Article(id=1149745447570424786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149745442428203486, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.04.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1706198400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-26, revisedDate=1713715200000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752050275937, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752050275937, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752050275937, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752050275937, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149745442428203486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='141', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752050274711, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780137206, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157001011664605316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149745442428203486, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157001011664605317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149745442428203486, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=32, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149745448212153317, articleId=1149745447570424786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Distribution of Particulate Matter in Subways and Prevention and Control Measures, columnId=1152669340382966151, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Forum of Rapid Rail Transit, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the sources and distribution patterns of PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulates (TSP) in subway stations, this study conducted particulate matter concentration tests at 11 stations along two subway lines in a city. The test areas included outdoor locations, station public areas, equipment management rooms, and corridors inside the platform end doors. The concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP in each area were measured, and elemental analysis of the outdoor and platform particulates was performed. Subsequently, the distribution patterns of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP in various areas at different outdoor concentrations were analyzed. Based on the test results, suggestions for subway particulate matter prevention and control measures were proposed. The research revealed a significant increase in iron content in particulate matter within stations compared to outdoor areas. Particulate matter containing iron in subway stations often exhibits irregular sheetlike shapes, differing from those found outdoors, indicating that railwheel friction is the source of these particulates. When outdoor particulate matter concentration levels were low, the distribution patterns of particles of various sizes were similar, generally exhibiting higher concentrations in the tunnels than in the stations and outdoors. However, when outdoor particulate matter concentration levels were high, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were higher in tunnels than in outdoor areas and stations. Regardless of outdoor particulate matter concentration, TSP concentrations in public areas and carriages were consistently higher than outdoors. These findings provide valuable insights for developing effective particulate matter prevention and control measures in subway systems.

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为了研究地铁车站 PM2.5、PM10以及总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulates, TSP)产生源及其分布规律,首先针对某市2条地铁线路共11座车站进行颗粒物浓度检测,测试区域包括室外、车站公共区、设备管理用房区和站台端门内走廊,测试各区域 PM2.5、PM10、TSP 颗粒物浓度并对室外和站台颗粒物进行元素分析,然后分别对各区域 PM2.5、PM10、TSP 颗粒物在室外不同浓度水平情况下分布情况进行分析,最后基于检测结果给出地铁颗粒物防治措施的相关建议。研究结果表明:站内颗粒物成分组成中的铁元素较室外大幅增加,地铁站内含铁颗粒物多呈现片状不规则形,与室外不同,说明颗粒物产生原因为轮轨摩擦;在室外颗粒物浓度水平较低时,各粒径颗粒物分布情况相近,整体呈现隧道內颗粒物浓度>站內>室外的情况;当室外颗粒物浓度水平较高时,PM2.5和PM10整体呈现隧道内颗粒物浓度>室外>站內的情况,而无论室外颗粒物浓度高或低,公共区和车厢 TSP 浓度均呈现高于室外的情况。

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孟鑫,男,本科,正高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通环境控制、防灾、节能等方面的研究工作,

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孟鑫,男,本科,正高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通环境控制、防灾、节能等方面的研究工作,

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孟鑫,男,本科,正高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通环境控制、防灾、节能等方面的研究工作,

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地铁颗粒物分布情况及防治措施
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孟鑫 , 毛海和 , 孙云祥 , 张意祥 , 王鲁平 , 吴伟
都市快轨交通 | 快轨论坛 2024,37(4): 32-37
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都市快轨交通 | 快轨论坛 2024, 37(4): 32-37
地铁颗粒物分布情况及防治措施
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孟鑫 , 毛海和, 孙云祥, 张意祥, 王鲁平, 吴伟
作者信息
  • 北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司 北京 100037
  • 孟鑫,男,本科,正高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通环境控制、防灾、节能等方面的研究工作,

Distribution of Particulate Matter in Subways and Prevention and Control Measures
Xin MENG , Haihe MAO, Yunxiang SUN, Yixiang ZHANG, Luping WANG, Wei WU
Affiliations
  • Beijing Urban Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd. Beijing 100037
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.04.005
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为了研究地铁车站 PM2.5、PM10以及总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulates, TSP)产生源及其分布规律,首先针对某市2条地铁线路共11座车站进行颗粒物浓度检测,测试区域包括室外、车站公共区、设备管理用房区和站台端门内走廊,测试各区域 PM2.5、PM10、TSP 颗粒物浓度并对室外和站台颗粒物进行元素分析,然后分别对各区域 PM2.5、PM10、TSP 颗粒物在室外不同浓度水平情况下分布情况进行分析,最后基于检测结果给出地铁颗粒物防治措施的相关建议。研究结果表明:站内颗粒物成分组成中的铁元素较室外大幅增加,地铁站内含铁颗粒物多呈现片状不规则形,与室外不同,说明颗粒物产生原因为轮轨摩擦;在室外颗粒物浓度水平较低时,各粒径颗粒物分布情况相近,整体呈现隧道內颗粒物浓度>站內>室外的情况;当室外颗粒物浓度水平较高时,PM2.5和PM10整体呈现隧道内颗粒物浓度>室外>站內的情况,而无论室外颗粒物浓度高或低,公共区和车厢 TSP 浓度均呈现高于室外的情况。

PM2.5  /  PM10  /  TSP  /  地铁  /  颗粒物分布

To investigate the sources and distribution patterns of PM2.5, PM10, and total suspended particulates (TSP) in subway stations, this study conducted particulate matter concentration tests at 11 stations along two subway lines in a city. The test areas included outdoor locations, station public areas, equipment management rooms, and corridors inside the platform end doors. The concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP in each area were measured, and elemental analysis of the outdoor and platform particulates was performed. Subsequently, the distribution patterns of PM2.5, PM10, and TSP in various areas at different outdoor concentrations were analyzed. Based on the test results, suggestions for subway particulate matter prevention and control measures were proposed. The research revealed a significant increase in iron content in particulate matter within stations compared to outdoor areas. Particulate matter containing iron in subway stations often exhibits irregular sheetlike shapes, differing from those found outdoors, indicating that railwheel friction is the source of these particulates. When outdoor particulate matter concentration levels were low, the distribution patterns of particles of various sizes were similar, generally exhibiting higher concentrations in the tunnels than in the stations and outdoors. However, when outdoor particulate matter concentration levels were high, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were higher in tunnels than in outdoor areas and stations. Regardless of outdoor particulate matter concentration, TSP concentrations in public areas and carriages were consistently higher than outdoors. These findings provide valuable insights for developing effective particulate matter prevention and control measures in subway systems.

PM2.5  /  PM10  /  TSP  /  subway  /  particle distribution
孟鑫, 毛海和, 孙云祥, 张意祥, 王鲁平, 吴伟. 地铁颗粒物分布情况及防治措施. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (4) : 32 -37 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.04.005
Xin MENG, Haihe MAO, Yunxiang SUN, Yixiang ZHANG, Luping WANG, Wei WU. Distribution of Particulate Matter in Subways and Prevention and Control Measures[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (4) : 32 -37 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.04.005
地铁颗粒物分布情况及防治措施
孟 鑫,毛海和,孙云祥,张意祥,王鲁平,吴 伟
(北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司, 北京 100037)
摘 要: 为了研究地铁车站 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 以及总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulates, TSP)产生源及其分布规律, 首先针对某市 2 条地铁线路共 11 座车站进行颗粒物浓度检测, 测试区域包括室外、车站公共区、设备管理用房区和站台端门内走廊,测试各区域 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}\text{、}{\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}\text{、}\mathrm{{TSP}}$ 颗粒物浓度并对室外和站台颗粒物进行元素分析,然后分别对各区域 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}\text{、}{\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}\text{、}\mathrm{{TSP}}$ 颗粒物在室外不同浓度水平情况下分布情况进行分析,最后基于检测结果给出地铁颗粒物防治措施的相关建议。研究结果表明:站内颗粒物成分组成中的铁元素较室外大幅增加,地铁站内含铁颗粒物多呈现片状不规则形,与室外不同,说明颗粒物产生原因为轮轨摩擦;在室外颗粒物浓度水平较低时,各粒径颗粒物分布情况相近,整体呈现隧道内颗粒物浓度>站内>室外的情况;当室外颗粒物浓度水平较高时, ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 整体呈现隧道内颗粒物浓度 $>$ 室外 $>$ 站内的情况,而无论室外颗粒物浓度高或低,公共区和车厢 TSP 浓度均呈现高于室外的情况。
关键词: ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5};{\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ ;TSP; 地铁;颗粒物分布
中图分类号: U231 文献标志码: A 文章编号:1672-6073(2024)04-0032-06
MENG Xin, MAO Haihe, SUN Yunxiang, ZHANG Yixiang, WANG Luping, WU Wei
(Beijing Urban Engineering Design & Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100037)
Abstract: To investigate the sources and distribution patterns of ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5},{\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ , and total suspended particulates (TSP) in subway stations, this study conducted particulate matter concentration tests at 11 stations along two subway lines in a city. The test areas included outdoor locations, station public areas, equipment management rooms, and corridors inside the platform end doors. The concentrations of ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5},{\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ , and TSP in each area were measured, and elemental analysis of the outdoor and platform particulates was performed. Subsequently, the distribution patterns of ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5},{\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ , and TSP in various areas at different outdoor concentrations were analyzed. Based on the test results, suggestions for subway particulate matter prevention and control measures were proposed. The research revealed a significant increase in iron content in particulate matter within stations compared to outdoor areas. Particulate matter containing iron in subway stations often exhibits irregular sheet-like shapes, differing from those found outdoors, indicating that rail-wheel friction is the source of these particulates. When outdoor particulate matter concentration levels were low, the distribution patterns of particles of various sizes were similar, generally exhibiting higher concentrations in the tunnels than in the stations and outdoors. However, when outdoor particulate matter concentration levels were high, ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ and ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ concentrations were higher in tunnels than in outdoor areas and stations. Regardless of outdoor particulate matter concentration, TSP concentrations in public areas and carriages were consistently higher than outdoors. These findings provide valuable insights for developing effective particulate matter prevention and control measures in subway systems.
截至 2023 年底,中国大陆地区有 59 座城市共开通城市轨道交通运营线路 338 条,线路总长度 11232.65 km。 其中地铁运营线路 ${8547.67}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,占比 ${76.1}\%$ ,累积投入运营车站总计 6404 座 [ 1 ] 。地铁已经成为人们出行的主要交通方式之一。根据相关研究报告 [ 2 ] ,人们在一线城市如北京, 地铁内部(含车站和隧道)的平均停留时间显著增加,通勤平均时长高达 48 min。且地铁车站中地下线占比高达 78.48% [ 1 ] 。颗粒物浓度作为评价空气质量的重要参数之一, 近年来, 已愈发受到重视。 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ (粒径在 ${10\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 以下的颗粒物)可对人体呼吸道造成影响, ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ (粒径在 ${2.5\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 以下的颗粒物)可以进入人体血液循环。除此之外粒径在 ${100\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 以下的总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulates, TSP)也会成为有害物质的载体, 因其不易沉降, 极易导致病毒传播 [ 3 - 5 ] 。近年来,国内外学者对地铁车站公共区颗粒物浓度进行了测试, 结果表明, 大部分地铁车站公共区 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 浓度水平高于室外,主要影响因素包括室外颗粒物浓度、车站形式等 [ 6 - 7 ] 。也有研究发现站台 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 浓度高于站厅和列车车厢,站台靠近隧道侧颗粒物浓度高于站台中心, 推测颗粒物源于轮轨摩擦 [ 8 - 9 ] ,部分研究认为颗粒物来源于活塞风对风井和隧道壁的侵蚀 [ 10 ]
总结国内外地铁车站颗粒物研究情况, 目前测试对象多针对 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 浓度,缺少对粒径大于 ${10\mu }\mathrm{m}$ 颗粒物的测试, 对颗粒物产生源头也有一定分歧, 且研究对象多为车站公共区和车厢, 缺少对车站工作区内部测试。而地铁车站设备管理用房,长期有工作人员停留且有大量设备运行, 房间内仅靠空调系统进行通风换气。因此有必要了解颗粒物产生源以及车站公共区和设备管理用房区 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}\text{、}{\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 及 TSP 分布特点, 并提出相应解决措施。本文对某市地铁车站公共区和设备管理用房区进行颗粒物浓度测试并对颗粒物进行采集, 分析其元素组成与物理特点。提出地铁站内颗粒物净化措施建议, 为地铁车站空气净化系统设计和改造提供参考。
2021 年 3 月 18-4 月 8 日,针对国内夏热冬冷地区某城市的两条地铁线路进行了颗粒物浓度测试, 并分析现场颗粒物浓度分布状况。
本次测试地铁车站均设置了屏蔽门(全封闭站台门),分别在早高峰(7:30-9:00)、下午平峰(13:30- 15:00)、晚高峰 进行车站颗粒物 、 、 浓度测试,测试的车站分别为区、设备用房(综合监控设备室)、管理人员用房(车控室)、车厢、风道、站台走廊。
测试主要分为颗粒物浓度测试和采样测试。其中, 颗粒物浓度测试使用 $\mathrm{{PC}}- 6\mathrm{\;A}$ 手持式粉尘浓度监测仪, 分别在 3 个测试时段对车站各测试区域测试一次。每个车站测试时长为 $1\mathrm{\;d}$ ,共测试 ${11}\mathrm{\;d}$ 。对 $3\#$ 车站站台层进行逐时颗粒物浓度变化情况测试, 每个测试时段内进行连续 $1\mathrm{\;h}$ 测试,共测试 $1\mathrm{\;d}$ 。仪器测量量程为 ${0.001}\sim {10.0}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,检测灵敏度为 ${0.001}\mathrm{{mg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,采样时间为 $1 \sim {3600}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,测试时间间隔设定为 $1\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 。颗粒物采样测试采用 TSP 粉尘颗粒物采样仪(崂应 120F TSP/ ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}/{\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 中流量采样仪)。为减少测试对运营的影响,本次测试选取 4 座车站 $\mathrm{A}$ 线路 $\left({7\#,{10}\#}\right)$$\mathrm{B}$ 线路(1#,2#),在平峰期(9:00-14:00)对被测车站室外及站台区域进行颗粒物持续采样。仪器采样流量 ${120}\mathrm{\;L}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ; 分辨率为 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;L}/\mathrm{{min}}$ ;准确度为 $\leq \pm {2.5}\%$ ,单次采样时间为 $5\mathrm{\;h}$ 。每个车站测试 $1\mathrm{\;d}$ ,共 $4\mathrm{\;d}$ 。测试前仪器均进行过校准。通过对采集颗粒物进行外观特点观测及化验得到元素组成, 分析颗粒物来源。
本次测试采用颗粒物采样器和滤膜收集地铁站空气中的颗粒物,单次采样时间为 $5\mathrm{\;h}$ ,采样结束后将附着有颗粒物的滤纸封存并称重,如 图 1 所示。
化验分析地铁车站站台层公共区颗粒物, 并对比室外和站台区域颗粒物元素组成。室外和站台颗粒物化验样品及能谱分析测点位置如 图 2 所示, 测点位置能谱分析如 图 3 所示。
通过对比室外和站台颗粒物主要元素组成可知: 在室外环境能谱分析检测中并未发现铁元素的存在, 而在站台环境能谱分析检测中却发现大量铁元素的存在, 因此铁元素在站内一定存在产生源; 无论站台还是室外空气中的 $\mathrm{C},\mathrm{O},\mathrm{{Si}},\mathrm{{Na}},\mathrm{S},\mathrm{K},\mathrm{{Ca}}$ 元素都具备一定的丰富度, 出现这种情况是因为地壳元素的丰富度所导致。站台空气中铁元素过多可能是列车进站时活塞风效应导致隧道内铁元素随着空气进入站台。
使用电子显微镜观察不同位置颗粒物的微观形态可知, 室外颗粒物的形态结构以团状、球状、块状为主,且结构体的表面多处于平滑状态。
站台颗粒物形态有絮状、块状、片状。与室外不同的是片状的颗粒物边缘不规则, 表面多光滑。室外和地铁站台颗粒物的微观形态如 图 4 所示。
观测结果表明, 站台颗粒物主要产生于站内, 是由摩擦产生。如列车车轮和轨道的摩擦、列车受电弓和接触网的摩擦、列车刹车片和轮毂的摩擦。金属颗粒物多呈片状不规则形,也说明其源于机械摩擦。
在 2021 年 3 月 18-3 月 31 日,对 11 个车站各区域 3 个时间段 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 、TSP 浓度进行了测试, 将各时段颗粒物质量浓度取平均值得到各站各区域颗粒物浓度如 图 5 所示。 图 5(a) 为各被测车站 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度分布情况。测试期间,室外 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度在 ${120}\sim {180\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 范围内, B 线路 ( $1\#\sim 5\#$ 车站) 室外 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度相对较低,最低为 ${113\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,最高为 ${115\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ;A 线路 $\left({6\#\sim {11}\text{# 年站 }}\right)$ 室外 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度相对较高,最低为 ${156\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,最高可达 ${180\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
当室外颗粒物 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度较低时 (1#-5#车站), ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度普遍呈现进站端站台走廊(平均质量浓度 ${256\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )远高于站台 (平均质量浓度 ${174\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ), 站台高于车厢(平均质量浓度 ${139\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),车厢高于室外(平均质量浓度 ${115\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),室外略高于站厅(平均质量浓度 ${111\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),站厅高于设备用房即综合监控设备室(平均质量浓度 ${91\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),设备用房高于管理用房即车控室(平均质量浓度 ${77\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )的情况。
以上结果表明, 隧道内有颗粒物产生源, 列车进出站时, 活塞风将颗粒物带入站台。车厢虽然在隧道内, 但其空调系统带过滤装置, 因此内部颗粒物浓度低于站台。公共区站厅层受活塞风影响较小且公共区空调系统带初效过滤装置,因此颗粒物浓度低于室外。 设备管理用房受活塞风影响小, 且设备用房空调系统带初效过滤装置, 管理人员用房空调系统带中效过滤装置,因此其颗粒物浓度最低。
当室外颗粒物 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 浓度水平较高时( 6 #-11 #车站), ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 浓度普遍呈现进站端站台走廊(平均浓度 ${261\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )远高于室外 (平均浓度 ${168\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),室外高于站台(平均浓度 ${163\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),站台高于站厅(平均浓度 ${158\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),站厅高于车厢 (平均浓度 ${143\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),车厢高于设备用房(平均浓度 ${87\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),设备用房高于管理用房(平均浓度 ${80\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )的情况。
因为车站公共区仅通过出入口和通风空调系统与外界相通, 当室外颗粒物浓度较高时, 车站可以起到一定的阻隔作用, 使得公共区颗粒物浓度低于室外。
图 5(b) 为各被测车站 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 浓度分布情况,测试期间,室外 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 浓度在 ${193}\sim {309\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 范围内, $\mathrm{B}$ 线路室外 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 浓度相对较低,最低为 ${193\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,最高为 ${208\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ; A 线路室外 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 浓度相对较高,最低为 ${229\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,最高可达 ${309\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
当室外 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 质量浓度较低时 (1#-5#车站), ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 质量浓度普遍呈现进站端站台走廊(平均质量浓度 ${445\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )远高于站台,站台高于站厅(平均质量浓度 ${217\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),站厅高于车厢 (平均质量浓度 ${209\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ), 车厢高于室外(平均质量浓度 ${202\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),室外高于设备用房(平均质量浓度 ${118\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),设备用房高于管理用房(平均质量浓度 ${105\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )。
当室外颗粒物 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 质量浓度较高时 ( 6 #-11 # 车站 ), ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 质量浓度普遍呈现进站端站台走廊(平均质量浓度 ${392\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )远高于站台(平均质量浓度 ${290\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),站台高于车厢(平均质量浓度 ${287\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),车厢高于室外(平均质量浓度 ${271\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),室外高于站厅(平均质量浓度 ${241\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),站厅高于设备用房(平均质量浓度 ${116\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ), 设备用房高于管理用房(平均质量浓度 ${109\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )。
分析 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 质量浓度分布情况可知,在室外颗粒物质量浓度水平较低时, 整体均呈现隧道内空气颗粒物质量浓度高于车站公共区颗粒物质量浓度, 高于室外颗粒物质量浓度, 高于设备管理用房颗粒物质量浓度的情况。在室外颗粒物质量浓度水平较高时, 整体呈现隧道内空气颗粒物质量浓度>室外颗粒物质量浓度>公共区颗粒物质量浓度>设备管理人员用房区颗粒物质量浓度的情况。
图 5(c) 为各被测车站 TSP 质量浓度分布情况, 测试期间,室外 TSP 质量浓度在 ${237}\sim {348\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 范围内, $\mathrm{B}$ 线路室外 TSP 质量浓度相对较低,最低为 ${237\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ , 最高为 ${270\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ; A 线路室外 TSP 质量浓度相对较高最低为 ${262\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,最高可达 ${348\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
当室外 TSP 质量浓度较低时 (1#-5#车站), TSP 质量浓度普遍呈现进站端站台走廊(平均质量浓度 ${531\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )远高于站台(平均质量浓度 ${340\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),站台高于站厅(平均质量浓度 ${283\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),站厅高于车厢 (平均质量浓度 ${270\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),车厢高于室外(平均质量浓度 ${262\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),室外高于设备管理用房(平均质量浓度 ${217\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )的情况。
当室外 TSP 质量浓度较高时(6#-11#车站), TSP 质量浓度普遍呈现进站端站台走廊(平均质量浓度 ${479\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )远高于车厢 (平均质量浓度 ${346\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),车厢高于站台(平均质量浓度 ${329\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),站台高于站厅 (平均质量浓度 ${311\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),站厅高于室外(平均质量浓度 ${303\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ),室外高于设备管理用房(平均质量浓度 ${217\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )的情况。
对比 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 与 TSP 质量浓度分布规律,在室外颗粒物质量浓度水平较低时, 各粒径颗粒物分布情况相近。但当室外颗粒物质量浓度水平较高时, 车站公共区和车厢内 TSP 质量浓度仍然高于室外。在室外浓度水平较高和较低情况下, 公共区和车厢 TSP 质量浓度在各区域均呈现相对较高的情况。
在 2021 年 4 月 8 日,对 3 #车站各时段站台层 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 质量浓度进行了测试,测试结果如 图 6 所示。 图 6(a) 为各时段站台层 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 质量浓度变化情况。可以看出,早晚高峰 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度在 ${188}\sim$ ${300\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3},{\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 质量浓度在 ${218}\sim {392\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 范围内大幅波动,平峰期 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度在 ${141}\sim {186\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 范围内波动, ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 质量浓度在 ${123}\sim {218\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 范围内波动。 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 质量浓度呈周期变换且早晚高峰期颗粒物质量浓度明显高于平峰期。出现这种情况的原因是早晚高峰期行车对数较高, 列车进出站时进入站台的隧道内空气更多, 导致高峰期站台颗粒物质量浓度较高的情况出现。
图 6(b) 为早高峰一个车辆进出周期,站台 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度变化情况, 对应 图 6(a) 中红圈内数据。受列车带入站台隧道活塞风影响,列车进站站台 ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度由 ${268\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 逐渐增大,当开门时,站台与隧道完全连通, ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度达到最高 ${293\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 。随后, 由于车站空调系统送入新风以及停车后活塞风量快速降低, ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度逐渐降低,关门时,浓度最低降至 ${281\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 。列车出站时,再次受到隧道活塞风影响, ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度短暂升高至 ${295\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 后,受出入口进入活塞风影响, ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$ 质量浓度迅速降低,至完全驶出时,降低至 ${278\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
图 7 为不同室外 TSP 质量浓度情况下, 各区域 TSP 浓度变化情况。由 图 7 可知, 站台整体 TSP 质量浓度与室外 TSP 质量浓度呈一定正相关关系, 室外浓度升高时, 各区域浓度水平也随之升高。站台 TSP 质量浓度基本呈现站台一站厅一设备管理区逐级递减的情况。站台 TSP 质量浓度(平均质量浓度 ${259\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )显著高于站台其他区域。设备管理区内 TSP 质量浓度 (平均质量浓度 ${202\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )波动较小且均低于站厅(平均质量浓度 ${235\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )和室外 (平均质量浓度 ${208\mu }\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ )。
当站内颗粒物浓度超过规范限值时, 需要分别在污染源、空调系统设备以及公共区采取净化策略降低站内颗粒物质量浓度。
根据颗粒物元素组成及外观形态分析, 隧道存在颗粒物的产生源, 应在源头限制颗粒物的传播。建议定期清洗区间隧道、在车站土建风道涂刷防尘涂料、加强车站屏蔽门的气密性、适当开启车站轨行区排风机等措施, 降低进入车站公共区的隧道空气颗粒物浓度。
根据测试结果, 当室外颗粒物浓度高时, 存在室外颗粒物浓度高于公共区颗粒物浓度的情况。此时建议不采用机械排风出入口自然进风的单风机模式, 避免室外空气直接经出入口进入站台。
根据对各区域颗粒物分布情况的研究可知, 站台颗粒物浓度分布基本呈现站台>站厅>设备管理用房区的情况。因此建议空调系统只承担降温除湿功能, 在车站公共区根据具体情况设置独立的空气净化装置, 实现颗粒物按需就地处理。
根据颗粒物元素组成分析结果, 室外环境能谱分析检测中并未发现铁元素的存在, 而站台环境能谱分析检测中却发现大量铁元素的存在。因此结合颗粒物元素组成特点, 建议过滤器加入磁性材料作为滤料提高过滤效率。根据对各区域颗粒物浓度的测试可知, 无论室外颗粒物浓度处于高浓度还是低浓度状态, 站台层颗粒物浓度受区间隧道影响, 长期处于较高浓度状态, 在此情况下, 公共区空调机组过滤器易出现堵塞影响过滤效率的情况。因此, 建议加强空调系统过滤器清洗效果、研发自动清洗过滤器; 提高过滤器容尘量,保证过滤效率的同时减少运营人员工作量。
1) 实测结果表明, 当室外颗粒物浓度水平较高时, ${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{2.5}$${\mathrm{{PM}}}_{10}$ 整体呈现隧道内颗粒物浓度>室外>站内, 而各区域公共区和车厢 TSP 浓度在各区域均呈现高于室外的情况。
2) 地铁车站早晚高峰期站内颗粒物浓度高于平峰期。列车进站时, 站内颗粒物浓度迅速上升; 列车离站时, 站内颗粒物浓度显著下降, 站台颗粒物浓度受活塞风影响显著。
3) 站台颗粒物成分组成中, 铁元素较室外大幅增加, 地铁站台颗粒物与室外不同, 多呈现片状不规则形, 说明颗粒物产生源在隧道内, 产生原因为轮轨摩擦。
4) 根据现场颗粒物浓度分布情况, 提出控制污染源、优化通风空调系统控制策略和末端形式、新型过滤器开发与应用的污染源防治措施。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC0705000)
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2024年第37卷第4期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.04.005
  • 接收时间:2024-01-26
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-26
  • 修回日期:2024-04-22
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国家重点研发计划项目(2018YFC0705000)
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    北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司 北京 100037
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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