Article(id=1149742081234616656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713110400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-15, revisedDate=1718035200000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049473341, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049473341, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049473341, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049473341, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149742076708962589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752049472262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780124752, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000959420354689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000959420354690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=95, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149742081406583125, articleId=1149742081234616656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Study of Early Temperature Field and Stress Variation Law of Concrete on Sidewalls of Subway Stations, columnId=1152669336394183038, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Civil Engineering Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To provide a theoretical basis and reference for crack control during construction, this study first monitored the construction of side walls by embedding temperature and stress sensors. The measured data were then compared with the Midas civil finite element model, the law for a temperature field, and the stress field during the construction of the side walls. The field monitoring and numerical analysis showed that the hydration heat reaction of the concrete in the early stage was relatively fast, reaching its maximum value only 20 h after pouring. The temperature was high in summer, and the cooling rate was relatively slow at approximately 0.40 °C/h. However, the cooling rate of the middle layer was relatively fast. The time at which the compressive stress reached its maximum value was close to that at which the temperature reached its maximum value. Subsequently, it entered the shrinkage deformation stage. After the critical condition of zero stress occurred, the tensile stress gradually increased with a continuous decrease in temperature, and the tensile stress at each measuring point tended to be stable 50 h after pouring. The finite element model results were close to the field monitoring data. Thus, it could play a role in the prediction of and theoretical basis for fractures. It could also be used as a reference for actual fracture control in engineering.

, correspAuthors=Weiwen CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Weiwen CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149742093674922826, articleId=1149742081234616656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=地铁车站侧墙混凝土早期温度场与应力变化规律研究, columnId=1152669336603898239, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=土建技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现对地铁车站侧墙混凝土裂缝的有效控制,通过预埋温度和应力传感器的方法,对侧墙施工过程进行监测,并将实测数据和 Midas civil 有限元模型的模拟结果进行比较分析,总结侧墙施工过程中温度场和应力场的规律。现场监测和数值分析表明:早期混凝土水化热反应较快,浇筑完成后仅用20h即达到最大值,夏季温度较高,降温速率较缓慢,约为0.40℃/h,且中间层降温速率相对较快;压应力达到最大值的时间与温度达到最大值的时间较接近;进入收缩变形阶段,拉应力在出现0应力的临界情况后随温度的继续下降逐渐增大,在浇筑后50 h,各测点的拉应力基本趋于稳定;利用有限元模型计算得到的模拟结果与现场监测数据相差较小,验证了方法在预测裂缝产生方面的有效性。研究成果可以为实际工程中的裂缝控制提供参考。

, correspAuthors=陈卫文, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=cq/jMbLHkYHDt6xSHwrkwg==, magXml=QQhphtz9UJRojaeRQfA7gQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LpbhhyxsAZ+EYxOkmONnag==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=FTz80tjpvZSYLqoRfLkgYg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈卫文,男,本科,高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通工程建设管理工作,

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陈卫文,男,本科,高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通工程建设管理工作,

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陈卫文,男,本科,高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通工程建设管理工作,

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China concrete and cement products, 2011, 7(7): 51-53., articleTitle=Experimental research on distribution characteristics of early temperature field and strain field of basement side wall concrete, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154049074069230006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742081234616656, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=19, authorNames=中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部, journalName=地铁设计规范: GB 50157-2013, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部. 地铁设计规范: GB 50157-2013[S]. 北京: 中国建筑工业出版社, 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154049074123755959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742081234616656, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China, journalName=Code for design of metro: GB 50157-2013, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China. 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Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press, 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154049074178281912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742081234616656, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=84, pageEnd=87, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=21, authorNames=徐文, 李忠超, 张建亮, journalName=混凝土与水泥制品, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐文, 李忠超, 张建亮, 等. 施工因素对地铁车站侧墙 混凝土早期裂缝影响监测分析[J]. 混凝土与水泥制品, 2020. 9): 84-87., articleTitle=施工因素对地铁车站侧墙 混凝土早期裂缝影响监测分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1154049074237002169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742081234616656, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=84, pageEnd=87, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=22, authorNames=XU Wen, LI Zhongchao, ZHANG Jianliang, journalName=China concrete and cement products, refType=null, unstructuredReference= XU Wen , LI Zhongchao , ZHANG Jianliang , et al. 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China concrete and cement products, 2020. 9): 84-87., articleTitle=Monitoring analysis of influence of construction factors on early age cracking of sidewall concrete in metro station engineering, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1154049072840298913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742081234616656, awardId=2022-k-224, language=CN, fundingSource=福建省建设科技项目(2022-k-224), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1154049069124145519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742081234616656, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1154049069132534128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742081234616656, companyId=1154049069124145519, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Xiamen Rail Transit Construction & Development Group Corporation Limited Xiamen Fujian 361004), 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测点 位置 最高温/ ℃ 最大值 时间/h 升温速率/ (℃/h) 降温速率/ (℃/h)
T2-3O 61.3 13 2.15 0.34
T2-7M 66.3 28 1.52 0.33
T2-3I 64.9 19 3.26 0.27
T3-7O 60.2 10 2.52 0.36
T3-3M 65.1 14 2.21 0.51
T3-7I 68.7 20 1.77 0.35
T4-3O 64.4 11 2.52 0.33
T4-2M 66.6 19 1.72 0.43
T4-7I 65.2 19 1.91 0.31
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测点 位置 最高温/ ℃ 最大值 时间/h 升温速率/ (℃/h) 降温速率/ (℃/h)
T2-3O 61.3 13 2.15 0.34
T2-7M 66.3 28 1.52 0.33
T2-3I 64.9 19 3.26 0.27
T3-7O 60.2 10 2.52 0.36
T3-3M 65.1 14 2.21 0.51
T3-7I 68.7 20 1.77 0.35
T4-3O 64.4 11 2.52 0.33
T4-2M 66.6 19 1.72 0.43
T4-7I 65.2 19 1.91 0.31
), ArticleFig(id=1154049072492171677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742081234616656, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of measured and theoretical calculated maximum stresses at measuring point, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点 位置 实测值/ MPa 测点 编号 实测值/ MPa 测点 编号 实测值/ MPa
ST2-1H 1.13 ST3-1H 0.25 ST4-1H 2.30
ST2-2H 0.66 ST3-2H 0.35 ST4-2H 0.00
ST2-3H 0.95 ST3-3H 0.57 ST4-3H 0.63
ST2-4H 2.61 ST3-4H 0.38 ST4-4H 1.13
ST2-5H 1.39 ST3-5H 0.41 ST4-5H 1.01
ST2-6H 0.54 ST3-6H 0.38 ST4-6H 0.54
ST2-7H 1.07 ST3-7H 0.79 ST4-7H 0.13
ST2-8H 1.61 ST3-8H 0.91 ST4-8H 1.64
ST2-9H 1.70 ST3-9H 2.24 ST4-9H 1.64
), ArticleFig(id=1154049072588640670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742081234616656, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=测点最大应力值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点 位置 实测值/ MPa 测点 编号 实测值/ MPa 测点 编号 实测值/ MPa
ST2-1H 1.13 ST3-1H 0.25 ST4-1H 2.30
ST2-2H 0.66 ST3-2H 0.35 ST4-2H 0.00
ST2-3H 0.95 ST3-3H 0.57 ST4-3H 0.63
ST2-4H 2.61 ST3-4H 0.38 ST4-4H 1.13
ST2-5H 1.39 ST3-5H 0.41 ST4-5H 1.01
ST2-6H 0.54 ST3-6H 0.38 ST4-6H 0.54
ST2-7H 1.07 ST3-7H 0.79 ST4-7H 0.13
ST2-8H 1.61 ST3-8H 0.91 ST4-8H 1.64
ST2-9H 1.70 ST3-9H 2.24 ST4-9H 1.64
), ArticleFig(id=1154049072655749535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742081234616656, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of measured and theoretical calculated maximum stresses at measuring point, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置 实测值/MPa 计算值/MPa 校验系数
ST2-1H 1.13 1.14 1.0
ST2-2H 0.66 0.63 1.1
ST2-3H 0.95 0.73 1.3
ST2-4H 2.61 1.48 1.8
ST2-5H 1.39 1.17 1.2
ST2-6H 0.54 0.69 0.8
ST2-7H 1.07 0.73 1.5
ST2-8H 1.61 1.23 1.3
ST2-9H 1.70 2.02 0.8
ST3-1H 0.25 0.40 0.6
ST3-2H 0.35 0.35 1.0
ST3-3H 0.57 0.15 3.8
ST3-4H 0.38 0.55 0.7
ST3-5H 0.41 0.34 1.2
ST3-6H 0.38 0.25 1.5
ST3-7H 0.79 0.73 1.1
ST3-8H 0.91 1.12 0.8
ST3-9H 2.24 2.50 0.9
ST4-1H 2.30 2.05 1.1
ST4-2H 0.00 0.00 1.0
ST4-3H 0.63 0.67 0.9
ST4-4H 1.13 1.12 1.0
ST4-5H 1.01 0.93 1.1
ST4-6H 0.54 0.57 0.9
ST4-7H 0.13 0.10 1.3
ST4-8H 1.64 1.48 1.1
ST4-9H 1.64 1.55 1.1
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测点位置 实测值/MPa 计算值/MPa 校验系数
ST2-1H 1.13 1.14 1.0
ST2-2H 0.66 0.63 1.1
ST2-3H 0.95 0.73 1.3
ST2-4H 2.61 1.48 1.8
ST2-5H 1.39 1.17 1.2
ST2-6H 0.54 0.69 0.8
ST2-7H 1.07 0.73 1.5
ST2-8H 1.61 1.23 1.3
ST2-9H 1.70 2.02 0.8
ST3-1H 0.25 0.40 0.6
ST3-2H 0.35 0.35 1.0
ST3-3H 0.57 0.15 3.8
ST3-4H 0.38 0.55 0.7
ST3-5H 0.41 0.34 1.2
ST3-6H 0.38 0.25 1.5
ST3-7H 0.79 0.73 1.1
ST3-8H 0.91 1.12 0.8
ST3-9H 2.24 2.50 0.9
ST4-1H 2.30 2.05 1.1
ST4-2H 0.00 0.00 1.0
ST4-3H 0.63 0.67 0.9
ST4-4H 1.13 1.12 1.0
ST4-5H 1.01 0.93 1.1
ST4-6H 0.54 0.57 0.9
ST4-7H 0.13 0.10 1.3
ST4-8H 1.64 1.48 1.1
ST4-9H 1.64 1.55 1.1
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地铁车站侧墙混凝土早期温度场与应力变化规律研究
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陈卫文
都市快轨交通 | 土建技术 2024,37(5): 93-95
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都市快轨交通 | 土建技术 2024, 37(5): 93-95
地铁车站侧墙混凝土早期温度场与应力变化规律研究
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陈卫文
作者信息
  • 厦门轨道建设发展集团有限公司 福建厦门 361004
  • 陈卫文,男,本科,高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通工程建设管理工作,

Study of Early Temperature Field and Stress Variation Law of Concrete on Sidewalls of Subway Stations
Weiwen CHEN
Affiliations
  • Xiamen Rail Transit Construction & Development Group Corporation Limited Xiamen Fujian 361004
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.014
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为实现对地铁车站侧墙混凝土裂缝的有效控制,通过预埋温度和应力传感器的方法,对侧墙施工过程进行监测,并将实测数据和 Midas civil 有限元模型的模拟结果进行比较分析,总结侧墙施工过程中温度场和应力场的规律。现场监测和数值分析表明:早期混凝土水化热反应较快,浇筑完成后仅用20h即达到最大值,夏季温度较高,降温速率较缓慢,约为0.40℃/h,且中间层降温速率相对较快;压应力达到最大值的时间与温度达到最大值的时间较接近;进入收缩变形阶段,拉应力在出现0应力的临界情况后随温度的继续下降逐渐增大,在浇筑后50 h,各测点的拉应力基本趋于稳定;利用有限元模型计算得到的模拟结果与现场监测数据相差较小,验证了方法在预测裂缝产生方面的有效性。研究成果可以为实际工程中的裂缝控制提供参考。

地铁车站  /  侧墙混凝土  /  现场监测  /  温度场  /  应力  /  有限元分析

To provide a theoretical basis and reference for crack control during construction, this study first monitored the construction of side walls by embedding temperature and stress sensors. The measured data were then compared with the Midas civil finite element model, the law for a temperature field, and the stress field during the construction of the side walls. The field monitoring and numerical analysis showed that the hydration heat reaction of the concrete in the early stage was relatively fast, reaching its maximum value only 20 h after pouring. The temperature was high in summer, and the cooling rate was relatively slow at approximately 0.40 °C/h. However, the cooling rate of the middle layer was relatively fast. The time at which the compressive stress reached its maximum value was close to that at which the temperature reached its maximum value. Subsequently, it entered the shrinkage deformation stage. After the critical condition of zero stress occurred, the tensile stress gradually increased with a continuous decrease in temperature, and the tensile stress at each measuring point tended to be stable 50 h after pouring. The finite element model results were close to the field monitoring data. Thus, it could play a role in the prediction of and theoretical basis for fractures. It could also be used as a reference for actual fracture control in engineering.

subway stations  /  sidewall concrete  /  onsite monitoring  /  temperature field  /  strain  /  finite element analysis
陈卫文. 地铁车站侧墙混凝土早期温度场与应力变化规律研究. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (5) : 93 -95 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.014
Weiwen CHEN. Study of Early Temperature Field and Stress Variation Law of Concrete on Sidewalls of Subway Stations[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (5) : 93 -95 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.014
混凝土工程在城市地铁建设中广泛应用, 地铁车站侧墙一般设计为超长无缝结构, 其所受的约束作用较强,而且侧墙厚度一般在 ${700}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 以上,一次浇筑混凝土方量较大,容易造成侧墙内外温差较大的现象, 导致侧墙结构时常发生开裂 [ 1 - 2 ] 。地铁地下车站一般处于地下水位线以下, 侧墙开裂会引发渗漏, 影响侧墙结构的耐久性。据统计, 在建或已经运营的地铁车站侧墙存在不同程度的渗漏现象 [ 3 ] 。调查表明,地下室侧墙的开裂数量占被调查工程总量的85%[4] 。通过对地下侧墙的试验和理论分析, 多数学者认为侧墙开裂主要是由非荷载因素引起的 [ 5 - 6 ]
对于侧墙结构开裂, 温度变形和收缩变形是两个主要的非荷载因素 [ 7 ] 。当这些非荷载因素所引起的侧墙结构变形受到限制时, 混凝土内部就会产生拉应力, 当拉应力超过其自身强度时, 侧墙就会开裂。本文通过对某项目地铁车站侧墙进行早期温度及应力监测, 并对其进行早期裂缝监测, 同时通过 Midas civil 建立的有限元模型对侧墙的早期温度场及应力变化进行数值分析, 把现场监测结果和理论值进行比较分析, 初步探讨了地铁车站侧墙早期温度、应力及裂缝发展的变化规律, 为今后地铁站台侧墙开裂的防治工作提供参考。
现场实测项目为厦门地铁 4 号线某车站, 车站为地下 2 层结构,车站总长 ${215.4}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,地下 2 层层高为 $6\mathrm{\;m}$ , 地下 1 层层高为 $5\mathrm{\;m}$ ,车站侧墙总周长达 ${861.6}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,车站侧墙采用小节段无缝分仓的施工方法, 小节段长度为 ${27}\sim {35}\mathrm{\;m}$ 不等,每个小节段又划分为 3 个仓体。本文以侧墙仓体为研究对象, 通过现场实测与数值模拟, 开展早龄期混凝土裂缝敏感性分析。
现场选取 3 个地下 2 层侧墙仓体进行温度监测和应力监测, 3 个侧墙仓体编号分别为 $2\#\text{、}3\#$ 、 4#。侧墙仓体的浇筑时间在夏季, 混凝土强度等级为 C35, 混凝土入模温度为 ${28}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,混凝土浇筑时周围环境湿度为 ${75}\%$ ,浇筑后 $1\mathrm{\;d}$ 拆除模板。 侧墙仓体混凝土采用普通硅酸盐水泥, 混凝土配合比中水泥、水、砂、石、粉煤灰、矿粉、外加剂的用量分别为 ${302}\text{、}{158}\text{、}{734}\text{、}{1056}\text{、}{52}\text{、}{44}\text{、}{4.96}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ 。 混凝土 3 d、7 d、14 d、21 d、28 d 的弹性模量分别为 7845.94、15 498.46、23 752.81、28 149.01、 ${30490.39}\mathrm{\;N}/{\mathrm{{mm}}}^{2}$
温度监测采用 JMT-36X 型温度传感器, 应力监测采用 JMZX-215HAT 高性能智能数码弦式埋入应变计。 温度测点和应力测点在高度方向及宽度方向布置的位置相同,在高度方向上布置 4 行,上下距离边缘 ${10}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 、 中间 ${300}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 、最低点之上 ${150}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ ;在宽度方向上布置 3 列,左右距离边缘 ${10}\text{、}{450}\text{、}{150}\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 处。在厚度方向上, 温度测点布置 3 层, 而应力测点只在距离表面 $D/4$ 处布置 1 层。另外在墙体表面布置 3 个温度测点。 3 个仓体的测点布置均相同,如 图 1 所示, $H$ 表示墙体高度, $D$ 表示墙体厚度, $\mathrm{M}\text{、}\mathrm{I}\text{、}\mathrm{O}$ 分别表示测点在厚度方向上中间、里侧、外侧的位置。
从测试数据中找出仓体各层温度最高的测点, 以及测点达到最高温度时所用的时间, 计算该测点的升温速率和降温速率, 结果如 表 1 所示, 最高温度达到 ${68.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,中间层的温度较高,外层的温度较低; 混凝土早期水化热反应较为快速, 浇筑完成后温度达到最大值的时间基本上在 ${20}\mathrm{\;h}$ 以内,最短时间仅有 ${10}\mathrm{\;h}$ ; 混凝土降温速率在 ${0.31}\sim {0.51}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{h}$ 之间,降温速率较大。
为了更好地了解混凝土升温降温情况, 绘制各测点温度时程曲线,以测点 T4-2M 为例的温度时程曲线如 图 2 所示,浇筑完成后第 ${19}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,温度达到了最高值 ${66.6}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,升温阶段曲线的斜率比较大; 降温阶段,虽然曲线有所放缓,但是降温速率还是偏大,第 ${41}\mathrm{\;h}$ 即温度达到最大值后 ${22}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,接近 $1\mathrm{\;d}$ 的时间,温度已经下降到约 ${58}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,降温速率达到约 ${8.6}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{d}$ ,远大于大体积混凝土 ${2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{d}$ 的要求 [ 8 ]
地铁车站侧墙厚度一般在 ${700}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 以上,由于混凝土热传导性能较差, 混凝土内部聚集着大量水化反应所产生的热能, 这些热能无法及时散发到外界, 会造成混凝土内外产生较高温差, 从而使混凝土内部产生温度应力, 当温度应力超过混凝土抗拉能力时就会产生不同程度的裂纹 [ 9 ] 。这些极不均匀的裂纹在没有受到遏制的情况下很有可能会发展成为贯穿性裂纹, 对混凝土结构的安全性和耐久性造成很大的威胁。因此侧墙结构应在施工过程中对混凝土内外温差进行监测, 避免温差过大, 造成温度裂缝 [ 10 ]
为了解混凝土内外温差及环境温度的变化, 在距离侧墙混凝土表面 $5\mathrm{\;{cm}}$ 和空气中各设置了一个温度传感器, 测得环境温度时程曲线和混凝土表面温度时程曲线,如 图 3 所示, $0 \sim 6\mathrm{\;h}$ 环境温度最低; 表面温度前期随着混凝土结构一起升温,最大值接近 ${50}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ , 达到 ${28}\mathrm{\;h}$ 以后就趋于稳定。
根据各测点的环境以及表面温度时间曲线, 可得出混凝土内外温差时间曲线,结果表明, $2\#\text{、}3\#\text{、}4\#$ 仓体约 $1/3$ 温度测点内外最大温差超过 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,容易产生温度裂缝。以 T3-7I、T4-7I 两个测点为例, 绘制内外温差时间曲线, 如 图 4 所示。由 图 4 可知, T3-7I 测点内外温差超过 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的时间在 $6 \sim {36}\mathrm{\;h}$ , $\mathrm{T}4 - 7\mathrm{I}$ 测点内外温差超过 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的时间在 ${10}\sim {37}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,两个测点内外温差超过 ${25}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的时长约为 ${30}\mathrm{\;h}$
现场侧墙混凝土工程实施跳仓法浇筑, 先浇筑两边 2#、3#仓体,然后浇筑 4#仓体。应力通测频率为, 前期 $2\mathrm{\;h}$ 通测一次,后期 $4\mathrm{\;h}$ 通测一次,将各测点的最大应力值绘制成 表 2 。由 表 2 可知: 2 #仓体和 3 #仓体的墙底和墙顶的拉应力较大,均在 ${2.0}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 以上; $4\#$ 仓体的拉应力相对较小,最大值为 ${1.64}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 。主要原因是墙底部的矮边墙约束了侧墙的收缩变形, 致使其不能够自由变形, 导致拉应力增大。
基于混凝土热胀冷缩的特性, 早期水化热反应使其内部温度升高, 并使其发生热膨胀变形, 沿横向的压应力不断增大,直至 ${12}\mathrm{\;h}$ 左右,混凝土内部温度达到最高点,所有测点呈现出的压应力也达到了峰值 [ 11 ] 。 以 ST2-5H、ST4-2H 两个测点为例,绘制两个测点的应力时程曲线,如 图 5 所示, $\mathrm{{ST}}2 - 5\mathrm{H}$ 测点在 $8\mathrm{\;h}$ 左右出现应力最大值, $\mathrm{{ST}}4 - 2\mathrm{H}$ 测点在 ${12}\mathrm{\;h}$ 左右出现应力最大值; 在浇筑后 ${24}\mathrm{\;h}$ 左右,各测点出现了 0 应力的临界情况, 随着温度的继续下降拉应力逐渐变大, 在浇筑后 ${50}\mathrm{\;h}$ 各测点的拉应力基本趋于稳定。
为了解车站侧墙裂缝的发展规律,对总长 ${215.4}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的侧墙进行裂缝的通测并记录, 现场观测时, 对裂缝进行编号并记录其位置、长度、浇筑时间等, 以获得每条裂缝的详细信息。根据施工图纸, 地下 1 层和地下 2 层侧墙阶段及仓体的划分上下对应, 侧墙节段及仓体划分及编号如 图 6 所示, 图中编号 “1-2-1” 表示 “地下 1 层的第 2 号阶段第 1 号仓体”。
观测分为两个阶段进行: 第 1 阶段为拆除模板至侧墙混凝土浇筑完成后 ${120}\mathrm{\;h}$ 之间,观察其是否存在温度裂缝; 第 2 阶段为侧墙浇筑完成后的 ${120}\mathrm{\;h}$${270}\mathrm{\;d}$ 之间,对 $2\#\text{、}3\#\text{、}4\#$ 侧墙进行观测,观测其是否产生收缩裂缝。
侧墙施工模板为钢模。侧墙模板拆除后进行第 1 阶段观测, 观测侧墙水化过程中, 因内外温差较大, 引起内外温度应力不均衡造成混凝土表面开裂情况, 以及因温度下降过快造成的混凝土开裂情况。所观测的 $2\#$$3\#$$4\#$ 仓体有少量裂缝,说明在温度上升过程中, 侧墙内部及时采取冷凝管中通水降温, 外部采取覆盖保温的措施是有效的, 对于减少温度裂缝的产生起到了关键作用。 图 7 列出了第 1 阶段部分仓体产生的裂缝,由 图 7 可知,裂缝宽度基本在 ${0.1}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 以内。
裂缝观测第 2 阶段在侧墙模板拆除 ${120}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后,观测侧墙混凝土收缩作用下是否出现裂缝及裂缝的分布、走向与宽度。地下 1 层(层高 5 m)、地下 2 层(层高 $6\mathrm{\;m}$ )普遍存在收缩裂缝,最大裂缝宽度分别达到 ${0.44}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$${0.24}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$图 8 为部分仓块观测记录草图。
总结所得到的观测数据可知: 裂缝走向以竖直方向为主,并伴随着少量的斜裂缝、横向裂缝,裂缝的宽度基本位于 ${0.04}\sim {0.44}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 之间,裂缝最大宽度为 ${0.44}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,位于地下 1 层。
绘制地下 1、地下 2 层裂缝宽度随浇筑后时间的发展变化趋势如 图 9 所示, 地下 2 层的裂缝宽度普遍小于地下 1 层, 并且随时间裂缝发展的规律也有所区别, 地下 1 层前后两段时间裂缝宽度发展较快, 中间一段时间裂缝宽度发展较为缓慢, 而地下 2 层裂缝发展速度相近,未有明显的变化。
《地铁设计规范》(GB50157-2013)中规定钢筋混凝土构件的最大计算裂缝宽度允许值为 ,由监测数据可知,地下 1 层侧墙多条裂缝宽度超过
允许值, 负 2 层裂缝宽度未超过允许值。
根据现场具体施工方法, 工作人员在侧墙内部布置冷凝管,采用循环水来降低侧墙内部温度。冷凝管采用内径 ${30}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,壁厚 ${1.5}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的铁皮管,间距约为 $1\mathrm{\;m}$ , 冷凝管布置在厚度方向的中间位置处, 循环水入管温度在 ${15}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 左右。为了更精细地模拟实际情况,进行有限元建模时, 考虑冷凝管的布置, 侧墙背后按实际情况设置约束条件, 图 10 为考虑冷凝管的侧墙有限元模型, 图 11$3\#$ 仓体利用有限元软件 Midas 计算出的采用冷凝管 ${20}\mathrm{\;h}$ 后的温度场。
图 12$\mathrm{{ST}}2 - 3\mathrm{H}$ 测点通过数值分析计算出的应力时程曲线。
表 3 列出了应力测点的实测值和有限元模拟值。 由 表 3 可知, 校验系数(实测值与计算值的比值)总体上接近 1.0,即应力的实测值和有限元计算的理论值总体上是接近的。
1) 查阅相关地铁车站施工监测资料发现, 夏天施工的车站侧墙的裂缝数量要明显高于冬季施工时的裂缝数量 [ 13 ] 。说明季节施工对混凝土裂缝的产生有一定的影响, 尤其是夏季的影响更大, 这主要是由于夏季室外气温比较高, 在浇筑完毕尚未成型之前, 将发生显著的变形, 导致侧墙开裂。
2) 本车站拆模时间较早,不足 ${24}\mathrm{h}$ ,由 图 3 可知, 拆模时间正是内部温度最高的状态, 此时内外温差最大, 容易产生温度裂缝, 实际裂缝监测结果也表明第一阶段有细微裂缝产生。
3) 先浇筑的混凝土构件和凹凸不平的基面, 对新浇筑的侧墙结构有较强的约束, 约束了混凝土的自由收缩, 此时墙体的拉应力较为明显, 导致第一阶段产生的裂缝在第二阶段继续发展, 或导致第二阶段产生新的裂缝。
1) 混凝土在浇筑完成之后, 在凝结硬化的过程中会产生较多的自由水,但是难以蒸发, 从而导致其内部升温较快并且温度也较高, 内外温差较大进而变形增大, 再加上外部结构对侧墙的约束, 导致侧墙混凝土产生了过大的拉应力, 超出混凝土所能承受的最大拉应力,因此产生裂缝。
2) 混凝土属于脆性材料, 无良好的补偿性能, 在施工初期就会产生大量的水化热, 干缩孔便会大概率出现, 例如, 车站顶部和侧壁之间经常会出现裂缝。
3) 混凝土出现干缩。混凝土干缩裂缝与其干缩程度之间存在着密切关系, 当混凝土内部的水分含量较少时, 水泥浆体的干缩性比较强, 干缩裂缝极易出现。
1) 早龄期混凝土水化热反应较为快速, 浇筑完成后仅用 ${20}\mathrm{\;h}$ 即达到最大值,夏季温度较高,降温速率较为缓慢,约为 $-{0.40}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}/\mathrm{h}$ ,且中间层降温速率相对较快。
2) 压应力达到最大值的时间与温度达到最大值的时间较为接近。进入收缩变形阶段后, 在出现 0 应力的临界情况之后, 拉应力随着温度的继续下降逐渐增大,在浇筑后 ${50}\mathrm{\;h}$ ,各测点的拉应力基本趋于稳定。
3) 利用有限元模型计算得到的模拟结果与现场监测数据相差较小, 验证了本文方法在预测裂缝产生方面的有效性。
  • 福建省建设科技项目(2022-k-224)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.014
  • 接收时间:2024-04-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-15
  • 修回日期:2024-06-11
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福建省建设科技项目(2022-k-224)
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    厦门轨道建设发展集团有限公司 福建厦门 361004
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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