Article(id=1149742082476130674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703433600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-25, revisedDate=1719244800000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049473637, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049473637, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049473637, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049473637, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149742076708962589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752049472262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780124752, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000959420354689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000959420354690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=116, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149742082618737013, articleId=1149742082476130674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Impact of Urban Rapid Transit Pressure on Train Airtightness Measures, columnId=1152669334582243706, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of reduced comfort resulting from rapid aerodynamic pressure changes inside the tunnels used for urban rapid transit trains, a study was conducted on the effects of the tunnel diameter and pressurerelief schemes on incar pressure. First, pressure comfort standards were selected based on relevant regulations, and a finite element model was established, which included a train model, a tunnel model, and pressure relief measures at the tunnel entrance. Subsequently, the pressure variations inside and outside of a train were investigated for different tunnel diameters and airtightness indices. Finally, the impact of implementing buffering schemes at the tunnel entrance on the incar pressure was analyzed. The research results indicated that when the tunnel diameter increased from 6.0 m to 6.1 m, the maximum incar pressure variation decreased by approximately 4.2%, with further increases in tunnel diameter having a limited effect on reducing the pressure variation. When the airtightness index was ≤6 s, each additional second resulted in a 15–25% reduction in the maximum incar pressure variation. Additionally, when a fully enclosed sound barrier was installed at the tunnel entrance as a pressurerelief structure, the maximum incar pressure variation could be reduced by approximately 4050%. Measures can be taken to enhance the overall vehicle airtightness, such as improving the seals around the doors for the driver's cab and passenger cars, installing pressure protection valves at freshair inlets and exhaust outlets, and enhancing the seals on the vehicle body and intercarriage passageways.

, correspAuthors=Minhui WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Minhui WU, Jianchao LIU, Ge ZHANG, Luping WANG, Haibin DUAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149742094484423527, articleId=1149742082476130674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=城市快速轨道交通压力波及列车气密性措施分析, columnId=1152669334955536763, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=机电工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对快速轨道交通列车在隧道内气动压力变化较快造成的舒适度降低问题,对隧道内径尺寸、泄压方案对车内压力的影响进行研究。首先根据相关规范选定压力舒适度标准,建立包含列车模型、隧道模型及隧道口泄压措施的有限元模型,然后分别对不同隧道内径、不同气密指数条件下列车内外压力的变化进行研究,最后对隧道入口设置缓冲方案对车内压力的影响进行分析。研究结果表明:当隧道内径由6.0m增加为6.1 m时,车内压力变化最大值约降低4.2%,继续增大隧道直径对减小车内外压力变化值作用有限;当气密指数≤6s时,每增加1s,车内压力变化最大值约减小 15%~25%;隧道洞口设置全封闭声屏障作为缓压结构时,车内压力变化最大值可降低约40%~50%;为提高整车气密性,可采取提高司机室/客室车门密封性、在新风口和废排风口设置启动压力保护阀以及提高车身及贯通道密封性等措施。

, correspAuthors=吴敏慧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gIRpaHleahwlYvh0MSlbIA==, magXml=GBWzboJcUcBivKJkcLUxGg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=2ESP3+6MarFddcQRmg7zSQ==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IkPws+l19uc0hYVAgTWFeg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴敏慧,女,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事交通运输发展规划研究工作,

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吴敏慧,女,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事交通运输发展规划研究工作,

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吴敏慧,女,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事交通运输发展规划研究工作,

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Rail transportation equipment and technology, 2020. 5): 39-41., articleTitle=Research and design of air tightness of urban rail vehicle doors, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154000607309455550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, awardId=浙交发函〔2022〕69号·计划编号202220号, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省交通运输厅科研项目(浙交发函〔2022〕69号·计划编号202220号), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154000597943574552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154000597951963162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, companyId=1154000597943574552, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Hangzhou Highway and Port Management Service Center Hangzhou 311202), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154000598526582821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, companyId=1154000597943574552, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 杭州市公路与港航管理服务中心 杭州 311202)]), AuthorCompany(id=1154000598602080296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154000598610468904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, companyId=1154000598602080296, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Urban Construction Design & Development Group Co., Ltd. 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隧道直径/m 隧道净空面积 阻塞比
6.0 24.95 0.410
6.1 25.87 0.395
6.2 26.81 0.381
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606105690289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=隧道模型技术参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
隧道直径/m 隧道净空面积 阻塞比
6.0 24.95 0.410
6.1 25.87 0.395
6.2 26.81 0.381
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606168604850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Maximum pressure change values for different cars under various train airtightness indices $\left({D ={6.0}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 τ=0.7 s τ=2.0 s τ=3 s τ=4 s τ=5 s τ=6 s
头车 1 633 1062 821 683 582 506
中间车 1 438 945 706 570 492 432
尾车 1 336 879 651 511 421 377
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606223130803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=不同列车气密指数下的压力变化最大值 $\left({D ={6.0}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 τ=0.7 s τ=2.0 s τ=3 s τ=4 s τ=5 s τ=6 s
头车 1 633 1062 821 683 582 506
中间车 1 438 945 706 570 492 432
尾车 1 336 879 651 511 421 377
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606294433972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Maximum pressure change values for different cars under various train airtightness indices $\left({D ={6.1}\mathrm{\;m}}\right)\;\mathrm{{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 τ=0.7 s τ=2.0 s τ=3 s τ=4 s τ=5 s τ=6 s
头车 1551 1017 783 652 556 484
中间车 1 369 906 679 546 472 415
尾车 1 286 845 626 492 405 362
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606369931445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=不同列车气密指数下的压力变化最大值 $\left({D ={6.1}\mathrm{m}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 τ=0.7 s τ=2.0 s τ=3 s τ=4 s τ=5 s τ=6 s
头车 1551 1017 783 652 556 484
中间车 1 369 906 679 546 472 415
尾车 1 286 845 626 492 405 362
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606487371958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Maximum pressure change values for different cars under various train airtightness indices $\left({D ={6.2}\mathrm{\;m}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 τ=0.7 s τ=2.0 s τ=3 s τ=4 s τ=5 s τ=6 s
头车 1507 991 759 632 539 469
中间车 1334 883 663 531 459 404
尾车 1268 834 619 486 401 353
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606550286519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=不同列车气密指数下的压力变化最大值 $\left({D ={6.2}\mathrm{\;m}}\right)$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 τ=0.7 s τ=2.0 s τ=3 s τ=4 s τ=5 s τ=6 s
头车 1507 991 759 632 539 469
中间车 1334 883 663 531 459 404
尾车 1268 834 619 486 401 353
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606676115640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Maximum pressure variation within $3\mathrm{\;s}$ under different train airtightness indices (with buffer structure at the tunnel entrance) $\;\mathrm{{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 τ=0.7 s τ=2.0 s τ=3 s τ=4 s τ=5 s τ=6 s
头车 1551 1017 783 652 556 484
尾车 1286 845 626 492 405 362
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606764196025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=不同列车气密指数下 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内的压力变化最大值 (洞口设置缓冲结构), figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
位置 τ=0.7 s τ=2.0 s τ=3 s τ=4 s τ=5 s τ=6 s
头车 1551 1017 783 652 556 484
尾车 1286 845 626 492 405 362
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606831304890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=Maximum pressure change within $3\mathrm{\;s}$ in the train interior corresponding to different train airtightness indices with and without buffer structure at the tunnel entrance $\;\mathrm{{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缓冲 结构 测点 位置 车外 τ=0.7 s τ=2.0 s τ=3 s τ=4 s τ=5 s τ=6 s
头车 1865 1551 1071 783 652 556 484
尾车 1466 1286 845 626 492 405 362
头车 964 779 531 424 357 311 277
尾车 804 653 459 358 300 265 238
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606902608059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=CN, label=表 6, caption=洞口有无缓冲结构、不同列车气密指数对应的列车内部 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内的压力变化最大值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缓冲 结构 测点 位置 车外 τ=0.7 s τ=2.0 s τ=3 s τ=4 s τ=5 s τ=6 s
头车 1865 1551 1071 783 652 556 484
尾车 1466 1286 845 626 492 405 362
头车 964 779 531 424 357 311 277
尾车 804 653 459 358 300 265 238
), ArticleFig(id=1154000606999077052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=Airtightness index of each component, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件名称 气密性指标
整车 ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的时间 $\geq {15}\mathrm{\;s}$ (密封指数 ${15.7}\mathrm{\;s}$ )
车门 ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的时间 $\geq {210}\mathrm{\;s}$ (密封指数 ${219.7}\mathrm{\;s}$ )
空调 ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的时间 $\geq {200}\mathrm{\;s}$ (密封指数 209.2 s)
车体 (含车窗) ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的时间 $\geq {28}\mathrm{\;s}$ (密封指数 ${29.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ )
贯通道 ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的时间 $\geq {100}\mathrm{\;s}$ (密封指数 ${104.6}\mathrm{\;s}$ )
), ArticleFig(id=1154000607061991613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742082476130674, language=CN, label=表 7, caption=各部件气密性指标, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
部件名称 气密性指标
整车 ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的时间 $\geq {15}\mathrm{\;s}$ (密封指数 ${15.7}\mathrm{\;s}$ )
车门 ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的时间 $\geq {210}\mathrm{\;s}$ (密封指数 ${219.7}\mathrm{\;s}$ )
空调 ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的时间 $\geq {200}\mathrm{\;s}$ (密封指数 209.2 s)
车体 (含车窗) ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的时间 $\geq {28}\mathrm{\;s}$ (密封指数 ${29.2}\mathrm{\;s}$ )
贯通道 ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 的时间 $\geq {100}\mathrm{\;s}$ (密封指数 ${104.6}\mathrm{\;s}$ )
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城市快速轨道交通压力波及列车气密性措施分析
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吴敏慧 1 , 刘建超 2 , 张戈 2 , 王鲁平 2 , 段海滨 2
都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2024,37(5): 116-123
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都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2024, 37(5): 116-123
城市快速轨道交通压力波及列车气密性措施分析
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吴敏慧1 , 刘建超2, 张戈2, 王鲁平2, 段海滨2
作者信息
  • 1 杭州市公路与港航管理服务中心 杭州 311202
  • 2 北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司 北京 100032
  • 吴敏慧,女,硕士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事交通运输发展规划研究工作,

Analysis of the Impact of Urban Rapid Transit Pressure on Train Airtightness Measures
Minhui WU1 , Jianchao LIU2, Ge ZHANG2, Luping WANG2, Haibin DUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 Hangzhou Highway and Port Management Service Center Hangzhou 311202
  • 2 Beijing Urban Construction Design & Development Group Co., Ltd. Beijing 100037
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.017
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针对快速轨道交通列车在隧道内气动压力变化较快造成的舒适度降低问题,对隧道内径尺寸、泄压方案对车内压力的影响进行研究。首先根据相关规范选定压力舒适度标准,建立包含列车模型、隧道模型及隧道口泄压措施的有限元模型,然后分别对不同隧道内径、不同气密指数条件下列车内外压力的变化进行研究,最后对隧道入口设置缓冲方案对车内压力的影响进行分析。研究结果表明:当隧道内径由6.0m增加为6.1 m时,车内压力变化最大值约降低4.2%,继续增大隧道直径对减小车内外压力变化值作用有限;当气密指数≤6s时,每增加1s,车内压力变化最大值约减小 15%~25%;隧道洞口设置全封闭声屏障作为缓压结构时,车内压力变化最大值可降低约40%~50%;为提高整车气密性,可采取提高司机室/客室车门密封性、在新风口和废排风口设置启动压力保护阀以及提高车身及贯通道密封性等措施。

城市快速轨道交通  /  压力波  /  气密性  /  隧道内径

To address the issue of reduced comfort resulting from rapid aerodynamic pressure changes inside the tunnels used for urban rapid transit trains, a study was conducted on the effects of the tunnel diameter and pressurerelief schemes on incar pressure. First, pressure comfort standards were selected based on relevant regulations, and a finite element model was established, which included a train model, a tunnel model, and pressure relief measures at the tunnel entrance. Subsequently, the pressure variations inside and outside of a train were investigated for different tunnel diameters and airtightness indices. Finally, the impact of implementing buffering schemes at the tunnel entrance on the incar pressure was analyzed. The research results indicated that when the tunnel diameter increased from 6.0 m to 6.1 m, the maximum incar pressure variation decreased by approximately 4.2%, with further increases in tunnel diameter having a limited effect on reducing the pressure variation. When the airtightness index was ≤6 s, each additional second resulted in a 15–25% reduction in the maximum incar pressure variation. Additionally, when a fully enclosed sound barrier was installed at the tunnel entrance as a pressurerelief structure, the maximum incar pressure variation could be reduced by approximately 4050%. Measures can be taken to enhance the overall vehicle airtightness, such as improving the seals around the doors for the driver's cab and passenger cars, installing pressure protection valves at freshair inlets and exhaust outlets, and enhancing the seals on the vehicle body and intercarriage passageways.

urban rapid transit  /  pressure wave  /  airtightness  /  tunnel inner diameter
吴敏慧, 刘建超, 张戈, 王鲁平, 段海滨. 城市快速轨道交通压力波及列车气密性措施分析. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (5) : 116 -123 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.017
Minhui WU, Jianchao LIU, Ge ZHANG, Luping WANG, Haibin DUAN. Analysis of the Impact of Urban Rapid Transit Pressure on Train Airtightness Measures[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (5) : 116 -123 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.017
随着城市化进程的推进, 城市轨道交通线路得到极大发展,最高运行速度 ${120}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 的城市快速轨道交通列车得到广泛应用。截至 2023 年 9 月,国内已有快速轨道交通运营线路 20 条, 如广州地铁 16 号线, 深圳地铁 11 号线等。
列车最高运行速度由 ${100}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 提升至 ${120}\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ 后,列车气动压力变化明显 [ 1 ] ,车外压力在短时间内快速增加, 引起车内压力增加且变化率升高, 造成乘坐舒适性降低, 因此需要综合分析隧道内径、隧道泄压措施等对列车气密性的影响, 提出合理的列车气密性指标与控制措施 [ 2 ]
国内外学者开展了气密性与人体安全、列车气密性的指标评价、车辆主要部件的气密保证措施等方面的研究, 研究成果为列车的气密性设计提供了参考和依据 [ 3 - 6 ] ,但这些研究仅从列车角度出发,未考虑隧道内径尺寸、土建结构相关泄压方案对隧道内运行列车压力波的影响。本文结合国内市域线路工程, 建立包含列车模型、隧道模型及隧道口泄压措施的有限元模型, 计算分析隧道内径、泄压方案对列车气密指数的影响, 综合给出列车各部件气密性的控制指标, 为城市快速轨道交通工程列车气密性的设计提供理论依据和应用参考。
本文计算模型为 6 编组 A 型车模型,包含头车和尾车各一辆, 以及 4 辆中间车。
因列车通过隧道时, 外形因素中影响压力波最重要的是列车的横截面积, 为了提升计算效率, 在确保压力波计算准确的情况下,忽略转向架、风挡等特殊结构的影响。
本文采用的隧道断面为圆形隧道断面, 隧道内径按 ${6.0}\text{、}{6.1}\text{、}{6.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 三种不同尺寸分别模拟分析。不同隧道内径下, 区间轨面上净空面积与阻塞比如 表 1 所示, 隧道及列车断面模型如 图 1 所示。
为模拟列车通过隧道的相对运动过程, 采用滑移网格法进行模拟。计算区域如 图 2 所示, 外场区域为半圆形远场,长度为 ${250}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,高度为 ${50}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,宽度为 ${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ , 隧道长度与计算工况保持一致。
本文采用 ICEM CFD 划分计算区域的空间网格, 列车模型结构复杂, 采用非结构网格进行离散, 头部和风挡区域单独加密, 外场区域采用结构化网格, 计算网格如 图 3 所示。
计算模型的边界条件为外场均为压力出口, 出口压力为 ${101325}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ ,靠近隧道的两侧壁面均为固壁边界, 列车、隧道和地面也为固壁边界。列车均从距离隧道入口 ${100}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的位置匀速进入隧道。
高速列车通过隧道时, 车外压力波传入车内将引起车内空气压力波动。德国计算高速列车通过隧道引发的车内压力波动采用的计算式为 [ 7 ]
${p}_{i}= {p}_{0}\left({1 -{\mathrm{e}}^{-\frac{t}{\tau }}}\right)$
式中, ${p}_{i}$ 为当前时刻车内压力与上一时刻车内压力差值; ${p}_{0}$ 为当前时刻车外压力与车内压力差值; $t$ 为时间步长; $\tau$ 为气密指数,表示车辆气密性能的时间常数。本文将气密指数分为 0.7、2、3、4、5、6 s 共 6 种工况,研究不同气密指数对车外和车内压力变化的影响。
压力舒适度评价通常采取一个特定的时间范围内的压力波动值。目前,国内城市快速轨道交通的压力舒适度标准主要参考《市域快速轨道交通规划与设计导则》(RISN-TG032- 2018 )7) 和《地铁快线设计标准》(CJJT 298-2019) 。其中《地铁快线设计标准》中关于压力舒适度的规定为列车客室任意 时间内的压力变化率不应大于 ,另外两本规范要求不大于 。
城市快速轨道交通一般舒适性要求较高, 结合已运营线路的实际情况及《地铁快线设计标准》, 确定舒适度标准为压力变化率应小于 ${700}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$
计算分析隧道内径 $D$${6.0}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时不同列车气密指数对列车车内压力的影响。 图 4 为不同气密指数下头车、中间车和尾车车内外的压力变化曲线。
图 4 可知: ①列车在刚进入隧道时压力最大, 且车内和车外任意位置的压力呈现周期性变化, 峰值逐渐收敛;随着列车气密指数的增加,车外压力向车内压力的传导逐步延迟, 车内压力峰值及压力变化率随时间逐渐减小。当气密指数≥4 s 时,继续增加车内气密指数, 对降低车内压力峰值及变化率作用不大; ②将 图 4 压力变化折算成 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内的变化率,头车车外压力最大值为 ${1950}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ ,中间车和尾车车外压力最大值分别为 ${1737}\mathrm{{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$${1525}\mathrm{{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ ,相比于头车车外压力最大值分别衰减 10.92%和 21.79%;0.7 s 气密指数下头车车内压力最大值为 ${1595}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ ,中间车和尾车车内压力最大值分别为 ${1540}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$${1390}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ , 相比于头车车内压力最大值分别衰减 3.45%和 12.86%; ③列车压力最大值出现在头车,向尾车方向逐渐衰减。
绘制头车车内最大压力值随气密指数变化曲线, 如 图 5 所示。由 图 5 可知,随着列车气密指数由 ${0.7}\mathrm{s}$ 增加至 $6\mathrm{\;s}$ ,头车车内压力最大值由 ${1595}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ 逐渐减少至 ${560}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ 。当气密指数 $\geq 4\mathrm{\;s}$ 后,车内压力衰减变化幅度随气密指数增加而逐渐平缓。
统计得到隧道内径为 ${6.0}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,不同气密指数下列车内部的 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内的压力变化最大值如 表 2 所示。
表 2 可知: 当列车气密指数 $\geq 4\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,列车内部的 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内压力变化率均小于 ${700}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ ,压力变化率满足本工程的人体压力舒适度标准。
计算分析隧道内径 $D$${6.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时不同列车气密指数对列车车内压力的影响。考虑到头车位置的压力变化最大, 仅分析头车影响。 图 6 为头车不同气密指数下车外、车内的压力变化曲线。
图 6 可知: ${6.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 隧道内径下,头车车外压力最大值为 ${1890}\mathrm{\;{Pa}},{0.7}\mathrm{\;s}$ 气密指数下车内最大压力为 ${1520}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ ;随着列车气密指数由 ${0.7}\mathrm{\;s}$ 增加至 $6\mathrm{\;s}$ , 头车车内压力峰值由 ${1520}\mathrm{{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ 逐渐减少至 ${520}\mathrm{{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$
统计得到隧道内径为 ${6.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,不同气密指数下列车内部的 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内的压力变化最大值如 表 3 所示。
表 3 可知,当列车气密指数 $\geq 3\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,列车内部的 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内压力变化率均小于 ${700}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ ,满足本工程的人体压力舒适度标准。
计算分析隧道内径 $D$${6.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时不同列车气密指数对列车车内压力的影响。 图 7 为不同气密指数下头车、中间车和尾车的车外、车内的压力变化曲线。
图 7 可知: ${6.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 隧道内径下,列车通过洞口区域时车内外的压力变化最大,且头车的压力变化大于中间车和尾车;同一时刻,头车、中间车和尾车内部存在一定的压力差, 该压力差随列车气密指数的增加而减小。
统计得到隧道内径为 ${6.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,不同列车气密指数下列车内部的 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内的压力变化最大值如 表 4 所示。
表 4 可知: 当列车气密指数 $\geq 4\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,列车内部的 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内压力变化值均小于 ${700}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ ,满足本工程的人体压力舒适度标准。
综上,基于 ${700}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ 的压力舒适度标准,不同隧道内径对应的列车动态气密指数不同。
为满足本工程的压力舒适度标准 $\left({{700}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}}\right)$ ,当隧道内径为 ${6.0}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,列车气密指数应 $\geq 4\mathrm{\;s}$ ; 当隧道内径为 ${6.1}\mathrm{\;m}$${6.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,列车气密指数应 $\geq 3\mathrm{\;s}$
增加隧道内径, 能够降低车内外的压力变化最大值; 当隧道内径由 ${6.0}\mathrm{\;m}$ 增加为 ${6.1}\mathrm{\;m},3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内压力变化最大值约降低 ${4.2}\%$ ;当隧道内径由 ${6.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 增加为 ${6.2}\mathrm{\;m},3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内压力变化最大值约降低 ${2.4}\%$ 。说明当隧道内径≥6.1 $\mathrm{m}$ 时,车内外的压力变化随隧道内径的增加变化很小。
相同列车外压力变化时, 车内压力变化随列车气密指数的增加而显著减小;当气密指数 $\leq 6\mathrm{\;s}$ ,列车气密指数每增加 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ ,列车内的 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 压力变化最大值约减小 15%~25%。
隧道洞口缓压结构一般采用土建喇叭口, 其造价较高且占地面积大, 本文以洞口设置全封闭声屏障作为缓压结构,隧道直径以 $D ={6.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 为例进行计算,如 图 8 所示。洞口设置缓冲结构计算域如 图 9 所示。
图 9 中橙色分段设定为分段 1 , 绿色外形设定为分段 2 , 紫色外形设定为分段 3 。三段长度分别为 ${200}\mathrm{\;m}\text{、}{200}\mathrm{\;m}$${300}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,其断面如 图 10 所示。
图 4图 6图 7 可知, 列车在通过洞口区域时压力变化最大,因此对洞口设置缓冲结构进行模拟分析 [ 6 ]
洞口设置缓冲结构时, 头车和尾车的车内外压力随时间的变化如 图 11 所示。通过统计模拟数据, 可得到洞口设置缓冲结构时, 不同列车气密指数下列车内部的 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内的压力变化最大值如 表 5 所示。
表 5 可知: 当列车气密指数 $\geq 3\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,列车内部的 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内压力变化值均小于 ${700}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}/3\mathrm{\;s}$ ,满足本工程的压力舒适度标准。
结合 表 3表 5 数据,可得到洞口有无缓冲结构、 不同列车气密指数对应的列车内部 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内的压力变化最大值如 表 6 所示。
表 6 可知: 洞口设置缓冲结构能有效降低车内外的压力变化,与无缓冲结构相比, $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 内压力变化最大值约降低 40%~50%。推荐在洞口区域设置缓冲结构, 以便有效降低车内压力的冲击, 提升轨道交通乘坐舒适性。
列车气密指数≥3 s 时即满足盾构内径 ${6.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 下的列车舒适性要求。随着列车服役周期增加, 气密指数逐渐降低,为此设定新车气密指数标准为 $5\mathrm{\;s}$ ,试验保压时间要求在列车整备状态下,车内压力由 ${2600}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ 降至 ${1000}\mathrm{\;{Pa}}$ ,时间需大于 ${15}\mathrm{\;s}$
根据整车气密指数与各部件气密指数的关系, 将整车气密指标分解至各部件的气密指数 [ 10 - 11 ] ,整车气密指标的计算式为
$\tau =\frac{T}{\ln \left({\Delta {P}_{1}/\Delta {P}_{0}}\right)} $
式中, $T$ 为保压时间, $\mathrm{h};\Delta {P}_{1}$ 为保压开始时压力差, $\mathrm{{Pa}}$ ; $\Delta {P}_{0}$ 为保压结束时压力差, $\mathrm{{Pa}}$ 。整车气密指标与各部件气密指标的关系式为
$\frac{1}{\tau }= \frac{1}{{\tau }_{1}}+ \frac{1}{{\tau }_{2}}+ \cdots +\frac{1}{{\tau }_{n}}$
式中, ${\tau }_{1}\text{、}{\tau }_{2}\text{、}\cdots \text{、}{\tau }_{n}$ 分别为列车车门、空调…贯通道等部分气密性指标, 具体设置值如 表 7 所示。
气密性增强措施主要从车门、空调、车体、贯通道等部件优化, 具体措施如下。
1) 司机室/客室车门采用单开电动气密塞拉门 [ 11 - 12 ] , 通过密封胶条、护指胶条、辅助锁等措施, 保证车门部件系统的气密性。车门系统结构见 图 12
2) 空调机组送风口、回风口与车体的接口通过压缩橡胶密封条与车体型材压接密封(见 图 13 )。空调机组集成废排, 在新风口和废排风口设置气动压力保护阀, 当车外压力突变时关闭风口, 短时隔绝内外气流通道, 达到避免车内压力突变的目的。
3) 车体方面, 司机室与客室材质均采用轻型铝合金材料。司机室与车体连接处采用全焊接技术。地板上表面的焊缝采用满焊方式, 将客室与地板下方的空间隔绝。地板以上空间, 通过车外的满焊措施, 将客室与车外隔绝。车窗采用整体密封式设计, 保证车窗的整体密封性能。
4) 贯通道方面, 通过安装框与车体端墙连接, 安装框内部设计专用橡胶密封件, 安装框外部周圈打胶, 使其密封性更优异, 实现贯通道在运动状态下, 特别是曲线运行时的密封。通过增加胶条、胶带、密封胶等措施, 增加贯通道折棚的整体密封性。在贯通道折棚组成弯头搭接处缝纫线位置刷一层透明胶层, 将缝纫线针孔及缝纫线本身用胶层包裹, 起到防水、密封、 保护缝纫线的作用。另外还可以采用自发泡沫密封胶技术对穿线孔进行密封, 对不适用于密封胶密封的区域, 采用夹块和夹块安装衬套进行密封。
本文建立了包括列车、隧道以及洞口缓冲结构的列车压力波分析模型,计算分析了 ${6.0}\text{、}{6.1}$${6.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 三种隧道内径和列车气密性下车内外的压力变化, 并给出了列车各部件的气密性指标, 得到以下主要研究结论:
1) 当隧道内径由 ${6.0}\mathrm{\;m}$ 增加为 ${6.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,车内压力变化最大值约降低 ${4.2}\%$ ;当隧道内径由 ${6.1}\mathrm{\;m}$ 增加为 ${6.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,压力变化最大值约降低 ${2.4}\%$ 。当隧道内径≥6.1 m 时,继续增大隧道内径对减小车内外压力变化值作用有限。
2) 车内压力变化随列车气密指数 $\tau$ 的增加而显著减小; 当 $\tau \leq 6\mathrm{\;s}$ 时, $\tau$ 每增加 $1\mathrm{\;s}$ ,列车内的 $3\mathrm{\;s}$ 压力变化最大值约减小 15%~25%。
3) 在进出隧道洞口设置全封闭声屏障作为缓冲措施, 可以有效降低列车进入洞口时车内压力变化最大值(3s)内 ${40}\%\sim {50}\%$
4) 本文根据列车各部件的气密指标, 提出可通过提高司机室/客室车门密封性、在新风口和废排风口设置启动压力保护阀以及加强车身及贯通道密封性等措施以提高整车的气密性。
  • 浙江省交通运输厅科研项目(浙交发函〔2022〕69号·计划编号202220号)
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2024年第37卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.017
  • 接收时间:2023-12-25
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-25
  • 修回日期:2024-06-25
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浙江省交通运输厅科研项目(浙交发函〔2022〕69号·计划编号202220号)
作者信息
    1 杭州市公路与港航管理服务中心 杭州 311202
    2 北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司 北京 100032
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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