Article(id=1149744609565262556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744594201523010, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1695225600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-21, revisedDate=1703606400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752050076142, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752050076142, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752050076142, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752050076142, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149744594201523010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='177', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752050072478, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780147518, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157001054903685255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744594201523010, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157001054903685256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744594201523010, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=75, endPage=81, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149744609800143586, articleId=1149744609565262556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Vibration Monitoring and Protection for Ancient Buildings under a Metro Shield, columnId=1152669335454658940, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Academic Discussion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To ensure the safety of ancient buildings during subway shield tunneling, a general technical approach involving initial assessment, reinforcement, construction monitoring, subsequent evaluation, and additional reinforcement has been established. This study built a 1: 3.52 physical model of ancient buildings and conducted shaking table tests to obtain the damping ratio of structures Ansys was used to build a threedimensional model. Using structural and modal analysis for vulnerable structures for strengthening and prevention, this study provides a reference for the followup vibration monitoring and shield construction. The construction parameters were adjusted according to the construction monitoring data in the test area. The results showed that the maximum displacement of the structure was approximately 14.01 mm under static analysis, which verified the validity of the threedimensional model. The basic frequency of the structural model was 0.590 46 Hz and the most vulnerable position was sandalwood. During shield tunneling, the acceleration of ancient buildings was less than 0.003 m/s², the vibration frequency was primarily concentrated at 0.6–20.5 Hz, and the vibration frequency was in the normal range. The paper proposes that the overall solution of subway shield tunneling through the ancient buildings involves a uniform driving speed, avoiding the operation peak period, using the grouting reinforcement between the strata in the affected area, supporting the vulnerable structure of the ancient buildings, and adopting a vibration isolation and vibration reduction scheme during the construction. This provides a reference for similar subsequent projects.

, correspAuthors=Changkang SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wenbin DENG, Changkang SUN, Li YANG, Hadeljan WULAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149744640036880518, articleId=1149744609565262556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=地铁盾构下穿古建筑振动监测与保护研究, columnId=1152669335668568445, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=学术探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为确保地铁盾构下穿古建筑物施工安全,确定先评估、先加固、施工监测、后评估、后加固总体技术路线。通过建立古建筑 1:3.52 的实体模型并进行振动台试验获取结构阻尼比,利用Ansys 进行三维建模,采用结构与模态分析,针对易损结构进行加固预防,为后续振动监测与盾构施工提供参考依据,结合试验区施工监测数据,调整施工参数。结果表明:在静力分析下该结构位移最大值约为14.01 mm,验证了三维模型的有效性。通过模态分析确定结构模型基本频率为0.590 46 Hz,最易受损位置为斗枋处。在盾构穿越过程中,古建筑物加速度变化幅度小于0.003 m/s²,振动频带主要集中在0.6~20.5 Hz,振动频带处于正常范围,对古建筑物基本无影响。针对盾构下穿古建筑物提出以“地铁盾构穿越以匀速掘进为主,避免运营高峰期作业,影响区地层之间使用注浆加固,对古建筑物易损结构进行支护,施工时采取隔振减振方案”的总体解决思路,为后续类似工程建设提供参考。

, correspAuthors=孙常康, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孙常康,男,硕士研究生,从事变形监测等方面研究,
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邓文彬,男,博士,教授,从事工程测量、大地测量、地质灾害等方面研究,

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邓文彬,男,博士,教授,从事工程测量、大地测量、地质灾害等方面研究,

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邓文彬,男,博士,教授,从事工程测量、大地测量、地质灾害等方面研究,

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language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=保护措施)], refs=[Reference(id=1154040283084873874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=36, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=韩宝明, 习喆, 孙亚洁, journalName=都市快轨交通, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩宝明, 习喆, 孙亚洁, 等. 2022年世界城市轨道交通运营统计与分析综述[J]. 都市快轨交通, 2023, 36(1): 1-8., articleTitle=2022年世界城市轨道交通运营统计与分析综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154040283143594133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=36, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=HAN Baoming, XI Zhe, SUN Yajie, journalName=Urban rapid rail transit, refType=null, unstructuredReference= HAN Baoming , XI Zhe , SUN Yajie , et al. 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Changsha: Changsha University of Science & Technology, 2020., articleTitle=Vibration monitoring and mechanism analysis of subway construction, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154040282858381447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, awardId=51868074, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(51868074), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1154040282929684620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, awardId=2022D01C55, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2022D01C55), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154040278135596001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154040278148178914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, companyId=1154040278135596001, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Architecture and Engineering Xinjiang University Urumqi 830017), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154040278156567523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, companyId=1154040278135596001, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=新疆大学 建筑工程学院 乌鲁木齐市 830017)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1154040280538931258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Plan of Metro Line 6 and the Andingmen section of the city wall, figureFileSmall=elmytHweE/+A/g8OA+ohhw==, figureFileBig=vghVQdmKT0afsB0kbTm6Ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1154040280593457211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, language=CN, label=图 1, caption=地铁 6 号线与安定门段城墙平面, figureFileSmall=elmytHweE/+A/g8OA+ohhw==, 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围岩 重度/ 黏聚力 内摩 擦角 压缩模量 E/MPa 泊松比 V
1-2 素填土 16.0 16.0 14.0 - 0.32
3-1-2 新黄土 17.5 27.0 22.5 3.2 0.33
3-2-2 古土壤 20.1 28.5 24.0 5.8 0.32
4-2-2 老黄土 20.4 30.0 21.0 21.0 0.28
4-2 古土壤 20.4 33.0 22.5 26.8 0.28
), ArticleFig(id=1154040282334093423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=地层力学参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围岩 重度/ 黏聚力 内摩 擦角 压缩模量 E/MPa 泊松比 V
1-2 素填土 16.0 16.0 14.0 - 0.32
3-1-2 新黄土 17.5 27.0 22.5 3.2 0.33
3-2-2 古土壤 20.1 28.5 24.0 5.8 0.32
4-2-2 老黄土 20.4 30.0 21.0 21.0 0.28
4-2 古土壤 20.4 33.0 22.5 26.8 0.28
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材料类型 重度/(kg/m3) 黏聚力 C/kPa 内摩擦角/ (°) 弹性模量 E/MPa 泊松比 V
城砖 1 540 2500.0 45.00 2 330 0.100
夯实黄土 1908 36.3 25.65 69 0.347
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材料类型 重度/(kg/m3) 黏聚力 C/kPa 内摩擦角/ (°) 弹性模量 E/MPa 泊松比 V
城砖 1 540 2500.0 45.00 2 330 0.100
夯实黄土 1908 36.3 25.65 69 0.347
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保护级别 控制点 位置 控制点 方向 砖砌体
<1 600 1 600~2 100 >2 100
全国重点文物 保护单位 承重 结构 最高处 水平 0.15 0.15 ~ 0.20 0.20
省级文物保护 单位 0.27 0.27~0.36 0.36
市、县级文物 保护单位 0.45 0.45 ~ 0.60 0.60
), ArticleFig(id=1154040282682220669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744609565262556, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=《古建筑防工业振动技术规范》砖结构允许振动速度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保护级别 控制点 位置 控制点 方向 砖砌体
<1 600 1 600~2 100 >2 100
全国重点文物 保护单位 承重 结构 最高处 水平 0.15 0.15 ~ 0.20 0.20
省级文物保护 单位 0.27 0.27~0.36 0.36
市、县级文物 保护单位 0.45 0.45 ~ 0.60 0.60
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地铁盾构下穿古建筑振动监测与保护研究
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邓文彬 , 孙常康 , 杨丽 , 乌郎·哈德力江
都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2024,37(3): 75-81
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都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2024, 37(3): 75-81
地铁盾构下穿古建筑振动监测与保护研究
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邓文彬 , 孙常康, 杨丽, 乌郎·哈德力江
作者信息
  • 新疆大学 建筑工程学院 乌鲁木齐市 830017
  • 邓文彬,男,博士,教授,从事工程测量、大地测量、地质灾害等方面研究,

通讯作者:

孙常康,男,硕士研究生,从事变形监测等方面研究,
Vibration Monitoring and Protection for Ancient Buildings under a Metro Shield
Wenbin DENG , Changkang SUN, Li YANG, Hadeljan WULAN
Affiliations
  • School of Architecture and Engineering Xinjiang University Urumqi 830017
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.010
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为确保地铁盾构下穿古建筑物施工安全,确定先评估、先加固、施工监测、后评估、后加固总体技术路线。通过建立古建筑 1:3.52 的实体模型并进行振动台试验获取结构阻尼比,利用Ansys 进行三维建模,采用结构与模态分析,针对易损结构进行加固预防,为后续振动监测与盾构施工提供参考依据,结合试验区施工监测数据,调整施工参数。结果表明:在静力分析下该结构位移最大值约为14.01 mm,验证了三维模型的有效性。通过模态分析确定结构模型基本频率为0.590 46 Hz,最易受损位置为斗枋处。在盾构穿越过程中,古建筑物加速度变化幅度小于0.003 m/s²,振动频带主要集中在0.6~20.5 Hz,振动频带处于正常范围,对古建筑物基本无影响。针对盾构下穿古建筑物提出以“地铁盾构穿越以匀速掘进为主,避免运营高峰期作业,影响区地层之间使用注浆加固,对古建筑物易损结构进行支护,施工时采取隔振减振方案”的总体解决思路,为后续类似工程建设提供参考。

城市轨道交通  /  地铁盾构  /  古建筑保护  /  振动监测  /  保护措施

To ensure the safety of ancient buildings during subway shield tunneling, a general technical approach involving initial assessment, reinforcement, construction monitoring, subsequent evaluation, and additional reinforcement has been established. This study built a 1: 3.52 physical model of ancient buildings and conducted shaking table tests to obtain the damping ratio of structures Ansys was used to build a threedimensional model. Using structural and modal analysis for vulnerable structures for strengthening and prevention, this study provides a reference for the followup vibration monitoring and shield construction. The construction parameters were adjusted according to the construction monitoring data in the test area. The results showed that the maximum displacement of the structure was approximately 14.01 mm under static analysis, which verified the validity of the threedimensional model. The basic frequency of the structural model was 0.590 46 Hz and the most vulnerable position was sandalwood. During shield tunneling, the acceleration of ancient buildings was less than 0.003 m/s², the vibration frequency was primarily concentrated at 0.6–20.5 Hz, and the vibration frequency was in the normal range. The paper proposes that the overall solution of subway shield tunneling through the ancient buildings involves a uniform driving speed, avoiding the operation peak period, using the grouting reinforcement between the strata in the affected area, supporting the vulnerable structure of the ancient buildings, and adopting a vibration isolation and vibration reduction scheme during the construction. This provides a reference for similar subsequent projects.

urban rail transit  /  metro shield  /  preservation of ancient buildings  /  vibration monitoring  /  protection measures
邓文彬, 孙常康, 杨丽, 乌郎·哈德力江. 地铁盾构下穿古建筑振动监测与保护研究. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (3) : 75 -81 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.010
Wenbin DENG, Changkang SUN, Li YANG, Hadeljan WULAN. Vibration Monitoring and Protection for Ancient Buildings under a Metro Shield[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (3) : 75 -81 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.010
随着社会经济的发展, 全球城市轨道交通迎来快速发展时期,截至 2022 年底,全球共有 78 个国家和地区的 545 座城市开通城市轨道交通,运营里程超过41 386.12 km[1] 。城市轨道交通发展使得地铁网络的密集度也越来越高, 将出现众多地铁线路穿越敏感建筑物的情况。古建筑如果能确保不拆除, 仍存在另一个难题:施工引起的振动对古建筑的影响往往是致命的。 对此, 国家文物局对我国新建地铁穿越古建筑的振动问题高度重视, 从文物局官网上的统计资料来看, 近十年来, 几乎所有涉及地铁建设的文物保护批复均提及到振动监测。
地铁施工及其引起的相关问题越来越成为国内外关注的热点 [ 2 ] 。Mair 等将盾构施工所引起的地下空间位移细化分为 5 个阶段 [ 3 ] ; 陈红等就昆明地铁 4 号线穿越工程采取自动化监测手段指导盾构下穿施工 [ 4 ] ; 吕培印等通过建立地铁工程事故案例库, 定量化估计地铁工程中发生某种类型事故的概率、经济损失和风险水平 [ 5 ] 。以上研究均体现了地铁施工领域对于精确控制和风险管理的高度重视。而在文物保护方面,尤其是在历史悠久的城市如西安, 地铁施工与古建筑保护之间的平衡显得尤为关键。
本文以西安地铁 6 号线邻近西安城墙安定门盾构施工为例, 进行古建筑物结构有限元分析评估, 并在地铁盾构施工时对古建筑物进行振动监测, 完成实时动态反馈和分析处理,有效地保护了古建筑物的安全。
该工程盾构区间左线起止里程 ZCK32+047.665~ ZCK32+628.507,左线长 ${582.819}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,右线起止里程 YCK32+056.498 % YCK32+628.507,右线长 571.470 m, 区间采用盾构法施工。线路主要沿西大街、西关正街下方东西向敷设。盾构从区间风机房东端头始发, 在接近城墙保护范围处以半径为 ${400}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的曲线通过安定门门洞,侧穿安定门瓮城,最后到达安定门站。该段城墙位于西安市莲湖区西关正街与环城西路交叉口西侧,沿西关正街呈东西向延伸,城墙高 ${12}\mathrm{m}$ ,底宽 ${18}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,顶宽 ${15}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。城墙上有主楼、箭楼等,为砖木结构;城墙下有拱式门洞,城墙门洞宽 ${7.3}\mathrm{\;m}$ 。地铁 6 号线与安定门段城墙平面与剖面如 图 1 ~2 所示。
西安市位于关中平原中部, 其内沉积了巨厚的第四系地层, 盾构下穿安定门城墙段主要的地层岩性有: 1-2 为素填土,地层厚度为 $4 \sim 7\mathrm{m};3 - 1 - 2$ 为新黄土, 地层厚度为 $4 \sim 6\mathrm{\;m};3 - 2 - 2$ 为古土壤,地层厚度为 $3 \sim$ $7\mathrm{\;m}$ ;4-2-2 为老黄土,地层厚度为 $2 \sim 5\mathrm{\;m}$ 。4-2 为古土壤,地层厚度为 $3 \sim 8\mathrm{\;m}$ 。受护城河的影响,该地层段水位相对较浅,位于地面以下的 $6 \sim {10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内,水位高度距离隧道拱顶 $3 \sim 6\mathrm{\;m}$ 。具体地层参数如 表 1 所示。
由于西安城墙西门和东门在同一时期建立, 所以本文采用文献[ 6 ]中经试验得到的西安东门箭楼的城砖及夯土等力学参数, 如 表 2 所示:
城墙的墙体高度大约为 ${12}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,底部宽度在 ${16}\sim {18}\mathrm{\;m}$ 之间,而顶部宽度则在 ${12}\sim {14}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内。城墙的内部使用了不同年代的夯实黄土,内外墙都被青砖所覆盖。 在城墙下方, 有一个由条石构成的基础, 其断面结构如 图 3 所示。通过对相关力学参数的综合分析, 发现黄土夯层被青砖所覆盖, 使得城墙基础的单位面积承受的荷载远超过普通建筑物。再加上地基土和条石基础的共同作用, 城墙结构展现出很好的抗振性能。
西安城墙主楼与箭楼位于城墙之上,主要是砖木结构, 木结构整体可以分为上中下 3 层结构, 上层结构是复杂的大屋盖, 中层是以榫卯结构连接的木构架, 下层是以木柱与石础组成的台基。西安城墙主楼与箭楼均属于中国传统木构建筑, 在 3 层结构的作用下具备了一定的抗振性能, 大屋盖由于其自身质量较大, 作为上层整体荷载, 对整个木构建筑物起到整体稳定性作用, 木架构具有良好的弹塑性性能、采用榫卯结构的柔性连接, 可将振动过程中大量的动能消耗掉, 另外木柱与石础所组成的台基可以在水平振动和垂直振动的共同作用下,因柱根产生滑移而起到隔振作用。
通过现场测试分析了该建筑在不同场地条件下的动力特性及响应规律。由于工业、交通振动频繁,振幅大约在 ${0.5}\sim {10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{s}$ 之间,但振动次数高达 ${10}^{6}\sim$ ${10}^{8.5}$ 。因此有学者认为对于有风蚀、剥落、裂缝的古建筑来说, 即使是振动速度很小也会因其振动次数巨大而导致疲劳损坏 [ 7 ]
为进一步探究地铁盾构期间所引起的振动对主楼与箭楼的影响, 提前对易损构造进行加固预防, 选取城墙主楼作为主要研究对象, 建立有限元模型进行分析。主楼实际测绘尺寸如 图 4 所示。
按照测绘图尺寸, 通过使用 Ansys 软件对城墙主楼木结构进行 1 : 1 建模, 结合相关文献[ 6 ]对木结构材料进行定义: 木材重度为 ${4.1}\mathrm{{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 、抗拉强度为 ${34.3}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 、 抗压强度为 ${43.3}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 、抗弯强度为 ${41.8}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 、弹性模量为 ${8303.7}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 、剪切强度为 ${8.2}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 、泊松比为 0.25。 通过建立古建筑 $1 :{3.52}$ 的模型进行振动台试验,在模型上布设加速度、位移、速度传感器, 获取模型自振周期进行阻尼比计算,求解方法为 [ 8 ] :
$\xi =\frac{1}{2\pi n}\ln \frac{{a}_{i}}{{a}_{i + n}}$
式中, $\xi$ 为模型的阻尼比; ${a}_{i}$ 为振动曲线的第 $i$ 个峰值点振幅值; ${a}_{i + n}$ 为振动曲线的第 $i + n$ 个峰值点振幅值。
关于主楼结构阻尼的选取, 通常选用结构动力学中的 Rayleigh 阻尼来进行求解分析,求解方法为 [ 9 ] :
$\{\mathbf{C}\}= \alpha \{\mathbf{M}\}+ \beta \{\mathbf{K}\}$
式中, $\alpha \text{、}\beta$ 为比例系数,与结构的固有频率和阻尼比有关; $\{\mathbf{C}\}$ 为阻尼矩阵; $\{\mathbf{M}\}$ 为质量矩阵; $\{\mathbf{K}\}$ 为刚度矩阵。在计算中, $\alpha \text{、}\beta$ 这两个比例系数可以通过模型的前 2 阶的自振频率 ${\omega }_{1}\text{、}{\omega }_{2}$ 和振型的阻尼比 ${\xi }_{1}\text{、}{\xi }_{2}$ 来确定。求解方法为:
$\alpha =\frac{2{\omega }_{1}{\omega }_{2}\left({{\omega }_{2}{\xi }_{1}- {\omega }_{1}{\xi }_{2}}\right)}{{\omega }_{2}^{2}- {\omega }_{1}^{2}}$
$\beta =\frac{2\left({{\omega }_{2}{\xi }_{2}- {\omega }_{1}{\xi }_{1}}\right)}{{\omega }_{2}^{2}- {\omega }_{1}^{2}}$
使用 Ansys 有限元分析软件。在阻尼设置方面, 选择了周期或频率作为阻尼比的输入参数, 然后根据实验计算的结果进行相应的输入,从而实现了 $\alpha \text{、}\beta$ 的求解。 在模型单元选择方面, 大屋盖由于结构复杂, 具有较大质量和刚性, 主要对整个木结构起到稳定作用, 在这里主要以加载力的形式表示, 可以有效对有限元模型进行检验;柱枋结构选择 Beam188 线性有限应变梁单元;榫卯结构选择 Combin39 非线性弹簧单元;斗拱层选择 Combin39 非线性弹簧单元在水平和竖直方向上组合; 柱脚与石础的组合选用 Combin40 组合单元。由此建立主楼木结构有限元模型, 如 图 5 所示。
有限元模型建立后, 通过查阅文献[ 10 ]将大屋盖的屋面荷载简化为作用于顶层柱顶的集中荷载, 数值采用 ${137.5}\mathrm{{kN}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ ,将该荷载值加入到有限元模型中进行静力分析, 检验模型是否有效, 加载图如 图 6 所示。 根据分析所得主楼木结构在大屋盖荷载下水平方向位移小,竖直位移相对较大,位移量最大为 ${14.01}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,产生位置在斗枋中间处, 与文献[ 10 ]中静力分析所得到位移发生最大位置结果相同,可以证明该模型的有效性。
为有效减少地铁盾构产生的振动对主楼的影响, 通过对该结构进行 Block Lanczos 算法的模态分析, 结果如 图 7 所示, 通过模态分析可以得到结构振型频率以及动力特性, 提前获知主楼基本频率, 为城墙加固打桩及盾构穿越施工提供参考。
通过模态分析可知, 该结构模型基本频率为 ${0.59046}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,另外通过观察发现,前两阶振动主要发生在水平方向位移, 从第 3 阶振动开始发生结构上的扭转, 该结构最易受损位置为斗枋处, 所以在地铁盾构前需要对建筑物内部斗枋结构进行加固预防。
针对城墙门主楼及箭楼抗振能力相对较差的情况, 在城墙加固打桩及盾构穿越城墙时, 对城楼、箭楼进行振动监测。主要采用 941B 低频拾振器, 利用差分式磁钢感应振动的原理,采用无源闭环伺服技术, 得到了较好的低频特性和优良的阻抗匹配特性; 并通过对采集的数据进行处理分析和计算得到了该传感器在不同频率下的频率响应曲线。可以输出振动加速度、加速度 2 个参量。
古建筑本体测点按照《古建筑防工业振动技术规范》(GB/T50452-2008)进行布设,如图 8所示[11]。为了保证测量结果准确可靠, 必须对建筑进行严格的保护处理。为确保不破坏建筑物的现有状态, 传感器采用 3 层固定安装方式: 第 1 层使用静电隔离单面胶带, 以实现静电的隔离, 从而更好地贴合建筑物并保护环境; 第 2 层采用环氧粘合剂, 目的是为了将胶带与其上的铁块进行连接; 第 3 层由质量远超传感器的负重铁块组成, 其目的是为了减少振动波在传输过程中可能产生的局部共振等不良影响, 从而使传感器能够更全面地感知被摄体的振动, 避免受到杂波和其他干扰因素的影响。
查阅相关建筑振动控制标准:中国(GB/T 50452- 2008)对于国家级古建筑物最大振动控制标准为 ,德国(DIN4150-3:1999-02)、美国(FTA-VA-90-1003-06)、国际标准化组织(ISO4866:1999)对最大振动控制标准分别为 。针对西安地铁振动对钟楼和明城墙的影响, 国家文物局发函要求, 钟楼和城墙建筑基础质点峰值速度(PPV) 不得大于 。
通过分析隧道自身风险等级, 周边环境风险等级和地质条件复杂程度, 本工程监测等级为一级。振动量级应不超过地铁未施工状态下的最大值, 可参照《古建筑防工业振动技术规范》(GB/T50452-2008)的最严标准控制值,如表 3所示,地铁施工振级不超过 62 dB, 振速不超过0.15 mm/s [ 12 ]
地铁盾构施工诱发的振动主要以振动波形式向周边地层辐射传播, 进而影响地面环境。为了达到减振、 隔振目的, 对于掘进阶段产生的振动, 主要从古建筑物加固及盾构掘进控制两方面考虑, 通过加强基础结构以及改变盾构掘进参数以期达到减振效果。选取 316 环 $\sim {334}$ 环作为减振试验地段,根据试验结果不断调整并改进保护措施, 直至试验区间范围内振动监测数据满足要求, 主要措施如下:
1) 根据结构分析与模态分析对易损位置进行加固, 在不破坏古建筑物的前提下, 在盾构穿越城墙门洞预埋 2 排 ${\phi 80}@{1000}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的袖阀管进行注浆加固, 埋设深度距离盾构隧道拱顶约 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ 。施工过程中根据监测指标及时进行二次注浆, 城墙门洞以及建筑物内部斗枋结构采用钢支撑加固,提高整体稳定性。
2) 对盾构机总推力和刀盘扭矩进行精确控制。盾构机总推力不得超过 ${14500}\mathrm{{kN}}$ ,刀盘扭矩不得超过 ${2500}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$
3) 重视土压力平衡和掘进速度的控制, 使其平稳匀速前进。在接近监测目标前 ${50}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,调整推进速度, 以 20~30 mm/min 匀速通过。
4) 盾构采取减振措施, 做好渣土改良, 降低刀盘和排土器的扭矩。
穿越过程中, 通过采用传感器来实现对振动等参数的采集与监控。对测点的加速度信号进行分析, 并对加速度信号进行傅立叶变换, 得到了加速度时程曲线及傅立叶谱,加速度变化幅度小于 ${0.003}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,振动频带主要集中在 ${0.6}\sim {20.5}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,振动频带处于正常范围,对城墙主楼的基本无影响,如 图 9 所示。
地铁盾构在安定门区段城墙穿越过程中, 通过 图 10 ~12 中的振动监测数据表明,监测到的峰值加速度小于 ${0.0015}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,标准化加速度反应谱中放大系数小于 7,最大振速小于 ${0.075}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,未超过振速预警值 ${0.15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,位移也未超过 $1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,可知地铁盾构穿越过程中隧道及古建筑物稳定性良好, 各项监测数据都处于规范的容许范围内, 没有给古建筑物带来不良影响, 所采取保护措施可以有效降低盾构施工振动问题。
本文通过对地铁盾构下穿古建筑物施工过程进行振动监测与保护研究, 得到结论如下:
1) 通过结构与模态分析, 验证了三维模型有效性,确定了古建筑物模型基本频率为 ${0.59046}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ ,提前对受影响较大的古建筑物位置做好结构支护, 确保城墙加固打桩及盾构穿越施工安全。
2) 在地铁盾构穿越过程中, 古建筑物加速度变化幅度小于 ${0.003}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,振动频带主要集中在 ${0.6}\sim {20.5}\mathrm{\;{Hz}}$ , 峰值加速度小于 ${0.0015}\mathrm{\;m}/{\mathrm{s}}^{2}$ ,标准化加速度反应谱中放大系数小于 7,最大振速小于 ${0.075}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,未超过振速预警值 ${0.15}\mathrm{\;{mm}}/\mathrm{s}$ ,位移也未超过 $1\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,各项监测数据都处于规范的容许范围内, 验证了相关保护措施的有效性。
3) 盾构机在古建筑物的穿越过程中, 重视土压力和掘进速度的控制, 使其平稳匀速前进, 采用抗振减振措施、做好渣土改良等,在建设过程中对监测信息进行及时反馈, 实现信息化建设。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51868074)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2022D01C55)
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2024年第37卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.03.010
  • 接收时间:2023-09-21
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-21
  • 修回日期:2023-12-27
基金
国家自然科学基金(51868074)
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2022D01C55)
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    新疆大学 建筑工程学院 乌鲁木齐市 830017

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孙常康,男,硕士研究生,从事变形监测等方面研究,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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