Article(id=1149744615319842975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744594201523010, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1696608000000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-07, revisedDate=1703606400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752050077514, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752050077514, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752050077514, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752050077514, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149744594201523010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='177', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752050072478, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780147518, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157001054903685255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744594201523010, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157001054903685256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744594201523010, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=134, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149744615663775913, articleId=1149744615319842975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Simulation Study of Shield Tunneling Based on the Block-Based Discrete Element Method and Deformation of the Surrounding Rock and Liner, columnId=1152669336394183038, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Civil Engineering Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study addresses problems of numerical methods for continuous media, such as the finite difference and finite element methods to simulate the discrete medium characteristics of a sandy cobble stratum. Based on the blockbased discrete element method, a discrete element model is built to simulate the process of shield tunneling through a sandy cobble stratum, and the displacement of joints and deformation of the surrounding rock and liner is studied. A finite difference model, in which a sandy cobble stratum is transformed into an equivalent continuous medium, is built to simulate the process of shield tunneling, and to compare the differences in simulation results between the discrete element model and the finite difference model. The results show that, in the discrete element model, the area at which the positive normal displacement of the joints exceeds 0.1 mm is primarily concentrated at the inverted arch, the area at which the negative normal displacement of the joints exceeds 0.1 mm is located at the hance, and the area at which the shear displacement of the joints exceeds 0.4 mm is primarily concentrated at the inverted arch. The simulation results of the discrete element method are greater than those of the finite difference method with respect to the deformation of the surrounding rock and liner; therefore, utilizing the discrete element method to verify the design of the tunnel and liner is relatively more secure and reasonable.

, correspAuthors=Yingyi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yuan ZHOU, Weifan LYU, Yingyi WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149744651168559672, articleId=1149744615319842975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=基于块体离散元法的盾构掘进围岩与管片变形模拟研究, columnId=1152669336603898239, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=土建技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对有限差分法及有限元法等连续介质数值方法无法模拟砂卵石地层的离散介质属性的问题,基于块体离散元方法,建立离散元模型,模拟盾构穿越砂卵石地层的掘进过程,研究盾构掘进过程中砂卵石地层中块体或颗粒间结构面的位移以及围岩与管片变形;将砂卵石地层等效为连续介质,建立有限差分模型模拟盾构掘进过程,并且对比离散元模型与有限差分模型计算结果之间的差异。结果表明:离散元模型中结构面正法向位移超过 0.1 mm 的区域主要集中在仰拱处,结构面负法向位移超过0.1mm的区域位于两侧拱腰处,结构面切向位移超过0.4 mm 的区域主要集中在仰拱处;对于围岩和管片的变形,离散元法的计算结果均大于有限差分法,因此采用离散元方法对砂卵石地层中隧道及管片的设计方案进行验证相对更加安全、合理。

, correspAuthors=王颖轶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王颖轶,女,博士,副研究员,从事复杂环境隧道、基坑施工扰动及其稳定性方面研究,
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周元,男,硕士研究生,从事复杂地质环境下盾构隧道掘进数值模拟方面研究,

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周元,男,硕士研究生,从事复杂地质环境下盾构隧道掘进数值模拟方面研究,

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周元,男,硕士研究生,从事复杂地质环境下盾构隧道掘进数值模拟方面研究,

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Urban rapid rail transit, 2022, 35(5): 90-95., articleTitle=Correlation study on convergence parameters of point cloud cross-section in three-dimensional laser scanning tunnel, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154040319499817054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, awardId=22(CXY-007), language=CN, fundingSource=教育部协同育人项目)(22(CXY-007)), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154040308368135098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154040308372329403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, companyId=1154040308368135098, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154040308380718012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, companyId=1154040308368135098, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院 上海 200240)]), AuthorCompany(id=1154040308431049662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154040308435243967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, companyId=1154040308431049662, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co., Ltd. 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articleId=1149744615319842975, language=CN, label=图 8, caption=管片位移云图以及位移测点设置, figureFileSmall=LqKfvVMKrcPidNylbUSqAg==, figureFileBig=cVkIC5xBdwVXH0dIMweKmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040317822095415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Trace of joints with the normal displacement exceeding ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$, figureFileSmall=fiqYmePyCckQb9JqPLUy7Q==, figureFileBig=PmiqPaHPW+FZVs5NJ5COWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040317876621368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, language=CN, label=图 9, caption=法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的结构面迹线, figureFileSmall=fiqYmePyCckQb9JqPLUy7Q==, figureFileBig=PmiqPaHPW+FZVs5NJ5COWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040317960507449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Trace of 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caption=结构面法向位移与切向位移迹线分布对比 (法向位移对应的结构面迹线为红色), figureFileSmall=FplUwmwFsAfeE8ghiEmk8A==, figureFileBig=YFAMxaWC4QgPBVPCydNExg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040318245720125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Trace of joints with the normal displacement exceeding ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$, figureFileSmall=9+nM2/NWo3eiaNP5WMXlYg==, figureFileBig=Sqi6bt9jUo3KJzbxqwAUBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040318367354943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, language=CN, label=图 12, caption=正法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的结构面迹线, figureFileSmall=9+nM2/NWo3eiaNP5WMXlYg==, figureFileBig=Sqi6bt9jUo3KJzbxqwAUBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040318421880897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, language=EN, label=Figure 13, caption=Trace of joints with negative normal 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项目 宏观材料参数 BBM 细观材料参数
BBM 块体 弹性模量:50 MPa 泊松比:0.3 重度: ${18.5}\mathrm{{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 内摩擦角:33° 弹性模量:64MPa 泊松比:0.3 重度: ${18.5}\mathrm{{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
结构面 - 法向刚度: ${1.4} \times {10}^{6}\mathrm{{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 切向刚度: ${0.235} \times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 摩擦角:32.3 ${}^{ \circ }$
), ArticleFig(id=1154040319189438551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=BBM 模型细观材料参数与宏观材料参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 宏观材料参数 BBM 细观材料参数
BBM 块体 弹性模量:50 MPa 泊松比:0.3 重度: ${18.5}\mathrm{{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 内摩擦角:33° 弹性模量:64MPa 泊松比:0.3 重度: ${18.5}\mathrm{{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$
结构面 - 法向刚度: ${1.4} \times {10}^{6}\mathrm{{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 切向刚度: ${0.235} \times {10}^{6}\mathrm{\;{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 摩擦角:32.3 ${}^{ \circ }$
), ArticleFig(id=1154040319239770201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Material parameters in the continuous media domain, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 厚度/ m 弹性模量/ MPa 泊松 比 容重/ 黏聚力/ kN 摩擦角/ (°)
中砂层 12 40 0.3 18.5 0 32
砂卵石 地层 47 50 0.3 18.5 0 33
管片 0.5 $3 \times {10}^{4}$ 0.2 24.0 - -
), ArticleFig(id=1154040319306879067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744615319842975, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=连续介质区域内材料参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 厚度/ m 弹性模量/ MPa 泊松 比 容重/ 黏聚力/ kN 摩擦角/ (°)
中砂层 12 40 0.3 18.5 0 32
砂卵石 地层 47 50 0.3 18.5 0 33
管片 0.5 $3 \times {10}^{4}$ 0.2 24.0 - -
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基于块体离散元法的盾构掘进围岩与管片变形模拟研究
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周元 1 , 吕威帆 2 , 王颖轶 1
都市快轨交通 | 土建技术 2024,37(3): 125-134
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都市快轨交通 | 土建技术 2024, 37(3): 125-134
基于块体离散元法的盾构掘进围岩与管片变形模拟研究
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周元1 , 吕威帆2, 王颖轶1
作者信息
  • 1 上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院 上海 200240
  • 2 上海隧道工程有限公司 上海 200032
  • 周元,男,硕士研究生,从事复杂地质环境下盾构隧道掘进数值模拟方面研究,

通讯作者:

王颖轶,女,博士,副研究员,从事复杂环境隧道、基坑施工扰动及其稳定性方面研究,
Simulation Study of Shield Tunneling Based on the Block-Based Discrete Element Method and Deformation of the Surrounding Rock and Liner
Yuan ZHOU1 , Weifan LYU2, Yingyi WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Naval Architecture, Ocean and Civil Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240
  • 2 Shanghai Tunnel Engineering Co., Ltd. Shanghai 200032
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.017
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针对有限差分法及有限元法等连续介质数值方法无法模拟砂卵石地层的离散介质属性的问题,基于块体离散元方法,建立离散元模型,模拟盾构穿越砂卵石地层的掘进过程,研究盾构掘进过程中砂卵石地层中块体或颗粒间结构面的位移以及围岩与管片变形;将砂卵石地层等效为连续介质,建立有限差分模型模拟盾构掘进过程,并且对比离散元模型与有限差分模型计算结果之间的差异。结果表明:离散元模型中结构面正法向位移超过 0.1 mm 的区域主要集中在仰拱处,结构面负法向位移超过0.1mm的区域位于两侧拱腰处,结构面切向位移超过0.4 mm 的区域主要集中在仰拱处;对于围岩和管片的变形,离散元法的计算结果均大于有限差分法,因此采用离散元方法对砂卵石地层中隧道及管片的设计方案进行验证相对更加安全、合理。

盾构掘进  /  砂卵石地层  /  离散介质  /  块体离散元  /  结构面  /  围岩变形  /  城市轨道交通

This study addresses problems of numerical methods for continuous media, such as the finite difference and finite element methods to simulate the discrete medium characteristics of a sandy cobble stratum. Based on the blockbased discrete element method, a discrete element model is built to simulate the process of shield tunneling through a sandy cobble stratum, and the displacement of joints and deformation of the surrounding rock and liner is studied. A finite difference model, in which a sandy cobble stratum is transformed into an equivalent continuous medium, is built to simulate the process of shield tunneling, and to compare the differences in simulation results between the discrete element model and the finite difference model. The results show that, in the discrete element model, the area at which the positive normal displacement of the joints exceeds 0.1 mm is primarily concentrated at the inverted arch, the area at which the negative normal displacement of the joints exceeds 0.1 mm is located at the hance, and the area at which the shear displacement of the joints exceeds 0.4 mm is primarily concentrated at the inverted arch. The simulation results of the discrete element method are greater than those of the finite difference method with respect to the deformation of the surrounding rock and liner; therefore, utilizing the discrete element method to verify the design of the tunnel and liner is relatively more secure and reasonable.

shield tunneling  /  sandy cobble stratum  /  discrete medium  /  block-based discrete element method  /  joint  /  surrounding rock deformation  /  urban rail transit
周元, 吕威帆, 王颖轶. 基于块体离散元法的盾构掘进围岩与管片变形模拟研究. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (3) : 125 -134 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.017
Yuan ZHOU, Weifan LYU, Yingyi WANG. Simulation Study of Shield Tunneling Based on the Block-Based Discrete Element Method and Deformation of the Surrounding Rock and Liner[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (3) : 125 -134 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.017
盾构隧道穿越复杂地质环境时, 隧道围岩的力学特性和力学响应也变得更加复杂, 因此对于围岩的数值模拟应采用更加合理的方法。进行数值模拟时, 通常将地层视为连续介质, 使用有限元方法或有限差分法等将土体模拟为连续介质, 这对于细粒土来说是合理的, 但是对于包含粗颗粒或较大尺寸块体的地层来说是不合理的。砂卵石地层中含有较大尺寸的卵石和砾石, 在外力作用下, 隧道围岩卵石和砾石块体或颗粒之间会发生相对位移和转动 [ 1 ] ,在大位移情况下, 滑坡体中的块体还会发生相互分离、相互碰撞、滚动。 块体离散元方法能够模拟离散介质中块体之间的相对位移和转动, 所以采用块体离散元方法模拟盾构隧道穿越砂卵石地层相比于有限元方法或有限差分法更加合理。
刘一炜等 [ 2 ] 采用离散元数值方法,模拟层状岩体隧道, 研究了不同岩层层理倾角和侧压力系数条件下隧道围岩变形特征, 发现随着围岩层理倾角、侧压力系数的增大, 围岩变形的不对称性增大, 随着侧压力系数增大,围岩裂缝向深部扩展。王登科等里采用 3DEC 模拟了层状围岩中隧道开挖, 研究了不同岩层倾角的围岩中隧道开挖引起的围岩位移以及围岩偏压特性。杨忠民等 [ 4 ] 采用 3DEC 建立了双连拱隧道开挖数值模型, 采用粘结块体将围岩模拟为由离散的四面体块体和块体间接触面组成的不连续体, 研究了双连拱隧道一侧开挖对相邻隧道的拱顶沉降和围岩节理面破坏范围的影响, 以多个指标为判断依据确定了先后行隧道开挖间距的合理范围为 ${30}\sim {40}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。高峰等 [ 5 ] 采用 UDEC 离散元方法研究了节理岩体中隧道的塌方特征。郑程程等 [ 6 ] 基于岩体结构信息自动提取算法实现了岩体结构信息的提取, 采用 3DEC 模拟裂隙岩体中隧道开挖, 研究了隧道围岩块体垮塌的形状、体积及数量等特性, 揭示了不同岩体裂隙组合下隧道危石群的空间形态演化规律。采用三维块体离散元方法模拟离散介质地层中隧道施工的研究多是将不规则分布或随机分布的结构面简化为几组规则的节理组, 使得隧道围岩破坏具有很强的方向预设性, 破坏形态有很强的人为作用。
盾构法施工隧道的工艺相对于其他施工方法更加复杂, 相应地数值模拟难度也更大, 而在离散元模型中模拟含结构面的围岩盾构隧道掘进过程则更有挑战性。目前, 有学者采用块体离散元方法模拟隧道开挖 [ 4 ] ,但是采用块体离散元方法模拟离散介质地层中盾构分步开挖掘进的研究很少。使用三维块体离散元模型模拟盾构隧道的研究, 多是采用一次性开挖贯通, 无法体现出盾构开挖的渐进性。分步连续开挖能够体现后续开挖对已开挖隧道的围岩和管片的影响, 而且分步开挖能够更准确地模拟出隧道开挖导致的围岩应力路径变化。本文基于块体离散元法模拟砂卵石地层中盾构掘进过程, 离散元模型的建立采用随机生成的块体及结构面, 研究砂卵石地层中盾构掘进扰动引起的围岩和管片变形规律, 为离散介质中盾构隧道设计及施工提供参考。
杭州某地下隧道段全长 ${3.15}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,其中盾构段北线长 ${2258.4}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,南线长 ${2256.0}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。盾构隧道轴线埋深 ${15.5}\sim {43.5}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,隧道外径 ${11.36}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,内径 ${10.36}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 管片厚度 ${500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,环宽 $2\mathrm{\;m}$ ,管片混凝土强度等级为 C50。泥水平衡式盾构机刀盘切削外径 ${11.76}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,盾尾外径 ${11.71}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。施工区域土层分布较为复杂,盾构隧道施工需穿越上部中砂层和下部砂卵石地层组成的复合地层。
由离散块体所组成的离散介质在外力作用下, 块体之间将发生相对位移和转动, 并且能够彼此分离、 碰撞、滚动。3DEC 块体离散元软件可模拟块体之间的相对位移和转动, 以及块体之间的接触力学行为, 包括接触的开裂失效、剪切失效以及失效后接触的重组, 接触位于块体间的结构面上。
本文将砂卵石地层离散为由一系列四面体块体和块体间结构面组成的粘合块体(bond block bodel, BBM) [ 7 - 8 ] ,由此来模拟砂卵石地层的离散介质属性。 在块体离散元模型中,当 BBM 模型中块体或颗粒尺寸越接近于实际块体或颗粒尺寸时,则模拟的结果和实际越接近, 但是在实际工程的大尺度区域中, 考虑到计算机的算力限制, 以块体或颗粒的实际尺寸作为离散元块体的尺寸是不现实的。在实际工程中砂卵石地层块体或颗粒尺寸多为 $2 \sim 6\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ,个别大于 ${10}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ , 为减少离散元模型中的块体和接触数量, 使离散元模型能够在常规计算机上计算, 同时又能通过离散元模型模拟出砂卵石地层的离散介质属性, 采用相比于实际砂砾尺寸更大的块体来模拟砂卵石地层的离散力学特性, 达到计算可行、经济可行和时间可行的目的。
根据地勘资料中提供的砂卵石地层的宏观材料参数, 采用三维数值三轴试验, 对块体离散元模型的细观材料参数进行标定, 使其宏观材料参数与地勘资料中的一致。
BBM 中块体可以为刚性块体、弹性块体或弹塑性块体。为了提高计算速度, BBM 模型块体的本构采用弹性本构, 结构面接触本构采用莫尔-库伦接触模型 (Mohr-Coulomb Joint Model), 此时由 BBM 模型模拟的砂卵石地层弹性力学特性由块体变形和结构面位移共同表征, 砂卵石地层的塑性力学特性则由结构面位移表征,所以 BBM 块体模型的宏观材料参数是由 BBM 模型中的块体与块体之间的结构面材料参数共同决定的。
块体离散元模型细观参数的标定采用数值三轴试验,试验中砂卵石试样的尺寸是一个直径为 ${12}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,高度为 ${25}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的柱状试样,试样中离散块体的平均尺寸为 $1\mathrm{\;m}$ ,不考虑重力的影响。为排除边界影响,在试样内部中间位置设置一个应力监测区域, 计算该区域的平均应力作为试验获取的应力值。在试样顶部和底部设置测点获取试样的轴向变形值, 在试样的侧面设置测点以获取试样的侧向变形值。围压使用应力边界条件施加, 并采用自定义 fish 函数对围压进行监测和控制, 轴向加载采用速度边界条件, 向试样顶部和底部施加一定的速度, 使试样产生轴向变形来模拟轴向加载。 数值三轴试验的试样、应力监测区域、位移测点以及边界条件如 图 1 所示。
文献[ 7 , 9 - 12 ]研究了细观参数与宏观参数之间的关系, 分析了宏观参数对细观参数的敏感性规律。本文参考上述文献, 逐步调整细观参数取值, 使由数值三轴试验测得的试样宏观参数与地勘资料一致。经标定, BBM 模型细观材料参数与宏观材料参数如 表 1 所示。
离散元模型长度为 ${60}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,即沿隧道轴向 30 环管片的长度。模型宽度为 ${90}\mathrm{m}$ ,即沿隧道径向外侧约 ${4D}$ ( $D$ 为隧道外径)的范围。模型顶部高程为 $-{43}\mathrm{m}$ ,模型沿隧道竖向取隧道下侧约 ${4D}$ 的范围,模型底部高程为 $-{90}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,模型高度为 ${47}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。为提高计算速度,将 $-{43}\mathrm{\;m}$ 以上土层略去, 并在模型顶部施加与略去土层竖向土压力相等的均布荷载。模型底面边界条件为法向速度等于 0 ,侧面边界条件为法向速度等于 0 。掌子面压力和注浆压力的添加使用 “block face apply stress” 命令, 将掌子面压力和注浆压力定义为应力边界条件施加在块体上。隧道的开挖扰动对远离隧道的土体影响有限, 所以为了提高计算速度, 仅将隧道附近一定距离范围内(10m)的砂卵石地层模拟为离散介质块体,离散块体的平均尺寸为 $1\mathrm{\;m}$ ,其他土体均模拟为连续介质, 连续介质地层的本构模型为莫尔-库伦, 如 图 2 所示。 离散介质区域以及区域内块体之间的结构面如 图 3 所示。土层分布如 图 4 所示, 离散块体区域内砂卵石地层参数见 表 1 , 连续介质区域内材料参数如 表 2 所示。
由于隧道围岩中结构面的存在, 3DEC 中的结构单元无法应用于盾构掘进的数值模拟。围岩中结构面两侧块体发生相对位移时, 依附于围岩不同块体面生成的结构单元也将随着块体发生相对位移, 这将导致计算出错, 且当结构面两侧块体相对位移超出结构物连接误差时, 结构物无法正确生成。为解决这一问题, 本文使用 3DEC 中的有限元块体(feblock)模拟盾构掘进过程中结构物, feblock 为实体块体, 不需要依附块体面生成, 围岩块体间的相互错动, 不会对其造成影响, 且围岩块体和 feblock 之间能够建立正确的接触。
在 3DEC 中, 将盾构掘进的连续过程简化为阶段过程, 按环开挖, 每一环开挖作为一个施工步, 施工步第 1 步对应盾构开挖第 1 环, 一共开挖 30 环共 30 个施工步, 盾构掘进过程由自定义的 fish 函数实现: ①计算初始地应力场,并将该阶段的位移清零;②向前开挖 1 环土体, 改变盾首处等代层参数, 并添加盾壳和掌子面压力;③删除盾尾脱出处盾壳,添加盾尾脱出处管片、注浆层及注浆压力, 并将盾尾后第 3 环浆液硬化;④重复以上各项操作直至隧道贯通。离散元模拟盾构掘进施工过程示意见 图 5 。等代层模拟由于盾壳摩擦、盾构锥度以及刀盘超挖等因素引起的土体损失, 在盾构到达时, 将该处等代层材料参数由原来的地层材料参数调整为由上述土体损失反算得到的等代层参数; 进行新的施工步时, 将盾尾后第 3 环浆液调整为硬化后的参数, 实现浆液的逐步硬化。
文中纵断面为隧道轴线处的纵断面(平面方程为 $y = 0$ ),横断面为隧道第 11 环中心处 (平面方程 $x ={21}$ )的横断面。
为定量分析盾构掘进对围岩的扰动程度, 在围岩拱顶和仰拱处各设置一个测点, 如 图 6 所示, 上下测点向隧道内收敛位移之和即为围岩竖向变形。 图 6 为隧道围岩位移云图, 此时施工步为第 30 步, 监测断面处围岩位移已稳定,围岩竖向变形为-142.518 mm。
图 7 所示, 不同于有限元模型或有限差分模型, 离散元模型中砂砾地层围岩位移分布呈现出不连续性。
管片变形稳定时的水平位移和竖向位移云图如 图 8 所示, 此时施工步为第 30 步, 在管片水平和竖直方向各设置两个位移测点。由测点位移可得, 监测断面处的管片横向变形约为 $+{46.937}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,竖向变形为 -51.010 mm,其中正号表示管片径向变形增大,负号表示管片径向变形减小。管片的横向位移方向指向隧道外, 发生在两侧拱腰处, 这有利于控制拱腰两侧围岩的位移, 不利于拱腰处土体的应力释放; 管片的竖向变形指向隧道内, 这部分变形不利于控制拱顶和仰拱处的位移, 有利于拱顶和仰拱处土体的应力释放。 管片变形后形状为一个横轴为长轴的椭圆, 符合理论研究和工程实际 [ 13 ]
块体之间的位移不连续程度由结构面位移表征, 研究结构面位移即可研究块体间的位移不连续性。为便于观察盾构掘进施工对地层的扰动效果, 在初始地应力场计算平衡后, 将地层位移清零, 包括块体位移和结构面位移, 因此在清除地层位移后, 结构面在盾构掘进扰动下产生的结构面位移是从 0 开始累计的位移增量。
由于隧道核心土体的开挖卸载, 砂卵石地层围岩中结构面发生了法向位移和切向位移。
1)结构面法向位移。在 3DEC 中, 法向位移有正负之分, 法向位移为正表示结构面张开, 结构面两侧块体相互分离;法向位移为负表示结构面闭合,结构面两侧块体互相侵入。如 图 9 所示,以法向位移 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 为下界显示结构面迹线, 随着盾构的开挖掘进, 模型中结构面的法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域于盾尾注浆处出现, 向远离隧道的方向延伸, 并于盾构继续向前掘进 8 环后趋于稳定。
2) 结构面切向位移。在 3DEC 中,切向位移均为正值。如 图 10 所示,以切向位移 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 为下界显示结构面迹线, 随着盾构的开挖掘进, 模型中结构面的切向位移超过 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域首先于盾构底部位置出现, 随后于盾尾注浆位置逐渐扩大, 向远离隧道的方向延伸,并于盾构继续向前掘进 8 环后趋于稳定。
为对比同一范围内, 围岩块体间结构面发生的法向位移与切向位移的剧烈程度, 以推测盾构掘进时围岩的可能破坏形式, 如 图 11 所示, 将同一区域内的正法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的结构面迹线和切向位移超过 ${0.3}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的结构面迹线设置为相同线宽,分别导出其高清图像至图像识别程序, 统计并对比迹线像素点所占全图像素点比例即可比较两种迹线的单位面积迹线数量。统计结果显示,黑色迹线像素点比例 (3.48%) 大于红色迹线像素点比例(2.86%), 表明在同一区域内结构面切向位移大于法向位移。由此可推测, 盾构掘进时围岩的可能破坏形式为剪切破坏。
1) 结构面法向位移。隧道围岩块体结构面正法向位移随盾构隧道开挖掘进的变化过程如 图 12 所示, 以正法向位移 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 为下界显示正法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的结构面迹线,在监测断面处管片脱出盾尾前,未观测到正法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的结构面; 在监测断面处管片脱出盾尾的施工步(第 17 步),仰拱处出现小范围的结构面正法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域; 在随后盾构开挖掘进的过程中, 结构面法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域范围逐渐向深层土体延伸,在盾尾脱出后(第 17 步)继续向前掘进 8 环即盾构掘进至第 25 环 (第 25 步)时,结构面法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域范围趋于稳定。
图 12(d) 所示,正法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的范围主要集中于隧道底部仰拱位置处, 这是由于隧道围岩各处中最大的径向应力发生在仰拱处, 相应的此处应力释放率最大,同时结构面上接触的沿径向的法向应力释放率也最大,所以仰拱处围岩中结构面的法向位移最大。
图 13 所示,负法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的范围主要集中在拱腰位置处, 这是由于隧道沿径向卸载, 隧道围岩向隧道内移动, 又由于隧道围岩的拱效应, 隧道拱腰处围岩环向应变增量为负,环向压应力增大, 而拱腰处应力释放又被管片的横向位移所抑制, 包括块体的应力释放以及结构面的应力释放, 所以导致拱腰处环向应力增大, 拱腰处围岩块体之间的结构面出现负法向位移。
2) 结构面切向位移。隧道围岩结构面切向位移随盾构隧道开挖掘进的变化过程如 图 14 所示,以结构面切向位移 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 为下界显示结构面迹线,在盾构到达监测断面前,未观测到超过 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的结构面切向位移。在盾构穿越监测断面的过程中, 拱腰处出现小范围的结构面切向位移超过 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域,这是由于拱腰处围岩受盾构掘进扰动, 径向应力为第三主应力 ${\sigma }_{3}$ (静止侧土压力)减小,对应的应力莫尔圆与剪切强度包络线相切, 导致结构面出现切向位移。在盾构穿过监测断面后,切向位移超过 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域出现在仰拱处。随着后续盾构继续掘进, 仰拱处切向位移超过 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域范围向深层土体延伸,这是由于仰拱处应力释放率最大, 结构面剪切强度也随结构面法向压应力的释放而减小, 导致结构面切向位移继续发展增大并向深层土体延伸,所以切向位移超过 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域主要集中在仰拱处, 而拱腰处切向位移超过 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域范围无明显变化,这是由于拱腰处由环向压应力增大引起的结构面法向压应力增大, 结构面剪切强度也随之增大, 结构面切向位移不再继续发展增大。
为对比是否考虑砂卵石地层离散介质属性的结果差异, 本文建立包含结构面的块体离散元模型和不包含结构面的有限差分模型, 块体离散元模型中离散介质采用的参数为细观材料参数, 有限差分模型中采用等效宏观材料参数, 有限差分模型中的介质均为连续介质。监测断面为隧道第 11 环中心处(平面方程 $x ={21}$ ) 的横断面。
由于块体离散元模型考虑了结构面, 所以块体离散元模型的变形由弹性块体的变形和结构面的位移共同表征;有限差分模型中无结构面,其变形由连续介质的变形表征。块体离散元模型在塑性阶段表征塑性的方式为块体之间的结构面发生剪切屈服, 而弹性块体不会发生屈服; 有限差分模型在塑性阶段表征塑性的方式为有限差分单元发生塑性屈服。
监测断面处隧道围岩竖向变形随盾构开挖掘进的变化曲线, 如 图 15 所示。
块体离散元模型与有限差分模型的盾构掘进施工步是相同的, 所以围岩变形随隧道开挖掘进的变化曲线趋势基本一致, 可分为 3 个阶段: 第 1 个阶段为盾构到达监测断面至盾构离开监测段面前, 盾构到达监测断面时, 由于刀盘超挖、盾壳摩擦力以及盾壳锥度等开挖扰动, 引起了围岩的收敛变形, 在盾构达到监测断面时围岩收敛变形最为明显,随后趋于平缓;第 2 个阶段为盾构离开监测断面至监测断面围岩变形稳定前, 盾构离开监测断面时, 围岩和管片从盾尾脱出, 由于盾壳支护作用的移除, 盾尾脱出处围岩变形突增, 随着浆液的逐步硬化,围岩变形增大趋势逐渐放缓, 但由于前方盾构的开挖掘进对监测断面仍存在影响, 围岩变形仍在发展; 第 3 个阶段为盾构已经向前掘进至远离监测断面的位置, 围岩变形不再受盾构掘进影响。
块体离散元模型与有限差分模型的围岩变形曲线在盾构达到监测断面时和盾构离开监测断面时出现了比较明显的偏差, 这主要是因为在边界条件发生突变时, 块体离散元模型中砂卵石地层的力学响应与有限差分模型存在差异。
以盾构离开监测断面时, 即监测断面处围岩和管片脱出时砂卵石地层围岩的力学响应为例分析这一差异。离散元模型中围岩是块体离散介质, 相对于有限差分模型, 围岩具有离散介质属性, 块体之间的位移和应力分布具有不连续性, 如 图 16 所示, 块体离散元模型中盾尾脱出处围岩与相邻未脱出围岩之间发生了错动;而在有限差分模型中, 由于围岩是连续介质, 盾尾脱出处围岩与相邻未脱出处围岩之间不存在相对错动, 在盾尾脱出处离散元模型中围岩的收敛变形大于有限差分模型。
砂卵石地层具有明显的离散介质属性, 本文采用离散元模型模拟砂卵石地层时, 在盾尾脱出处, 块体离散元模型中围岩力学响应能很好地模拟出砂卵石地层的离散介质属性; 而有限差分模型在盾尾处围岩表现为连续介质, 无法体现离散介质中块体或颗粒在边界条件突变时发生的相对错动所导致的位移和应力的不连续性。所以对于重要工程中的离散介质地层, 应该使用离散元方法进行模拟, 以确保数值模型能够正确模拟离散介质的细观力学响应以及相应的宏观力学响应。
图 17 所示, 有限差分模型和离散元模型中, 管片竖向变形变化曲线基本一致, 离散元模型中管片竖向变形大于有限差分模型。管片在盾尾脱出时变形幅度最大, 随盾构继续向前开挖掘进 12 环后, 管片变形趋于稳定。离散元模型管片最终竖向变形为 $-{50.941}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ , 有限差分模型管片最终竖向变形为 $-{50.600}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。块体离散元模型中管片变形大于有限差分模型, 这是由于离散元模型中砂卵石地层具有明显的离散介质属性, 边界条件突变和围岩受扰动时围岩块体间发生相互错动, 围岩自稳性更差且变形更大, 因此管片将承担更多的地层压力。使用离散元模型进行管片结构的验证更能保证管片结构设计的安全性及合理性。
由上述分析可知, 当离散介质与连续介质具有相同的宏观材料参数时, 在离散介质中隧道围岩的支护条件要求较连续介质中的更严苛, 支护难度也更大, 所以对于具有明显离散属性的介质, 应采用离散元进行模拟。在实际的隧道工程设计中, 若将离散介质采用等效宏观材料参数模拟为连续介质, 则应根据以往工程经验提高管片的安全系数, 以保障结构安全。
本文基于块体离散元方法, 建立离散元模型模拟盾构穿越砂卵石地层掘进过程, 研究了离散元模型中围岩与管片的力学响应特性, 并对比了离散元模型与有限差分模型的结果差异, 得到以下结论。
1) 在离散元模型中, 监测断面处围岩最终的稳定竖向变形为 $-{142.518}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,管片横向变形约为 $+{46.937}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ , 竖向变形为 $-{51.010}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$
2) 在离散元模型中, 结构面正法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域主要集中在仰拱处,这是由于仰拱处围岩的应力释放率最大;结构面负法向位移超过 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域位于两侧拱腰处, 这是由于隧道围岩环向压应力增大;切向位移超过 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的区域主要集中在仰拱处, 这是由于仰拱处应力释放率最大, 结构面剪切强度也随结构面法向压应力的释放而减小, 导致结构面切向位移继续发展增大并向深层土体延伸。
3) 通过建立与离散元模型材料参数等效的有限差分模型, 对比分析块体离散元模型和有限差分模型中模拟盾构开挖掘进的数值结果差异, 发现在边界条件突变处 (如盾尾脱出处), 离散元模型中盾尾围岩块体之间发生了错动, 围岩变形大于有限差分模型; 发现块体离散元模型中围岩自稳性稍差, 管片变形大于有限差分模型, 所以使用离散元模型进行管片结构的验证更能保证管片结构设计的安全性及合理性。
  • 教育部协同育人项目)(22(CXY-007))
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2024年第37卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.017
  • 接收时间:2023-10-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-07
  • 修回日期:2023-12-27
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教育部协同育人项目)(22(CXY-007))
作者信息
    1 上海交通大学 船舶海洋与建筑工程学院 上海 200240
    2 上海隧道工程有限公司 上海 200032

通讯作者:

王颖轶,女,博士,副研究员,从事复杂环境隧道、基坑施工扰动及其稳定性方面研究,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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