351}\;3\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$,压差流道在脊宽${1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时峰值功率密度最大为${0.3691}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$,但此时压差流道压降过大。
(3)压差流道压降随变压区高度增大而减小,随长度增大而增大;功率密度峰值随高度增加逐渐减小,减小趋势变缓逐渐接近水平,功率密度峰值随长度增大先增大后减小。
(4)综合考虑 PEMFC 功率密度和压降的影响,选择压差流道高${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 、宽${1.25}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 、脊背宽${1.25}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 、 变压区长${1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 、高${0.05}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 为最优参数,此时压差流道峰值功率密度为${0.3661}\mathrm{\;W}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$,相较于直流道峰值功率密度提升 6.3%。
  • 山西省科技计划揭榜招标资助项目(20201101020)
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doi: 10.13234/j.issn.2095-2805.2024.1.110
  • 接收时间:2021-05-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2024-01-30
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  • 收稿日期:2021-05-10
  • 修回日期:2021-08-04
  • 录用日期:2021-09-08
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Shanxi Science and Technology Plan Announced Bidding Project(20201101020)
山西省科技计划揭榜招标资助项目(20201101020)
作者信息
    1 太原科技大学 重型机械教育部工程研究中心 太原 030024
    2 潍柴动力股份有限公司 潍坊 261061
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