Article(id=1149744601524777874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686672000000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-14, revisedDate=1699804800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752050074224, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752050074224, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752050074224, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752050074224, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149744590489568247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='145', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752050071594, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780157843, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157001098214068362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157001098214068363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149744590489568247, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=130, endPage=138, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149744603445769121, articleId=1149744601524777874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Urban Rail Operation Safety Evaluation Index System Based on Principal Component Analysis Method, columnId=1153381654128218984, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Operation Management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Studying the distribution characteristics and mechanisms of urban rail transit accidents is important for ensuring operational safety and formulating safety control measures. This study statistically analyzes 425 local and international urban rail transit operation accidents from 1970 to 2022 and compares and analyzes the causes and time distribution characteristics of operation accidents. Based on the cause mechanism and principal component analysis method, a safety evaluation system for urban rail transit operations was constructed, and a combined weight evaluation method based on game theory was proposed. Taking the data of 274 operational accidents in China from 1990 to 2022 as an example, combined with expert scoring, the safety status of urban rail transit operations in China was analyzed from a macro perspective. The results indicated that the factors causing operational accidents included personnel, equipment, and environmental factors. Among them, domestic and foreign operational accidents caused by equipment accounted for the highest proportion of accidents, accounting for 56% and 65% respectively. January, March, July, August, and December were the months with frequent accidents, which were the same as the peak months of passenger flow. The combination weighting method not only considers the amount of information in objective statistical data but also combines the experience accumulation of subjective experts, which makes the evaluation results closer to the actual operation situation and proves the feasibility of the evaluation method.

, correspAuthors=Changwu HUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Changwu HUI, Dejie XU, Liang GONG, Yuning ZENG, Miaomiao ZHONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149744625008685574, articleId=1149744601524777874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=基于主成分分析法的城轨运营安全评价指标体系研究, columnId=1153381654287602537, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=运营管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

研究城轨运营事故的分布特征和致因机理,对保障运营安全、制定安全管控措施具有重要意义。本文针对1970—2022年国内外 425 例城轨运营事故,对比分析运营事故的发生原因及时间分布特征。基于致因机理并结合主成分分析法,构建城轨运营安全评价体系,提出基于博弈论的组合权重评价方法,并以1990—2022年我国274例运营事故数据为例,结合专家打分情况,从宏观角度分析我国城轨运营安全状况。研究结果表明:引发运营事故的原因包括人员因素、设备因素和环境因素,其中国内和国外由设备原因导致的运营事故占比最高,分别为65%、56%,1月、3月、7月、8月和12月为事故频发月份,与客流高峰月份相同;组合赋权法既考虑客观统计数据中的信息量,又结合主观专家的经验积累,其评价结果与统计结果相差较小,证明评价方法的可行性。

, correspAuthors=惠昌武, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=dGfrKiMkhud2MDvMdBVi3A==, magXml=ebR/Ir/aKG6kmMYcFdNhbg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=ywv6l+YGwnqHkcKBf3JJ3g==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=w205Hlcr5XKD93wUekMlpQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

惠昌武,男,硕士研究生,从事城市轨道交通运营安全管理研究,

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惠昌武,男,硕士研究生,从事城市轨道交通运营安全管理研究,

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惠昌武,男,硕士研究生,从事城市轨道交通运营安全管理研究,

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Science technology and engineering, 2021, 21(17): 7340-7347., articleTitle=Comprehensive evaluation method for operation security situation of rail transit network, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154040336180564409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744601524777874, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=126, pageEnd=134, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=23, authorNames=翁建军, 刘管江, journalName=交通信息与安全, refType=null, unstructuredReference=翁建军, 刘管江. 基于组合赋权-云模型的水上机场场址评价方法[J]. 交通信息与安全, 2022, 40(2): 126-134., articleTitle=基于组合赋权-云模型的水上机场场址评价方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154040336243478969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744601524777874, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=40, issue=2, pageStart=126, pageEnd=134, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=24, authorNames=WENG Jianjun, LIU Guanjiang, journalName=Journal of transport information and safety, refType=null, unstructuredReference= WENG Jianjun , LIU Guanjiang . A site evaluation of water aerodrome based on combined weighting and a cloud model[J]. 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articleId=1149744601524777874, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Summary of risk factors, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层 指标层 指标编号
人员因素 员工应急救援能力较弱 C1
员工责任意识不足 C2
员工违规失误操作 C3
员工缺乏安全意识 C4
乘客损毁车内部件 C5
乘客心理状况较差 C6
乘客将违禁物品带入车站 C7
乘客从站台坠落 C8
乘客缺乏安全意识 C9
设备因素 牵引缓冲装置故障 D1
制动装置故障 D2
配线、点击、控制器老化 D3
车辆检修频率较低 D4
电源系统稳定性较差 D5
机械走行部件老化 D6
电缆老化 D7
变电设备故障 D8
供电设备维护较少 D9
供电设备短路 D10
信号设备电源不稳定 D11
信号设备故障 D12
信号设备日常维护较少 D13
轨道、通风、排气设备损坏 D14
电梯、屏蔽门、扶梯故障 D15
环境因素 天气影响事故 E1
异物入侵事故 E2
外部环境事故 E3
), ArticleFig(id=1154040333248745818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744601524777874, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=风险因素汇总, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层 指标层 指标编号
人员因素 员工应急救援能力较弱 C1
员工责任意识不足 C2
员工违规失误操作 C3
员工缺乏安全意识 C4
乘客损毁车内部件 C5
乘客心理状况较差 C6
乘客将违禁物品带入车站 C7
乘客从站台坠落 C8
乘客缺乏安全意识 C9
设备因素 牵引缓冲装置故障 D1
制动装置故障 D2
配线、点击、控制器老化 D3
车辆检修频率较低 D4
电源系统稳定性较差 D5
机械走行部件老化 D6
电缆老化 D7
变电设备故障 D8
供电设备维护较少 D9
供电设备短路 D10
信号设备电源不稳定 D11
信号设备故障 D12
信号设备日常维护较少 D13
轨道、通风、排气设备损坏 D14
电梯、屏蔽门、扶梯故障 D15
环境因素 天气影响事故 E1
异物入侵事故 E2
外部环境事故 E3
), ArticleFig(id=1154040333345214814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744601524777874, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=KMO and Bartley tests, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
KMO 取样适切性量数 巴特利特球形度检验
近似卡方 自由度 显著性
0.705 475.761 105 0.000
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KMO 取样适切性量数 巴特利特球形度检验
近似卡方 自由度 显著性
0.705 475.761 105 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1154040333525569894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744601524777874, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Explanation of total variance, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 初始特征值 提取载荷平方和
总计 方差 百分比 累积/% 总计 方差 百分比 累积/%
1 5.825 38.831 38.831 5.825 38.831 38.831
2 2.429 16.193 55.023 2.429 16.193 55.023
3 1.620 10.803 65.826 1.620 10.803 65.826
4 1.250 8.331 74.157 1.250 8.331 74.157
5 1.097 7.315 81.472 1.097 7.315 81.472
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成分 初始特征值 提取载荷平方和
总计 方差 百分比 累积/% 总计 方差 百分比 累积/%
1 5.825 38.831 38.831 5.825 38.831 38.831
2 2.429 16.193 55.023 2.429 16.193 55.023
3 1.620 10.803 65.826 1.620 10.803 65.826
4 1.250 8.331 74.157 1.250 8.331 74.157
5 1.097 7.315 81.472 1.097 7.315 81.472
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指标 成分
B11 B12 B13 B14 B15
D8 0.871 0.015 0.039 0.046 0.097
D10 0.827 -0.050 0.242 -0.091 0.098
D9 0.723 0.368 0.359 0.315 0.036
D14 -0.082 0.904 0.083 0.012 -0.061
D13 0.084 0.785 0.255 0.179 0.432
D12 0.181 0.774 0.199 0.265 0.339
D2 0.366 0.035 0.772 -0.062 0.190
D4 0.353 0.178 0.770 0.270 0.145
D3 0.076 0.298 0.701 0.211 -0.119
D15 0.055 0.178 0.267 0.832 0.052
D5 0.162 0.482 -0.248 0.687 0.195
D6 -0.153 -0.068 0.539 0.659 0.261
D11 0.078 0.221 0.040 0.301 0.789
D1 0.455 0.149 0.327 0.026 0.701
D7 0.512 -0.063 0.309 0.459 -0.563
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指标 成分
B11 B12 B13 B14 B15
D8 0.871 0.015 0.039 0.046 0.097
D10 0.827 -0.050 0.242 -0.091 0.098
D9 0.723 0.368 0.359 0.315 0.036
D14 -0.082 0.904 0.083 0.012 -0.061
D13 0.084 0.785 0.255 0.179 0.432
D12 0.181 0.774 0.199 0.265 0.339
D2 0.366 0.035 0.772 -0.062 0.190
D4 0.353 0.178 0.770 0.270 0.145
D3 0.076 0.298 0.701 0.211 -0.119
D15 0.055 0.178 0.267 0.832 0.052
D5 0.162 0.482 -0.248 0.687 0.195
D6 -0.153 -0.068 0.539 0.659 0.261
D11 0.078 0.221 0.040 0.301 0.789
D1 0.455 0.149 0.327 0.026 0.701
D7 0.512 -0.063 0.309 0.459 -0.563
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时段 人员因素 设备因素 环境因素
B11 B12 B13 B1 B21 B22 B23 B24 B25 B2 B31 B32 B33 B3
1990-1994 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1995—1999 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0
2000-2004 4 2 1 7 2 2 2 5 3 14 3 0 1 4
2005—2009 5 8 3 16 6 5 7 13 5 36 4 0 1 5
2010—2014 5 13 2 20 11 20 12 26 5 74 5 3 3 11
2015—2019 7 5 4 16 1 10 4 11 5 31 3 1 3 7
2020-现在 2 1 1 4 2 13 1 1 3 19 2 0 1 3
), ArticleFig(id=1154040333949194613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744601524777874, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=国内事故统计, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时段 人员因素 设备因素 环境因素
B11 B12 B13 B1 B21 B22 B23 B24 B25 B2 B31 B32 B33 B3
1990-1994 2 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1995—1999 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0
2000-2004 4 2 1 7 2 2 2 5 3 14 3 0 1 4
2005—2009 5 8 3 16 6 5 7 13 5 36 4 0 1 5
2010—2014 5 13 2 20 11 20 12 26 5 74 5 3 3 11
2015—2019 7 5 4 16 1 10 4 11 5 31 3 1 3 7
2020-现在 2 1 1 4 2 13 1 1 3 19 2 0 1 3
), ArticleFig(id=1154040334016303479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744601524777874, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Domestic urban rail transit operation safety evaluation index weight, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层 权重 指标层 权重
人员风险因素 B1 0.2941 人员粗心大意事故 B11 0.1843
乘客心理问题事故 B12 0.4628
人员安全意识事故 B13 0.3528
设备风险因素 B2 0.3623 电力设备事故 B21 0.2185
场站设备事故 B22 0.1923
制动与检修事故 B23 0.2494
固定设备事故 B24 0.2566
动力设备事故 B25 0.0832
环境风险因素 B3 0.3436 天气因素事故 B31 0.1716
异物侵入事故 B32 0.6119
外部环境事故 B33 0.2165
), ArticleFig(id=1154040334066635129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149744601524777874, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=基于熵值法的运营安全评价指标体系权重, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层 权重 指标层 权重
人员风险因素 B1 0.2941 人员粗心大意事故 B11 0.1843
乘客心理问题事故 B12 0.4628
人员安全意识事故 B13 0.3528
设备风险因素 B2 0.3623 电力设备事故 B21 0.2185
场站设备事故 B22 0.1923
制动与检修事故 B23 0.2494
固定设备事故 B24 0.2566
动力设备事故 B25 0.0832
环境风险因素 B3 0.3436 天气因素事故 B31 0.1716
异物侵入事故 B32 0.6119
外部环境事故 B33 0.2165
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基于主成分分析法的城轨运营安全评价指标体系研究
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惠昌武 1, 2 , 许得杰 1, 2 , 巩亮 1, 2 , 曾钰宁 1, 2 , 钟苗苗 1, 2
都市快轨交通 | 运营管理 2024,37(2): 130-138
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都市快轨交通 | 运营管理 2024, 37(2): 130-138
基于主成分分析法的城轨运营安全评价指标体系研究
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惠昌武1, 2 , 许得杰1, 2, 巩亮1, 2, 曾钰宁1, 2, 钟苗苗1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 兰州交通大学 交通运输学院 兰州 730070
  • 2 高原铁路运输智慧管控铁路行业重点实验室 兰州 730070
  • 惠昌武,男,硕士研究生,从事城市轨道交通运营安全管理研究,

Urban Rail Operation Safety Evaluation Index System Based on Principal Component Analysis Method
Changwu HUI1, 2 , Dejie XU1, 2, Liang GONG1, 2, Yuning ZENG1, 2, Miaomiao ZHONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Traffic and Transportation Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Railway Industry on Plateau Railway Transportation Intelligent Management and Control Lanzhou 730070
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.019
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研究城轨运营事故的分布特征和致因机理,对保障运营安全、制定安全管控措施具有重要意义。本文针对1970—2022年国内外 425 例城轨运营事故,对比分析运营事故的发生原因及时间分布特征。基于致因机理并结合主成分分析法,构建城轨运营安全评价体系,提出基于博弈论的组合权重评价方法,并以1990—2022年我国274例运营事故数据为例,结合专家打分情况,从宏观角度分析我国城轨运营安全状况。研究结果表明:引发运营事故的原因包括人员因素、设备因素和环境因素,其中国内和国外由设备原因导致的运营事故占比最高,分别为65%、56%,1月、3月、7月、8月和12月为事故频发月份,与客流高峰月份相同;组合赋权法既考虑客观统计数据中的信息量,又结合主观专家的经验积累,其评价结果与统计结果相差较小,证明评价方法的可行性。

城市轨道交通  /  运营安全  /  主成分分析  /  指标体系  /  博弈论

Studying the distribution characteristics and mechanisms of urban rail transit accidents is important for ensuring operational safety and formulating safety control measures. This study statistically analyzes 425 local and international urban rail transit operation accidents from 1970 to 2022 and compares and analyzes the causes and time distribution characteristics of operation accidents. Based on the cause mechanism and principal component analysis method, a safety evaluation system for urban rail transit operations was constructed, and a combined weight evaluation method based on game theory was proposed. Taking the data of 274 operational accidents in China from 1990 to 2022 as an example, combined with expert scoring, the safety status of urban rail transit operations in China was analyzed from a macro perspective. The results indicated that the factors causing operational accidents included personnel, equipment, and environmental factors. Among them, domestic and foreign operational accidents caused by equipment accounted for the highest proportion of accidents, accounting for 56% and 65% respectively. January, March, July, August, and December were the months with frequent accidents, which were the same as the peak months of passenger flow. The combination weighting method not only considers the amount of information in objective statistical data but also combines the experience accumulation of subjective experts, which makes the evaluation results closer to the actual operation situation and proves the feasibility of the evaluation method.

urban rail transit  /  operation safety  /  principal component analysis  /  index system  /  game theory
惠昌武, 许得杰, 巩亮, 曾钰宁, 钟苗苗. 基于主成分分析法的城轨运营安全评价指标体系研究. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (2) : 130 -138 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.019
Changwu HUI, Dejie XU, Liang GONG, Yuning ZENG, Miaomiao ZHONG. Urban Rail Operation Safety Evaluation Index System Based on Principal Component Analysis Method[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (2) : 130 -138 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.019
截至 2022 年 12 月 31 日,我国城轨运营总里程达 ${10287.45}\mathrm{\;{km}},{2022}$ 年全年累计完成客运量 193.02 亿人次 [ 1 ] 。由于客运量巨大,城轨运营安全面临着严峻的考验, 一旦发生重大运营事故, 不仅会造成财产损失, 还可能导致重大人员伤亡等一系列不良影响。因此, 全面准确地识别、分析、评价及控制城轨运营的风险因素, 对保障运营安全、制定安全管理措施具有重要意义。
近年来, 城市轨道交通运营安全评价的研究引起了众多学者的关注, DENG 等 [ 2 ] 基于 SPAA 和 AMOS 分析得到了安全氛围对安全行为的量化影响;LI 等 [ 3 ] 研究表明地铁运营危险源网络(metro operation hazard network, MOHN)是一个累计度分布服从幂律分布的无标度网络; 张建平等 [ 4 ] 建立多层次城市轨道交通安全评价指标体系, 并对风险评价指标的选取及计算进行了分析; 刘双庆等 [ 5 ] 统计分析得出信号故障和车辆故障是发生频率最高的两类事故。
综上, 既有研究在建立运营安全评价体系时大多采用主观经验, 安全评价研究时通常只采用主、客观中的一种方式, 但主观评价方法中确定评价指标权重系数的主观性较强, 达不到客观评价的目的; 客观评价方法又由于数据获取的局限性导致其计算获取的结果也不十分准确。鉴于此, 本文基于主成分分析法建立安全运营评价指标体系, 并采用基于博弈论的组合权重评价我国城市轨道交通运营安全系统, 研究成果可为地铁企业制定安全运营管理方案提供理论参考。
研究对象是 1970-2022 年全世界 74 个城市共计 425 起城市轨道交通运营事故, 研究的基本性数据及运营安全事故主要来源于各国官方发布的统计报告, 有详尽事故案例分析的学术论文, 有明确报告的网页事故案例文本、新闻报道以及各运营公司的网络平台 (如微博、微信官方公众号)等发布的事故信息。
本文收集自 1970 年以来国外 52 座城市(纽约、华盛顿、巴黎、莫斯科、伦敦、东京等)的运营事故共 151 例,国内 1990 年以来北京、上海、广州、深圳、 南京、武汉、成都等 22 个重点城市的运营事故共 274 例,国内外城市轨道交通运营事故统计结果如 图 1 所示。
图 1(a) 可知,国外城轨运营事故中火灾出现的频次最高,占比 30%;其次是恐怖袭击和脱轨事故,占比均为 18%;列车相撞事故占比 15%;设备故障所造成的事故占比 9%;停电类事故和自然灾害事件占比均为 3%;乘客坠落事件占比 2%;踩踏类和其他类事故占比均为 1%。由 图 1(b) 可知,国内运营事故的主要原因是硬件设施设备, 其中车辆系统故障 23%, 通信设施故障 17%,供电设施故障 18%,机电设施故障 7%,其次乘客坠落站台事故占比 13%,其他人员事故占比 11%,自然灾害和其他环境因素分别占比 6%和 5%。
通过国内外城轨运营事故统计分析可知, 引起运营事故的主要原因有人员因素、设备因素和环境因素 3 类, 国内外各类运营事故对比分析结果如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可知, 国内事故主要由设备因素引起, 占比为 65%;而国外事故主要由设备和人员因素引起, 占比分别为 56%和 32%。因此国内更应注重设施设备的定期检修与日常维护工作, 而国外还需加强员工安全培训与人员管理。
结合 2019 年我国城轨客流量 [ 1 ] ,对国内 274 例城轨运营事故按月份进行统计分析, 得到事故与客流量时间分布特征如 图 3 所示, 由 图 3 可知, 我国城轨运营事故发生频次大致呈“W”型,客流量的波动趋势也与其基本同步。发生事故较多的月份集中在 1 月、 3 月、7 月、8 月和 12 月,其中环境因素引起的事故常发生在 7、8 月;人员因素引起的事故主要发生在 7、8 月和 1、12 月; 设备因素引起的事故在各月的发生频次相差不大。事故频发的月份具有客流量大和极端天气等特点。其中 12 月份和 1 月份正值冬季, 暴雪、临近春节等诸多因素影响, 客流量增大易造成职工工作压力增大和设备饱和运转, 导致事故频发; 3 月份客流量逐渐恢复, 设备检修不细致等因素造成设备故障频发;6 月份是国家安全月, 企业会着重关注运营安全, 所以每年 6 月份的运营事故是最低的; 7、8 月正值暑期和雨季,在此期间设备故障的频率会增加。
评价指标选取须严格遵守文献[ 4 ]给出的选取原则, 本文的安全评价体系的构建流程如 图 4 所示, 可大致分为 4 个阶段:①结合选取原则和国内外运营事故数据进行安全因素分析; ②根据数据统计结果初步选择运营风险指标; ③采用主成分分析法对初选指标进行降维处理;④确定运营系统风险评价指标体系。
为了方便指标筛选,将人员因素、设备因素和环境因素 3 大类事故原因进一步细化为 27 个小类, 如 表 1 所示。
表 1 可知, 人员和设备因素的下属指标较多, 且适用主成分分析法降维, 因此对这两个因素的指标层运用 SPSS 软件进行降维处理。环境因素引起的事故数量较少且不适合做主成分分析, 因此直接将其分
为 E1、E2、E3 三类。
运用 SPSS 软件对 表 1 中的设备因素和人员因素进行主成分分析, 具体处理过程以设备因素为例, 人员因素同理可得。
首先通过因子分析得到设备因素的相关性矩阵, 其次对相关性矩阵进行 KMO(kaiser-meyer-olkin)和巴特利检验, 检验结果如 表 2 所示。
KMO 和巴特利检验的标准为 KMO 取样适切性量数大于 0.6 且显著性小于 0.05 [ 7 ] ,由 表 2 可知,设备因素的 KMO 取样适切性量数为 0.705 , 巴利利特球形度检验显著性为 0.000 , 因此, 设备因素符合做主成分分析降维。
然后提取主成分, 本文选择提取特征值大于 1 的成分为主成分, 结果如 表 3 所示。从中提取特征值大于 1 的 5 个主成分, 其累计贡献率达到 81.472%, 分别为电力设备事故、场站设备事故、制动与检修事故、 固定设备事故和动力设备事故。
最后通过最大方差法旋转得到设备因素的成分矩阵, 如 表 4 所示。由 表 4 可知指标和主成分之间的关系。
同理对人员因素进行主成分分析, 提取 3 个主成分, 总方差解释达到 76.524%, 分别为人员粗心大意事故、乘客心理问题事故和人员安全意识事故。
通过事故统计和既有文献[ 8 - 9 ]可知, 城轨运营事故产生的原因分为人员、设备、环境和管理 4 类,但究其根本原因, 所有的事故都是管理上的漏洞所导致的 [ 9 ] 。因此本文将管理因素作为目标层,人员、设备和环境因素作为准则层, 主成分分析法降维后的各主成分作为指标层建立城市轨道交通运营安全评价指标体系, 如 图 5 所示。
构建基于博弈论的组合赋权评价方法, 首先将层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process, AHP)确定的指标主观权重记为 ${W}_{1}$[9-10] ; 然后将熵值法确定的指标客观权重记为 ${\mathbf{W}}_{2}$[11-13] ; 最后再引入博弈论的思想来确定评价指标的组合权重。根据博弈论的相关理论, 设该问题为基于 AHP 的主观权重和基于熵值法的客观权重的 “二人博弈” 问题, 当博弈双方处于均衡状态时, 双方各占比例即为最优组合权重 [ 14 ] 。其具体实现过程如下:
记指标组合权重 $\mathbf{W}$ 为指标主观权重 ${\mathbf{W}}_{1}$ 和指标客观权重 ${\mathbf{W}}_{2}$ 的线性组合,即
$\mathbf{W}= \left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\lambda }_{1}{\omega }_{11}+ {\lambda }_{2}{\omega }_{21}\\{\lambda }_{1}{\omega }_{12}+ {\lambda }_{2}{\omega }_{22}\\\vdots \\{\lambda }_{1}{\omega }_{1n}+ {\lambda }_{2}{\omega }_{2n}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack =\left\lbrack \begin{matrix}{\omega }_{11}& {\omega }_{21}\\{\omega }_{12}& {\omega }_{22}\\\vdots &\vdots \\{\omega }_{1n}& {\omega }_{2n}\end{matrix}\right\rbrack \left(\begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{1}\\{\lambda }_{2}\end{array}\right)= {\lambda }_{1}{\mathbf{W}}_{1}+ {\lambda }_{2}{\mathbf{W}}_{2}$
式中, ${\lambda }_{1},{\lambda }_{2}$ 为线性组合系数; ${\omega }_{1n},{\omega }_{2n}$ 分别为各指标主、客观权重, $n$ 为指标总数。
根据博弈论的思想, 建立以指标组合权重与主、 客观权重离差之和最小为目标函数, 寻求使组合权重达到最优的线性组合系数 ${\lambda }_{1}^{* }$${\lambda }_{2}^{* }$ 的模型,目标函数和约束条件分别为
$\min \left({{\begin{Vmatrix}\mathbf{W}- {\mathbf{W}}_{1}\end{Vmatrix}}_{2}+ {\begin{Vmatrix}\mathbf{W}- {\mathbf{W}}_{2}\end{Vmatrix}}_{2}}\right)= $
$\min \left({\begin{Vmatrix}{{\lambda }_{1}{\mathbf{W}}_{1}+ {\lambda }_{2}{\mathbf{W}}_{2}- {\mathbf{W}}_{1}}\end{Vmatrix}+ \begin{Vmatrix}{{\lambda }_{1}{\mathbf{W}}_{1}+ {\lambda }_{2}{\mathbf{W}}_{2}- {\mathbf{W}}_{2}}\end{Vmatrix}}\right)\\\text{s.t.}\;{\lambda }_{1}+ {\lambda }_{2}= 1\;{\lambda }_{1},{\lambda }_{2}\geq 0 $
根据微分原理, 目标函数取得最小值的一阶导数条件为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{1}{\mathbf{W}}_{1}{\mathbf{W}}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}+ {\lambda }_{2}{\mathbf{W}}_{1}{\mathbf{W}}_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}= {\mathbf{W}}_{1}{\mathbf{W}}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}\\{\lambda }_{1}{\mathbf{W}}_{2}{\mathbf{W}}_{1}^{\mathrm{T}}+ {\lambda }_{2}{\mathbf{W}}_{2}{\mathbf{W}}_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}= {\mathbf{W}}_{2}{\mathbf{W}}_{2}^{\mathrm{T}}\end{array}\right.$
将(4)式求得的线性组合系数 ${\lambda }_{1}^{* }$${\lambda }_{2}^{* }$ 归一化处理得到:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\lambda }_{1}^{* }= \frac{\left|{\lambda }_{1}\right|}{\left|{\lambda }_{1}\right|+ \left|{\lambda }_{2}\right|} \\{\lambda }_{2}^{* }= \frac{\left|{\lambda }_{2}\right|}{\left|{\lambda }_{1}\right|+ \left|{\lambda }_{2}\right|} \end{array}\right.$
从而得到评估指标的最优组合权重为
${\mathbf{W}}^{* }= {\lambda }_{1}^{* }{\mathbf{W}}_{1}+ {\lambda }_{2}^{* }{\mathbf{W}}_{2}$
结合国内城市轨道交通历史安全运营情况和专家打分结果构造判断矩阵并进行综合评价。首先采用问卷调查的形式邀请 5 位地铁站内部管理人员、5 位地铁站一线员工以及 5 位高校从事轨道交通运营安全相关研究的教授学者, 他们根据地铁运营管理需求对底层各风险指标进行打分; 其次构造判断矩阵并计算特征向量, 综合专家打分结果和历史安全运营状况, 得到准则层 $\mathrm{B}$ 对目标层 $\mathrm{A}$ 的判断矩阵为
$\chi =\left(\begin{matrix} 1 & 1/2 & 6 \\ 2 & 1 & 9 \\ 1/6 & 1/9 & 1 \end{matrix}\right)$
然后,通过 MATLAB 计算得到判断矩阵 $\chi$ 的最大特征值 ${\lambda }_{\max }= {3.009}$ ; 最后对判断矩阵进行一致性检验,计算得到一致性指标 $\mathrm{{CI}}= {0.005}$ ,由于阶数 $n = 3$ ,则随机一致性指标 $\mathrm{{RI}}= {0.58}$ ,可以得到一致性比率 $\mathrm{{CR}}= {0.009}<$ 0.1,显然可见通过一致性检验,计算 $\chi$ 的特征向量并归一化,得到归一化的特征向量 ${W}_{\chi }= ({0.3337},{0.6049}$ , ${0.0614}{)}^{\mathrm{T}}$ ,同理可根据上述步骤确定人员因素、设备因素、环境因素 3 个指标层的主观权重,如 图 6 所示。
以国内的 274 例事故为研究样本, 采用熵值法对其安全运营评价, 以 5 年为一个时间段进行统计, 统计各指标层近 30 年来的国内事故数据, 结果如 表 5 所示。
根据 表 5 的数据, 运用 MATLAB 编写熵值法程序来计算 表 5 各层的权值, 得到国内城市轨道交通运营安全评价指标权重,如 表 6 所示。
首先, 以准则层 3 个一级指标为例, 设其主观权重为 ${W}_{1}= {\left({0.3337},{0.6049},{0.0614}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}$ ,客观权重 ${W}_{2}= ({0.2941}$ , ${0.3623},{0.3436}{)}^{\mathrm{T}}$ ; 然后,依据式(3)可得到 ${\lambda }_{1}= {1.0187}$ , ${\lambda }_{2}= -{0.0266}$ ,通过归一化处理得到 ${\lambda }_{1}^{* }= {0.9746},{\lambda }_{2}^{* }=$ 0.0254 ; 最后,再根据式(4)计算得到准则层各指标组合权重为 ${\mathbf{W}}^{* }= {\left({0.3329},{0.5986},{0.0685}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}$ 。同理,可以计算指标层各二级指标的组合权重。评价体系指标的组合权重如 图 7 所示。
通过对比组合权重与统计的运营事故数据可以看出, 由于引入了基于博弈论的组合赋权法, 该安全运营评价体系所确定的指标权重更加符合实际情况。若只单纯考虑客观熵值法确定各指标权重, 由于数据统计原因(运营事故数据获取困难)和熵值法本身的局限性(依赖数据、缺乏各指标之间的横向比较),从准则层各指标权重(0.2941,0.3623,0.3436)无法清楚反映各项指标之间的重要度排序。因此, 结合主观赋权法 AHP,通过专家根据自身合理经验判断确定各项指标的主观权重之后, 引入博弈论的思想, 构建融合主观赋权法和客观赋权法的组合赋权法, 一方面考虑了统计数据中的信息,另一方面也结合了专家积累的经验, 使得指标权重结果更加符合实际情况。
准则层组合权重和统计结果对比如 图 7(a) 所示。由 图 7(a) 可知,设备因素对运营安全评价的影响最大, 占比超过 59%;其次是人员因素,占比为 33.29%;环境因素的影响最小,占比小于 7%。与实际统计结果相比较, 设备因素和环境因素的误差值小于 6%,人员因素的误差值小于 10%,且统计值和计算值都显示设备因素和人员因素是引起城市轨道交通运营安全事故的两大主因,二者的事故占比率超过 90%。人员因素引发的事故大多数由于工作人员的粗心大意与错误操作导致, 占比将近 60%,如 图 7(b) 所示。固定设备和场站设备是引起设备事故频发的两大主因, 二者对设备因素引起的运营事故的贡献率超过 78%,如 图 7(c) 所示。天气原因是引发环境类交通运营事故的主要原因,占比基本达到 50%, 其次是外物侵入引起的运营事故,占比超过 30%, 如 图 7(d) 所示。
结合准则层和每个准则层影响因素所属指标层影响因素, 可以得到所有指标层影响因素的对比分析结果如 图 7(e) 所示, 固定设备故障、场站设备故障、乘客心理问题以及工作人员操作失误是引起事故产生的 4 大主要因素, 分别占比 30.12%、16.85%、15.41%、 11.74%,作为运营管理者,应加强员工培训与基础设施设备的更新检修, 以提高城轨运营安全和服务质量。
事故预防是保障城轨运营安全的重要举措, 通过事故统计分析研究确定事故发生规律与分布特征, 制定合理有效的管控制度是预防运营事故发生的前提条件。本文基于主成分分析法建立客观的安全评价体系, 引入博弈论的思想, 构建融合层次分析法和熵值法的组合赋权法, 一方面考虑了统计数据中的信息量,另一方面也结合了专家积累的经验,使得分析结果更加贴合实际, 提升了研究结果的可行度与精确度。通过研究结果可以得出以下结论:
1) 对比分析国内外城市轨道交通运营事故起因可知,国内事故主要由设备因素引起,占比为 65%;而国外事故主要由人员和设备因素引起,分别占比 56% 和 32%。因此国内更应注重设施设备定期检修与日常维护工作,而国外还需加强员工安全培训与人员管理。
2) 通过事故与客流量分布特征统计分析结果可知, 事故高发期与客流高峰期相同, 因此可以根据客流量的变化来制定相应的安全防护措施。同时每年 6 月安全月的事故发生频次最低,因此可以看出, 目前我国的管控措施是有效的, 可以在已有的管控措施上加强管理。
3) 基于博弈论的组合权重计算方法, 融合了专家的积累经验, 又获取了统计数据中的相关信息, 使得评价结果与统计结果相差甚小, 评价结果显示设备因素和人员因素是引起轨道交通运营事故的 2 大主因, 其中固定设备故障、场站设备故障、乘客心理问题以及工作人员操作失误 4 项因素分别占比 30.12%、16.85%、 15.41%、11.74%,因此,应加强员工培训与基础设施设备的更新换代与检修。
  • 国家自然科学基金(72261025)
  • 甘肃省高等学校创新基金项目(2021B-103)
  • 兰州交通大学一天津大学联合创新基金(2021056)
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2024年第37卷第2期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.02.019
  • 接收时间:2023-06-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-14
  • 修回日期:2023-11-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(72261025)
甘肃省高等学校创新基金项目(2021B-103)
兰州交通大学一天津大学联合创新基金(2021056)
作者信息
    1 兰州交通大学 交通运输学院 兰州 730070
    2 高原铁路运输智慧管控铁路行业重点实验室 兰州 730070
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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