Article(id=1149742080370590014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691251200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-06, revisedDate=1718640000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049473134, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049473134, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049473134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049473134, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149742076708962589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752049472262, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780124752, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000959420354689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000959420354690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149742076708962589, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=36, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149742080525779263, articleId=1149742080370590014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Travel Mode Choice Behavior under Abnormal Rail Transit Conditions Based on Cumulative Prospect Theory, columnId=1152669335454658940, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Academic Discussion, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

When a traffic system is abnormal, passengers are prone to blindness, panic, conformity, and other psychological problems. They may thus make incomplete rational decisions. The Multinominal Logit (MNL) model is based on the assumptions of complete information and rationality. It has poor adaptability when used for abnormal situations. Therefore, the incomplete rationality of passengers under abnormal conditions was described using the cumulative prospect theory, and individual differences among passengers were considered to resolve this inability of the classical MNL model. First, the four factors of time, cost, comfort, and convenience were comprehensively considered, and a model was constructed of rail transit nonnormal passenger travel mode selection based on the cumulative prospect theory. It was used to characterize the incomplete rationality of passengers. Afterward, a questionnaire survey was conducted to calibrate the model parameters. Based on the survey results, a differentiated reference point following a Poisson distribution was obtained to describe the reference point dependency phenomenon of the model. The results of a case study indicated that the Poisson distribution test values with the introduction of differentiated reference points met the test criterion of a value that was greater than or equal to 0.05. It explained the essence of passengers' different decisionmaking results and presented a trend of comprehensive prospects fluctuating with the reference points. Finally, this model was compared with the MNL model to verify the rationality of the model. The research results indicated that the model focused on abnormal situations and reflected the incomplete rationality and individual differences of passengers. The overall accuracy was higher than that of the MNL model, and the average absolute error was reduced by 4.9%. The accuracy of the microscopic calculation results was 25.4% better than that of the MNL model. This could provide theoretical support for traffic demand prediction under abnormal rail transit conditions.

, correspAuthors=Zhihua XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaolin ZHANG, Zhihua XIONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149742087026950730, articleId=1149742080370590014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=基于累积前景理论的轨道交通非常态乘客出行方式选择行为研究, columnId=1152669335668568445, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=学术探讨, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

当城市轨道交通系统出现异常,乘客容易产生盲目、恐慌、从众等心理,并做出非完全理性的决策。现有MNL 模型基于信息完备假设与完全理性假设,在面对非常态情景时的适应性较差。为刻画非常态情况下乘客的不完全理性并考虑乘客个体差异,解决 MNL 模型的不适用性,本文针对轨道交通非常态情景,通过累积前景理论进行建模。首先,综合考虑时间、费用、舒适度与便捷性4个对乘客出行行为有直接影响的因素,构建基于累积前景理论的轨道交通非常态乘客出行方式选择模型,刻画乘客的不完全理性行为。然后,开展问卷调查用以标定模型参数,并结合调查结果构建服从泊松分布的差异化参考点,描述模型的参考点依赖现象,差异化参考点的泊松分布检验值满足大于等于0.05的检验标准,解释了乘客出现不同决策结果的本质,使综合前景呈现随参考点波动的态势。最后,将引入差异化参考点的基于累积前景理论的轨道交通非常态乘客出行方式选择模型与多项Logit(multinomial logit,MNL)模型进行对比。研究结果表明:针对非常态情景,本文模型体现了乘客面对非常态时的有限理性与个体差异性,宏观角度下的交通方式划分率计算结果总体偏差较 MNL 模型减小了4.9%,微观角度下乘客个体决策结果预测准确率较 MNL 模型提升了25.4%,整体效果优于MNL模型,验证了模型的合理性。研究成果可以为轨道交通非常态下的交通需求预测与应急响应提供理论支撑。

, correspAuthors=熊志华, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
熊志华,女,博士,副教授,主要从事综合交通规划方面研究,
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张啸林,男,硕士,工程师,主要从事交通安全方面研究,

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张啸林,男,硕士,工程师,主要从事交通安全方面研究,

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张啸林,男,硕士,工程师,主要从事交通安全方面研究,

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影响因素 时间 成本 舒适度 便捷性 权重
时间 1 2.46 4.94 5.57 0.5
成本 0.41 1 3.02 3.79 0.3
舒适度 0.20 0.33 1 1.18 0.1
便捷性 0.18 0.26 0.85 1 0.1
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影响因素 时间 成本 舒适度 便捷性 权重
时间 1 2.46 4.94 5.57 0.5
成本 0.41 1 3.02 3.79 0.3
舒适度 0.20 0.33 1 1.18 0.1
便捷性 0.18 0.26 0.85 1 0.1
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方式 时间/min 费用/元 满载率 换乘次数
等待恢复 80 5 ${0.8} \sim {1.2}$ 0
换乘其他线路 60~65 5 ${0.8} \sim {1.2}$ 1
常规公交 70~90 2 0.5 ~ 1 1
出租车 35~40 45 0 0
接驳公交 50~65 2 0.7~1.0 0
共享单车 75 2 1 0
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方式 时间/min 费用/元 满载率 换乘次数
等待恢复 80 5 ${0.8} \sim {1.2}$ 0
换乘其他线路 60~65 5 ${0.8} \sim {1.2}$ 1
常规公交 70~90 2 0.5 ~ 1 1
出租车 35~40 45 0 0
接驳公交 50~65 2 0.7~1.0 0
共享单车 75 2 1 0
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交通方式类型 问卷比例 MNL 划分率 CPT 划分率
等待恢复 4.30 14.20 0.00
换乘其他线路 28.30 18.00 29.00
常规公交 7.40 14.20 0.00
出租车 20.70 20.30 21.10
接驳公交 34.20 18.60 42.60
共享单车 5.10 14.70 7.30
), ArticleFig(id=1154000588607050399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080370590014, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=基于 CPT 的行为模型与 MNL 模型划分率计算结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
交通方式类型 问卷比例 MNL 划分率 CPT 划分率
等待恢复 4.30 14.20 0.00
换乘其他线路 28.30 18.00 29.00
常规公交 7.40 14.20 0.00
出租车 20.70 20.30 21.10
接驳公交 34.20 18.60 42.60
共享单车 5.10 14.70 7.30
), ArticleFig(id=1154000588678353569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080370590014, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Confusion matrix of CPT model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CPT 等待 恢复 换乘其 他线路 常规 公交 出租 接驳 车辆 共享 单车 真实值 合计
等待恢复 0 11 0 9 19 4 43
换乘其他线路 0 132 0 44 91 16 283
常规公交 0 21 0 12 34 7 74
出租 0 40 0 93 65 9 207
接驳车辆 0 73 0 45 201 23 342
共享单车 0 13 0 8 16 14 51
模型值合计 0 290 0 211 426 73 1000
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CPT 等待 恢复 换乘其 他线路 常规 公交 出租 接驳 车辆 共享 单车 真实值 合计
等待恢复 0 11 0 9 19 4 43
换乘其他线路 0 132 0 44 91 16 283
常规公交 0 21 0 12 34 7 74
出租 0 40 0 93 65 9 207
接驳车辆 0 73 0 45 201 23 342
共享单车 0 13 0 8 16 14 51
模型值合计 0 290 0 211 426 73 1000
), ArticleFig(id=1154000588804182693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080370590014, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Confusion matrix of MNL model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MNL 等待 恢复 换乘其 他线路 常规 公交 出租 接驳 车辆 共享 单车 真实值 合计
等待恢复 6 8 6 9 8 6 43
换乘其他线路 40 52 40 56 53 42 283
常规公交 11 13 11 15 13 11 74
出租 29 37 29 44 38 30 207
接驳车辆 49 61 49 69 65 50 343
共享单车 7 9 7 10 9 8 50
模型值合计 142 180 142 203 186 147 1000
), ArticleFig(id=1154000588892263079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742080370590014, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=MNL 模型混淆矩阵, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MNL 等待 恢复 换乘其 他线路 常规 公交 出租 接驳 车辆 共享 单车 真实值 合计
等待恢复 6 8 6 9 8 6 43
换乘其他线路 40 52 40 56 53 42 283
常规公交 11 13 11 15 13 11 74
出租 29 37 29 44 38 30 207
接驳车辆 49 61 49 69 65 50 343
共享单车 7 9 7 10 9 8 50
模型值合计 142 180 142 203 186 147 1000
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基于累积前景理论的轨道交通非常态乘客出行方式选择行为研究
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张啸林 1 , 熊志华 2
都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2024,37(5): 36-44
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都市快轨交通 | 学术探讨 2024, 37(5): 36-44
基于累积前景理论的轨道交通非常态乘客出行方式选择行为研究
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张啸林1 , 熊志华2
作者信息
  • 1 交通运输部规划研究院 交通安全应急技术实验室 北京 100028
  • 2 北京交通大学 综合交通运输大数据应用技术交通运输行业重点实验室 北京 100044
  • 张啸林,男,硕士,工程师,主要从事交通安全方面研究,

通讯作者:

熊志华,女,博士,副教授,主要从事综合交通规划方面研究,
Travel Mode Choice Behavior under Abnormal Rail Transit Conditions Based on Cumulative Prospect Theory
Xiaolin ZHANG1 , Zhihua XIONG2
Affiliations
  • 1 Laboratory of Transport Safety and Emergency Technology Transport Planning and Research Institute, Ministry of Transport Beijing 100028
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Transport Industry of Big Data Application Technologies for Comprehensive Transport Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.006
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当城市轨道交通系统出现异常,乘客容易产生盲目、恐慌、从众等心理,并做出非完全理性的决策。现有MNL 模型基于信息完备假设与完全理性假设,在面对非常态情景时的适应性较差。为刻画非常态情况下乘客的不完全理性并考虑乘客个体差异,解决 MNL 模型的不适用性,本文针对轨道交通非常态情景,通过累积前景理论进行建模。首先,综合考虑时间、费用、舒适度与便捷性4个对乘客出行行为有直接影响的因素,构建基于累积前景理论的轨道交通非常态乘客出行方式选择模型,刻画乘客的不完全理性行为。然后,开展问卷调查用以标定模型参数,并结合调查结果构建服从泊松分布的差异化参考点,描述模型的参考点依赖现象,差异化参考点的泊松分布检验值满足大于等于0.05的检验标准,解释了乘客出现不同决策结果的本质,使综合前景呈现随参考点波动的态势。最后,将引入差异化参考点的基于累积前景理论的轨道交通非常态乘客出行方式选择模型与多项Logit(multinomial logit,MNL)模型进行对比。研究结果表明:针对非常态情景,本文模型体现了乘客面对非常态时的有限理性与个体差异性,宏观角度下的交通方式划分率计算结果总体偏差较 MNL 模型减小了4.9%,微观角度下乘客个体决策结果预测准确率较 MNL 模型提升了25.4%,整体效果优于MNL模型,验证了模型的合理性。研究成果可以为轨道交通非常态下的交通需求预测与应急响应提供理论支撑。

城市轨道交通  /  出行方式选择  /  累积前景理论  /  差异化参考点  /  非常态事件

When a traffic system is abnormal, passengers are prone to blindness, panic, conformity, and other psychological problems. They may thus make incomplete rational decisions. The Multinominal Logit (MNL) model is based on the assumptions of complete information and rationality. It has poor adaptability when used for abnormal situations. Therefore, the incomplete rationality of passengers under abnormal conditions was described using the cumulative prospect theory, and individual differences among passengers were considered to resolve this inability of the classical MNL model. First, the four factors of time, cost, comfort, and convenience were comprehensively considered, and a model was constructed of rail transit nonnormal passenger travel mode selection based on the cumulative prospect theory. It was used to characterize the incomplete rationality of passengers. Afterward, a questionnaire survey was conducted to calibrate the model parameters. Based on the survey results, a differentiated reference point following a Poisson distribution was obtained to describe the reference point dependency phenomenon of the model. The results of a case study indicated that the Poisson distribution test values with the introduction of differentiated reference points met the test criterion of a value that was greater than or equal to 0.05. It explained the essence of passengers' different decisionmaking results and presented a trend of comprehensive prospects fluctuating with the reference points. Finally, this model was compared with the MNL model to verify the rationality of the model. The research results indicated that the model focused on abnormal situations and reflected the incomplete rationality and individual differences of passengers. The overall accuracy was higher than that of the MNL model, and the average absolute error was reduced by 4.9%. The accuracy of the microscopic calculation results was 25.4% better than that of the MNL model. This could provide theoretical support for traffic demand prediction under abnormal rail transit conditions.

urban rail transit  /  travel mode selection  /  cumulative prospect theory  /  differentiation reference point  /  abnormal events
张啸林, 熊志华. 基于累积前景理论的轨道交通非常态乘客出行方式选择行为研究. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (5) : 36 -44 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.006
Xiaolin ZHANG, Zhihua XIONG. Travel Mode Choice Behavior under Abnormal Rail Transit Conditions Based on Cumulative Prospect Theory[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (5) : 36 -44 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.006
受轨道交通系统封闭性与网络化制约, 轨道交通非常态导致的列车停运与服务中断容易产生大量乘客滞留, 此时, 乘客需要从周边其他交通方式中选择替代出行方式, 进而导致各交通方式需求发生变化。已有研究表明精确的出行行为模型是准确预测交通需求的基础 [ 1 ] ,也是合理制定应急措施的前提,出行行为模型的效果与模型精细度正相关, 行为刻画越精细, 模型越接近现实, 而模型精度的关键在于乘客行为的刻画与影响因素的选取与量化 [ 2 ]
现有乘客出行行为模型大多基于经典期望效用理论,如曾璐等凶通过改进传统多项 Logit(multinomial logit, MNL)模型, 构建乘客感知出行路径选择模型; 朱婕 [ 4 ] 针对轨道交通局部中断场景,对路径分配模型进行修正, 构建基于时间阻抗的多路径非均衡客流分布模型; 钱堃等 [ 5 ] 将价值函数量化为真实值的幂函数, 以描述乘客感知的偏差, 并利用 MNL 模型计算非常态的方式划分率; ZHAO 等 [ 6 ] 考虑步行时间、费用、拥挤程度以及方向相关性等多重影响因素, 构建 MNL 模型; HÉCTOR 等 [ 7 ] 认为乘客面对差异化场景时,会在不同影响因素间产生侧重,并利用 CMNL(constrained multinominal logit)模型刻画乘客选择行为。
以上研究对 MNL 模型进行改进, 一定程度上提高了模型精度, 但本质还是基于 “信息完备” 与 “理性乘客”假设。而人们在面对风险与不确定因素时, 往往出现恐慌、从众等不完全理性行为, 进而导致模型偏离实际 [ 8 ] 。SIMON [ 9 ] 认为此种有限理性行为导致出现的偏离最佳决策, 是由非常态下人们的信息收集能力、 个人因素、外力诱导等因素造成。出于以上考虑, KAHNEMAN 等 [ 10 ] 建立了前景理论(prospect theory, PT), 将客观值转化为主观感受, 反映决策人的不完全理性; TVERSKY 等。 [ 11 ] 在此基础上改进,建立累积前景理论(cumulative prospect theory, CPT), 使得基于 CPT 的选择模型更适合不确定性场景;王桂鹏 [ 12 ] 考虑时间、费用和换乘次数, 通过 PT 对每个影响因素单独进行量化,最终取加权和来计算综合前景,手加等[ 3 ] 考虑列车运行时间、换乘时间与换乘次数, 有效计算轨道交通非常态下的交通方式划分率;GAO 等 [ 14 ] 提出了一种将 CPT 与多属性决策理论相结合的不确定性条件下出行行为模型。基于 CPT 的乘客出行行为研究避免了经典 MNL 模型的 “信息完备” 与 “理性乘客” 假设, 与非常态下的不理性行为更加贴合, 提高了模型在不确定性场景下的适应性。
以上模型虽有效刻画了乘客的有限理性, 但受模型特性影响, 仍存在参考点依赖与边际变化问题。因此, 合理的参数量化与参考点选取是提高模型精度的关键。以往研究通常将参考点设置为常数, 较少考虑乘客个体间差异,如王顺等 [ 15 ] 考虑乘客忍耐阈值,根据经验值人为确定参考点; GHADER 等 [ 1 ] 、柳伍生等 [ 16 ] 在人为设定基础上结合数据与多重影响因素联合设置参考点; XU 等 [ 17 ] 认为乘客出行预留时间在某种意义上可视为参考点, 但由于个体预留时间差异, 无法确定具体数值, 进而提出了一种基于风险敏感度的参考点计算方法; 王桂鹏 [ 12 ] 则假设参考点在一定范围内服从均匀分布,为参考点设置方法提供了新思路。
综上, 相比经典 MNL 模型, CPT 模型通过刻画非常态下乘客的有限理性,使 CPT 模型更适用于不确定性场景, 但以往研究较少引入个体差异性与主观倾向性。因此, 本文针对轨道交通非常态情景, 考虑多重影响因素, 通过 CPT 刻画非常态下乘客的不完全理性, 结合调查问卷结果引入个体差异化参考点并进行模型标定, 最终构建基于累积前景理论的轨道交通非常态乘客出行方式选择模型。
CPT 中的不完全理性与心理偏好是通过引入价值函数与决策权重来体现的。其中, 价值函数表示实际价值在决策者内心的主观映射, 其表达式为
$ V\left({x}_{i}\right)= \left\{\begin{array}{l} a{\left({x}_{i,0}- {x}_{i}\right)}^{\alpha },{x}_{i,0}\geq {x}_{i}, a > 0,\alpha > 0 \\- b{\left({x}_{i}- {x}_{i,0}\right)}^{\beta },{x}_{i,0}< {x}_{i}, b > 0,\beta > 0, b > a \end{array}\right.$
式中, $V\left({x}_{i}\right)$ 代表参考点为 ${x}_{i,0}$ ,真实结果为 ${x}_{i}$ 时的价值函数; $\alpha ,\beta$ 为风险敏感系数; $a, b$ 分别为收益追求系数与损失规避系数, $b > a$ 体现了乘客对损失的高敏感性。 参照 KAHNEMAN 的研究成果 [ 18 ] ,取 $\alpha ={0.89},\beta ={0.92}$ , $a = 1, b ={2.25}$
参考点是判断收益与损失的决策依据。当实际结果优于参考点时, 乘客感受到收益, 反之, 乘客感受到损失。最终乘客会在 “确定效应”“反射效应”“损失规避”及 “小概率迷恋” 等多重非理性心理的作用下做出不理性决策。
决策权重表示事件的实际发生概率在决策者内心的主观映射, 其表达式为
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{\omega }^{+ }\left({P}_{j}\right)= \frac{{P}_{j}^{\gamma }}{{\left\lbrack {P}_{j}^{\gamma }+ {\left( 1 -{P}_{j}\right)}^{\gamma }\right\rbrack }^{1/\gamma }}\\{\omega }^{- }\left({P}_{j}\right)= \frac{{P}_{j}^{\delta }}{{\left\lbrack {P}_{j}^{\delta }+ {\left( 1 -{P}_{j}\right)}^{\delta }\right\rbrack }^{1/\delta }}\end{array}\right.$
式中, ${\omega }^{+ }\text{、}{\omega }^{- }$ 分别表示乘客面对收益及损失时对应的决策权重; ${P}_{j}$ 表示事件 $j$ 发生的概率; $\delta ,\gamma$ 为决策参数, 参照 KAHNEMAN 的研究成果 [ 18 ] ,取 $\gamma ={0.61},\delta ={0.69}$
根据各结果的收益高低排序,在确保 ${x}_{-m}\leq {x}_{-m + 1}$ $\leq \cdots \leq {x}_{0}\leq \cdots \leq {x}_{n - 1}\leq {x}_{n}$ 时计算累积决策权重,并计算各交通方式的综合累积前景为
$ U =\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{n}v\left({x}_{i}\right){\pi }_{i}^{+ }+ \mathop{\sum }\limits_{{j = 1}}^{m}v\left({x}_{j}\right){\pi }_{j}^{- }$
$\begin{cases}{\pi }_{n}^{+ }& ={\omega }^{+ }\left({P}_{n}\right)\\{\pi }_{-m}^{+ }& ={\omega }^{- }\left({P}_{-m}\right)\\{\pi }_{i}^{+ }& ={\omega }^{+ }\left({{P}_{i}\vee {P}_{i + 1}\cdots \cup {P}_{n}}\right)- {\omega }^{+ }\left({{P}_{i + 1}\cup {P}_{i + 2}\cdots \cup {P}_{n}}\right), \\& 0 \leq i \leq n - 1 \\{\pi }_{j}^{- }& ={\omega }^{- }\left({{P}_{-m}\cup {P}_{-m + 1}\cdots \cup {P}_{j}}\right)- {\omega }^{- }\left({{P}_{-m}\cup {P}_{-m + 1}\cdots \cup {P}_{j - 1}}\right), \\& - m + 1 \leq j \leq 0 \end{cases}$
(4)式中, $U$ 代表累积前景; ${\pi }_{i}^{+ }\text{、}{\pi }_{j}^{- }$ 分别为收益及损失对应的累积决策权重; ${x}_{-m}$ 代表存在损失的第 $m$ 种结果; ${x}_{n}$ 代表存在收益的第 $n$ 种结果; $\omega \left({{P}_{i}\cup {P}_{i + 1}\cdots \cup {P}_{n}}\right)$ 表示随机事件结果取并集后的决策权重。
将各方式的综合累积前景作为出行者选择出行方式的决策依据, 乘客会选择综合累积前景最高的方式作为替代交通方式出行。
出行行为的影响因素包括年龄、职业、收入、出行距离、出行时间、出行成本、出行人数等,可归结为个人因素、出行特性和家庭属性。其中, 出行特性是起决定作用的直接影响因素, 而个人与家庭因素主要体现乘客的 “互异性”,属于间接影响因素。即不同年龄、职业、收入的出行者,由于对出行时间、舒适度、成本的接受程度不同,导致对出行方式的决策结果也不相同 [ 12 ]
本文考虑时间、费用、舒适度、便捷性 4 种直接影响因素, 对每一影响因素进行单独量化。其中时间维度通过出行时间, 即乘客从起点至讫点所用的总时间量化; 费用通过经济费用量化, 经济费用本文特指出行过程产生的消费;舒适度为人体主观感受, 主要受拥挤程度影响, 通常通过乘客数或满载率进行量化; 便捷性通过换乘次数进行量化。
通过式(1)与式(2)分别计算 4 个指标的累积前景, 但由于 4 种影响因素均为负向指标, 故价值函数与决策权重的表达式与经典 CPT 的表达式相反。如出行时间越短对出行者越有利, 出行时间的价值函数与决策权重表达式可列为
$ V\left( T\right)= \left\{\begin{array}{l} a{\left({x}_{0}- x\right)}^{\alpha },{x}_{0}\geq x \\- b{\left( x -{x}_{0}\right)}^{\beta },{x}_{0}< x \end{array}\right.$
$\omega \left( P\right)= \left\{\begin{array}{l}{P}_{{x}_{0}\geq x}^{\gamma }/{\left\lbrack {P}_{{x}_{0}\geq x}^{\gamma }+ {\left( 1 -{P}_{{x}_{0}\geq x}\right)}^{\gamma }\right\rbrack }^{1/\gamma },{x}_{0}\geq x \\{P}_{{x}_{0}< x}^{\delta }/{\left\lbrack {P}_{{x}_{0}< x}^{\delta }+ {\left( 1 -{P}_{{x}_{0}< x}\right)}^{\delta }\right\rbrack }^{1/\delta },{x}_{0}< x \end{array}\right.$
式中, $T$ 代表出行时间; $x$ 代表出行时间实际值; ${x}_{0}$ 为出行时间参考点; ${P}_{{x}_{0}< x}$ 表示事件 ${x}_{0}< x$ 发生的概率。
通过式(3),计算所有可替代出行方式单一影响因素下的累积前景分量, 并归一化处理避免量级差异, 即
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}{U}_{i}^{\text{*time }}= {U}_{i}^{\text{time }}/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}{U}_{i}^{\text{time }}\\{U}_{i}^{\text{*cost }}= {U}_{i}^{\text{cost }}/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}{U}_{i}^{\text{cost }}\\{U}_{i}^{\text{*comp }}= {U}_{i}^{\text{comf }}/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}{U}_{i}^{\text{comf }}\\{U}_{i}^{\text{*conv }}= {U}_{i}^{\text{conv }}/\mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}{U}_{i}^{\text{conv }}\end{array}\right.$
式中, ${U}_{i}^{\text{time }}\text{、}{U}_{i}^{\text{cost }}\text{、}{U}_{i}^{\text{comf }}\text{、}{U}_{i}^{\text{conv }}$ 分别表示式 $i$ 的时间、成本、舒适度和便捷性的累积前景分量; ${U}_{i}^{\text{*time }}$${U}_{i}^{*\text{cost }}\text{、}{U}_{i}^{*\text{comf }}\text{、}{U}_{i}^{*\text{conv }}$ 分别表示归一化处理后方式 $i$ 的时间、成本、舒适度和便捷性的累积前景分量。
考虑到多重影响因素的共同作用, 对 4 个影响因素对应的累积前景进行加权求和, 得到多重影响因素下的综合累积前景为
${U}_{i}= \mathbf{\omega }\times {\left({U}_{i}^{\text{*time }},{U}_{i}^{\text{*cost }},{U}_{i}^{\text{*comf }},{U}_{i}^{\text{*conv }}\right)}^{\mathrm{T}}$
式中, ${U}_{i}$ 为方式 $i$ 的综合累积前景; $\omega$ 为权重向量, 利用问卷结果标定。
设定乘客均选择综合累积前景最高的方式出行, 由于存在参考点个体间差异, 因此, 不同个体综合前景最高的方式不相同, 导致决策结果受到影响。此时, 只要具备足够多的样本, 便可计算宏观下非常态的交通方式划分率。
由于轨道交通非常态事件频数低, 难以获取非常态下乘客的实际行为信息。因此,本文采用 SP 调查方法, 假设情景并获取信息。问卷采用线上形式发放, 回收结果 407 份, 经筛选, 有效结果 357 份。
本次调查共设计 3 种假定场景, 出行距离分别为小于 $5\mathrm{\;{km}}$$5 \sim {10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 以上。如假设乘客采用地铁方式出行,出行距离超过 ${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ ,预计时长约 ${50}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,价格约 5 元,无座位,换乘 1 次。出行途中遇轨道交通非常态,导致正线行车中断 ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ,乘客需选择相应替代出行方式。
问卷调查中考虑了模型中参考点设置与影响因素权重两大核心问题。首先,要求被调查者填写假设情境下对出行时间、费用、拥挤程度与换乘次数的心理预期,以便得到参考点分布情况,引入乘客参考点差异性。其次, 要求被调查者通过主观赋值的方式对 4 个影响因素打分, 以标定不同因素间的权重关系。最后, 要求被调查者给出特定场景下的决策结果, 并将该结果视作真实数据用以对比检验。
通过统计调查结果, 获取乘客在假定场景下对出行时间、费用、拥挤程度与换乘次数给出的心理预期, 并将其视为参考点实际分布, 拟合差异化参考点分布情况。以时间参考点为例,出行距离小于 $5\mathrm{\;{km}}$$5 \sim$ ${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 、大于 ${10}\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 的乘客出行时间心理预期实际分布如 图 1 所示。其中, 出行距离特指从起点至讫点的实际路线距离。出行时间特指门到门的总时间, 包括步行时间、候车时间、换乘时间、在车时间等。
利用 Python 语言, 以及 numpy 和 scipy.stats 工具包进行泊松分布拟合与检验。为避免数据波动剧烈而影响检验结果,本文数据统计以 ${10}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 为间隔,对调查结果做分组合并后进行检验。检验结果表明, 3 个假设场景下,时间参考点分别服从参数为25、35、50 的泊松分布, 参数值约等于该出行距离下的实际出行时间,检验 $P$ 值分别为 0.046、0.058、0.051,拟合情况如 图 2 所示。
图 2 可知: 出行距离 $< 5\mathrm{\;{km}}$ 情境下,乘客参考点基本落在 ${20}\sim {50}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 之间,变动范围较小,导致拟合效果稍差;其他情况基本满足 $P \geq {0.05}$ 的检验标准。 此时, 可认为时间参考点基本服从参数为实际值的泊松分布, 即
$ F\left({x}_{i,0}\right)\sim P\left({x}_{i}\right)$
式中, $F\left({x}_{i,0}\right)$ 表示参考点数据合并分组; $P\left({x}_{i}\right)$ 表示参数为 ${x}_{i}$ 的泊松分布。
同理, 舒适度参考点经过分组合并处理后, 也服从参数为实际值的泊松分布。成本与换乘次数由于场景固定, 故将参考点设定成大小为实际值的常数。
综上, 本文以问卷调查为基础, 构建服从泊松分布的差异化参考点, 引入 CPT 模型, 以刻画非理性乘客的参考点个体间差异, 体现乘客出现不同决策结果的本质。
由于影响因素重要程度的差别, 本文以问卷中被调查者对出行时间、费用、拥挤程度与换乘次数 4 个影响因素的重要程度打分结果为基础, 利用层次分析法确定影响因素权重, 以量化综合累积前景。将此次问卷调查结果取平均后, 得到判别矩阵如 表 1 所示, 表 1 中数字代表两指标间的重要程度关系, 数值越大, 代表该项指标越重要。
利用层次分析法, 计算 4 种影响因素间的权重, 保留 1 位小数得到权重向量为 $\omega =\left({{0.5},{0.3},{0.1},{0.1}}\right)$
结合层次分析法, 最大特征值与一致性指标的计算公式分别为
${\lambda }_{\max }= \frac{1}{h}\mathop{\sum }\limits_{{i = 1}}^{h}\frac{{\left(\mathbf{{AW}}\right)}_{i}}{{\mathbf{W}}_{i}}$
$\mathrm{{CI}}= \left({{\lambda }_{\max }- h}\right)/\left({h - 1}\right)$
$\mathrm{{CR}}= \mathrm{{CI}}/\mathrm{{RI}}$
式中, ${\lambda }_{\max }$ 表示最大特征值; $h$ 表示判别矩阵阶数; $\mathbf{A}$ 为判别矩阵; $W$ 为特征向量; $\mathrm{{CI}}$ 是一致性指标; $\mathrm{{CR}}$ 是一致性比率; RI 是随机一致性指标。
本文判别矩阵阶数 $h = 4$ ,利用式(10) $\sim$ 式(12)计算, 得出最大特征值 ${\lambda }_{\max }= {4.058}$ ,相应计算出 $\mathrm{{CI}}= {0.019}$ , $\mathrm{{CR}}= {0.021}< {0.1}$ ,满足一致性检验。
算例采用问卷调查中的假定情景。在地铁行车中断的时间内, 乘客具有等待恢复、选择其他地铁线路绕行,改乘常规公交、出租车、接驳公交(应急场景下, 将乘客快速转移到就近交通枢纽或就近轨道站点的车辆)、共享单车共 6 种方式可供选择, 不同替代交通方式条件如 表 2 所示。
本文将考虑乘客个体差异的 CPT 模型与改进的传统 MNL 模型比对, 验证模型有效性。
在经典 MNL 模型基础上, 为体现乘客对各交通方式主观价值与实际价值的偏差, 效用项取乘客的主观价值, 其数值与真实值呈幂函数关系, 指数位置参数数α=1.35[5] 。为避免量级差距,同样将 4 项指标归一化处理, 影响因素间的权重系数参照 表 1 , 最终得到 MNL 模型划分率的计算式为
${P}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}= \frac{\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left({0.5}* {T}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\right)}^{\alpha }- {\left({0.3}* {C}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\right)}^{\alpha }- {\left({0.1}* {R}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\right)}^{\alpha }- {\left({0.1}* {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\right)}^{\alpha }}\right\rbrack }{\mathop{\sum }\limits_{i}\exp \left\lbrack {-{\left({0.5}* {T}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\right)}^{\alpha }- {\left({0.3}* {C}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\right)}^{\alpha }- {\left({0.1}* {R}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\right)}^{\alpha }- {\left({0.1}* {N}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\right)}^{\alpha }}\right\rbrack }$
式中, ${P}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}$ 代表方式 $i$ 的划分率; ${T}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\text{、}{C}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\text{、}{R}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}\text{、}{N}_{i}^{\mathrm{k}}$ 分别代表方式 $i$ 的实际出行时间、实际出行费用、实际满载率和换乘次数。
前景理论中, 参照式(9), 通过 Python 语言并借助 Scipy+numpy 工具包生成服从泊松分布的 1000 个点, 模拟具有差异化参考点的 1000 名乘客。以乘客个体为单位, 分别计算 6 种交通方式的 4 个影响因素对应的价值函数与决策权重, 并计算每种交通方式各指标的累积前景分量随差异化参考点的变化趋势。各交通方式的时间前景分量随时间参考点变化曲线如 图 3 所示。
图 3 可知: 以红色的出租车曲线为例, 其出行时间在各方式中最短, 因此时间前景最高, 且不论乘客的时间参考点如何变化, 其时间前景分量总高于其他方式。观察曲线趋势, 若乘客时间参考点为 ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ (预期出行时间为 ${30}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ),此时各交通方式出行时间均低于乘客预期,乘客感受到即将面临损失,因此时间前景值均为负,且乘客要求越苛刻, 时间前景越低。若乘客时间参考点为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ (预期出行时间为 ${60}\mathrm{\;{min}}$ ),此时出租车与接驳公交两种方式出行时间均优于乘客预期,乘客感受到收益,因此时间前景值为正, 且乘客要求越宽松, 时间前景越高。
根据差异化参考点设置方法, 对另外 3 个因素对应的前景分量做相同处理, 并通过式(7)、式(8)加权处理后得到各交通方式的综合累积前景。由于受多重因素影响, 综合累积前景呈现类似多元函数的曲面形态, 通过 Python 语言并借助 Axes3D 绘制各交通(13)方式的综合前景随差异化参考点的变 化曲面如 图 4 所示, 多方式综合累积前景曲面可视化对比如 图 5 所示。
图 5 中, 6 个曲面对应 6 种不同交通方式, 每一( $x$ , y)点位代表一种参考点组合, 并对应一名乘客。各点位对应的最高层曲面(综合累积前景最高的方式)即为该乘客的决策结果。不同坐标点位对应的最高层曲面不同, 表示不同乘客由于参考点差异导致最终决策结果不同,体现了决策结果差异的本质。
图 4图 5 可知: 多方式综合累积前景呈现多曲面交叠形态, 表示不同参考点组合下的最优方式不同; 受累积前景理论中损失规避心理的影响, 乘客在面对既定损失时会倾向于冒险, 从而刻意规避该方式, 其中 “等待恢复” 对乘客来讲属于确定性损失, 乘客主观排斥该方式导致综合前景过低,划分率也过低; 受风险敏感性影响, 乘客会对确定的事件产生倾向性,“常规公交” 由于时间、舒适度跨度较大, 存在较高的不确定性, 同样导致综合前景与划分率过低, 进而出现 2 个曲面在下方(等待恢复与常规公交综合前景较低),其他 4 个曲面交叠的形态。
交通方式划分与出行行为若从宏观角度分析, 可将其视为预测问题, 模型需准确预测各交通方式的划分率;若从微观角度看,可将其视为分类问题,需要正确判断个体决策结果。
1) 宏观角度看, 结合差异化参考点, 计算轨道交通非常态下组合交通方式划分率, 验证模型宏观效果, 结果如 表 3 所示。MNL 模型、CPT 模型划分率拟合结果与问卷调查结果误差对比分析如 图 6 所示。
宏观分析结果表明: 基于传统随机效用理论的改进 MNL 模型对划分率的计算结果与问卷结果有所偏差,模型值与问卷结果实际值平均相差 ${8.8}\%$ 。基于 CPT 的出行方式选择模型对划分率的预测结果整体更接近问卷结果, 模型值与实际值平均相差 3.9%, 偏差低于 MNL 模型, 总体减小了 4.9%。因此, 从宏观角度看, 相比传统 MNL 模型, 引入差异化参考点的基于累积前景理论的出行方式选择模型可以更好地预测轨道交通非常态下的交通方式划分情况, 划分率计算结果更贴近实际结果, 对应急响应与接驳疏解具有指导意义。
2) 微观角度看, 样本量按 1000 计算, 将问卷结果同比例放大, MNL 模型微观计算结果按划分率比例分配, CPT 模型微观计算结果通过模型直接得出, 建立两模型的混淆矩阵, 并验证模型微观效果。两模型的混淆矩阵如 表 4表 5 所示, 相应微观准确率的计算式为
$ A =\frac{\mathrm{{TP}}+ \mathrm{{TN}}}{\mathrm{{TP}}+ \mathrm{{FP}}+ \mathrm{{TN}}+ \mathrm{{FN}}}$
式中, $A$ 代表模型微观下的准确率; TP 代表模型将实际为正类别的样本正确预测为正类别; FN 代表模型将实际为正类别的样本错误预测为负类别; FP 代表模型将实际为负类别的样本错误预测为正类别; TN 代表模型将实际为负类别的样本正确预测为负类别。
利用式(14)计算两模型的微观准确率,结果表明: CPT 模型微观准确率为 44.0%, MNL 模型微观准确率为 18.6%。即 CPT 模型在微观下也较 MNL 模型有一定提升,对个体决策结果判断更为准确,更适于轨道交通非常态场景, 但准确率仍有进一步提升的空间。
1) 通过问卷调查, 引入了服从泊松分布的差异化参考点来体现乘客个体间差异。参考点的泊松分布检验 $P$ 值满足 $\geq {0.05}$ 的检验标准,体现了在同一场景下, 不同乘客因参考点不同,导致可能产生不同决策结果的根本原因。
2) 经案例验证, 相比于 MNL 模型, 引入差异化参考点的基于累积前景理论的出行方式选择模型更适合轨道交通非常态情景。
3) 宏观角度下, CPT 模型划分率的拟合结果与实际结果平均相差 3.9%,偏差低于 MNL 模型,偏差总体减小 4.9%,拟合效果较好。但受 “损失规避” 心理的影响, 如 “等待恢复” 方式由于存在既定的损失, 乘客会刻意规避, 导致综合累积前景偏低, 划分率被缩小; 而受 “风险规避” 心理的影响, 如 “接驳公交” 方式由于存在明显的收益, 综合累积前景偏高, 划分率被放大。CPT 模型的该特性还需进一步通过优化参数改变模型对 “收益” 与 “损失” 的放缩程度。
4) 微观角度下, CPT 模型能以个体为单位做非集计分析, 更能反映个体决策结果, 微观准确率较 MNL 模型提高 25.4%,改进效果明显。但微观下的准确率仍有待进一步提升,还需后续深入优化研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2019YFF0301403)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2019JBM041)
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2024年第37卷第5期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.05.006
  • 接收时间:2023-08-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-06
  • 修回日期:2024-06-18
基金
国家重点研发计划(2019YFF0301403)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2019JBM041)
作者信息
    1 交通运输部规划研究院 交通安全应急技术实验室 北京 100028
    2 北京交通大学 综合交通运输大数据应用技术交通运输行业重点实验室 北京 100044

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熊志华,女,博士,副教授,主要从事综合交通规划方面研究,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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