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To reduce the computations of parameters estimation in high-dynamic and long integration global navigation satellite system(GNSS) signal detection applications,the authors propose a low-computation GNSS acquisition method (LGAM) suitable for high-dynamic environment. The goal of LGAM is to apply the synthetic Doppler frequency hypothesis testing (SDHT) method to the acquisition of high dynamic GNSS signals with Doppler rate and bit flipping. Firstly,sparse Doppler frequency(SDF) process is implemented by coarse Doppler estimation,and post-correlation signal model is derived based on SDF structure. Then,in order to improve the detection efficiency of Doppler and Doppler rate, double-FFT based detection is proposed based on the post-correlation signal model for parameters estimation. The results demonstrate that in high dynamic environments, when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR ) is higher than -43 dB, the computational complexity based on FFT method is 15 times that of LGAM1 and 780 times that of LGAM2.

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为了减少在高动态、长积分时间环境下全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)信号检测方法在估计参数时的计算量,提出了适用于高动态环境的低复杂度GNSS捕获方法(Low-computation GNSS Acquisition Method,LGAM),将同步多普勒频率假设检验方法(Synthesized Doppler Frequency Hypothesis Testing,SDHT)应用于具有多普勒变化率和比特翻转的高动态GNSS信号捕获中。首先,通过多普勒粗搜索来实现稀疏多普勒(Sparse Doppler Frequency,SDF)过程,并且基于SDF信号结构,推导了后相关信号模型。然后,为了提高多普勒和多普勒变化率检测效率,提出了基于后相关信号模型的双快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)参数估计方法。实验结果表明,在高动态环境下,信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio,SNR)高于-43 dB时,基于FFT方法的计算量是LGAM1的15倍,是LGAM2的780倍。

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吴超 Email:
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吴亿 男,1999年生于安徽芜湖,2021年获学士学位,现为硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高动态导航信号参数估计。

吴超 男,1988年生于河北邢台,2016年获博士学位,现为副教授,主要研究方向为导航信号处理,主要涉及导航软件接收机捕获、跟踪算法。

钱飞杰 男,1999年生于浙江绍兴,2022年获学士学位,现为硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高动态导航信号参数估计。

林秀苇 男,2001年生于浙江温州,2022年获学士学位,现为硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高动态导航信号参数估计。

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吴亿 男,1999年生于安徽芜湖,2021年获学士学位,现为硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高动态导航信号参数估计。

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吴超 男,1988年生于河北邢台,2016年获博士学位,现为副教授,主要研究方向为导航信号处理,主要涉及导航软件接收机捕获、跟踪算法。

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吴超 男,1988年生于河北邢台,2016年获博士学位,现为副教授,主要研究方向为导航信号处理,主要涉及导航软件接收机捕获、跟踪算法。

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钱飞杰 男,1999年生于浙江绍兴,2022年获学士学位,现为硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高动态导航信号参数估计。

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Journal of Computing and Electronic Information Management, 2023, 10(2):21-23., articleTitle=Application and accuracy analysis of GNSS-RTK technology in data acquisition, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251226715012415932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251226715020804541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, companyId=1251226715012415932, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Communication Engineering,Hangzhou Dianzi University,Hangzhou 310018,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251226715024998846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, companyId=1251226715012415932, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=杭州电子科技大学 通信工程学院,杭州 310018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251226718451745277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=GqWBiu8LdTYrrXd14lHl9w==, figureFileBig=qXNwu0fTpdVkfDIVUR2/dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226718518854143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=CN, label=图1, caption=LGAM流程, figureFileSmall=GqWBiu8LdTYrrXd14lHl9w==, figureFileBig=qXNwu0fTpdVkfDIVUR2/dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226718674043394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=mX0FR5eOd89ssImlY/OhVA==, figureFileBig=xSoPTlXwWncbJ2qWeqS7oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226718749540868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=CN, label=图2, caption=提出方法的搜索状态图, figureFileSmall=mX0FR5eOd89ssImlY/OhVA==, figureFileBig=xSoPTlXwWncbJ2qWeqS7oA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226718841815558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pkUZaMkWrEkn7pR4OWzVTw==, figureFileBig=WFUu7kTFsPU6M8bVxCQKOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226718917313032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=CN, label=图3, caption=算法的总的MAC下界对比, figureFileSmall=pkUZaMkWrEkn7pR4OWzVTw==, figureFileBig=WFUu7kTFsPU6M8bVxCQKOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226718988616202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kTnNkVOYnqwB80FiQweiSQ==, figureFileBig=t1a0lOayUeIaS4UWdEQe4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226719055725068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=CN, label=图4, caption=LGAM在不同后相关信号长度下检测概率对比(T和S分别表示理论检测概率和仿真概率结果), figureFileSmall=kTnNkVOYnqwB80FiQweiSQ==, figureFileBig=t1a0lOayUeIaS4UWdEQe4w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226719122833934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=0gW8OXreHJbrlhZLrgZSxw==, figureFileBig=of6k7ie0ZzXWyT0/ZkECFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226719185748496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=CN, label=图5, caption=IF GPS L1 C/A信号获取示意, figureFileSmall=0gW8OXreHJbrlhZLrgZSxw==, figureFileBig=of6k7ie0ZzXWyT0/ZkECFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226719261245970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=hD6yNYpl6T/CKWpU/UJc3g==, figureFileBig=Y7d6J7giA9X2ZEBqY+VGZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226719332549140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=CN, label=图6, caption=总MAC对比(S表示仿真曲线,T表示理论曲线), figureFileSmall=hD6yNYpl6T/CKWpU/UJc3g==, figureFileBig=Y7d6J7giA9X2ZEBqY+VGZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251226719403852310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
α0算法μpμfL
0LGAM1TNtlb Nt0.5(Df+1)Nc1
SDHTTNtlb Nt0.5(Df+1)Ncs
不等于0LGAM2TNtlb Nt0.5(Df+1)Nc2
DCFTTNtlb Nt0.5(Df+1)Ncd
), ArticleFig(id=1251226719483544088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

算法的总MAC下界比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
α0算法μpμfL
0LGAM1TNtlb Nt0.5(Df+1)Nc1
SDHTTNtlb Nt0.5(Df+1)Ncs
不等于0LGAM2TNtlb Nt0.5(Df+1)Nc2
DCFTTNtlb Nt0.5(Df+1)Ncd
), ArticleFig(id=1251226719567430170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数设置
数据比特周期NB20
每个码周期采样点数Nt2046
多普勒变化范围/kHz[-10,10]
剩余多普勒变化范围/Hz[-250,250]
多普勒变化率范围/(Hz/s)[-500,500]
FAP0.0002
采样时间Ts/ms1
最后估计的多普勒频率分辨率/Hz500/T
估计的多普勒变化率分辨率1/NBTs
信道高斯白噪声信道
蒙特卡罗仿真次数10000
), ArticleFig(id=1251226719638733340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251194772300279900, articleId=1251226692463837740, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数设置
数据比特周期NB20
每个码周期采样点数Nt2046
多普勒变化范围/kHz[-10,10]
剩余多普勒变化范围/Hz[-250,250]
多普勒变化率范围/(Hz/s)[-500,500]
FAP0.0002
采样时间Ts/ms1
最后估计的多普勒频率分辨率/Hz500/T
估计的多普勒变化率分辨率1/NBTs
信道高斯白噪声信道
蒙特卡罗仿真次数10000
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基于同步多普勒频率假设的低复杂度GNSS信号捕获方法
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吴亿 , 吴超 , 钱飞杰 , 林秀苇
电讯技术 | 电子与信息工程 2025,65(11): 1903-1911
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电讯技术 | 电子与信息工程 2025, 65(11): 1903-1911
基于同步多普勒频率假设的低复杂度GNSS信号捕获方法
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吴亿, 吴超 , 钱飞杰, 林秀苇
作者信息
  • 杭州电子科技大学 通信工程学院,杭州 310018
  • 吴亿 男,1999年生于安徽芜湖,2021年获学士学位,现为硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高动态导航信号参数估计。

    吴超 男,1988年生于河北邢台,2016年获博士学位,现为副教授,主要研究方向为导航信号处理,主要涉及导航软件接收机捕获、跟踪算法。

    钱飞杰 男,1999年生于浙江绍兴,2022年获学士学位,现为硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高动态导航信号参数估计。

    林秀苇 男,2001年生于浙江温州,2022年获学士学位,现为硕士研究生,主要研究方向为高动态导航信号参数估计。

通讯作者:

吴超 Email:
A Low-computation GNSS Acquisition Method Based on Synthesized Doppler Frequency Hypotheses
Yi WU, Chao WU , Feijie QIAN, Xiuwei LIN
Affiliations
  • School of Communication Engineering,Hangzhou Dianzi University,Hangzhou 310018,China
出版时间: 2025-11-28 doi: 10.20079/j.issn.1001-893x.240429001
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为了减少在高动态、长积分时间环境下全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)信号检测方法在估计参数时的计算量,提出了适用于高动态环境的低复杂度GNSS捕获方法(Low-computation GNSS Acquisition Method,LGAM),将同步多普勒频率假设检验方法(Synthesized Doppler Frequency Hypothesis Testing,SDHT)应用于具有多普勒变化率和比特翻转的高动态GNSS信号捕获中。首先,通过多普勒粗搜索来实现稀疏多普勒(Sparse Doppler Frequency,SDF)过程,并且基于SDF信号结构,推导了后相关信号模型。然后,为了提高多普勒和多普勒变化率检测效率,提出了基于后相关信号模型的双快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)参数估计方法。实验结果表明,在高动态环境下,信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio,SNR)高于-43 dB时,基于FFT方法的计算量是LGAM1的15倍,是LGAM2的780倍。

GNSS  /  高动态环境  /  压缩捕获  /  频率参数估计

To reduce the computations of parameters estimation in high-dynamic and long integration global navigation satellite system(GNSS) signal detection applications,the authors propose a low-computation GNSS acquisition method (LGAM) suitable for high-dynamic environment. The goal of LGAM is to apply the synthetic Doppler frequency hypothesis testing (SDHT) method to the acquisition of high dynamic GNSS signals with Doppler rate and bit flipping. Firstly,sparse Doppler frequency(SDF) process is implemented by coarse Doppler estimation,and post-correlation signal model is derived based on SDF structure. Then,in order to improve the detection efficiency of Doppler and Doppler rate, double-FFT based detection is proposed based on the post-correlation signal model for parameters estimation. The results demonstrate that in high dynamic environments, when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR ) is higher than -43 dB, the computational complexity based on FFT method is 15 times that of LGAM1 and 780 times that of LGAM2.

GNSS  /  high-dynamic environment  /  compressed acquisition  /  frequency parameters estimation
吴亿, 吴超, 钱飞杰, 林秀苇. 基于同步多普勒频率假设的低复杂度GNSS信号捕获方法. 电讯技术, 2025 , 65 (11) : 1903 -1911 . DOI: 10.20079/j.issn.1001-893x.240429001
Yi WU, Chao WU, Feijie QIAN, Xiuwei LIN. A Low-computation GNSS Acquisition Method Based on Synthesized Doppler Frequency Hypotheses[J]. Telecommunication Engineering, 2025 , 65 (11) : 1903 -1911 . DOI: 10.20079/j.issn.1001-893x.240429001
全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)信号捕获技术在软件接收机(Software Defined Receiver,SDR)中起着至关重要的作用。在GNSS定位具有挑战性的应用环境中[1-5],需要快速低复杂度捕获方法。随着积分时间的增加,卫星信号捕获需要估计比特翻转、多普勒、多普勒变化率和码相位四维参数,因此需要捕获检测算法降低复杂度,进一步提升检测效率。
与基于快速傅里叶变换(Fast Fourier Transform,FFT)快速捕获方法相比[6-7],文献[8-9]已经实现了压缩扩频码快速捕获方法。为了进一步降低复杂度,文献[10]提出了多普勒频率和码相位二维压缩搜索方法,文献[11]提出一种基于三次分数阶傅里叶变换(Fractional Fourier Transform,FRFT)的捕获算法。然而,这些方法没有考虑数据比特对积分峰值的影响。为了解决此问题,文献[12]提出用于快速PN码采集的二维压缩相关器。为了减小计算量,文献[13]提出了同步多普勒频率假设检验方法(Synthesized Doppler Frequency Hypothesis Testing,SDHT)方法。这种方法减少了多普勒频率搜索数量,然而,SDHT并没有考虑多普勒变化率对积分峰值影响,而且SDHT计算量有待进一步减少。
在多普勒变化率不等于0 Hz/s的情况下,需要估计多普勒频率、多普勒变化率、码相位和数据比特翻转四维参数估计[11]。由于频率估计参数间相互影响,需要进行差分过程[14-16]。文献[11]提出了基于块积累半相干积分相关方法(Block Accumulating Semi-coherent Integration of Correlations,BASIC)。在忽略数据比特翻转情况下,文献[17-19]提出了基于分数阶傅里叶变换(Fractional Fourier Transform,FRFT)后相关参数估计方法。文献[20-21]将离散chirp傅里叶变换(Discrete Chirp-Fourier Transform,DCFT)应用到GPS L1信号参数估计中,在高动态弱信号环境下提出了基于DCFT块补零参数估计方法[22],可以实现相干积分的同时剥离数据比特对积分峰值的影响。
由于SDHT方法未考虑有多普勒变化率对积分峰值影响且对频率精细搜索计算量有待进一步降低,本文基于SDHT多普勒稀疏假设理论提出了在多普勒变化率、比特翻转情况下一种新的快速捕获方法(Low-computation GNSS Acquisition Method,LGAM)。首先,为了实现在有多普勒变化率下SDHT的SDF搜索,设定大步长多普勒搜索。这样,压缩了串行多普勒搜索次数,推导了基于SDF搜索的后相关信号模型。然后,为了提升频率精确搜索效率,本文基于后相关信号模型提出了双FFT检测算法。最后,LGAM结合SDF过程和双FFT检测,而且基于后相关模型推导了多普勒变化率的分辨率。在算法性能分析中,分析了LGAM平均捕获计算量(Mean Acquisition Computation,MAC)和检测概率。本文方法讨论的是不考虑惯导辅助下频率检测,但惯导下多普勒辅助缩小多普勒搜索范围依然可用。仿真实验表明,由于LGAM采用了SDF结构和双FFT检测方法,在信噪比较好的环境下其计算量要小于对比方法。
在本文中,二进制相移键控(Binary Phase Shift Keying,BPSK)调制的L1频点GPS粗捕获(Coarse/Acquisition,C/A)码信号作为分析信号。但是,所提方法可以用于其他GNSS类如二进制偏移载波(Binary-Offset-Carrier,BOC)调制信号。
在没有噪声条件下,接收中频(Intermediate Frequency,IF)数字信号可以建模为
式中:nI=0,1,…,TI表示IF信号采样间隔,T表示以毫秒为单位的积分时间;AI表示IF信号的幅度;Cτ()表示初始相位为τ的伪随机码;B()表示数据比特;fI表示中频;fd表示多普勒频率;α0表示多普勒变换率。本地码可以表示为
式中:Δf=500/T表示最终算法要达到的多普勒估计分辨率[13] ;fk表示搜索下标。再进行码相位相关多普勒搜索后的后相关信号可以表示如下:
式中:n=0,1,…,T-1。
当多普勒搜索下标fk= kfMf,其中,kf=-Kf,-Kf+1,…,0,…,KfKf表示最大的kf;Mf表示多普频率搜索时压缩因子。后相关信号可以进一步推导:
式中:表示时间从nNtTI到((n+1)Nt-1)TI平均频率;等于,其中f0=fd-kfMfΔf表示剩余的多普勒频率。当本地码信号与接收信号同步时,公式(4)可以化简为
很小时,
式中:Ts=NtTINt表示每个码周期采样点数。这里当本地信号与接收信号同步时,,其中Tc表示一个码片的持续时间,且在高动态环境下长时间积分ic每次本地信号相关后位置不一定相同,但是可以通过码多普勒补偿方式[22]进行补偿,所以ic在长积分时间被认为是一样的值。当本地信号与接收信号码相位未对齐,则Aτ≈0。当|fd-kfMfΔf|≤MfΔf/2时,
式中:|α0|≤αM。对于GPS L1 C/A码信号,假设20 ms≤T≤500 ms。当αM=500 Hz/s,T=500 ms和Mf=T,公式(7)可以简化为
相关峰最大值衰减可以通过An的sinc(·)估算得到大概是,根据文献[11,14],这个衰减的变化很小,为简单起见,假设最大衰减值恒定。
综上,An不会随着时间而变化,所以下面分析中,用A表示An
由于多普勒变化率α0、剩余多普勒频率、数据比特Bn)和码相位τ共同作用检测峰值,需要大计算量四维参数搜索。对于提出的双FFT检测方法中Bn)、α0τ可以通过差分信号的FFT估算得到,f0可以通过FFT估算得到。
经过差分处理后,差分信号可以表示如下:
式中:nd=b0b0+1,…,b0+T-1-NB,其中b0=0,…,NB-1NB表示每一个数据比特周期采样点数;φ0= jπT[2f0+α0Nt-1)TI+α0NB+1)Ts]。然后,基于FFT,一个数据比特周期积分结果如下:
式中:n1=1,2,…,NSBNSB=T/NB-1;NB0表示FFT点数;表示多普勒变化率分辨率。当b0是正确的数据比特翻转位置时,;否则。为了搜索正确比特翻转位置,最终积分变量φBLb0kα)可以表示为
式中:BLn1)∈{1,-1}。当b0α正确的数据翻转位置时,BLn1)和有相同的数据比特符号,且φBLb0kα)到达最大值。此时,检测统计量Jα对于不同多普勒变化率检测单元可以表示为
假设Tα为多普勒变化率估计的检测阈值,这个阈值可以通过虚警概率(False Alarm Probability,FAP)求得。当Jαkα)≥Tα,就可以得到估计多普勒变化率;如果Jαkα)≤Tα,则说明积累峰值过小,需要考虑其他压缩多普勒频率单元。综上,参数τα0和数据比特可以通过上述过程估计得到。然后后相关信号Rn可以简化为φ2nkf),如公式(13)所示:
基于FFT,剩余多普勒频率f0可以通过如下公式得到:
式中:Nf表示FFT的点数;表示多普勒分辨率。假设NF表示kf取值数量,Tf通过FAP设定在剩余多普勒频率估计中表示检测阈值,当Jfkf)≥Tf,可以得到估计的f0
LGAM流程如图1所示,结合了SDF过程和双FFT检测过程。
基于双FFT检测过程可以通过两步参数估计得到。在有噪声条件下,中频信号rIn)可以表示为
式中:wn)的实部和虚部都是服从均值为零方差为σ2的正态分布。
LGAM可以详细描述如下:
第一步,码相位、数据比特和多普勒变化率估计。
经过SDF过程,可以获得有噪声的后相关信号Rn)。由于剩余多普勒频率和多普勒变化率对积分峰值的影响,需要进行频率参数估计。差分信号可以通过公式(9)得出。由于数据比特符号影响,积分过程可以通过公式(10)和(11)进行。检测变量Jαkα)的最大峰值对应位置是码相位和比特符号估计值。根据设定的阈值Tα,可以得到对应正确多普勒变化率的估计值单元kα。而后,可以估计出峰值对应码相位、多普勒变化率和比特符号。如果Jαkα)<Tα,进不用进行第二步对多普勒精细搜索估计,这样可以节省搜索计算量。
第二步,剩余多普勒频率估计。
基于上一步估计的数据比特反转位置、多普勒变化率和数据比特符号,第二步信号估计模型φ2nnkf)可以写为
压缩多普勒搜索估计的多普频率误差较大(比如Mf = T,剩余多普勒频率变化范围为-250~250 Hz),需要进行剩余多普勒频率估计。根据公式(14),可以得到多普勒频率检测的统计量Jfkf)。如果此统计量大于设定阈值Tf,可以得到估计的多普勒频率;如果不是,则证明此卫星信号不存在或者捕获失败。
在高动态环境中,可能多普勒变化率很小(这里认为是0 Hz/s),此时选用SDHT[23]作为对比方法,此时本文提出方法叫做LGAM1。由于已知多普勒变化率信息,在公式(10)中就不用FFT操作。如果多普勒变化率不为0 Hz/s,此时本文方法叫做LGAM2。以上命名是为了对比说明检测方法的计算复杂度[24]。下边为了说明计算复杂度,推导了基于搜索状态流图的全MAC,并且分析了提出方法的检测概率。
图2表示LGAM循环搜索状态流图。
由于此搜素状态图是针对搜索压缩搜索多普勒频率过程建立的,所以适用于LGAM1和LGAM2(即LGAM)。其中,箭头表示伪随机码并行搜索过程,每一个节点表示压缩多普勒搜索的一个频点检测过程(即一次多普勒频率假设)。根据文献[13]对流图转移函数分析,本文提出压缩多普勒转移状态函数可以表示为
对于流图中任意一个多普勒假设,Pf表示不正确的多普勒频率单元H0,f下的FAP,PD表示检测概率,PM表示漏检概率,Df表示压缩搜索的多普勒频点数量,c表示一次复乘计算的复杂度,Nc表示一次多普勒频率假设搜索的平均消耗复乘次数。当多普勒变化率α0为0 Hz/s时[23],公式(10)中的FFT操作就被移除,所以移除公式(10)中的因子,则Nc可以表示为
式中:KfMfΔf=fdmfdm表示多普勒频率fd的最大值;Df=2KfMf+1;TNtlb Nt+2TNt为伪随机码并行搜索的复乘量。根据公式(10),表示提出方法第一步复乘量,Nf表示公式(13)的复乘量,Nflb Nf表示公式(14)的复乘计算量。然而,剩余多普勒频率可正可负,所以对应提出方法的第二步需要消耗2Nflb Nf[25]。当多普勒变化率不为零时,Nc可以表示如下:
式中:NtNBNSB-1)NB0lb NB0表示公式(10)的复乘次数。同样,多普勒变化率有可能正也有可能是负,所以公式(10)消耗2NtNBNSB-1)NB0lb NB0次复乘。
MAC[13]是衡量捕获检测过程中平均复乘计算量的参数,它反映了算法消耗计算量的大小。算法总的MAC可以表示为
式中:μp表示准备阶段消耗的复乘计算量;μf表示在多普勒搜索阶段消耗的复乘计算量。
在提出方法的准备阶段中,基于FFT码相位并行搜索方式消耗TNtlb Nt次复乘[26]。在多普勒搜索阶段,提出方法μf可以表示为
当检测概率很高时(Pi,D≈1),则可以得到μf下界为
为了对比提出方法LGAM1和LGAM2,本文选用了两种基于FFT方法做对比,分别是SDHT [13]和DCFT[22],总的MAC如表1所示。
表1中,可以通过文献[13]得到对比方法SDHT的。本文提出方法的Nc1Nc2可以从公式(21)和(22)中得出。
对于DCFT方法,并行码相位搜索过程消耗TNt lb Nt+2Nt)次复乘,多普勒变化率过程消耗NtNB(2NB0-1)(NSB×2Nf lb Nf)次复乘,并且搜索剩余多普勒频率需要消耗NtNB(2NB0-1)(NSB×2Nf lb Nf)次复乘。综上,。当T= [20,500] ms时,基于公式(10),表示多普勒变化率分辨率。当公式(12)的|αk|≤Δβ/2时,对应正确多普勒频率变化率单元可以被检测出来。为了对检测峰值不过多削减需满足
所以
因此
能被进一步简化为
根据泰勒公式展开原理,公式(29)可以进一步化简为
NB=20时,
,则总的MAC下界进行对比如图3所示。
图3可以看出当后相关信号长度变长时,总的计算量是变大的。而且由于本文提出方法采用公式(9)和(10),在同样后相关长度下LGAM计算量比对比方法SDHT和DCFT方法小。当后相关信号长度为500 ms且多普勒变化率为0 Hz/s时,对比方法SDHT计算量是LGAM1的15倍。而且,当多普勒变化率不为零且后相关信号长度为500 ms时,对比方法DCFT的计算量是LGAM2的780倍。
本文假设仅有一个码相位、多普勒频率和多普勒变化率单元包含全部有用信号能量,则LGAM的检测变量可以表示为
式中:i=1,2表示LGAM1或者LGAM2;Γ=αF表示第一步或者第二步参数估计过程;k=0,1表示不正确的检测单元或者正确的检测单元;xnyn表示实数。
根据中心极限定理,多个独立同分布的随机变量加和的极限分布为高斯分。根据这样的理论,,且。其中,,且。当k=0,μx,i =μy,i =0,E(·)表示求期望,D(·)表示求方差,N(·)表示正态分布。
根据上述分析,Ji,Γ,k近似服从自由度为2的卡方分布[24],则Ji,Γ,k的概率密度函数(Probability Density Function,PDF)可以表示为
式中:I0()表示第一类修正贝塞尔函数。在不正确多普勒频率假设单元H0,f下,,检测统计量Ji,Γ,0的FAP Pi,Γ,fa=P{Ji,Γ,0Ti,Γ|H0,f}可以表示如下:
式中:Nt,α=Nt;Nt,F=1;Ni,F表示剩余多普勒搜索数量;Ni,α表示搜索多普勒变化率的数量。在正确多普勒检测单元H1,f下,检测概率Pi,Γ,D= P{Ji,Γ,1Ti,Γ|H1,f}可以表示为
PiΓ,fa<<1时,
1,且公式(35)可以化简为
当检测到正确多普勒单元H1,f时,漏检概率Pi,Γ,M可以表示为
当遇到正确检测单元H1,f,FAP Pi,Γ,f =1-Pi,Γ,M-Pi,Γ,D。检测概率Pi,D可以表示为如下:
下面仿真利用GPS L1 CA信号,参数设置如下:fI=0,fdm=5 kHz,α0 =500 Hz/s,TI =1/2046000 s(Nt=2046),NB0 =NSB(多普勒变化率分辨率Δα=),多普勒频率压缩因子Mf =T,根据Pi,Γ,fa =0.0002设置检测阈值Ti,Γ,蒙特卡罗仿真次数为10000次。基于上述设置,LGAM对多普勒、多普勒变化率的检测概率如图4所示。
图4可以看出,积分时间越长,在同一信噪比下检测概率越大。理论概率与仿真概率较好地重合,说明理论概率分析的正确性。由于LGAM2需要进行多普勒变化率搜索,所以同样后相关信号长度和SNR下,LGAM2的检测概率要低于LGAM1。
根据文献[13],MAC可以说明计算效率:如果MAC低说明计算效率高,算法复杂度低。为了证明提出方法LGAM与对比方法相比具有更低的计算复杂度,这一节通过半实物模拟仿真SDHT、DCFT、LGAM方法的检测概率带入总MAC公式对比实际总MAC性能。图5是实际中频信号接收过程,实验仿真及算法参数设置如表2所示。
通过信号发生器(HWA-RNSS-7200)产生GPS L1 C/A,并通过天线发射。然后通过IF采集器接收得到中频数字信号。最后,一些噪声加入采集的IF信号,作为下面方法对比的输入信号。
总的MAC可以通过公式(23)获得,其中μp可以通过表1获得,μf可以通过公式(24)获得。公式(24)中的PD可以通过仿真或者理论表达式(32)得到。仿真的总的MAC的PD参数可以通过仿真获得,理论的总的MAC的PD参数可以通过理论公式计算得到。所有方法总的MAC如图6所示。
由于LGAM1采用FFT并行搜索多普勒剩余频率,这样的方式比SDHT方法利用相邻频率关系精细估计频率消耗的复乘计算量少,所有LGAM1比SDHT消耗的计算量少。这个结果可以从图中看出,当信噪比高于-43 dB时,LGAM1的MAC小于SDHT的MAC。但是,MAC会受到检测概率PD影响。由于LGAM1采用差分处理,这种方式跟SDHT相干积分相比,会影响低信噪比下的检测概率。所以由于受到检测概率影响,在低于-43 dB下LGAM1的MAC大于SDHT的MAC。
当多普勒变化率不等于0 Hz/s时,与DCFT二维FFT估计多普勒频率和多普勒变化率相比,由于LGAM2采用差分搜索频率参数,大大减小了频率估计复杂度,所以在信噪比高于-46 dB时,LGAM2的MAC小于DCFT的MAC。与上面分析相同,当信噪比低于-46 dB时,由于受到检测概率影响,LGAM2的MAC要高于DCFT的MAC。
为了进一步减少高动态环境下参数估计的计算量,本文提出了基于稀疏多普勒假设的LGAM方法,能够快速高效地实现精确多普勒检测。研究结果表明,利用这种方法,不用去搜索全部可能的多普勒频点,并且利用双FFT检测实现剩余多普勒估计,即提升了多普勒检测精度。相比较于SDHT和DCFT,本文提出的方法在高信噪比的情况下降低了计算量,且保证了检测精度。
但是,本文提出的方法仅适用于高动态且较高信噪比环境下。对GNSS信号参数估计,在未来的工作中将结合深度卷积网络,使得提出的方法能够适应多种信号的复杂环境,进一步增加方法的检测能力。
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doi: 10.20079/j.issn.1001-893x.240429001
  • 接收时间:2024-04-29
  • 首发时间:2026-04-15
  • 出版时间:2025-11-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-29
  • 修回日期:2024-09-24
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    杭州电子科技大学 通信工程学院,杭州 310018

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