Article(id=1251226693726323298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, issueId=1251226682309423223, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20079/j.issn.1001-893x.240506003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1714924800000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-06, revisedDate=1721232000000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776245290451, onlineDateStr=2026-04-15, pubDate=1764259200000, pubDateStr=2025-11-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776245290451, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776245290451, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776245290451, updator=13041195026, issue=Issue{id=1251226682309423223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, year='2025', volume='65', issue='11', pageStart='1729', pageEnd='1954', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776245287729, creator=13041195026, updateTime=1776246742124, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251232782568080068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, issueId=1251226682309423223, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251232782568080069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, issueId=1251226682309423223, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1921, endPage=1928, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251226695475348117, articleId=1251226693726323298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, language=EN, title=A DOA Estimation Method for Multi-beam Sonar Imaging Based on Improved Iterative Adaptive Aproach Using FrFT, columnId=1251226687673942441, journalTitle=Telecommunication Engineering, columnName=Electronics and Information Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the problem of target azimuth estimation under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for active sonar in underwater environments,a direction of arrival(DOA) estimation multi-beamforming sonar imaging method based on fractional Fourier transform (FrFT )-enhanced iterative adaptive approach (IAA ) is proposed. Firstly, the echo signals received by hydrophones are subjected to FrFT preprocessing, transforming the wideband linear frequency modulation (LFM ) signals into narrowband signals in the fractional domain to avoid the influence of cross-interference terms. Then, focusing on LFM signals and suppressing noise in the FrFT domain is achieved. Finally,the iterative adaptive method is implemented in the FrFT domain,optimizing the power spectrum estimation method for accurate DOA estimation. Compared with traditional DOA estimation methods, the proposed method achieves better estimation accuracy and smaller root mean square error under low SNR conditions without increasing sensor array elements. It significantly improves imaging effectiveness, as indicated by simulation results showing sidelobe levels-13.364 dB for peak sidelobe ratio. in the range direction and -9.723 dB for integrated sidelobe ratio,-13.874 dB for peak sidelobe ratio in the azimuth direction and -10.034 dB for integrated sidelobe ratio.

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针对主动声呐在水下环境对目标方位估计受低信噪比影响的问题,提出了一种基于分数阶傅里叶变换(Fractional Fourier Transform,FrFT)改进迭代自适应法的波达方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)估计多波束声呐成像方法。首先对水听器收到的回波信号进行FrFT,通过FrFT预处理将宽带线性调频(Linear Frequency Modulation,LFM)信号变换为分数域的窄带信号,避免了交叉干扰项的影响;然后在FrFT域对LFM信号进行聚焦并对噪声进行抑制;最后在FrFT域内实现迭代自适应法,同时优化了功率谱估计方法以精确进行DOA估计。所提方法在低信噪比且不增加传感器阵元的情况下,相较于传统的DOA估计方法具有更好的估计精度与更小的均方根误差,可以显著提高成像效果。仿真结果表明,距离向的峰值旁瓣比可达到-13.364 dB,积分旁瓣比可达到-9.723 dB,方位向的峰值旁瓣比可达到-13.874 dB,积分旁瓣比可达到-10.034 dB。

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杨海鑫 Email:
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蒋留兵 男,1973年生于江苏泰兴,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为宽带信号与信息处理。

杨海鑫 男,1999年生于福建平潭,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为声呐信号处理。

车俐 女,1977年生于广西桂林,硕士,高级实验师,主要研究方向为雷达信号处理。

黄乾超 男,1999年生于广西贵港,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为雷达信号处理。

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蒋留兵 男,1973年生于江苏泰兴,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为宽带信号与信息处理。

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车俐 女,1977年生于广西桂林,硕士,高级实验师,主要研究方向为雷达信号处理。

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黄乾超 男,1999年生于广西贵港,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为雷达信号处理。

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基于FrFT改进迭代自适应法的DOA估计多波束声呐成像方法
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蒋留兵 1, 2 , 杨海鑫 1 , 车俐 1, 2 , 黄乾超 1
电讯技术 | 电子与信息工程 2025,65(11): 1921-1928
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电讯技术 | 电子与信息工程 2025, 65(11): 1921-1928
基于FrFT改进迭代自适应法的DOA估计多波束声呐成像方法
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蒋留兵1, 2, 杨海鑫1 , 车俐1, 2, 黄乾超1
作者信息
  • 1桂林电子科技大学 信息与通信学院,广西 桂林 541004
  • 2桂林电子科技大学 广西无线宽带通信与信号处理重点实验室,广西 桂林 541004
  • 蒋留兵 男,1973年生于江苏泰兴,硕士,研究员,主要研究方向为宽带信号与信息处理。

    杨海鑫 男,1999年生于福建平潭,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为声呐信号处理。

    车俐 女,1977年生于广西桂林,硕士,高级实验师,主要研究方向为雷达信号处理。

    黄乾超 男,1999年生于广西贵港,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为雷达信号处理。

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杨海鑫 Email:
A DOA Estimation Method for Multi-beam Sonar Imaging Based on Improved Iterative Adaptive Aproach Using FrFT
Liubing JIANG1, 2, Haixin YANG1 , Li CHE1, 2, Qianchao HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Information and Communication,Guilin University of Electronic Science and Technology,Guilin 541004,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Wireless Broadband Communication and Signal Processing in Guangxi,Guilin University of Electronic Science and Technology,Guilin 541004,China
出版时间: 2025-11-28 doi: 10.20079/j.issn.1001-893x.240506003
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针对主动声呐在水下环境对目标方位估计受低信噪比影响的问题,提出了一种基于分数阶傅里叶变换(Fractional Fourier Transform,FrFT)改进迭代自适应法的波达方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)估计多波束声呐成像方法。首先对水听器收到的回波信号进行FrFT,通过FrFT预处理将宽带线性调频(Linear Frequency Modulation,LFM)信号变换为分数域的窄带信号,避免了交叉干扰项的影响;然后在FrFT域对LFM信号进行聚焦并对噪声进行抑制;最后在FrFT域内实现迭代自适应法,同时优化了功率谱估计方法以精确进行DOA估计。所提方法在低信噪比且不增加传感器阵元的情况下,相较于传统的DOA估计方法具有更好的估计精度与更小的均方根误差,可以显著提高成像效果。仿真结果表明,距离向的峰值旁瓣比可达到-13.364 dB,积分旁瓣比可达到-9.723 dB,方位向的峰值旁瓣比可达到-13.874 dB,积分旁瓣比可达到-10.034 dB。

主动声呐成像  /  水下波达方向估计  /  分数阶傅里叶变换  /  迭代自适应法

For the problem of target azimuth estimation under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for active sonar in underwater environments,a direction of arrival(DOA) estimation multi-beamforming sonar imaging method based on fractional Fourier transform (FrFT )-enhanced iterative adaptive approach (IAA ) is proposed. Firstly, the echo signals received by hydrophones are subjected to FrFT preprocessing, transforming the wideband linear frequency modulation (LFM ) signals into narrowband signals in the fractional domain to avoid the influence of cross-interference terms. Then, focusing on LFM signals and suppressing noise in the FrFT domain is achieved. Finally,the iterative adaptive method is implemented in the FrFT domain,optimizing the power spectrum estimation method for accurate DOA estimation. Compared with traditional DOA estimation methods, the proposed method achieves better estimation accuracy and smaller root mean square error under low SNR conditions without increasing sensor array elements. It significantly improves imaging effectiveness, as indicated by simulation results showing sidelobe levels-13.364 dB for peak sidelobe ratio. in the range direction and -9.723 dB for integrated sidelobe ratio,-13.874 dB for peak sidelobe ratio in the azimuth direction and -10.034 dB for integrated sidelobe ratio.

active sonar imaging  /  underwater DOA estimation  /  fractional Fourier transform  /  iterative adaptive approach
蒋留兵, 杨海鑫, 车俐, 黄乾超. 基于FrFT改进迭代自适应法的DOA估计多波束声呐成像方法. 电讯技术, 2025 , 65 (11) : 1921 -1928 . DOI: 10.20079/j.issn.1001-893x.240506003
Liubing JIANG, Haixin YANG, Li CHE, Qianchao HUANG. A DOA Estimation Method for Multi-beam Sonar Imaging Based on Improved Iterative Adaptive Aproach Using FrFT[J]. Telecommunication Engineering, 2025 , 65 (11) : 1921 -1928 . DOI: 10.20079/j.issn.1001-893x.240506003
水下声呐成像技术作为海洋探索与利用中的一项关键技术,已在海洋勘探、航海导航、水下地形绘制、搜救任务及军事侦察等多个领域得到了广泛应用[1]。该技术主要通过主动声呐系统,借助波束形成与脉冲压缩两大核心技术,实现对水下目标的高精度成像。波束形成技术通过调整接收到的多个传感器信号的相位与幅度,增强来自特定方向的信号而抑制其他方向的信号,以此提升声呐系统对特定目标或区域的聚焦能力,进而优化成像质量[2]。在主动声呐成像过程中,需要特别考虑波束主瓣宽度与旁瓣峰值两个关键参数。波束主瓣宽度,即声呐波束主瓣的角宽度,直接关系到声呐系统的方向分辨率,其中较小的主瓣宽度意味着更高的方向分辨能力。旁瓣峰值指的是主瓣之外的次要波束峰值,其过大会干扰成像质量和目标识别的准确性[3]。因此,为了优化成像效果,波束形成与脉冲压缩技术中的角度信息成为改进的焦点,包括虚拟内插阵元技术、目标角度数量扩充、目标角度精度提升及角度估计优化等方法[4],均在不断提高声呐成像技术的性能与应用范围。
近年来,国内外许多学者对提高目标角度估计方法展开了深入研究,提出了一些方法,其中一种方法是通过入射信号波达方向(Direction of Arrival,DOA)估计来更精确地获取目标的方位信息[5]。主动声呐在水下环境下对目标探测受到海洋环境噪声干扰严重,为了有效提高获取目标方位信息的正确率并抑制混响干扰,需要不断提高方向分辨率。过去几十年内涌现出了许多经典的算法,如:文献[6]针对多重信号分类(Multiple Signal Classification,MUSIC)算法在低信噪比、小快拍数的条件下效果不佳的问题,提出了通过酉变换将线阵数据实数化,依据子空间特征向量重构子空间和校正矩阵,结合信号子空间投影技术实现目标方位估计,但在数据量较大时计算复杂度较高;文献[7]利用阵列信号空域的稀疏性,提出的多选正交匹配追踪(Multiple Choice Orthogonal Matching Pursuit,MC-OMP)方法,可以有效选取稀疏解原子,从而在处理邻近目标时增强了准确性,但该算法仍然基于正交匹配追踪(Orthogonal Matching Pursuit,OMP),在计算上较为复杂,且在低信噪比条件下性能不佳;文献[8]在MUSIC算法的基础上结合了改进的交叉操作的遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm Multiple Signal Classification,GA-MUSIC),提高了算法的实时性能和搜索成功率,但该算法可能会陷入局部最优解,而无法达到全局最优解;文献[9]通过构造两个特征向量的Toeplitz矩阵,然后进行空间平滑以获得无偏估计,并利用MUSIC算法估计相干信号的DOA估计,然而在信噪比较低的情况下,准确率无法得到保证。
在传统的主动声呐系统中,为了获取目标区域的详细信息,一般会尽量增加声呐系统的信号带宽[10]。然而,由于系统硬件的实施难度,实现超宽带的声呐系统不仅复杂且成本高昂,而且操作性不佳,因此依靠超宽带来提高分辨率的方法效果并不理想。本文提出了一种多波束声呐成像技术,该技术基于均匀直线阵列模型。核心算法采用分数阶傅里叶变换(Fractional Fourier Transform,FrFT)对接收到的回波信号进行分析,目的是确定最优的旋转阶数,以便在分数域内进行信号处理。此过程中,脉冲压缩技术被用于提取目标的距离信息。通过采用迭代自适应法(Iterative Adaptive Approach,IAA)得到信号的功率谱,从而实现了在低信噪比环境下对目标真实方位信息的高精度估计。该方法能够以较少的迭代次数在小快拍、低信噪比的情况下实现高精度的DOA估计。与传统算法相比,本文所提出的DOA估计方法在估计精度方面展现出显著优势。
为了提升水下目标检测的效率,增强主动声呐系统对干扰的抵抗力及其频率分辨力,宽带调频信号经常被主动声呐用于发射。假设发射信号为
式中:起始频率为f0 ;调频斜率k=(f1-f0/T;信号脉宽t=[-T/2,T/2]。根据声呐目标回波的亮点模型[11] ,单个亮点的传递函数为
式中:单频率ω的单色波沿r→方向入射至目标;Aτφ分别为目标散射强度因子、时延因子和相位因子。因此,目标回波信号可以表示为
式中:Ai为第i个目标的振幅;τi为第i个目标的时延;φi为第i个目标的相位。
假设有一个均匀线阵,该阵列包含L个阵元,阵元间距为d,且阵元间距d的值为入射波长λ的一半。阵列共接收M个窄带远场信号,其中ML,阵列模型如图1所示。可以将信号表示为
式中:Yt)为M×1维的快拍数据矢量;Nt)为M×1维的噪声数据矢量;St)是N×1维的空间信号矢量;AM×N维的阵列流形矢量。
本文提出的目标成像方法中,整个过程被分为3个步骤。第一步对接收到的阵列信号进行处理,具体通过匹配滤波技术实现基带信号的解调,并据此估算出阵列相对于目标的距离延迟τ。第二步通过FrFT改进IAA算法,同时对信号功率谱进行修正。该算法的高精度特性使得目标DOA估计更为准确。第三步,利用已获得的距离延迟τ和DOA,对成像区域进行扫描,以实现对目标的精确成像。此方法通过融合FrFT与IAA算法的优点,显著提升了成像的精度和效能。
分数阶傅里叶变换代表傅里叶变换的一种泛化形式,它通过在时频域内以原点为中心进行任意角度的旋转操作,允许对信号在时域与频域之间的分数维度进行深入分析[12]。同时,FrFT可以看成是线性调频(Linear Frequency Modulation,LFM)信号基的分解,因此对LFM具有很好的时频聚集性,更适合处理线性调频信号。对于信号st)的分数阶傅里叶变换的定义如下:
式中:α为旋转角度;Fα为分数阶傅里叶算子;Kαut)为FrFT的核函数,表达式为
式中:;n∈ ;α=pπ/2,p为旋转阶次。式(6)中得到核函数的调频率为cot α。在FrFT域中,为了LFM信号呈现出尖峰特性,即达到最佳旋转角度,必须确保LFM信号的调频率与FrFT核函数的调频率一致。利用时频旋转特性可得tan θ=-cot α,其中θ为LFM信号的时频旋转角度,可得在最佳旋转角度下调频斜率为
根据主动声呐发射信号,在图1中,参考阵元0接收的信号st)为
对式(8)进行FrFT变换得到
式中:。对于参考阵元距离ld的第l个阵元接收的信号flt)进行FrFT,得到
式中:τl=ldsin θ/c为第l个阵元相对于参考阵元0的时延,其中c为在水下的声速(一般认为是c=1500 m/s),θ为入射角度与阵元法线的夹角;Fαeu)为均值为0且服从高斯分布的白噪声et)的分数阶傅里叶变换。根据式(10)可以得出阵列流形为
通过在分数域寻找信号的谱峰值,将式(7)代入阵列流形表达式(11)可以得出信号在最佳旋转角度下的导向矢量为
因此,观测模型可将式(4)改写为
式中:SiN分别表示第i个信号与噪声的FrFT;在分数域内,Au,~α)表示为
通过2.2节式(13)得到信号的阵列流形,在受限于有限快拍数量的条件下,信号协方差矩阵可以被描述为
式中:P=diag(p)是一个L×L的对角阵,对角元素p是扫描网格上每一个角度的信号能量。干扰和噪声的协方差矩阵为
随后,通过基于加权最小二乘法(Weighted Least Squares,WLS)构建的代价函数JW[13]为
JW达到最小时,此时的成为最小二乘加权量,W即为加权矩阵。当W=I时,为非加权最小二乘估计。将式(17)对求偏导数,并令偏导数为零,则得最小二乘的估计量为
则估计的均方误差为
W=Q-1θl)时,可以证明加权最小二乘法估计的均方根误差是所有加权矩阵下最小的。此时,可以获得最佳加权最小二乘估计量为
根据矩阵求逆定理可得
为了计算信号在空域的功率谱p,根据声呐阵列信号处理[14],按照等角度划分原则,在空间域中构建一个过完备表示的网格Δ=(δ1δ2,…,δZ),其中ZML,在网格Δ中对应角度构成的导向矢量G=[gδ1),gδ2),…,gδZ)],对网格每个点的功率进行估计:
式中:分别是网格Δ中角度所对应的信号分量和功率分量。根据式(15)不断更新网格Δ中的功率谱,第k次迭代为
将式(23)代入式(21)可得
同理,将式(24)代入式(22)可得
通过不断迭代直至满足预定的收敛条件ε, ,计算出信号在设定网格Δ=(δ1, δ2,…,δZ)上的功率谱密度分布。
利用文献[15]计算噪声方差得到噪声功率对功率谱进行修正。首先利用计算IAA求解过程中的信号分量得到噪声分量:
通过计算噪声分量的方差,实现对噪声功率的更精确估计。随后,对功率谱进行了进一步修正,以精确获取修正后的峰值功率分量
本节通过将本文算法FIAA与传统MUSIC[16]、IAA[17]、OMP[18]、改进的GA-MUSIC算法[8]以及I-MUSIC[9]在估计精度、角度分辨力以及均方根误差等方面进行对比,验证FIAA算法的有效性。仿真环境为MATLAB2021b。为了深入评估本文所提出的算法性能,引入了均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)作为评估指标,以此量化算法的估计精度。其计算公式为
式中:J为蒙特卡罗实验模拟次数;L代表入射到阵列上的信号总数;对于每个入射信号,θl表示其真实的到达方向,而则指在第j次蒙特卡罗实验中第l个入射信号的估计值。
图2为两种条件下FIAA、MUSIC[16]、IAA[17]、文献[9]算法的空域对比。仿真参数设置:考虑3个入射角度分别为[7.2°,30.7°,60.4°],传感器阵列采用阵元数M= 8的均匀直线阵列,阵元间距d= λ/2,快拍数N=100,过完备表示的网格Δ搜索范围为[-90°,90°],搜索步长为0.1°。
图2(a)中,在SNR=-6 dB条件下,MUSIC算法能够大致区分目标角度,但在30.7°附近的谱峰相对较弱,且在60.4°处的角度估计与实际目标位置存在较大偏差。同时,IAA、OMP、I-MUSIC以及GA-MUSIC算法也在这些角度上表现出了各自不同程度的误差。相较之下,图2(a)左下角在[58°,62°]放大处可以看出,在60.4°处本文算法依旧可以准确估计,所对比的5种算法均产生不同程度的误差,由此可得本文算法能够有效识别3个目标角度,并且具备较为窄幅的主瓣特性,从而在角度估计上提供了更高的准确性。
图2(b)的结果分析中可见,随着SNR的增加,6种算法的谱峰变得更加清晰和锐利,本文算法在主瓣宽度方面显现出明显的优势,其主瓣呈现更为窄幅的特性,可以更精确地定位目标的真实角度。通过观察图2(b)左下角[48°,65°]的放大部分可以明显看出,相对于其他算法,本文方法在角度估计的性能上表现出显著的提升。
综上所述,本文算法在提升角度估计精度方面具有显著的实用性。
图3为6种算法DOA估计RMSE变化曲线。仿真条件设置如下:考虑入射角度分别为[30.7°,60.4°],进行200次蒙特卡罗独立重复实验。图3(a)中,SNR=[-14:2:2]dB,快拍数N=100;图3(b)中,SNR=0 dB,N=[50:50:500]。
图3(a)可知,随着SNR的提升,所对比的6种算法的RMSE均有不同程度的下降。值得关注的是,相较于MIUSIC[16]、IAA[17]、OMP[18]、I-MUSIC[9]以及GA-MUSIC算法[10],本文算法在RMSE表现上更为优异。特别是本文所提算法通过FrFT域的最优旋转阶数选择,实现了对噪声影响的有效抑制。在低信噪比环境下,该算法的性能优势更为显著,进一步凸显了其优越性。
图3(b)可知,随着快拍数的增加,所比较的6种算法的均方根误差均呈现下降趋势。在这一对比中,本文所提算法表现出了显著的优越性,相较于其他算法,其RMSE降低更为明显。这一结果体现了本文算法在处理增加的快拍数时的高效性和鲁棒性。
综上所述,不论是随着SNR的提升还是快拍数的增加,本文算法得益于在FrFT域对噪声的抑制,显著改进了在低信噪比、低快拍数情况下的性能表现,在均方根误差方面相比对比的另外5种算法有更明显的下降趋势,这一结果证明了本文算法在高精度角度估计中的优势。
为了验证本文算法对于角度分辨率的有效性,设置仿真条件如下:考虑入射角度分别为[30°,33°],SNR=10 dB,快拍数N= 500。从图4图5的对比分析中明显观察到,当信号源的角度差接近3°时,传统MUSIC算法表现出了分辨力的不足;相对而言,本文算法不仅展现了卓越的精确度,同时也证明了其在分辨率方面的高效性能。
对多目标成像进行仿真,仿真参数如下:中心频率f=2.25 MHz;阵元间距d=λ/2;设定了30个目标点,这些点按照特定的几何排列进行配置。在距离维度上,这些目标点被划分为每组6个点的序列,每个点与相邻点之间的间隔固定为7 m。此外,序列的起始点距离换能器为7 m,终点则位于42 m处。在方位维度上,每一组点目标相对于其前一组进行了30°的角度偏移,角度从-60°~60°以确保能够全面覆盖观测区域。阵元个数为128个,带宽B= 9 kHz,成像角度范围为[-75°,75°],每隔1°形成一个波束,共151个波束。多目标成像仿真结果如图6所示。选取图6中标出的点A(7 m,0°)进行成像性能分析,成像结果如图7所示。
图7(a)中可以看出点A的距离和方位精确度较高。根据图7(b)距离向波形,峰值旁瓣比为-13.364 dB,积分旁瓣比为-9.723 dB;根据图7(c)方位向波形,峰值旁瓣比为-13.874 dB,积分旁瓣比为-10.034 dB,可以得出本文所提算法精确性得以保证。
本文研究了在水下环境中多波束声呐的成像算法,提出了一种基于FrFT[19]改进的IAA算法,成功解决了信号受到噪声干扰从而导致方位估计精度降低的问题。在理论上验证了该算法的可行性,通过与传统的DOA估计算法进行综合比较,并结合水下成像仿真验证,充分展示了所提方法在低信噪比环境和快拍数较少的条件下,相较于传统算法具有更高的估计精度。
本文是在均匀线阵的基础上对目标成像算法进行的研究,后续针对如何将算法扩展到L型阵列进行三维成像以及优化算法迭代次数进行研究。
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doi: 10.20079/j.issn.1001-893x.240506003
  • 接收时间:2024-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-04-15
  • 出版时间:2025-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-06
  • 修回日期:2024-07-18
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    1桂林电子科技大学 信息与通信学院,广西 桂林 541004
    2桂林电子科技大学 广西无线宽带通信与信号处理重点实验室,广西 桂林 541004

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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