Article(id=1149744617509269729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697990400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-23, revisedDate=1702483200000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752050078035, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752050078035, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752050078035, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752050078035, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149744590489568247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='145', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752050071594, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780157843, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157001098214068362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157001098214068363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149744617869979892, articleId=1149744617509269729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Simulation Calculation of Energy Consumption Based on Multiple Models of Train Operation, columnId=1154040217725031287, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Green·Smart Album, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The operating mileage and total energy consumption of urban rail transit systems are constantly increasing. To accurately calculate energy consumption, the actual trainside energy consumption formula that considers dynamic motor efficiency and an energy consumption simulation and calculation model based on the singleand multiplemasspoint models of train operation are constructed in this study. First, the energy flow process of the train traction drive system was studied, and the relationship between the efficiency of each component and the train operation state was established. Second, the actual train energy consumption calculation based on electric power was deduced according to the twotable method by combining the efficiency conversion of each component. The factors affecting energy consumption were comprehensively analyzed, and an energy consumption simulation and calculation method considering singleand multimasspoint train models was proposed. Finally, taking the four stations and three intervals of a regional line in China as an example, the results show that the operation energy consumption under either the singleor the multiplemasspoint train operation model achieves a deviation of less than 5% compared with the actual energy consumption, which verifies the accuracy of the proposed energy consumption model. In addition, the operational energy consumption of the multimass model was further reduced by a 1.66% deviation from that of the singlemass model. The proposed model provides theoretical support for the optimization of train energy savings and actively contributes to the development strategy of China's green economy.

, correspAuthors=Qinsheng LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Qinsheng LIU, Yalan CHEN, Xin WAN, Minxue FU, Dian YI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149744635360227382, articleId=1149744617509269729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=基于列车运行多模型的能耗仿真计算, columnId=1154040217863443320, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=绿色·智慧专论, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对目前城市轨道交通系统能耗剧增导致能耗计算量大、计算不够精准的问题,通过考虑电机动态效率,精确计算实际列车侧能耗,并构建基于列车运行单质点和多质点模型的能耗仿真计算模型。首先分析列车牵引传动系统的能量流动过程,建立各部件效率与列车运行状态的关系。然后,结合各部件效率转换,依据两表法推导基于电功率的实际列车能耗计算公式,综合分析影响能耗的因素,进一步提出考虑单质点和多质点列车模型的能耗仿真计算方法。最后,以国内某市域线路的四站三区间为例,验证本文所提能耗模型的准确性。研究结果表明:无论是单质点还是多质点列车运行模型下的运行能耗,与实际运行能耗相比,均能实现5%以内的偏差;在单质点模型的基础上,多质点模型的运行能耗进一步减小了1.66%的偏差。本文所提模型可以为列车节能优化提供理论支撑,助力我国绿色经济发展。

, correspAuthors=刘钦生, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=HAZzfmNbkERzckfhmWm10A==, magXml=QS60r43ENjoFQO/UfpzpFg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=jjNoRMzGA82jfBuZ5caHYQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=105hDsJ3I0gK5nwJoKoi3w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘钦生,男,本科,工程师,主要从事轨道交通牵引系统设计研究,

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figureFileBig=hjTowS75iypgvUkSlSgwFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040330463732643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744617509269729, language=CN, label=图 7, caption=AW0 与 AW2 模式下 C 站一D 站多模型列车运行能耗, figureFileSmall=zoQ73NGeh1hsNSDfqz4HQA==, figureFileBig=hjTowS75iypgvUkSlSgwFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040330522452902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744617509269729, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Simulation calculation parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 名称 数值 单位
列车总长度 $l$ 186.8 m
列车质量 $M$ 362 228.8 $\mathrm{{kg}}$
列车轮径 $d$ 0.86 m
列车齿轮传动比 ${i}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 4.947 -
基本阻力参数常数项 $a$ 8.4 -
基本阻力参数一次项 $b$ 0.1071 -
基本阻力参数二次项 $C$ 0.004 72 -
牵引变压器效率 ${\eta }_{1}$ 0.95 -
牵引变流器效率 ${\eta }_{2}$ 0.98 -
齿轮箱效率 ${\eta }_{4}$ 0.97 -
), ArticleFig(id=1154040330606338985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744617509269729, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=仿真计算参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型 名称 数值 单位
列车总长度 $l$ 186.8 m
列车质量 $M$ 362 228.8 $\mathrm{{kg}}$
列车轮径 $d$ 0.86 m
列车齿轮传动比 ${i}_{\mathrm{g}}$ 4.947 -
基本阻力参数常数项 $a$ 8.4 -
基本阻力参数一次项 $b$ 0.1071 -
基本阻力参数二次项 $C$ 0.004 72 -
牵引变压器效率 ${\eta }_{1}$ 0.95 -
牵引变流器效率 ${\eta }_{2}$ 0.98 -
齿轮箱效率 ${\eta }_{4}$ 0.97 -
), ArticleFig(id=1154040330660864939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744617509269729, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of energy consumption calculation results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站间 列车能耗 网络实 际值/ kWh 单质 点模型/ kWh 单质点与 网络值 偏差1% 多质点 模型/ kWh 多质点 与网络值 偏差1%
A 站- B 站 牵引能耗 86.317 86.813 0.57 86.365 0.06
再生能量 38.792 39.052 0.67 38.971 0.46
运行能耗 47.525 47.761 0.50 47.394 -0.28
B 站- C 站 牵引能耗 138.001 135.756 -1.63 137.370 -0.46
再生能量 48.660 50.323 3.42 50.454 3.69
运行能耗 89.341 85.433 -4.37 86.916 -2.71
), ArticleFig(id=1154040330723779502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744617509269729, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=能耗计算结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
站间 列车能耗 网络实 际值/ kWh 单质 点模型/ kWh 单质点与 网络值 偏差1% 多质点 模型/ kWh 多质点 与网络值 偏差1%
A 站- B 站 牵引能耗 86.317 86.813 0.57 86.365 0.06
再生能量 38.792 39.052 0.67 38.971 0.46
运行能耗 47.525 47.761 0.50 47.394 -0.28
B 站- C 站 牵引能耗 138.001 135.756 -1.63 137.370 -0.46
再生能量 48.660 50.323 3.42 50.454 3.69
运行能耗 89.341 85.433 -4.37 86.916 -2.71
), ArticleFig(id=1154040330824442801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744617509269729, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of energy consumption calculation results for AW0 mode from stations $\mathbf{C}$ to $\mathbf{D}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
列车能耗 网络 实际值/ kWh 单质点 模型/ kWh 单质点与 网络值 偏差1% 多质点 模型/ kWh 多质点与 网络值 偏差1%
牵引能耗 86.751 86.479 -0.31 86.729 -0.03
再生能量 64.632 63.854 -1.20 64.366 -0.41
运行能耗 22.119 22.625 2.29 22.363 1.10
), ArticleFig(id=1154040330883163059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744617509269729, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=C 站-D 站 AW0 模式的能耗计算结果对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
列车能耗 网络 实际值/ kWh 单质点 模型/ kWh 单质点与 网络值 偏差1% 多质点 模型/ kWh 多质点与 网络值 偏差1%
牵引能耗 86.751 86.479 -0.31 86.729 -0.03
再生能量 64.632 63.854 -1.20 64.366 -0.41
运行能耗 22.119 22.625 2.29 22.363 1.10
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基于列车运行多模型的能耗仿真计算
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刘钦生 1 , 陈雅岚 2 , 万欣 2 , 付敏雪 2 , 仪点 2
都市快轨交通 | 绿色·智慧专论 2024,37(2): 46-53
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都市快轨交通 | 绿色·智慧专论 2024, 37(2): 46-53
基于列车运行多模型的能耗仿真计算
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刘钦生1 , 陈雅岚2, 万欣2, 付敏雪2, 仪点2
作者信息
  • 1 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司 山东青岛 266111
  • 2 北京交通大学 电子信息工程学院 北京 100044
  • 刘钦生,男,本科,工程师,主要从事轨道交通牵引系统设计研究,

Simulation Calculation of Energy Consumption Based on Multiple Models of Train Operation
Qinsheng LIU1 , Yalan CHEN2, Xin WAN2, Minxue FU2, Dian YI2
Affiliations
  • 1 CRRC Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. Qingdao Shandong 266111
  • 2 The School of Electronic and Information Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.007
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针对目前城市轨道交通系统能耗剧增导致能耗计算量大、计算不够精准的问题,通过考虑电机动态效率,精确计算实际列车侧能耗,并构建基于列车运行单质点和多质点模型的能耗仿真计算模型。首先分析列车牵引传动系统的能量流动过程,建立各部件效率与列车运行状态的关系。然后,结合各部件效率转换,依据两表法推导基于电功率的实际列车能耗计算公式,综合分析影响能耗的因素,进一步提出考虑单质点和多质点列车模型的能耗仿真计算方法。最后,以国内某市域线路的四站三区间为例,验证本文所提能耗模型的准确性。研究结果表明:无论是单质点还是多质点列车运行模型下的运行能耗,与实际运行能耗相比,均能实现5%以内的偏差;在单质点模型的基础上,多质点模型的运行能耗进一步减小了1.66%的偏差。本文所提模型可以为列车节能优化提供理论支撑,助力我国绿色经济发展。

市域铁路  /  列车运行模型  /  列车运行能耗  /  电机动态效率  /  单质点列车模型  /  多质点列车模型

The operating mileage and total energy consumption of urban rail transit systems are constantly increasing. To accurately calculate energy consumption, the actual trainside energy consumption formula that considers dynamic motor efficiency and an energy consumption simulation and calculation model based on the singleand multiplemasspoint models of train operation are constructed in this study. First, the energy flow process of the train traction drive system was studied, and the relationship between the efficiency of each component and the train operation state was established. Second, the actual train energy consumption calculation based on electric power was deduced according to the twotable method by combining the efficiency conversion of each component. The factors affecting energy consumption were comprehensively analyzed, and an energy consumption simulation and calculation method considering singleand multimasspoint train models was proposed. Finally, taking the four stations and three intervals of a regional line in China as an example, the results show that the operation energy consumption under either the singleor the multiplemasspoint train operation model achieves a deviation of less than 5% compared with the actual energy consumption, which verifies the accuracy of the proposed energy consumption model. In addition, the operational energy consumption of the multimass model was further reduced by a 1.66% deviation from that of the singlemass model. The proposed model provides theoretical support for the optimization of train energy savings and actively contributes to the development strategy of China's green economy.

regional railway  /  train operation model  /  train operation energy consumption  /  dynamic motor efficiency  /  single-mass point model  /  multiple-mass point model
刘钦生, 陈雅岚, 万欣, 付敏雪, 仪点. 基于列车运行多模型的能耗仿真计算. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (2) : 46 -53 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.007
Qinsheng LIU, Yalan CHEN, Xin WAN, Minxue FU, Dian YI. Simulation Calculation of Energy Consumption Based on Multiple Models of Train Operation[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (2) : 46 -53 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.007
随着我国交通行业的快速发展, 城市轨道交通作为一种高效、可持续的交通模式, 发挥着至关重要的作用 [ 1 ] ,随着运营里程和客运量的增加,轨道交通系统总能耗不断攀升。为有效管理城轨运输中的能源消耗, 促进城轨运输行业经济和环境的可持续性发展, 构建精确的能耗计算模型已经成为当今的研究热点。
目前, 很多学者对列车能耗计算展开相关研究, 薛艳冰等 [ 2 ] 针对已有列车牵引能耗计算方法标准 [ 3 ] 缺乏统计标准和能耗预测手段的问题, 将牵引过程分为起停、运行、惰行及空转等情况, 分别确定能耗计算模型。针对电力机车能耗, 现行列车牵引计算标准[ 4 ] 采用电功率进行计算, 虽然结果准确, 但难以与列车运行过程建立联系, 无法为后续节能降耗提供模型支撑。
随着列车运行过程中运行状态的改变, 通过列车牵引传动系统主电路设备的电流也会发生改变, 从而带来能量的动态损耗 [ 5 ] 。针对动态损耗的模型构建, 韩长虎等 [ 6 ] 推导列车制动能耗一般意义公式时引入机车总功率,考虑了列车运行过程中的能量损失。WANG 等 [ 7 ] 针对芝加哥铁路系统的列车,开发了一种考虑瞬时再生制动效率的电动列车能耗模型, 并根据实际效率对预先设定的常数效率进行了修正。这种方法对效率进行了简化处理, 可能会造成较大的能耗计算误差。 李志勇等 [ 8 ] 采用径向基神经网络对列车总效率及对应运行工况进行插值逼近。王科等 [ 9 ] 基于不同运行工况下功率因数的动态特性和谐波影响, 构建了包含有功功率的动态牵引负荷模型。XIAO 等 [ 10 ] 基于绝缘栅双极晶体管的开关和导通构建整流器和逆变器的损耗模型, 通过计算电机的铜耗、铁耗和机械损耗获得牵引电机的损耗模型。这类方法对提供的参数要求较多, 构建模型复杂, 部分参数的测量较为困难。KOUZOUPIS 等 [ 11 ] 研究了动态效率对再生制动及牵引能耗的影响, 并对比分析了动态效率和静态效率的结果。该方法可有效建立列车牵引传动系统动态损耗与列车运行状态的联系。
除了分析能耗计算中牵引传动系统效率, 部分学者也对能耗的影响因素展开研究。薛艳冰等 [ 2 ] 比较铁道部统计部门实际统计的能耗值, 发现平直线路的能耗误差都较小,基本在 $\pm 5\%$ 以内,个别误差在 $\pm 5\%$ 以上, 但是在坡道较多的区段(如宝成线、湘黔线、贵昆线等)误差很大。WANG 等。 [ 12 ] 考虑了列车牵引力和阻力参数变化对列车能耗的影响。CARVAJAL 等四考虑了乘客上下车对应的列车质量变化对列车运行能耗的影响。上述研究都是通过列车运行模型的相关参数变化来分析其对能耗的影响。然而, 这些研究主要采用单质点模型 [ 14 ] ,这种将列车简化为一个质点的方式可能导致阻力的计算不够精确, 因此需要对列车运行模型进行合理的构建, 从而改善能耗仿真计算模型。
综上, 针对现有能耗仿真计算模型精确度亟待提高的问题, 本文构建电机动态功率模型, 通过分析影响能耗的因素, 构建列车运行单质点和多质点 2 种模型, 实现对牵引能耗和再生能量的精确计算, 并为后续列车节能优化控制提供模型支撑。
列车牵引传动系统在牵引工况下将电能转换为车辆运行的动能, 而在制动工况下将列车机械能转换为电能回馈电网,能量流动路径如 图 1 所示, ${\eta }_{1}$ 为变压器效率, ${\eta }_{2}$ 为变流器效率, ${\eta }_{3}\left( v\right)$ 为电机动态效率, ${\eta }_{4}$ 为齿轮箱效率。
具体来说, 列车处于牵引工况时, 从接触网上获得电能, 依次经过受电弓、车载牵引变压器、变流器、 齿轮箱, 最后转换为列车的动能, 驱动列车运行。相反,列车再生制动时, 牵引电机作为发电机使用, 机械能经过齿轮箱传给电机, 通过逆变回馈装置将电机逆转产生的电能反馈给接触网, 供其他牵引列车吸收利用。根据能量的流动过程, 列车消耗的牵引能耗 ${E}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}^{\text{train }}$ 和产生的再生能量 ${E}_{\mathrm{{br}}}^{\text{train }}$ 的计算式分别为
${E}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}^{\text{train }}= {E}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}^{\text{net }}\cdot {\eta }_{1}\cdot {\eta }_{2}\cdot {\eta }_{3}\left( v\right)\cdot {\eta }_{4}$
${E}_{\mathrm{{br}}}^{\text{train }}= \frac{{E}_{\mathrm{{br}}}^{\text{net }}}{{\eta }_{1}\cdot {\eta }_{2}\cdot {\eta }_{3}\left( v\right)\cdot {\eta }_{4}}$
式中, ${E}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}^{\text{net }}$ 为牵引网侧的牵引能耗, $\mathrm{{kWh}};{E}_{\mathrm{{br}}}^{\text{net }}$ 为牵引网侧的再生能量, kWh。
除电机效率外, ${\eta }_{1}\text{、}{\eta }_{2}$${\eta }_{4}$ 通常设置为固定常数。 如 图 2 所示,以一辆最高时速为 ${140}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的市域列车为例描述电机牵引及制动功率随列车速度的变化规律。其中低速段的电机制动效率为 0 ,因为列车开始制动时通常采用电制动, 当速度下降到某个值( 图 2$8\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ),切除电制动,采取空气制动。由于电机效率以 $1\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 为间隔离散,任意速度下的电机效率采用线性插值的方式计算。求解速度 $v$ 对应的电机效率 ${\eta }_{3}\left( v\right)$ , 此时需要借助就近的左右 2 个离散速度点 ${v}_{0}$${v}_{1}$ ,计算式为
${\eta }_{3}\left( v\right)= {\eta }_{3}\left({v}_{0}\right)+ \left({{\eta }_{3}\left({v}_{1}\right)- {\eta }_{3}\left({v}_{0}\right)}\right)\cdot \frac{v -{v}_{0}}{{v}_{1}- {v}_{0}}$
对于列车牵引传动系统, 通常多台三相异步牵引电机并联。以 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 为时间戳, $1\mathrm{\;s}$ 内采集 50000 次实际列车运行的电机电压和电流, 由于采集间隔短, 采集数据量大, 此时采样电压和采样电流为电机的瞬时电压和瞬时电流, 三相电机电压向量和电流向量可视为标量。在共 $\mathrm{V}$ 相的前提下,根据两表法累加,牵引电机瞬时功率 ${P}_{\text{瞬时 }}$ 的计算式为
${P}_{\text{瞬时 }}= {P}_{\mathrm{U}}+ {P}_{\mathrm{W}}= {U}_{\mathrm{{UV}}}{I}_{\mathrm{U}}+ {U}_{\mathrm{{WV}}}{I}_{\mathrm{W}}$
式中, ${P}_{\mathrm{U}}$ 为电机的 $\mathrm{U}$ 相功率, $\mathrm{W};{P}_{\mathrm{W}}$ 为电机的 $\mathrm{W}$ 相功率, $\mathrm{W};{U}_{\mathrm{{UV}}}$ 为电机 $\mathrm{U}$ 相和 $\mathrm{V}$ 相的相间电压, $\mathrm{U}$ ; ${U}_{\mathrm{{WV}}}$ 为电机 $\mathrm{W}$ 相和 $\mathrm{V}$ 相的相间电压, $\mathrm{U};{I}_{\mathrm{U}}$ 为电机 $\mathrm{U}$ 相的电流, $\mathrm{A};{I}_{\mathrm{W}}$ 为电机 $\mathrm{W}$ 相的电流, $\mathrm{A}$
基于电机的瞬时功率,牵引电机的有功功率 ${P}_{\text{有功 }}$ 的计算式为
${P}_{\text{有功 }}= \frac{1}{{T}_{\text{采样 }}}{\int }_{0}^{{T}_{\text{采样 }}}{P}_{\text{瞬时 }}\mathrm{d}t $
式中, ${T}_{\text{采样 }}$ 为列车实际运行网络数据采样间隔, $\mathrm{s}$ ,本文取 0.1 。
进一步地,牵引电机侧能耗 ${E}_{\text{电机 }}$ 的计算式为
${E}_{\text{电机 }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\text{平样 }}}{P}_{\text{有功 }}\cdot {T}_{\text{采样 }}\cdot {N}_{\text{电机 }}\cdot {N}_{\text{动车 }}$
式中, ${N}_{\text{电机 }}$ 为每个动车的牵引电机数量,本文 ${N}_{\text{电机 }}= 4$ ; ${N}_{\text{动车 }}$ 为动车组的动车数量,本文 ${N}_{\text{动车 }}= 6;{N}_{\text{采样 }}$ 为网络数据的采样点数量。
结合式(1)和(2)可以推导出列车的实际牵引能耗 ${\widetilde{E}}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}^{\text{train }}$ 和再生能量 ${\widetilde{E}}_{\mathrm{{br}}}^{\text{train }}$ 的计算式分别为
${\widetilde{E}}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}^{\text{train }}= {E}_{\text{电机 }}\cdot {\eta }_{3}\left( v\right)\cdot {\eta }_{4}$
${\widetilde{E}}_{\mathrm{{br}}}^{\text{train }}= \frac{{E}_{\text{电机 }}}{{\eta }_{3}\left( v\right)\cdot {\eta }_{4}}$
列车能耗仿真计算基于牵引力或制动力做功, 计算式分别为
${E}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}^{\text{train }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\text{atf }}}{F}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}\left({v}_{i}\right)\cdot {v}_{i}\cdot {T}_{\text{采样 }}\cdot \varphi \cdot \omega \left({v}_{i}\right)$
${E}_{\mathrm{{br}}}^{\text{train }}= \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{{N}_{\pi n}}\min \left\{{{F}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left({v}_{i}\right),{F}_{\mathrm{{ebr}}}\left({v}_{i}\right)}\right\}\cdot {v}_{i}\cdot {T}_{\text{采样 }}\cdot \varphi \cdot \omega \left({v}_{i}\right)$
式中, ${v}_{i}$ 是列车当前的速度, $\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{s};{F}_{\mathrm{{tr}}}\left({v}_{i}\right)$${F}_{\mathrm{{br}}}\left({v}_{i}\right)$ 分别为列车当前输出的牵引力和制动力, $\mathrm{N};{F}_{\mathrm{{ebr}}}\left({v}_{i}\right)$ 为列车当前输出的电制动力, $\mathrm{N}$ ; $\varphi$ 为载荷补偿系数,其值为现有载荷和额定载荷 AW2 模式下的比值; $\omega \left({v}_{i}\right)$ 为电机转矩特性中实际与需求转矩的比值。
电机转矩特性中的实际转矩和需求转矩是随电机转速 $n$ 变化的函数。因此,为获得 $\omega \left({v}_{i}\right)$ 和列车车速的映射, 需要计算列车车速和电机转速的对应关系, 则有
$ v =\frac{\pi \cdot d \cdot n \cdot {60}}{{1000}\cdot {i}_{g}}$
式中, $d$ 是列车的直径, $\mathrm{m};{i}_{g}$ 是齿轮箱的传动比。
列车输出的牵引制动力受牵引制动特性限制, 同时列车制动可能是多种制动方式混合, 而再生能量由电制动产生。因此, 当前输出的制动力超过电制动力时, 再生能量仅计算电制动力部分。
从式(9)和(10)可知, 列车运行能耗受列车运行模型计算的牵引制动力及不同载荷对应的电机牵引制动特性曲线影响, 本文将具体对这 2 个因素展开研究。
首先考虑列车单质点动力学模型, 该模型广泛应用于城市轨道交通,以时间 $t$ 为独立变量的系统状态方程可以表示为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\frac{\mathrm{d}v}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= \frac{F\left( v\right)- {f}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( v\right)- {f}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( x\right)- {f}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( x\right)- {f}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( x\right)}{M}\\\frac{\mathrm{d}x}{\mathrm{\;d}t}= v \end{array}\right.$
式中, $F\left( v\right)$ 为列车当前输出的牵引力或制动力, $\mathrm{N}$ ; ${f}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( v\right)$ 为列车基本阻力, $\mathrm{N};{f}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( x\right)$ 为坡道附加阻力, $\mathrm{N}$ ; ${f}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( x\right)$ 为曲线附加阻力, $\mathrm{N};{f}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( x\right)$ 为隧道附加阻力, $\mathrm{N};M$ 为列车质量包含转动惯量, $\mathrm{{kg}}$
列车基本阻力主要来源于列车内部和外部间摩擦产生的阻力,包括轴承摩擦力、滚动阻力、滑动阻力、 振动阻力和空气阻力等,具体计算式为
${f}_{\mathrm{b}}\left( v\right)= M \cdot \left({a +{bv}+ c{v}^{2}}\right)$
式中, $a\text{、}b\text{、}c$ 为 Davis 方程系数,由列车属性决定。
坡道附加阻力是列车在坡道运行时, 受到的沿坡道方向的重力分力, 表示为
${f}_{\mathrm{g}}\left( x\right)= {Mg}\sin \theta ={Mg}\tan \theta \approx {Mg\theta }$
式中, $g$ 为重力加速度, $\mathrm{m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2};\theta$ 为坡度, $\%\mathrm{o}$ 。由于线路坡度一般较小, 可以采用式(14)近似处理。
当列车在曲线轨道上运行时, 车轮与轨道之间的摩擦加剧, 产生曲线附加阻力。曲线附加阻力的计算式为
${f}_{\mathrm{r}}\left( x\right)= {Mg}\frac{600}{R}$
式中, $R$ 为曲线半径, $\mathrm{m}$
隧道附加阻力是列车在隧道中运行时, 由于额外增加的空气阻力产生的, 该阻力与隧道长度、横截面积等相关, 计算式为
${f}_{\mathrm{s}}\left( x\right)= {Mg}\cdot {0.00013}{L}_{\mathrm{s}}$
式中, ${L}_{\mathrm{s}}$ 为隧道长度, $\mathrm{m}$
上述阻力的计算公式通常将列车视为单质点, 虽简化了模型计算, 但降低了模型的精度。因此, 考虑构建多质点列车动力学模型。文献[ 15 ]指出多质点列车力学模型可以分为柔性和刚性两种。其中柔性多质点列车力学模型反映了列车间的相互作用 [ 16 ] ,但数学模型较复杂, 计算量大, 可采用刚性模型进行列车牵引计算。因此, 本文考虑刚性多质点列车力学模型, 即把列车简化为无相对运动的质点链。由于本文的重点是研究列车能耗计算,因此侧重考虑列车长度 $l$ 对上述附加阻力的影响, 在列车经过变曲率、变坡点等位置时, 按照曲线半径、坡道的长度对列车总长度进行比例分配, 从而分析附加阻力变化对列车能耗的影响。 $t$ 时刻列车受到的总附加阻力 $f$ 的计算式为
$ f ={Mg}\cdot \frac{1}{l}\left({\sum {\theta }_{i}\cdot {l}_{\mathrm{g}i}+ {600}\sum \frac{{l}_{\mathrm{r}i}}{{R}_{i}}+\sum {0.00013}{L}_{\mathrm{s}i}\cdot {l}_{\mathrm{s}i}}\right)( $
式中, ${\theta }_{i}$ 为覆盖的第 $i$ 个坡道的坡道千分度, $\%\mathrm{o};{l}_{\mathrm{g}i}$ 为覆盖的第 $i$ 个坡道的列车长度, $\mathrm{m};{R}_{i}$ 为覆盖的第 $i$ 个曲线的曲线半径, $\mathrm{m};{l}_{\mathrm{r}i}$ 为覆盖的第 $i$ 个曲线的列车长度, $\mathrm{m};{L}_{\mathrm{s}i}$ 为覆盖的第 $i$ 个隧道的隧道长度, $\mathrm{m};{l}_{\mathrm{s}i}$ 为覆盖的第 $i$ 个隧道的列车长度, $\mathrm{m}$
满载率是实际乘客人数和额定人数的比值, 不同满载率对应的牵引制动特性曲线影响列车能耗的计算 [ 16 ] 。通常情况下,满载率越大,列车质量越大,需要消耗更多的能量驱动列车运行。不同满载率下的牵引制动特性如 图 3 所示, 图中 AW0 表示空载, AW2 表示额定载荷, 由 图 3 可知, 在相同牵引制动级位下, 满载率越大, 可输出的最大牵引力和电制动力越大。
通过解析 2023 年 5 月 1 日、 6 月 13 日列车网络数据, 分别获得某市域线路 AW0 和 AW2 实际运行能耗数据, 该数据需要经过各部件效率转换获得列车侧能耗数据。与仿真能耗计算模型结果进行对比, 验证能耗计算模型的准确性。
以该线路的一个四站三区间为例,全长 ${14240}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 其中 $\mathrm{A}$ 站到 $\mathrm{B}$ 站长 ${3037}\mathrm{\;m}$ , $\mathrm{\;B}$ 站到 $\mathrm{C}$ 站长 ${6923}\mathrm{\;m}$ , $\mathrm{C}$ 站到 $\mathrm{D}$ 站长 ${4280}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。线路的曲线和坡道数据分别如 图 4图 5 所示。列车为 8 编组,头车长度为 ${25}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 中间车长度 ${22.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,仿真计算参数见 表 1
图 6 分别描述了 $\mathrm{A}$$\mathrm{B}$$\mathrm{B}$$\mathrm{C}$ 两个站间的单质点模型、多质点模型与实际运行能耗。由 图 6 可知, 无论是单质点还是多质点模型, 运行能耗的趋势与实际值相符。
具体的能耗结果如 表 2 所示, 表 2 涵盖了列车的牵引能耗、再生能量以及运行能耗,这些对比数据显示了网络实际值、单质点模型和多质点模型之间的偏差情况。由 表 2 可知, 2 种模型的运行能耗与实际值偏差均小于 5%,牵引能耗的计算精确度略高于再生能量。2 个站间能耗仿真计算结果与实际值相比, 既存在正偏差也存在负偏差。由于基本阻力参数是特定环境下开展的实践经验值, 实际运行过程中基本阻力与理论值存在不确定偏差, 从而导致了能耗仿真计算偏差的正负波动。相比于单质点模型, 多质点模型与实际值的偏差更小,模型的精确度更高,尤其是 $\mathrm{B}$ 站到 C 站,运行能耗的偏差减小了 1.66%。
进一步地,以 $\mathrm{C}$ 站到 $\mathrm{D}$ 站为例,考虑不同满载率对列车能耗计算的影响, 从列车网络数据解析获得 AW0 模式的能耗数据, 此时 AW2 模式下的牵引制动特性曲线不再适用。 图 7 为在相同牵引制动级位下, AW0 和 AW2 两种模式计算的能耗仿真结果。由 图 7 可知, 在相同的牵引和制动级位下, AW2 模式下的列车牵引能耗和产生的再生能量高于 AW0 模式, 单质点模型分别增加了 8.44%和 13.30%,多质点模型分别增加了 8.7%和 13.13%。因此,在不同满载率下应采用对应的牵引制动特性曲线进行计算。
表 3 具体分析了 AW0 模式的单、多质点能耗计算结果, 牵引能耗、再生能量和运行能耗的结果均能满足 5%以内的偏差,且多质点模型的运行能耗偏差相比于单质点提高了 1.19%。
本文基于单质点和多质点列车运行模型, 以某市域线路的四站三区间为例,研究了列车能耗仿真计算, 得到以下主要结论:
1) 2 种列车运行模型下的运行能耗均能实现 5% 以内的偏差,验证了所提能耗仿真计算模型的准确性。
2) 不同满载率对列车能耗计算的影响较大, 相较于 AW0 模式, 2 种列车运行模型下 AW2 模式的牵引能耗增加了 8.44%和 8.67%,再生能量增加了 13.30% 和 13.13%。
3) 多质点模型的能耗偏差整体小于单质点模型, 模型的精确度更高, 在单质点模型的基础上, 多质点模型的运行能耗偏差最高减小了 1.66%。
未来将针对能耗仿真模型中的一些参数, 开展更详细的实际测量, 进一步完善模型, 提高能耗计算的准确性和可信度。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62073026)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.007
  • 接收时间:2023-10-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-23
  • 修回日期:2023-12-14
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国家自然科学基金(62073026)
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    1 中车青岛四方机车车辆股份有限公司 山东青岛 266111
    2 北京交通大学 电子信息工程学院 北京 100044
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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