Article(id=1149745448195371848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149745442428203486, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705939200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-23, revisedDate=1711382400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752050276087, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752050276087, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752050276087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752050276087, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149745442428203486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='141', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752050274711, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780137206, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157001011664605316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149745442428203486, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157001011664605317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149745442428203486, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=65, endPage=71, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149745448488973150, articleId=1149745448195371848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Key Technology Study for Automatic Generation of Rail Transit BIM Pipe Fittings, columnId=1152669335454658940, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Academic Discussion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper proposes an automated method for generating parametric BIM pipe fittings to tackle the complexity of urban rail transit pipelines and reduce the reliance on manual intervention for generating 3D models. The method addresses the challenge of accurately determining the start and end coordinates of pipelines due to irregularities during the drawing stage. The proposed approach employs spatial vector operations to automatically identify the types of fittings (such as elbows, tees, and crosses) required between two, three, and four pipelines based on the centerline coordinates of straight pipes. It then calculates the shape and positional parameters of these fittings by referencing standard dimension tables. The model is expressed using industry foundation classes (IFC), and the implementation leverages the C++ language to achieve the automatic generation of models. Verification of the method demonstrates significant improvements in efficiency and automation in the generation of piping models.

, correspAuthors=Xueyuan DENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Dixian YIN, Xueyuan DENG, Kun LU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149745470412600316, articleId=1149745448195371848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=轨道交通 BIM管件自动生成关键技术研究, columnId=1152669335668568445, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=学术探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决城市轨道交通管线复杂且生成管道3D模型仍依赖人机交互的问题,提出一种自动生成参数化BIM(building information modeling)管道连接件的方法。针对因绘图不规范而导致管道的起点和终点坐标无法唯一确定的问题,该方法基于直管中心线坐标,通过空间向量运算自动判断两根、三根和四根管线间应添加的弯头、三通、四通等连接件类型,然后结合标准构件尺寸表计算管件形状和位置参数。此外,利用 IFC(industry foundation classes)表达模型,使用C++语言实现模型的自动生成。经验证,该方法可显著提高管道模型生成效率和自动化程度。

, correspAuthors=邓雪原, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
邓雪原,男,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为BIM 数据标准与模型重塑方法、基于BIM 技术的建筑协同平台,
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尹地仙,女,硕士研究生,研究方向为管道三维模型的自动生成,

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名称 类型 主键 含义
id int 管线编号
name Text 管线名称
Start PointID int 管线起点坐标编号
End PointID int 管线终点坐标编号
diameter Text 管线公称通径
outer diameter Text 管线编号
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名称 类型 主键 含义
id int 管线编号
name Text 管线名称
Start PointID int 管线起点坐标编号
End PointID int 管线终点坐标编号
diameter Text 管线公称通径
outer diameter Text 管线编号
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名称 类型 主键 含义
id int 坐标编号
$x$ Text $x$ 向坐标
$y$ Text $v$ 向坐标
$z$ Text $z$ 向坐标
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名称 类型 主键 含义
id int 坐标编号
$x$ Text $x$ 向坐标
$y$ Text $v$ 向坐标
$z$ Text $z$ 向坐标
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数据表 存储信息
Point 三维坐标值
Pipe 直管属性信息
Transition 过渡件的属性信息
Elbow 弯头的属性信息
Tee 三通的属性信息
Cross 四通的属性信息
NewPipe 新建管道的属性信息
standardTransition 过渡件的标准尺寸表
standardElbow 弯头的标准尺寸表
standardTee 三通的标准尺寸表
), ArticleFig(id=1154040208241713263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149745448195371848, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=管道模型信息数据库结构设计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据表 存储信息
Point 三维坐标值
Pipe 直管属性信息
Transition 过渡件的属性信息
Elbow 弯头的属性信息
Tee 三通的属性信息
Cross 四通的属性信息
NewPipe 新建管道的属性信息
standardTransition 过渡件的标准尺寸表
standardElbow 弯头的标准尺寸表
standardTee 三通的标准尺寸表
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轨道交通 BIM管件自动生成关键技术研究
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尹地仙 1 , 邓雪原 1, 2 , 卢锟 1
都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2024,37(4): 65-71
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都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2024, 37(4): 65-71
轨道交通 BIM管件自动生成关键技术研究
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尹地仙1 , 邓雪原1, 2 , 卢锟1
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院 上海 200240
  • 2 上海交通大学 BIM 研究中心 上海 200240
  • 尹地仙,女,硕士研究生,研究方向为管道三维模型的自动生成,

通讯作者:

邓雪原,男,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为BIM 数据标准与模型重塑方法、基于BIM 技术的建筑协同平台,
Key Technology Study for Automatic Generation of Rail Transit BIM Pipe Fittings
Dixian YIN1 , Xueyuan DENG1, 2 , Kun LU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Ocean and Civil Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240
  • 2 Building Information Modeling Research Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.04.010
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为解决城市轨道交通管线复杂且生成管道3D模型仍依赖人机交互的问题,提出一种自动生成参数化BIM(building information modeling)管道连接件的方法。针对因绘图不规范而导致管道的起点和终点坐标无法唯一确定的问题,该方法基于直管中心线坐标,通过空间向量运算自动判断两根、三根和四根管线间应添加的弯头、三通、四通等连接件类型,然后结合标准构件尺寸表计算管件形状和位置参数。此外,利用 IFC(industry foundation classes)表达模型,使用C++语言实现模型的自动生成。经验证,该方法可显著提高管道模型生成效率和自动化程度。

城市轨道交通  /  管道3D模型  /  自动生成  /  管道连接件  /  IFC  /  BIM

This paper proposes an automated method for generating parametric BIM pipe fittings to tackle the complexity of urban rail transit pipelines and reduce the reliance on manual intervention for generating 3D models. The method addresses the challenge of accurately determining the start and end coordinates of pipelines due to irregularities during the drawing stage. The proposed approach employs spatial vector operations to automatically identify the types of fittings (such as elbows, tees, and crosses) required between two, three, and four pipelines based on the centerline coordinates of straight pipes. It then calculates the shape and positional parameters of these fittings by referencing standard dimension tables. The model is expressed using industry foundation classes (IFC), and the implementation leverages the C++ language to achieve the automatic generation of models. Verification of the method demonstrates significant improvements in efficiency and automation in the generation of piping models.

urban rail transit  /  pipeline 3D models  /  automatic generation  /  pipe fitting  /  IFC  /  BIM
尹地仙, 邓雪原, 卢锟. 轨道交通 BIM管件自动生成关键技术研究. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (4) : 65 -71 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.04.010
Dixian YIN, Xueyuan DENG, Kun LU. Key Technology Study for Automatic Generation of Rail Transit BIM Pipe Fittings[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (4) : 65 -71 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.04.010
随着我国城市轨道交通事业的发展, 地铁车站成为城市轨道交通的重要组成部分, 车站结构型式复杂多样。由于车站站台和站厅有大量的管线排布, 如何快速准确完成管道布置始终是轨道交通车站管线设计的重点和难点。随着 CAD (computer aided design)技术的快速发展和普及, 大部分管线信息都存储在 DWG 文件中。然而, 二维图纸无法直观地呈现管网复杂的空间关系, BIM 工程师需解析二维图纸的点、线、面进行管道三维建模, 这一过程依赖大量的人工输入和干预 [ 1 ] 。在管道三维模型中,弯头、三通和四通等连接件是管道系统的重要组成部分 [ 2 ] 。除了创建直管外, 还需考虑直管、连接件和其他组件的形状和属性特征, 以及多个元素之间复杂的相互关系。
在实际工程中, 利用点云数据和图像数据进行管道三维模型重建的方法得到了广泛应用。KAWASHIMA [ 3 ] 提出了一种基于法线的区域生长方法, 自动识别并分割直管、弯头与三通的特征信息以及管道之间的连接。 目前市场上已有多种商用软件包括 Laser Modeller、 CADWorx 和 Cyclone 等, 但这些软件非完全自动化, 设计师除了具备领域知识外, 还需要高度的专业技巧和丰富的经验 [ 4 ] 。在竣工管道的点云和图像中,通常包含连接件的骨架结构, 可以从已有模型中识别并提取数据。然而, 在设计图纸中, 只有直管的中心线坐标和管径,并不包含连接件的路径和形状参数, 这导致在建模软件中生成管道连接件时, 首先需要建立一个完整的管道系统模型, 然后利用 BIM 族库生成连接件模型, 对于复杂的连接件, 则需要根据几何形状、 尺寸和属性等参数手动创建。针对连接件模型的自动生成,黄明等 [ 5 ] 从直管、弯管和交叉管线 3 个方面介绍基于管线路径扫略、形体放样与布尔运算的管道建模方法。尹宝昌等 [ 6 ] 采用断面与体面三角剖分拟合建模方法构建弯曲管线、三通管线的三维模型。虽然目前有学者研究不同的方法实现管线三维模型的可视化, 但通常只涉及单根管线的建模, 缺乏对弯头、三通、四通等连接件类型的判断与相关参数计算方法的探究, 在管线间插入平滑拐点时, 原管线缩回一段距离,因而原管线三维坐标变化规律也应加以考虑。
此外, 轨道交通工程线路长、周期长、工程专业多, 不同专业模型的创建主要依赖特定的软件或基于 Revit 二次开发的插件。ZHAO 等 [ 7 ] 提到一些软件公司使用 Revit、Bentley、CATIA 等程序接口定制开发来实现 BIM 的半自动生成, 导致模型的数据格式存在差异,限制了信息交流。XIE 等 [ 8 ] 将重建的管道系统模型以 IFC 格式输出, 认为这是 BIM 行业中使用的平台中立格式。赖华辉等 [ 9 ] 对轨道交通项目的建筑信息模型交付标准进行研究, 旨在促进轨道交通全生命周期的信息交流与共享。
为实现轨道交通管道建设阶段的可视化管理 [ 10 ] 和数字化移交 [ 11 ] ,本文根据二维图纸中管线的坐标与直径,自动判断弯头、三通、四通等连接件的类型并计算构件参数, 生成包含参数化管道三维模型; 同时使用 IFC 表达模型, 促进各平台的信息交互和共享, 提高管道工程的数字化水平。
DWG 文件中包含了丰富的几何信息, 是管线三维建模重要的数据来源。直管分为横管和立管, 在平面图中, 横管用线段表示, 立管用圆圈表示, 导致不同管线的参数分散标注在不同的图纸中,除了平面图外, 还需要结合其他图纸获取相关参数。CAD 中的图层特性对于提供对象的基本信息至关重要, 基于图层自动识别算法可以根据图层名称、颜色、线条类型等特征对图层进行识别和分类 [ 12 ] 。本文参考 LibreDWG 开源库, 实现 DWG 文件的数据提取, 通过相应的算法匹配管线的三维坐标和管径, 为连接件类型的判断奠定基础。将最终所得的数据存入 SQLite 数据库中, 管线信息数据库实体结构如 表 1表 2 所示。
连接件在管道系统中起着关键的作用, 能够实现管道的分支、转向和尺寸调整,弯头、三通、四通和变径管是管网中最常见的连接件。从二维图纸中提取的数据不包含连接件信息, 需根据直管中心线的布局和坐标来推断连接件类型并计算相关参数。此外, 在提取管线坐标时, 因图纸的不规范导致管线的坐标缺乏规律性。两根管线交叉处可能生成弯头、三通、四通构件, 三根管线可能生成三通或四通, 四根管线交叉则生成四通构件。因此, 需讨论不同情况下连接件类型。在此之前, 将管线做分类处理, 遍历存储所有管线信息的 Pipes 数组, 将有共用端点的管线根据关联管线数量分别放入 TwoPipes、ThreePipes、FourPipes 的数组中。
假设图纸中一根管线 $a$ 的起点坐标为 $A\left({{x}_{A},{y}_{A},{z}_{A}}\right)$ , 终点坐标为 $B\left({{x}_{B},{y}_{B},{z}_{B}}\right)$ ; 另一根管线 $b$ 的起点坐标为 $C\left({{x}_{C},{y}_{C},{z}_{C}}\right)$ ,终点坐标为 $D\left({{x}_{D},{y}_{D},{z}_{D}}\right)$ 。两根管线之间可能的连接类型如 图 1 所示。
弯头的主要作用是改变原管道走向, 包括向上、 向下、向左或向右转弯。当两根管线的端点重合时, 可直接由 TwoPipes 数组中每一对管线的夹角来判断是否生成弯头。计算空间线段夹角可用几何和三角函数法, 但需投影转换、解三角、求中间参数等。相较之, 矢量代数法将每条线段视为一个矢量, 利用线段的坐标值, 运用矢量、数量积和矢量积等概念推导出通用的求解公式。
管线间的点积:
$\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot \overrightarrow{CD}= {x}_{AB}* {x}_{CD}+ {y}_{AB}* {y}_{CD}+ {z}_{AB}* {z}_{CD}$
管线的长度:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{AB}= \left|{AB}\right|= \sqrt{{x}_{AB}^{2}+ {y}_{AB}^{2}+ {z}_{AB}^{2}}\\{L}_{CD}= \left|{CD}\right|= \sqrt{{x}_{CD}^{2}+ {y}_{CD}^{2}+ {z}_{CD}^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
向量夹角: ${\theta }_{ab}= \arccos \left(\frac{\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot \overrightarrow{CD}}{{L}_{AB}* {L}_{CD}}\right)$ ,当两根管线的向量夹角 ${\theta }_{ab}$ 大于一定角度时,需要添加弯头,并将两根管线存入 PipeToElbow 的数组中, 反之不添加。
当管线 $a$ 端点不与管线 $b$ 端点重合时,基于向量间的混合积判断管线间的位置关系。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow{AB}= \left({{x}_{B}- {x}_{A},{y}_{B}- {y}_{A},{z}_{B}- {z}_{A}}\right)\\\overrightarrow{CD}= \left({{x}_{D}- {x}_{C},{y}_{D}- {y}_{C},{z}_{D}- {z}_{C}}\right)\\\overrightarrow{AC}= \left({{x}_{C}- {x}_{A},{y}_{C}- {y}_{A},{z}_{C}- {z}_{A}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
$\overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}= \overrightarrow{AB}\times \overrightarrow{CD},\overrightarrow{{u}_{2}}= \overrightarrow{AC}\times \overrightarrow{CD},\overrightarrow{{u}_{3}}= \overrightarrow{AC}\times \overrightarrow{AB}$
${t}_{1}= \frac{\overrightarrow{{u}_{2}}\cdot \overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}}{\overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}\cdot \overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}},\;{t}_{2}= \frac{\overrightarrow{{u}_{3}}\cdot \overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}}{\overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}\cdot \overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}}$
如果 $\overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}= \left({0,0,0}\right)$ 时,两根管线平行或共线,如 图 2 所示, 对管线不做处理。
$\overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}$ 不为零向量时,如果满足 ${t}_{1}< 0,{t}_{1}> 1,{t}_{2}< 0$ , ${t}_{2}> 1$ 中的任一条件,管线间没有交点; 反之,求出交点坐标 $Q\left({{x}_{Q},{y}_{Q},{z}_{Q}}\right)= A +{t}_{1}* \overrightarrow{AB}$ 。若 ${t}_{1}= 0$${t}_{1}= 1$ 且满足 $0 <{t}_{2}< 1$ ,进一步通过 $Q$ 与管线端点的距离验证管线的位置关系,管线 $a$ 满足 ${L}_{AQ}= {L}_{AB}$${L}_{BQ}= {L}_{AB}$ , ${L}_{AQ}+ {L}_{BQ}= {L}_{AB}$ ,同时 $b$ 满足 ${L}_{CQ}< {L}_{CD},{L}_{DQ}< {L}_{CD},{L}_{CQ}+$ ${L}_{DQ}= {L}_{CD}$ 时,交点坐标位于管线 $a$ 的一个端点,位于管线 $b$ 上,可确定两根管线间需生成三通构件。若 $0 <{t}_{1}$ $< 1,0 <{t}_{2}< 1$ ,且管线 $a$ 满足 ${L}_{AQ}< {L}_{AB},{L}_{BQ}< {L}_{AB},{L}_{AQ}+ {L}_{BQ}=$ ${L}_{AB}$ ,同时 $b$ 与交点的距离为 ${L}_{CQ}< {L}_{CD},{L}_{DQ}< {L}_{CD},{L}_{CQ}+$ ${L}_{DQ}= {L}_{CD}$ ,说明交点坐标不等于两根管线的任一端点, 而是位于管线上,两根管线在该点需生成四通。
三根管线相交时,可能出现的两种情况,如 图 3 (a) 所示的 $a\text{、}b\text{、}c$ 的端点重合,三根管线被存于 ThreePipes 的数组中, 可直接从该数组中取出三根管线并计算两两管线间夹角关系来判断是否生成三通构件。排除三根管线共线的情况,若 $\overrightarrow{AB}\times \overrightarrow{CD},\overrightarrow{AB}\times \overrightarrow{EF},\overrightarrow{CD}\times \overrightarrow{EF}$ 都不等于零向量时, 管线间互成一定夹角; 若其中一个为零向量而剩余两个不为零向量, 且第三根管线与共线的两根管线成一定夹角。在以上两种情况下, 三根管线满足生成三通的条件。
由三根管线生成四通构件只存在一种情况, 如 图 3(b) 所示, 两根端点重合且相关信息被存储与 TwoPipes 数组中的管线, 而另一根管线的端点与这两根管线没有关联。为了判断这种特殊情况下的四通构件, 需结合 TwoPipes 数组和原 Pipes 数组分析三者之间的关系。 首先, TwoPipes 中的两根管线不重叠, 交点坐标即为共用端点, 然后遍历 Pipes 数组中的其他管线, 若交点坐标位于 $c$ 上,即 ${L}_{EQ}< {L}_{EF},{L}_{FQ}< {L}_{EF},{L}_{EQ}+ {L}_{FQ}= {L}_{EF}$ , 且该管线与另两根管线成一定夹角, 则这三根管线交点处需要添加四通构件。与此同时, 将 PipesToElbow 中的管线 $a$$b$ 所在数组删除更新。
当管线一个端点有 3 根关联管线时, 将关联线段保存到判断四根管线间连接件的 FourPipes 数组中。 四根管线端点交于一点, 如 图 4 所示, 若有三根管道共线, 不做任何处理。同理, 处理四根管线时, 与判断三根管线间添加三通类似。计算两两管线间夹角关系来判断是否生成四通构件。
自动化几何建模最实用的方法是基于参数化的程序建模,将几何建模过程映射到程序上 [ 13 ] 。因此,确定管道间添加的连接件类型后, 计算连接件的形状和位置参数。
当判断两根管线间需添加弯头构件时, 管线的参数与交点坐标已存入相应的容器中。弯头参数计算分两部分: 一部分是关于弯头外径、弯曲角度、弯曲半径以及中心到端面距离的计算;另一部分是关于弯头的起弯点、相应直管坐标变化与弯曲中心的计算。弯头的公称直径等于与之相连的两根管道公称直径的较大值; 管线的夹角作为弯头的弯曲角度,通常为 ${90}^{\circ }$${45}^{\circ }$ ; 由公称直径和弯曲角度匹配标准弯头构件表, 确定弯头的端部外径与中心至端面的距离。
添加弯头后,直管由原 ${AB}$ 变为 $A{A}_{1},{CD}$ 变为 ${C}_{1}D$ , 弯曲角 $\alpha =\angle {A}_{1}O{C}_{1},{L}_{{A}_{1}B}$${L}_{C{C}_{1}}$ 即为中心到端面的距离, ${L}_{A{A}_{1}}= {L}_{AB}- {L}_{{A}_{1}B},{L}_{{C}_{1}D}= {L}_{CD}- {L}_{C{C}_{1}}$ ,切点 ${A}_{1}$${C}_{1}$ 也就确定了。弯头两个端面中心点对于其在空间中的位置至关重要,规定坐标轴方向向量分别为 $x =(1$ , $0,0), y =\left({0,1,0}\right), z =\left({0,0,1}\right)$ ,计算管线与坐标轴的向量叉积:
$\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow{{u}_{1x}}= \overrightarrow{AB}\times x =\left({0,{z}_{AB},- {y}_{AB}}\right)\\\overrightarrow{{u}_{1y}}= \overrightarrow{AB}\times y =\left({-{z}_{AB},0,{x}_{AB}}\right)\\\overrightarrow{{u}_{1z}}= \overrightarrow{AB}\times z =\left({{y}_{AB},- {x}_{AB},0}\right)\\\overrightarrow{{u}_{2x}}= \overrightarrow{CD}\times x =\left({0,{z}_{CD},- {y}_{CD}}\right)\\\overrightarrow{{u}_{2y}}= \overrightarrow{CD}\times y =\left({-{z}_{CD},0,{x}_{CD}}\right)\\\overrightarrow{{u}_{2z}}= \overrightarrow{CD}\times z =\left({{y}_{AB},- {x}_{AB},0}\right)\end{array}$
管线与坐标轴的向量点积:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot x ={x}_{AB},\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot y ={y}_{AB},\overrightarrow{AB}\cdot z ={z}_{AB}\\\overrightarrow{CD}\cdot x ={x}_{CD},\overrightarrow{CD}\cdot y ={y}_{CD},\overrightarrow{CD}\cdot z ={z}_{CD}\end{array}\right.$
管线与坐标轴的夹角:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\theta }_{ax}= \arccos \left(\frac{{x}_{AB}}{{L}_{AB}}\right),{\theta }_{ay}= \arccos \left(\frac{{y}_{AB}}{{L}_{AB}}\right)\\{\theta }_{az}= \arccos \left(\frac{{z}_{AB}}{{L}_{AB}}\right)\\{\theta }_{bx}= \arccos \left(\frac{{x}_{CD}}{{L}_{CD}}\right),{\theta }_{by}= \arccos \left(\frac{{y}_{CD}}{{L}_{CD}}\right)\\{\theta }_{bz}= \arccos \left(\frac{{z}_{CD}}{{L}_{CD}}\right)\end{array}\right.$
以管线 $a$ 为例,设 $Q\left({{x}_{Q},{y}_{Q},{z}_{Q}}\right)$ 位于 $B\left({{x}_{B},{y}_{B},{z}_{B}}\right)$ 上,如 图 5 所示。当管线不与坐标轴平行时, ${L}_{{A}_{1}B}$ 投影到各坐标平面为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{L}_{{A}_{1}{Bx}}= \sqrt{{\left({L}_{{A}_{1}B}* \cos \left({\theta }_{ax}\right)\right)}^{2}}\\{L}_{{A}_{1}{By}}= \sqrt{{\left({L}_{{A}_{1}B}* \cos \left({\theta }_{ay}\right)\right)}^{2}}\\{L}_{{A}_{1}{Bz}}= \sqrt{{\left({L}_{{A}_{1}B}* \cos \left({\theta }_{az}\right)\right)}^{2}}\end{array}\right.$
$a$$x$ 轴的向量点积 ${x}_{AB}\geq 0$ 时, ${A}_{1}$$x$ 坐标为 ${x}_{B}- {L}_{{A}_{1}{Bx}}$ ; 与 $y$ 轴的向量点积 ${y}_{AB}\geq 0$ 时, $y$ 坐标为 ${y}_{B}- {L}_{{A}_{1}{By}}$ ; 与 $z$ 轴的向量点积 ${z}_{AB}\geq 0$ 时, $z$ 坐标为 ${z}_{B}- {L}_{{A}_{1}{Bz}}$ 。此外,当 $\overrightarrow{{u}_{1x}}= \left({0,0,0}\right)$${x}_{AB}\geq 0, B$ 坐标变为 ${A}_{1}\left({{x}_{B}- {L}_{{A}_{1}B},{y}_{B},{z}_{B}}\right)$ ; 当 $\overrightarrow{{u}_{1y}}= \left({0,0,0}\right)$${y}_{AB}\geq 0$ , $B$ 坐标变为 ${A}_{1}\left({{x}_{B},{y}_{B}- {L}_{{A}_{1}B},{z}_{B}}\right)$ ; 当 $\overrightarrow{{u}_{1z}}= \left({0,0,0}\right)$${z}_{AB}\geq 0, B$ 坐标变为 ${A}_{1}\left({{x}_{B},{y}_{B},{z}_{B}- {L}_{{A}_{1}B}}\right)$ 。经过以上计算,直管的坐标即可变为添加弯头后的坐标。
最后,为生成参数化的弯头三维模型,还需确定弯头的弯曲中心位置, 如 图 5 所示。首先, 利用角度关系和中心到端面的距离计算弯头的弯曲半径大小 $R =\frac{{L}_{{A}_{1}B}}{\operatorname{tg}\left(\frac{\alpha }{2}\right)}$ 。然后由 $a$ 的单位法向量 $\overrightarrow{AB}$$b$ 的单位法向量 $\overrightarrow{CD}$ 以及管线间弯头所在平面的法向量 $\overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}$ ,分别求垂直于两根管线指向圆弧圆心的向量: $\overrightarrow{{N}_{1}}= \overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}\overrightarrow{AB}$ , $\overrightarrow{{N}_{2}}= \overrightarrow{{u}_{1}}\overrightarrow{CD}$ 。圆心坐标 $O$ 即可表示为: $\overrightarrow{O}= \overrightarrow{{A}_{1}}+ R\overrightarrow{{N}_{1}}$ 。 将弯头的形状参数与坐标存入 Elbow 的数据表中。
当两根管道的直径不同时, 除了添加弯头, 还需添加过渡件。过渡件的两个端口直径和长度可根据管线直径在标准异径管接头规范表中查询匹配。管线 ${C}_{1}D$ 变为 ${C}_{1}{D}_{1}+ {D}_{1}D$ 。再次修改管线坐标,并将过渡件的参数与坐标存入 Transition 的数据表中, 添加弯头和过渡件的过程如 图 6 所示。
三通连接件通常具有一个进口和两个出口, 形状类似字母 “T”,可将一个管道分成两个分支,或者将两个分支汇合为一个。四通连接件具有一个进口和三个出口,形状类似加号 “+”,用于将一个管道分成三个分支, 或者将三个分支汇合为一个。三通和四通的参数计算包括两部分: 一部分是关于坡口处的端口直径、中心至端面的距离 $\mathrm{K}$$\mathrm{M}$ ;另一部分是关于端口的中心坐标。
构件端口直径等于与之相连的管道直径, 根据标准三通构件尺寸表匹配中心到端口的距离参数。因生成三通连接件分为两根管线与三根管线这两种情况, 如 图 7 所示, 端口中心坐标的计算方法也分为两类。 当两根管道生成三通构件时,该管道会被断开为两段, ${AB}$${CD}$ 只需更新与三通端口连接处的坐标信息即可,分别为 ${O}_{1}B$$C{O}_{2}$ ,此外还需创建一个新的管道 ${O}_{3}D$ 并赋予相应的属性信息,将新建管道的参数与坐标信息存入 newPipe 的数据表中。对于三根管道生成三通构件,首先将共线的两根管线作为管线 $a$ 、管线 $b$ , 通常情况下, 共线的两根管线直径相同, 另一根管道作为管线 $c$ ,根据三通构件的空间位置更新三根管线的坐标信息。
四通构件的生成也分为两根管道、三根管道、四根管道 3 种情况, 如 图 8 所示。
最后,将连接件的参数信息存入数据库中,通过算法修改数据库中原始管线的坐标信息, 以便后续管道三维模型的生成。数据库设计如 表 3 所示。
IFC 是一种用于规范建筑信息的标准化框架, 采用 IFC 标准定义管道系统的各种构件, 包括直管和连接件, 将其集成到建筑信息模型中与其他设计软件进行数据交换。三维模型由定义形状和尺寸的几何图形、 定义空间及其关系的拓扑结构和描述其他特征的语义信息组成, 在模型的实体属性中, 关键属性为形状表达 Representation 和空间定位 ObjectPlacement, 管道模型的几何表达如 图 9 所示。
管道的几何定位属性使用 IfcObjectPlacement 描述, 其子类 IfcLocalPlacement 包括 PlacementRelTo 和 RelativePlacement, PlacementRelTo 表示实体相对于参考坐标系的位置和方向, RelativePlacement 表示实体相对另一个实体的位置和方向。IFC 标准中实体的空间位置是通过全局坐标系来定位的, 全局坐标系与 IfcSite (场地)相关联。每个实体都有一个独立的世界坐标系, 通过 IfcLocalPlacement(局部放置)确定其在全局坐标系中的位置和方向。
IfcPipeSegment 和 IfcPipeFitting 通过属性 Representation 描述实体外形, 几何形状信息由 IfcShapeRe-presentation 定义。三维几何实体由 IfcGeometricRepre-sentationItem 表示, 包括 BoundingBox、SurfaceModel 和 SolidModel, 其中, IfcSolidModel 是用来定义三维实体的标准类(见 图 10 )。因管道几何模型主要由直管段和圆弧段组成, 常用 Brep 和 SweptSolid 表示。Brep 通过拼接和组合面片来表达实体的形状和属性, 它由一组有限的面、边和顶点组成, 可以用于表示复杂的几何形状, 但层次关系较为复杂, 难以进行参数化应用, 且占用大量的存储资源。而 SweptSolid 通过定义参考轮廓并沿基线扫描创建实体, SweptSolid 的 Directrix 属性通过指定起点和终点裁剪 IfcCircle 和 IfcLine 来表示。对于三通和四通的形状, 主要使用 CSG(Constructive Solid Geometry)来表达, CSG 通过布尔运算(如并、交和差)重建复杂的三维模型, CSG 方法的数据结构较为简单, 生成速度快且修改比较容易。
本研究使用 SQLite 数据库和 Visual Studio 2019 的 C++程序实现相应的算法。以上海市某地铁站的给排水系统与某科研实验楼的建筑给排水系统为例进行实验, 根据自动提取和处理的 DWG 数据、通过算法实现连接件类型的自动判断与参数计算,使用 IFC 表达管道模型并生成大小为几百千字节的 IFC 文件, 在实验室自主研发的 NMBIM 软件中加载该给排水管道的 IFC 文件, 效果如 图 11 所示。经验证, 由原管线生成的弯头、三通、四通的数量与理论数据完全一致, 且原管线能根据添加的连接件自动调整坐标位置和长度。
本文提出了一种自动生成参数化管道连接件三维模型的方法, 为轨道交通管线的数字化转型奠定了基础。该方法相较于目前流行的管道三维模型生成方法, 具有以下优势。
1) 充分利用 CAD 图层特性提取和匹配管线信息, 根据直管中心线坐标自动判断连接件类型、计算相关参数并修改原管线坐标, 解决管道连接件需要手动或基于 BIM 族库半自动建模的问题。
2) 使用 IFC 表达管道模型促进数据交换和共享, 输出的 IFC 文件不仅生成速度快,且具有轻量化的特点。
3) 建模过程无需人工干预, 且不依赖特定的建模软件, 不仅为工程师节省了时间和人力, 也为其他领域的管道模型自动生成提供了参考方案。
  • 上海市科委课题(21DZ1204600)
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2024年第37卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.04.010
  • 接收时间:2024-01-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-23
  • 修回日期:2024-03-26
基金
上海市科委课题(21DZ1204600)
作者信息
    1 上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院 上海 200240
    2 上海交通大学 BIM 研究中心 上海 200240

通讯作者:

邓雪原,男,副教授,博士生导师,研究方向为BIM 数据标准与模型重塑方法、基于BIM 技术的建筑协同平台,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Number of
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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