Article(id=1149744614099305410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695225600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-21, revisedDate=1703606400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752050077223, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752050077223, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752050077223, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752050077223, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149744590489568247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='145', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752050071594, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780157843, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157001098214068362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157001098214068363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=77, endPage=79, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149744614317409229, articleId=1149744614099305410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Domestic Research and Application Progress of Polyurethane Synthetic Sleepers, columnId=1152669336394183038, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Civil Engineering Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Synthetic sleepers of fiberreinforced polyurethane foam were initially applied in urban railway traffic to adapt to the linear induction motor system, and they have been developed into national and heavyhaul railways in recent years. Synthetic sleepers have been widely researched and applied nationwide owing to their excellent overall performance. The technological development history and standards of synthetic sleepers in China were analyzed and compared with foreign and ISO standards. In addition, the application progress, application problems, and solutions were investigated. Suggestions for the development and prospects of polyurethane synthetic sleepers in China were proposed by combining the requirements of domestic rail traffic with the application problems of synthetic sleepers.

, correspAuthors=Jinlong ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lei XI, Rui LYU, Jinlong ZHANG, Cheng HUANG, Fei ZENG, Yongbing ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149744626237620596, articleId=1149744614099305410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=聚氨酯合成轨枕国内研究及应用进展, columnId=1152669336603898239, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=土建技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

聚氨酯泡沫合成轨枕最早配合直线电机牵引系统应用于城市轨道交通,因其良好的综合性能,在国内获得广泛研究和应用。对比分析国内合成轨枕的技术发展历程和国外、国际相关合成轨枕技术标准,并调研合成轨枕在国内的应用进展及使用过程中出现的问题和解决措施,主要表现在:横向阻力偏低,部分道钉孔失效或涂层破损;这些问题可通过产品结构改进及安装维护方案优化进行解决。结合国内轨道交通领域的发展需要,及聚氨酯合成轨枕产品性能特点和市场现状,提出聚氨酯合成轨枕产品在我国未来发展建议。

, correspAuthors=张金龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张金龙,男,硕士,工程师,主要从事聚氨酯复合材料研发及工程应用,
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席雷,男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事城市轨道交通轨道工程维护管理,

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席雷,男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事城市轨道交通轨道工程维护管理,

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席雷,男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事城市轨道交通轨道工程维护管理,

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序号 项目 CJ/T 399— 2012 HFFP 桥枕 暂行条件 JIS E 1203 ISO12856
A 型 B 型 C 型
1 密度 $/\left( {\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}}\right)$ ${0.74} \pm {0.1}$ ${1.2} \pm {0.0.06}$ ${0.74} \pm {0.1}$ $\geq {0.64}$ ≥0.8 ≥0.8
2 弯曲强度/MPa $\geq {70}$ $\geq {200}$ ≥70 $\geq {28}$ $\geq {18}$ $\geq {13.8}$
3 弯曲弹性模量/MPa $\geq {6000}$ $\geq {12000}$ $\geq {6000}$ $\geq {6000}$ $\geq {2500}$ $\geq {1170}$
4 竖向压缩强度/MPa ≥40 $\geq {120}$ ≥40 ≥40 ≥8 -
5 剪切强度/MPa $\geq 7$ $\geq {18}$ $\geq 7$ $\geq 7$ ≥8 $\geq {6.2}$
6 黏接剪切强度/MPa $\geq 7\left( \text{母材破坏}\right)$ $\geq {18}$ (母材破坏) $\geq 7\left( \text{母材破坏}\right)$ $\geq 7\left( \text{母材破坏}\right)$ - -
7 螺纹道钉抗拔强度/kN ≥40 ≥60 ≥30 - - -
8 成品抗弯曲荷载/kN $\geq {170}$ $\geq {1000}$ $\geq {170}$ - - -
9 吸水量/吸水率 $\leq {10}\mathrm{\;{mg}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ $\leq 6\mathrm{\;{mg}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ $\leq {10}\mathrm{\;{mg}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ $\leq 2\%$ $\leq 2\%$ -
10 线性热膨胀系数/℃ - $\leq 1 \times {10}^{-5}$ - $\leq 5 \times {10}^{-5}$ $\leq 4 \times {10}^{-5}$ $\leq {13.5} \times {10}^{-5}$
11 适用线路领域 城市轨道交通 轴重 ${270}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 的 客货共线铁路 钢梁 - 轴重 20t,时速 ${130}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 或轴重 14 t. 时速 300 km/h 线路 轴重 22.5 t. 时 速 ${160}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的 线路 轴重 35t,时 速 ${80}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的 重载线路
), ArticleFig(id=1154040323987727023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744614099305410, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=不同合成轨枕标准对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 项目 CJ/T 399— 2012 HFFP 桥枕 暂行条件 JIS E 1203 ISO12856
A 型 B 型 C 型
1 密度 $/\left( {\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}}\right)$ ${0.74} \pm {0.1}$ ${1.2} \pm {0.0.06}$ ${0.74} \pm {0.1}$ $\geq {0.64}$ ≥0.8 ≥0.8
2 弯曲强度/MPa $\geq {70}$ $\geq {200}$ ≥70 $\geq {28}$ $\geq {18}$ $\geq {13.8}$
3 弯曲弹性模量/MPa $\geq {6000}$ $\geq {12000}$ $\geq {6000}$ $\geq {6000}$ $\geq {2500}$ $\geq {1170}$
4 竖向压缩强度/MPa ≥40 $\geq {120}$ ≥40 ≥40 ≥8 -
5 剪切强度/MPa $\geq 7$ $\geq {18}$ $\geq 7$ $\geq 7$ ≥8 $\geq {6.2}$
6 黏接剪切强度/MPa $\geq 7\left( \text{母材破坏}\right)$ $\geq {18}$ (母材破坏) $\geq 7\left( \text{母材破坏}\right)$ $\geq 7\left( \text{母材破坏}\right)$ - -
7 螺纹道钉抗拔强度/kN ≥40 ≥60 ≥30 - - -
8 成品抗弯曲荷载/kN $\geq {170}$ $\geq {1000}$ $\geq {170}$ - - -
9 吸水量/吸水率 $\leq {10}\mathrm{\;{mg}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ $\leq 6\mathrm{\;{mg}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ $\leq {10}\mathrm{\;{mg}}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{2}$ $\leq 2\%$ $\leq 2\%$ -
10 线性热膨胀系数/℃ - $\leq 1 \times {10}^{-5}$ - $\leq 5 \times {10}^{-5}$ $\leq 4 \times {10}^{-5}$ $\leq {13.5} \times {10}^{-5}$
11 适用线路领域 城市轨道交通 轴重 ${270}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 的 客货共线铁路 钢梁 - 轴重 20t,时速 ${130}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 或轴重 14 t. 时速 300 km/h 线路 轴重 22.5 t. 时 速 ${160}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的 线路 轴重 35t,时 速 ${80}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的 重载线路
), ArticleFig(id=1154040324050641584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744614099305410, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comprehensive comparison of different kinds of sleepers, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 项目 木轨枕 混凝土轨枕 合成轨枕
1 密度/ $\left( {\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}}\right)$ 0.8 2.4 0.74
2 质量/(kg/根) 80 300 70
3 基本力 学性能 竖向压缩强度/MPa 40~50 ≥50 ${50} \sim {80}$
4 横向压缩强度/MPa $5 \sim 8$ ≥50 8~10
5 道钉抗拔强度/kN ${20} \sim {30}$
60
40
6 弹性模量/GPa 6~8 ≥40 $6 \sim 8$
7 抗疲劳性 1000 次出现裂纹 300 万次无异常 300 万次无异常
8 绝缘性 一般,吸水后变差 一般,吸水后变差 吸水率极低,绝缘性佳
9 使用寿命/年 8~12 50 预计 50
10 生产效率 优质木材短缺,防腐处理 繁琐,交货期长 标准轨枕效率高;岔枕模具多, 生产效率较低 连续模具生产,效率高, 质量稳定,交货期短
11 施工效率 质量轻,施工便捷 质量大,需大型机械配合施工 质量轻,施工便捷
12 维护 每年需防腐维护 无需维护 每 10~15 年表面刷漆维护
13 环境保护 防腐处理污染环境 良好 良好
14 经济性 对比 初期投入/(元/根) 500 250 1 800
15 全寿命周期成本/(元/根) 约 4900 250 1 900
), ArticleFig(id=1154040324113556148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744614099305410, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=不同类型轨枕综合对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 项目 木轨枕 混凝土轨枕 合成轨枕
1 密度/ $\left( {\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}}\right)$ 0.8 2.4 0.74
2 质量/(kg/根) 80 300 70
3 基本力 学性能 竖向压缩强度/MPa 40~50 ≥50 ${50} \sim {80}$
4 横向压缩强度/MPa $5 \sim 8$ ≥50 8~10
5 道钉抗拔强度/kN ${20} \sim {30}$
60
40
6 弹性模量/GPa 6~8 ≥40 $6 \sim 8$
7 抗疲劳性 1000 次出现裂纹 300 万次无异常 300 万次无异常
8 绝缘性 一般,吸水后变差 一般,吸水后变差 吸水率极低,绝缘性佳
9 使用寿命/年 8~12 50 预计 50
10 生产效率 优质木材短缺,防腐处理 繁琐,交货期长 标准轨枕效率高;岔枕模具多, 生产效率较低 连续模具生产,效率高, 质量稳定,交货期短
11 施工效率 质量轻,施工便捷 质量大,需大型机械配合施工 质量轻,施工便捷
12 维护 每年需防腐维护 无需维护 每 10~15 年表面刷漆维护
13 环境保护 防腐处理污染环境 良好 良好
14 经济性 对比 初期投入/(元/根) 500 250 1 800
15 全寿命周期成本/(元/根) 约 4900 250 1 900
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聚氨酯合成轨枕国内研究及应用进展
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席雷 1 , 吕锐 1 , 张金龙 2 , 黄承 2 , 曾飞 2 , 张用兵 3
都市快轨交通 | 土建技术 2024,37(2): 77-79
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都市快轨交通 | 土建技术 2024, 37(2): 77-79
聚氨酯合成轨枕国内研究及应用进展
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席雷1 , 吕锐1, 张金龙2 , 黄承2, 曾飞2, 张用兵3
作者信息
  • 1 广州地铁集团有限公司 运营事业总部 广州 510030
  • 2 洛阳双瑞橡塑科技有限公司 河南洛阳 471003
  • 3 中国船舶集团有限公司第七二五研究所 洛阳船舶材料研究所 河南洛阳 471023
  • 席雷,男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事城市轨道交通轨道工程维护管理,

通讯作者:

张金龙,男,硕士,工程师,主要从事聚氨酯复合材料研发及工程应用,
Domestic Research and Application Progress of Polyurethane Synthetic Sleepers
Lei XI1 , Rui LYU1, Jinlong ZHANG2 , Cheng HUANG2, Fei ZENG2, Yongbing ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Operational Business Headquarters Guangzhou Metro Group Co., Ltd. Guangzhou 510030
  • 2 Luoyang Sunrui Rubber & Plastic Science and Technology Co., Ltd. Luoyang, Henan 471003
  • 3 Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute Luoyang, Henan 471023
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.012
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聚氨酯泡沫合成轨枕最早配合直线电机牵引系统应用于城市轨道交通,因其良好的综合性能,在国内获得广泛研究和应用。对比分析国内合成轨枕的技术发展历程和国外、国际相关合成轨枕技术标准,并调研合成轨枕在国内的应用进展及使用过程中出现的问题和解决措施,主要表现在:横向阻力偏低,部分道钉孔失效或涂层破损;这些问题可通过产品结构改进及安装维护方案优化进行解决。结合国内轨道交通领域的发展需要,及聚氨酯合成轨枕产品性能特点和市场现状,提出聚氨酯合成轨枕产品在我国未来发展建议。

铁路路基  /  聚氨酯泡沫合成轨枕  /  城市轨道交通  /  标准  /  应用进展

Synthetic sleepers of fiberreinforced polyurethane foam were initially applied in urban railway traffic to adapt to the linear induction motor system, and they have been developed into national and heavyhaul railways in recent years. Synthetic sleepers have been widely researched and applied nationwide owing to their excellent overall performance. The technological development history and standards of synthetic sleepers in China were analyzed and compared with foreign and ISO standards. In addition, the application progress, application problems, and solutions were investigated. Suggestions for the development and prospects of polyurethane synthetic sleepers in China were proposed by combining the requirements of domestic rail traffic with the application problems of synthetic sleepers.

railway subgrade  /  foam polyurethane sleeper  /  railway traffic  /  standard  /  application progress
席雷, 吕锐, 张金龙, 黄承, 曾飞, 张用兵. 聚氨酯合成轨枕国内研究及应用进展. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (2) : 77 -79 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.012
Lei XI, Rui LYU, Jinlong ZHANG, Cheng HUANG, Fei ZENG, Yongbing ZHANG. Domestic Research and Application Progress of Polyurethane Synthetic Sleepers[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (2) : 77 -79 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.012
轨枕是轨道路基中承垫于钢轨下,通过连接零件保持两股或多股钢轨之间的轨距、水平和轨向等几何形位,并将钢轨所承受的各种荷载均匀传递于道床基础上的构件, 是轨道的重要组成部分。传统轨道多用木轨枕或混凝土轨枕,全球范围内应用比例超过 90%。 但是木轨枕易老化腐朽、稳定性差, 使用寿命短。混凝土轨枕质量大、刚度大, 环境振动噪声大。因此, 各类新型轨枕受到越来越多的关注, 其中聚氨酯泡沫合成轨枕由于轻质高强、防腐绝缘、加工安装便捷、 使用寿命长等综合优势,应用最广泛 [ 1 - 2 ]
聚氨酯泡沫合成轨枕是连续玻璃纤维增强硬质聚氨酯泡沫成型的复合材料轨枕, 简称合成轨枕。合成轨枕最早于 1980 年由日本积水化学研制成功并开始试用, 随后在日本铁路建设中获得广泛应用, 21 世纪以来, 积水化学开始向全球各地推广。2004 年, 广州地铁 4 号线在国内首次使用了合成轨枕 [ 2 - 3 ] ,一经使用, 便受到国内广泛关注。2006 年,中国船舶重工集团第七二五研究所洛阳双瑞橡塑科技有限公司(以下简称 “洛阳双瑞”) 在国内最早开始研制合成轨枕, 2008 年研制成功, 并在广州地铁 5 号线批量应用[ 4 - 5 ]。
合成轨枕国产化以来, 已经从城市轨道交通逐渐拓展到国铁线路及重载线路桥梁、隧道、道岔等领域, 获得广泛应用。本文调研了合成轨枕在国内的研究及应用进展,对比了国内外合成轨枕标准,分析了应用过程中出现的问题及解决措施, 并对进一步推广应用进行展望。
合成轨枕自引入国内以来, 受到研制单位、设计院、施工方和运营方的广泛关注和研究, 现从产品生产制造、线上应用技术和施工方案分别进行讨论。
国内合成轨枕研制初期, 因产品截面尺寸大, 成型时玻璃纤维数量多, 加上聚氨酯树脂配方、成型设备和工艺的限制,一次仅可成型 ${70}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 厚的合成轨枕半成品, 然后黏接成型。日本积水化学同时期也是采用黏接成型 [ 6 ]
早期关于合成轨枕成型技术的研究鲜有报道, 随着应用领域的拓展, 国内多家单位开始从事合成轨枕的研制。乔冬平等 [ 7 ] 通过理论模型和实测结果分析了合成轨枕中纤维体积含量的极小值和理论极大值, 对合成轨枕配方设计具有指导意义; 荆蓉等 [ 8 ] 对合成轨枕与木轨枕的力学、动态疲劳等进行了对比测试分析, 论证了合成轨枕能够满足我国国铁线路的使用要求; 魏建国等 [ 9 ] 研究了成型工艺对合成轨枕的性能影响; 刘彦光等 [ 10 ] 研究了在酸、碱、盐溶液中的浸泡时长和荧光紫外灯照射时长对合成轨枕力学性能的影响, 分析了各种老化因素对合成轨枕性能的影响,杨海等。 探索了合成轨枕密度与弯曲性能的关系, 并拟合了数学模型, 对于合成轨枕质量控制具有重要实践意义。
此外, 针对合成轨枕一体成型工艺的玻璃纤维浸渍难题, 各生产厂家经过多年的不断探索和研究, 通过自动揉搓、高频剪切、超声辅助浸渍、高压注胶盒等装置,逐步实现大量玻纤的自动浸渍 [ 5 ] 。结合聚氨酯树脂配方和成型工艺的优化, 实现了合成轨枕的一体成型, 显著推动了合成轨枕产品的降本增效, 进一步扩大了其应用领域。据了解,目前国内多个厂家可以一次成型厚度 ${240}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 以上的合成轨枕,成型技术达到国际领先水平。
由于合成轨枕具有可现场加工、强度高、耐腐蚀等优势, 2004 年, 广州地铁 4 号线在国内首次引入日本的合成轨枕, 以确保直线电机感应板的安装精度[ 12 ]。 崔幼飞 [ 13 ] 研究了合成轨枕的测试与应用,对合成轨枕的检测方法、质量控制标准、修补和钉固工艺等具有指导意义; 何燕平等 [ 14 ] 通过有限元计算模型分析扣件刚度、树脂砂浆刚度等对合成轨枕式无砟轨道的垂向受力特性的影响, 为合成轨枕式无砟轨道的设计提供理论依据; 常征等 [ 15 ] 基于有限单元法与多体动力学理论, 研究合成轨枕密度变化对有砟轨道结构力学特性的影响规律,研究结果表明:合成轨枕密度增大,车体的垂向加速度增大, 横向加速度减小, 脱轨系数和轮重减载率显著减小;对于钢桥梁明桥面,西南交通大学开展了广泛的研究, 初步掌握明桥面合成轨枕的技术要求、设计规范和施工方案等 [ 16 - 18 ] ;2014 年,西南交通大学联合成都铁路局、洛阳双瑞等单位, 开展了合成轨枕在国铁桥梁明桥面的研究和应用, 并在沪昆线水花大桥进行了试用 [ 18 ]
合成轨枕技术在国内应用以来,研究者[18-20] 针对合成轨枕在有砟道床/无砟道床的道岔、小半径曲线、 钢桥梁明桥面等不同路基的实用性和施工技术开展了广泛研究和试验, 掌握了一套行之有效的施工方案, 道床结构稳定, 应用状态良好。
推动轨道交通行业产品标准化, 是引领行业发展, 走向国际化的必经之路 。2012 年,经过国内多年应用, 由中国住房和城乡建设部提出, 广州地铁作为负责起草单位,编制了 《聚氨酯泡沫合成轨枕》(CJ/T 399- 2012 )行业标准 ,明确了城市轨道交通合成轨枕技术标准和试验方法等,推动了合成轨枕在国内的发展。2019 年,中国铁路总公司颁发了《铁路钢梁用 HFFP 复合材料桥枕暂行技术条件》(TJ/GW ,明确了列车轴重 的客货共线铁路钢梁用合成轨枕的技术条件。
将上述两项国内现行的合成轨枕标准/技术条件与国际相关合成轨枕标准一日本标准 JIS E1203[6] 、国际标准 ISO 12856 [ 24 ] 进行对比,主要性能对比如 表 1 所示。
表 1 可见, CJ/T 399-2012 与 JIS E 1203 标准、 ISO 12856 中的 A 型轨枕要求基本一致, 产品结构均为连续玻璃纤维增强树脂基复合材料, 仅 CJ/T 399- 2012 标准中的道钉抗拔要求略有提高。ISO 12856 标准的 B 型轨枕对应为短玻纤增强塑料型合成轨枕;C 型轨枕对应为回收塑料/橡胶共混模压成型的橡塑轨枕。 根据 ISO 12856 标准,轴重 35t,时速 ${80}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的重载线路,使用轨枕性能参照 ISO 12856 中的 C 型轨枕。 此外,日本积水化学用于欧洲的轴重 ${25}\mathrm{t}$ (约 ${250}\mathrm{{kN}}$ ), 时速 ${160}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的轨道交通线路,使用密度为 ${0.74}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}$ 的合成轨枕 [ 25 ] 。相比而言, HFFP 桥枕要求远高于其他各类轨枕,用于轴重 ${270}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 的客货共线铁路,预计具有较大的安全余量。
合成轨枕产品自国产化以来, 在有砟道床/无砟道床的道岔、小半径曲线、钢桥梁明桥面、隧道等各种地段获得广泛研究及应用, 运行状态良好, 解决多项技术难题。据了解, 近些年来, 国内合成轨枕每年用量约 4 万根, 累计用量超过 40 万根。现结合应用线路工概况进行简要介绍。
轨道交通线路停车场道岔区域维护工作量较大, 普遍使用有砟道床。合成轨枕由于安装便捷、可现场加工、后期维护工作量小等优势, 在有砟道床道岔区域获得较多应用 [ 2 ] 。此外,近些年来,部分停车场原先使用的木轨枕逐渐腐朽破坏, 需要进行更换改造, 选择合成轨枕替代木轨枕,轨道原先使用的扣件系统无需更换, 可大幅降低改造成本。
轨道交通正线普遍使用无砟整体道床, 与直线线路相比,道岔区和曲线地段轨道易出现超高,产生较大的轮轨横向荷载, 使轨道产生横向振动, 导致环境振动病害 [ 26 ] 。合成轨枕由于轻质高强、加工便捷、韧性良好,刚度较小,且具有一定的减振效果 [ 21 ] ,在整体道床道岔获得广泛应用。
对于正线线路, 普遍使用混凝土轨枕, 合成轨枕由于造价较高, 极少使用。但是对于部分线路, 特别是跨海隧道, 轨道回路产生的杂散电流容易造成沿线金属管路发生电化学腐蚀, 因此选择绝缘性好的合成轨枕 [ 12 ] ,具有良好的杂散电流防治效果。2019 年,在厦门地铁 3 号线翔安跨海隧道段, 为避免海水渗透造成杂散电流过大问题, 使用了合成轨枕。目前应用多年, 效果良好, 如 图 1 所示。
对于明桥面钢桁梁轨道, 传统多使用木轨枕, 但木轨枕容易腐朽开裂, 使用寿命短, 需要每年进行防腐维护,维护工作量大 [ 2 ] 。因此选用合成轨枕替代木轨枕成为研究热点。合成轨枕最早在国内明桥面的应用是 2010 年,在南京地铁 S3 线(原南京地铁 12 号线) 大胜关长江大桥使用了合成轨枕 [ 27 ] ,并在 2018 年重庆轨道交通环线朝天门长江大桥的建设中,使用类似技术 [ 22 ] 。2014 年以来,成都铁路局最早开始探索合成轨枕在国铁线路钢桥梁明桥面的应用, 通过相关测试试验和模拟计算, 制定了成都局明桥面钢桁梁合成轨枕技术标准 [ 18 ] ,并在沪昆线、成昆线等线路近 20 座桥梁进行了合成轨枕替换, 应用效果良好。近年来, 国内大量明桥面用聚氨酯合成轨枕替换了木轨枕。
合成轨枕密度约为 ${0.74}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}$ ,仅为混凝土轨枕的 $1/4$ ,并低于普通木枕 (约 ${0.8}\sim {1.0}\mathrm{\;g}/{\mathrm{{cm}}}^{3}$ ),在使用初期, 特别是有砟道床道岔和小半径曲线路段, 曾出现道床横向阻力不足的问题。但结合现场使用工况, 轨道设计师和合成轨枕研制人员通过增加防滑块、地锚拉杆、底部防滑、侧面防滑、预弯钢轨等措施, 有效解决了合成轨枕道床横向阻力不足的问题 [ 8 , 13 , 28 ] ,如 图 2 所示。底面或侧面增加防滑结构, 可提升横向阻力近 20% [ 28 ]
截至目前,合成轨枕在国内应用近 20 年,累计用量超 40 万根, 整体使用良好, 道钉失效情况鲜有发生。 这主要得益于合成轨枕具有吸水率低、抗菌、抗腐蚀、 抗老化等优势。经过调研分析, 合成轨枕应用过程中曾经发生的道钉孔失效情况, 主要由以下原因导致:
1)横向受力过大。合成轨枕纵向(平行纤维方向) 压缩强度高,超过 ${60}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ,但横向压缩强度不佳,实测仅为 $8\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 左右 [ 29 ] 。部分应用工况合成轨枕道钉孔横向力过大, 经过长期应用, 道钉孔发生破损。
2) 道钉孔偏斜。施工过程打孔偏斜, 运营过程中合成轨枕受到道钉传递的力有所偏斜, 导致道钉孔逐渐扩大,直至失效。
3) 安装维护过程破损。合成轨枕线路轨道维护过程中, 可能多次拆卸道钉。拆卸后复拧道钉时, 若未按照原螺纹拧紧,多次拆卸复拧后,会造成原道钉孔的螺纹破坏, 最终逐渐失效。
4) 轨枕高度不平顺。桥梁合成轨枕应用初期, 发现个别道钉孔容易破损。经过现场检查发现, 合成轨枕底部刻槽平整度不佳, 导致局部轨枕表面高度不平顺。列车经过时, 局部道钉会受到较大的上拔力, 长期作用后发生破坏。经过安装调高垫板调平,并对道钉孔修补后更换新螺纹道钉,后期应用效果良好。
合成轨枕是一种玻璃纤维增强聚氨酯泡沫产品, 表面会有一些气孔, 若成型工艺控制不佳, 个别气孔可能会较大 [ 9 - 11 ] 。为改善表观状态,多采用腻子或底漆将表面处理平整。但在室外长期使用后, 表面容易发生龟裂(见 图 3(a) ), 时间继续延长, 龟裂的涂层逐渐脱落, 造成局部玻纤裸露(见 图 3(b) )。虽然应用状态良好, 未见产品失效, 但裸露的玻纤会造成环境污染, 并对维保工人皮肤产生伤害或引起不适。因此, 应对表面涂层破损的合成轨枕及时修补处理, 避免进一步破损, 造成环境污染或运维人员慢性伤害。
经过对合成轨枕研究进展及应用情况调研, 将合成轨枕与目前市场上常用的混凝土轨枕、木轨枕进行综合对比,如 表 2 所示。合成轨枕初期投入成本相对较高,但是由于其力学性能良好、防腐绝缘性好、抗疲劳性好、使用寿命长等综合优势, 全寿命周期成本适中, 且远低于木轨枕。随着人工成本的逐渐升高, 合成轨枕未来将是木轨枕的理想替代品。此外, 对于绝缘效果、减振效果要求较高的特殊轨道领域, 合成轨枕也可替代混凝土轨枕,具有良好的应用前景。
合成轨枕在国内经过近 20 年的应用和发展, 目前生产技术成熟, 生产成本大幅下降, 且测试、设计、 施工等配套技术日趋完善, 已完全实现国产化, 进口合成轨枕逐渐淡出国内市场。截至目前,合成轨枕广泛应用于国内城市轨道交通、国铁线路及重载铁路的桥梁、道岔、隧道等多种工况, 解决了轨道交通领域的多项难题,成果显著。
但也应当看到, 目前合成轨枕在国内轨道市场占有率较低, 在发展和应用过程中还存在一些问题。建议从以下几方面开展研究, 以进一步拓展合成轨枕应用领域和市场。
1) 针对不同轴重、车速的明桥面桥梁、有砟道床和无砟道床线路, 轨枕受力工况有所不同, 应对合成轨枕产品结构、截面尺寸或产品性能进行区分, 进一步系列化和标准化,提高产品性价比。
2) 合成轨枕在国内应用近 20 年, 但对于线上应用后的合成轨枕性能, 未见全面测试和评估。建议开展相关研究, 以探索合成轨枕耐老化、耐疲劳性能和使用寿命, 并指导未来合成轨枕线上应用和维护。
3) 合成轨枕综合性能优良, 但由于成本较高, 大规模普及应用受限。建议从合成轨枕的减振降噪效果、 防腐蚀性、绝缘性等方面展开深入研究, 利用其特殊的功能性, 拓展细分应用市场。
  • 国家新材料生产应用示范平台建设项目(TC180A6MR)
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2024年第37卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.012
  • 接收时间:2023-09-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-21
  • 修回日期:2023-12-27
基金
国家新材料生产应用示范平台建设项目(TC180A6MR)
作者信息
    1 广州地铁集团有限公司 运营事业总部 广州 510030
    2 洛阳双瑞橡塑科技有限公司 河南洛阳 471003
    3 中国船舶集团有限公司第七二五研究所 洛阳船舶材料研究所 河南洛阳 471023

通讯作者:

张金龙,男,硕士,工程师,主要从事聚氨酯复合材料研发及工程应用,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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