Article(id=1149742007205147458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=1724947200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049455690, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049455690, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049455690, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049455690, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741999626043609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752049453884, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780113622, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000912746139776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000912746139777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149742007372919620, articleId=1149742007205147458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Mechanical Performance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Segment with Oblique Bolt Joints, columnId=1152669336394183038, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Civil Engineering Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study explores the applicability of oblique bolt joints in smalldiameter shield tunnel beam melting (TBM) tunnels, clarifying their mechanical properties and damage mechanisms. A segment structure with an external diameter of 6.2 m and a thickness of 350 mm was utilized as a prototype for conducting bending performance tests on steel fiber concrete segments with oblique bolted joints under four different horizontal axial force conditions. The analysis focused on the deformation characteristics and flexural performance of the segment joints across varying axial force levels, as well as the failure processes and mechanical properties under failure conditions. The results showed that the higher the axial force on the segment joints, the higher the joint stiffness, requiring larger bending moments to open the joint. In other words, the joint axial force can be actively increased by increasing the bolt preload or by applying annular prestressing to improve the joint stiffness. Compression of the sealing gasket under joint axial force results in stress concentrations within the sealing groove. Therefore, selecting an appropriate sealing gasket or optimizing the sealing groove structure is essential in the design process. The study also found that enhancing the compressive strength of the top concrete and reducing the insertion angle of the oblique bolt significantly improve joint bearing capacity. These findings provide valuable guidance for the design of segment joints.

, correspAuthors=Fan WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Weiwei YANG, Yonggang JIA, Fan WU, Weidong LU, Hongzhi CUI, Xiangsheng CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149742022019428746, articleId=1149742007205147458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=钢纤维混凝土管片斜螺栓接头力学性能研究, columnId=1152669336603898239, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=土建技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究斜螺栓接头在小直径盾构隧道中的适用性,明晰斜螺栓接头的力学特性及破坏机理,本文以外径6.2m、厚度350mm的管片结构为原型,开展4种水平轴力工况下钢纤维混凝土管片斜螺栓接头抗弯性能试验,分析不同轴力水平下管片接头的变形特征及抗弯性能,研究破坏工况下管片接头的承载特性和破坏机理。研究结果表明:管片接头承受的轴力越高,则接头抗弯刚度越高,接缝张开所需弯矩越大,即可通过提高螺栓预紧力或施加环向预应力主动提高接头轴力,以提高接头刚度;密封垫压缩后会造成密封槽处应力集中,设计中应选取匹配的密封垫或优化密封槽构造;破坏工况下,λ达到0.89时接缝顶部产生初始裂纹,最终因接缝顶部混凝土压溃而突然破坏,但斜螺栓未屈服,表明增强顶部混凝土抗压强度和降低斜螺栓插入角对接头承载力的提高是有利的。研究结论可用于指导管片接头设计。

, correspAuthors=吴帆, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
吴帆,男,博士,工程师,主要从事隧道结构设计和盾构施工技术研究工作,
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阳卫卫,男,硕士,工程师,从事轨道交通技术管理与研究工作,

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密度/ 抗压强度/ MPa 抗拉强度/ MPa 抗折强度/ MPa 弹性模量/ GPa
2.56 70.2 3.7 6.2 38.5
${F}_{\mathrm{L}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${f}_{\mathrm{{R1}}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${f}_{\mathrm{{R2}}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${f}_{\mathrm{{R3}}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${f}_{\mathrm{R}4}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$
7.25 5.85 6.37 5.69 4.77
), ArticleFig(id=1153991666982703208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742007205147458, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=钢纤维混凝土力学参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度/ 抗压强度/ MPa 抗拉强度/ MPa 抗折强度/ MPa 弹性模量/ GPa
2.56 70.2 3.7 6.2 38.5
${F}_{\mathrm{L}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${f}_{\mathrm{{R1}}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${f}_{\mathrm{{R2}}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${f}_{\mathrm{{R3}}}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$ ${f}_{\mathrm{R}4}/\mathrm{{MPa}}$
7.25 5.85 6.37 5.69 4.77
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钢纤维混凝土管片斜螺栓接头力学性能研究
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阳卫卫 1 , 贾永刚 2 , 吴帆 2 , 鲁卫东 2 , 崔宏志 3 , 陈湘生 3
都市快轨交通 | 土建技术 2024,37(6): 115-122
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都市快轨交通 | 土建技术 2024, 37(6): 115-122
钢纤维混凝土管片斜螺栓接头力学性能研究
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阳卫卫1 , 贾永刚2, 吴帆2 , 鲁卫东2, 崔宏志3, 陈湘生3
作者信息
  • 1 深圳市地铁集团有限公司 广东深圳 518000
  • 2 北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司 北京 100037
  • 3 深圳大学 土木与交通工程学院 广东深圳 518060
  • 阳卫卫,男,硕士,工程师,从事轨道交通技术管理与研究工作,

通讯作者:

吴帆,男,博士,工程师,主要从事隧道结构设计和盾构施工技术研究工作,
Mechanical Performance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Segment with Oblique Bolt Joints
Weiwei YANG1 , Yonggang JIA2, Fan WU2 , Weidong LU2, Hongzhi CUI3, Xiangsheng CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1 The Shenzhen Metro Group Co., Ltd. Shenzhen Guangdong 518000
  • 2 Beijing Urban Construction Design and Development Group Co., Ltd. Beijing 100037
  • 3 Civil and Transportation Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen Guangdong 518060
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.016
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为探究斜螺栓接头在小直径盾构隧道中的适用性,明晰斜螺栓接头的力学特性及破坏机理,本文以外径6.2m、厚度350mm的管片结构为原型,开展4种水平轴力工况下钢纤维混凝土管片斜螺栓接头抗弯性能试验,分析不同轴力水平下管片接头的变形特征及抗弯性能,研究破坏工况下管片接头的承载特性和破坏机理。研究结果表明:管片接头承受的轴力越高,则接头抗弯刚度越高,接缝张开所需弯矩越大,即可通过提高螺栓预紧力或施加环向预应力主动提高接头轴力,以提高接头刚度;密封垫压缩后会造成密封槽处应力集中,设计中应选取匹配的密封垫或优化密封槽构造;破坏工况下,λ达到0.89时接缝顶部产生初始裂纹,最终因接缝顶部混凝土压溃而突然破坏,但斜螺栓未屈服,表明增强顶部混凝土抗压强度和降低斜螺栓插入角对接头承载力的提高是有利的。研究结论可用于指导管片接头设计。

城市轨道交通  /  盾构  /  管片接头  /  钢纤维混凝土  /  抗弯性能试验  /  斜螺栓  /  力学性能

This study explores the applicability of oblique bolt joints in smalldiameter shield tunnel beam melting (TBM) tunnels, clarifying their mechanical properties and damage mechanisms. A segment structure with an external diameter of 6.2 m and a thickness of 350 mm was utilized as a prototype for conducting bending performance tests on steel fiber concrete segments with oblique bolted joints under four different horizontal axial force conditions. The analysis focused on the deformation characteristics and flexural performance of the segment joints across varying axial force levels, as well as the failure processes and mechanical properties under failure conditions. The results showed that the higher the axial force on the segment joints, the higher the joint stiffness, requiring larger bending moments to open the joint. In other words, the joint axial force can be actively increased by increasing the bolt preload or by applying annular prestressing to improve the joint stiffness. Compression of the sealing gasket under joint axial force results in stress concentrations within the sealing groove. Therefore, selecting an appropriate sealing gasket or optimizing the sealing groove structure is essential in the design process. The study also found that enhancing the compressive strength of the top concrete and reducing the insertion angle of the oblique bolt significantly improve joint bearing capacity. These findings provide valuable guidance for the design of segment joints.

urban rail transit  /  shield TBM  /  segment joints  /  steel fiber concrete  /  bending performance tests  /  oblique bolt  /  mechanical properties
阳卫卫, 贾永刚, 吴帆, 鲁卫东, 崔宏志, 陈湘生. 钢纤维混凝土管片斜螺栓接头力学性能研究. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (6) : 115 -122 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.016
Weiwei YANG, Yonggang JIA, Fan WU, Weidong LU, Hongzhi CUI, Xiangsheng CHEN. Mechanical Performance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Segment with Oblique Bolt Joints[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (6) : 115 -122 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.016
管片结构是盾构隧道的最内层屏障, 承受盾构掘进阶段的撑靴作用力及水土荷载等 [ 1 ] 。目前,国内外最常用的是钢筋混凝土管片, 但其在运输、施工和使用阶段因集中荷载和千斤顶偏心作用易受损开裂, 进而影响隧道结构的承载能力和耐久性。钢纤维混凝土管片可有效抑制裂缝的发展, 赋予管片良好的韧性和延性, 且可全部或部分替代钢筋, 对其的研究逐渐增多。如 Mohamed 等 [ 2 ] 开展了钢纤维混凝土管片和普通管片加载试验, 发现钢纤维混凝土管片的峰后性能更优。王嘉伟 [ 3 ] 基于压弯试验分析了钢纤维混凝土管片的承载能力、破坏过程及纤维分散状态。
实际上,大量工程实例表明管片接头属于管片结构薄弱部分,其破坏可能先于管片本体 [ 4 ] 。螺栓作为管片接头的重要连接件, 螺栓对接头的影响更直接。张力等 [ 5 ] 进行有无螺栓的接头抗弯性能试验研究, 并对接缝面应变、螺栓受力状态及接头抗弯刚度等进行探讨。FENG 等 [ 6 ] 研究了大直径盾构管片斜螺栓接头的抗弯性能。DING 等 [ 7 ] 开展了双排直螺栓接头正弯矩与负弯矩加载试验。柳献等 [ 8 ] 基于抗弯性能试验揭示了直螺栓接头裂纹演化过程和破坏机理,龚琛木笔通过斜螺栓管片接头正弯试验, 发现钢纤维混凝土管片接头的开裂荷载比普通管片接头提高 12.9%。
综上所述, 螺栓类型对管片接头刚度、破坏机理和承载力等都有较大影响。同时, 鉴于斜螺栓接头用钢少,手孔小,对截面削弱较小,安装快速等优点 [ 10 ] , 被广泛应用于跨江越海的大直径盾构隧道 [ 11 ] ,如济南黄河隧道、杭州钱江隧道等, 然而, 其在小直径盾构隧道中的应用鲜有研究。考虑到大小直径管片接头在厚度、接缝构造、防水等方面设计不同,管片接头的变形机制、破坏形态等可能存在差异,开展小直径管片斜螺栓接头的研究可为后续设计与应用提供理论支撑, 是非常必要的。为此, 本文以钢纤维混凝土管片斜螺栓接头为研究对象, 开展不同水平轴力下的平直接头抗弯性能试验, 以揭示其变形机制、裂纹扩展规律、力学特性及破坏机理。
本试验依托深圳地铁 6 号线华夏站至光明小镇站区间隧道,隧道最大覆土深度 ${14.1}\mathrm{m}$ ,穿越地层主要为全风化花岗岩。管片外径 ${6.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,厚度 ${0.35}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,环宽 1.5 m。本试验在不改变接缝面细部构造前提下,采用钢纤维混凝土管片斜螺栓接头设计方案, 由弯螺栓的两手孔变为单手孔,如 图 1 所示。为了方便浇筑和开展试验采用 “平直接头”, 试件宽度选取原型管片的 $1/2$ ,即接头试件尺寸为 ${2400}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {750}\mathrm{\;{mm}}\times {350}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 。 接头试件中间由 1 根长 ${500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 的 M30 斜螺栓连接。根据防水要求,接缝面两侧防水密封槽(深 ${10}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ )内布置遇水膨胀密封垫(厚 20 mm),密封垫顶部间隙(4mm) 内设置挡砂条,其中一侧接缝面贴传力衬垫(厚 $2\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ )。
接头试件采用高精度钢模, 混凝土强度等级为 C50, 钢纤维掺量为 ${40}\mathrm{\;{kg}}/{\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ ,不设置任何钢筋,钢纤维混凝土的力学性能参数如 表 1 所示。M30 斜螺栓的屈服强度和屈服应变分别为 ${659}\mathrm{{MPa}}$${3200}\times {10}^{-6}$ ,抗拉强度为 ${821}\mathrm{{MPa}}$
本试验的加载装置和方案如 图 2 所示。加载装置包括水平加载系统和竖向加载系统, 水平加载系统通过管片一侧的 2 个水平千斤顶分别对 2 根高强预应力棒施加荷载, 以提供接头试件的水平轴力, 最大荷载 ${2000}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 。竖向加载系统通过竖向千斤顶对钢架施加荷载, 并由对称分布的 2 根圆棒传递至接头试件, 圆棒与试件之间设置橡胶垫, 以提供接头试件的弯矩, 最大荷载 ${3500}\mathrm{\;{kN}}$ 。接头试件底部靠近边界 ${100}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 处设置圆棒竖向支撑, 模拟固定铰支加可动铰支的边界条件。
由于钢纤维混凝土管片接头破坏过程较迅速, 故选择加载过程较容易控制的等轴力加载方案。同时, 考虑到试验加载中会因接头变形产生附加弯矩。管片接头处弯矩 $M$ 计算公式为:
$ M ={Fl}+ {N\delta }$
式中, $F$ 为竖向荷载, $\mathrm{{kN}};l$ 为竖向荷载加载点至竖向支座的距离, $\mathrm{m};N$ 为水平荷载, $\mathrm{{kN}};\delta$ 为接头竖向位移, $\mathrm{m}$
根据依托工程管片结构内力计算书,区间隧道管片结构承受最大轴力约 ${3600}\mathrm{{kN}}$ ,故半幅宽的接头试件最大轴力设置为 ${1800}\mathrm{{kN}}$ ,并通过设置不同水平轴力模拟隧道不同埋深。其中,水平轴力 600、1 000 和 ${1400}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 为弹性工况,即试验中通过监控试件的应变和位移, 使螺栓、混凝土等部件加载在弹性范围, 获得不同荷载组合下的管片接头抗弯性能;水平轴力 ${1800}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 为破坏工况,该工况下直接加载至试件破坏, 获得管片接头试件的承载特性和破坏机理。
按照水平轴力大小依次进行试验。加载开始时, 施加螺栓预紧力 ${100}\mathrm{{kN}}$ ,而后进行试验预加载。正式加载时,先增加水平轴力至 ${600}\mathrm{{kN}}$ ,保持轴力不变按 ${20}\sim {30}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 增量分级增加竖向荷载,完成第 1 组弹性工况; 而后竖向卸荷, 试件恢复原状, 按上述流程依次开展后续试验, 加载流程如 图 3 所示。
试验中对接缝处位移及变形、混凝土应变、螺栓应变等进行测量, 应变片及位移计的布置如 图 4 所示。 接缝底部沿宽度方向各设置 2 个竖向位移计和水平位移计, 测量接缝处竖向位移和底部张开量; 接缝顶部中间设置 1 个水平位移计测量顶部闭合量; 接缝侧面上方和中间各设置 1 个水平位移计, 测量密封垫变形和螺栓孔处张开量。接缝顶部两侧沿宽度方向各布置 3 个应变片; 接缝两侧沿高度方向各布置 6 个应变片, 且由上至下间距逐渐增大。此外, 混凝土内部应变通过设置直径 $6\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 钢筋,并在钢筋上粘贴应变片间接测量。螺栓的上部和下部对应于接缝面部位,经打磨后设置应变片, 并通过螺杆两侧的开槽将接线引出。
弹性工况下螺栓应变如 图 5 所示, 由于螺栓施加预紧力后的初始应变在 ${550}\times {10}^{-6}$ 左右,每次试验前应变归零,螺栓屈服应变相应调整至 ${2650}\times {10}^{-6}$
图 5 可知, 螺栓应变的增长可分为 2 个阶段, 第 1 阶段螺栓应变为 0 ,螺栓基本不受力;第 2 阶段螺栓应变逐渐增大, 并呈近似线性增长趋势。将螺栓应变开始增大时的弯矩定义为临界弯矩, 结合 图 6 所示的螺栓临界弯矩与轴力关系可知: 螺栓上部临界弯矩小于下部, 且随着水平轴力增大, 螺栓临界弯矩呈线性增长关系;超过螺栓临界弯矩后,螺栓下部应变增长速度更快。
究其原因, 接头试件在水平轴力作用下会产生限制试件变形的抵抗弯矩, 接头试件承受弯矩小于抵抗弯矩时,管片接头处于闭合状态,螺栓不参与工作。 弯矩进一步增大后, 接缝面逐渐张开且张开高度达到螺孔处, 螺栓开始承受拉弯荷载, 且下部变形大于上部。此外, 接头试件承受的水平轴力越大, 产生的抵抗弯矩越大,需要更大的弯矩才能使接缝面发生变形。
水平轴力为 ${1800}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 工况下的接缝顶部混凝土应变如 图 7 所示。弯矩接近 ${65}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 时,接缝顶部中间混凝土闭合并开始承受荷载, 而后应变快速增大。顶部两侧混凝土在弯矩超过 ${70}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 后应变开始增加,在弯矩达到 ${93}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 后两侧混凝土缝隙闭合, 而后应变快速增大。接缝顶部中间的混凝土应变大于两侧, 两侧混凝土应变数值接近。
由于斜螺栓位于接头试件中部, 与接缝两侧相比, 接缝中部额外承受螺栓预紧力, 水平荷载高于两侧, 加之接缝面设置有密封垫与传力衬垫,接缝中部在更高的荷载作用下缝隙小于两侧。也就是说, 管片接缝面沿宽度方向并非处于均布受荷状态, 中间部位荷载大于两侧, 混凝土更易在接缝中间顶部发生破坏。
图 8 为弹性工况下接缝顶部中间位置混凝土表面应变。由 图 8 可知: 对于同一加载工况, 顶部混凝土应变先缓慢增加至拐点, 而后近似线性快速增大; 对于不同加载工况, 曲线增长速率近乎相同, 但拐点处弯矩随着水平轴力增加而增大。主要原因在于弯矩较小时, 接缝闭合且接缝顶部混凝土未接触, 顶部混凝土未直接承受荷载, 应变较小; 反之, 弯矩增大后, 接缝面张开,接缝顶部混凝土接触,应变迅速增大。 同时, 增加水平轴力后, 接缝面张开及接缝顶部混凝土接触的弯矩更大,曲线拐点处弯矩增大。
图 9 为水平轴力为 ${1800}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 工况下接缝侧面混凝土应变与弯矩的关系,其中① $\sim$ ⑦ 号为应变片位置。 密封槽顶部②号位置应变片在弯矩达到 ${38}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 时最先受力,① 号及③ $\sim$ ⑤ 号位置应变片在 ${60}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 后开始受力, ⑥ ~ ⑦号应变片基本不受力。当弯矩达到 ${85}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 后,接缝顶部的① 号位置的应变超过密封槽顶部的②号位置,并且应变快速增大。
结合接缝面细部构造(见 图 1 )可知,密封垫未压缩前厚度是密封槽深度 2 倍, 接头试件承受轴力后, 密封垫压缩并对密封槽产生压力。接缝面张开后, 密封垫承担类似于转动铰的作用, 密封槽顶部最先出现应力集中, 随着弯矩增大, 接缝变形增加, 顶部混凝土接触并开始承受荷载。即接缝面张开后, 密封槽顶部至接缝顶部为斜螺栓接头主要承载部位, 也是接头试验在承受正弯荷载时最易破坏部位。
图 10 为弹性工况下接缝变形曲线。根据设计要求, 密封垫在接缝张开 $6\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 时应能长期承受 ${1.2}\mathrm{{MPa}}$ 水压, 本试验 4 种弹性工况下管片接头张开量皆未超过 $6\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ , 接头处于正常工作状态。
图 10 (a)中接缝最大张开量的增长可大致分为 3 个阶段, 分别为闭合阶段、加快张开阶段以及匀速张开阶段。此外, 在不同水平轴力工况下, 接头试件承受的水平轴力越大, 接缝张开弯矩越大, 但第 3 阶段的张开速率越小。 图 10 (b)中接缝顶部闭合量的增长趋势与底部张开量相似, 但顶部闭合临界弯矩大于底部张开弯矩, 即接缝底部张开后接缝顶部再闭合。对于 图 10 (c)所示的 $M -\theta$ 曲线,初始阶段 $\theta$ 等于 0 rad,水平轴力越大,促使接头转动所需的弯矩越大; $\theta$ 介于 0 与 0.0015 rad 时, 增加弯矩, 接头转角增大速率加快, $\theta$ 大于 0.0015 rad 时,接头转动敏感且增长速率恒定, 较小的弯矩增量可造成较大的接头转动,并且水平轴力越小, 接头转角增长越快。
此外, 随着轴力和弯矩增加, 接头试件的偏心受压状态随即发生变化, 接头试件偏心受压状态时的界限弯矩可按下式计算 [ 12 ]
$ M = N{e}_{0}$
其中,
${e}_{i}< {0.3}{h}_{0}\text{小偏心受压}\\{e}_{i}> {0.3}{h}_{0}\text{大偏心受压}\\{e}_{0}= {e}_{a}- {e}_{i}$
式中, ${e}_{i}$ 为初始偏心距, $\mathrm{{mm}};{h}_{0}$ 为截面有效高度, $\mathrm{{mm}}$ ; 接头试件未配置钢筋,取 ${350}\mathrm{\;{mm}};{e}_{0}$ 为水平轴力对截面中心的偏心距, $\mathrm{{mm}};{e}_{\mathrm{a}}$ 为附加偏心距, $\mathrm{{mm}}$ ,取 ${20}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$$M$ 为界限弯矩, $\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m};N$ 为水平轴力, $\mathrm{{kN}}$
通过计算,水平轴力为600,1000,1400和 ${1800}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 时偏心受压状态发生改变的界限弯矩依次为51,85, 119 和 ${153}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 。即接头试件在弹性工况下皆为小偏心受压,破坏工况下由小偏心受压转为大偏心受压。
由上述分析可知, 接缝变形是动态过程, 最初接缝面闭合,为小偏心受压状态;而后接缝面张开,受压区上移, 转变为大偏心受压状态。水平轴力的提高对接缝变形具有明显限制作用, 一方面限制接缝张开, 使接缝张开所需的弯矩增大;另一方面限制接缝变形速度, 即接缝变形速度随弯矩增加发展更缓慢,稳定性更优。
接头的抗弯刚度为弯矩与转角的比值, 接头抗弯刚度越大, 其抵抗变形能力越强, 图 11 为不同轴力与弯矩共同作用下的接头抗弯刚度变化曲线(定义接头转角大于 ${10}^{-4}\mathrm{{rad}}$ 为接头张开)。
图 11 可知: 弯矩一定, 接头抗弯刚度与轴力呈正相关; 轴力一定, 接头抗弯刚度与弯矩呈负相关; 但在任意轴力下, 接头抗弯刚度随弯矩增大呈先急剧降低后趋于平缓的规律; 轴力越大, 接头降低至特定刚度的弯矩增量越大,如抗弯刚度降低至 ${10}\mathrm{{MN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}/\mathrm{{rad}}$ , 轴力 600 和 ${1800}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 对应的弯矩增量分别为 5.2 和 ${40.1}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ ,即可通过提高螺栓预紧力或施加环向预应力 [ 1 ] 等方式主动提高水平轴力,进而提高管片接头的抗弯刚度和承载能力。
管片接头试件完成前 3 个弹性工况后, 在水平轴力 ${1800}\mathrm{{kN}}$ 工况下加载至峰值弯矩 ${162.2}\mathrm{{kN}}\cdot \mathrm{m}$ 发生破坏。 图 12 为整个加载过程中 $\lambda$ 与接头转角及抗弯刚度的关系,其中 $\lambda$ 为加载弯矩与峰值弯矩的比值。
图 12 可知: $\lambda$ 小于 0.25 时,接头处于闭合状态, 仅依靠水平轴力提供的抵抗弯矩限制接缝变形; $\lambda$ 在 0.25 20.40 之间时,接缝逐渐张开,受压区上移,密封槽顶部混凝土受力增大, 应变提高, 接缝抗弯刚度呈线性降低趋势,但螺栓与顶部混凝土均未开始工作; $\lambda$ 达到 0.40 时,接缝顶部中间混凝土缝隙闭合并开始参与工作,接头抗弯刚度下降趋势逐渐变缓; $\lambda$ 增大至 0.50 时, 螺栓应变快速增大; 随后, 接缝顶部闭合范围逐渐增大, $\lambda$ 达到 0.58 时整个接缝顶部全部接触; 随着 $\lambda$ 进一步增大,螺栓和接缝顶部混凝土应变快速增大,接头抗弯刚度缓慢降低,并趋于稳定; $\lambda$ 达到 0.89 时, 接缝顶部中间一侧混凝土表面开裂并隆起, 而后顶部混凝土破碎面积增大, 混凝土压溃, 接头破坏。
接头试件的某个截面从开始屈服至最大承载能力期间的变形能力称为延性,可按下式计算延性系数 [ 9 ] :
$\mu ={\delta }_{\mu }/{\delta }_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$
式中, $\mu$ 为延性系数; ${\delta }_{\mu }$ 为接头破坏挠度, $\mathrm{{mm}};{\delta }_{\mathrm{{cr}}}$ 为接头开裂挠度, $\mathrm{{mm}}$
接头试件的开裂挠度和破坏挠度分别为 22.7 和 ${25.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,延性系数为 1.11,小于普通钢筋混凝土管片 [ 9 ] , 其在开裂后将更快地达到破坏。主要原因在于钢纤维管片接头试件内未配置受力钢筋,受压区混凝土初裂后仅依靠钢纤维的控裂性能对延性的提升有限。
图 13 展示了破坏阶段混凝土表面裂纹分布及扩展过程, 其中① $\sim$ ⑤表示混凝土破坏过程先后顺序。对于接缝顶部混凝土,当 $\lambda$ 达到 0.89 时,顶部中间一侧的混凝土最先破碎(①);随着 $\lambda$ 增大,接缝顶部偏东混凝土表面隆起(②); $\lambda$ 达接近 1 时,接缝变形快速增大, 接缝顶部偏西混凝土表面隆起(③); 弯矩达到峰值后,混凝土压溃,接头破坏。接头破坏后, $\lambda$ 在0.85 左右波动, 随后接缝顶部混凝土破碎区增大(⑤)至试件失稳。对于接缝侧面, $\lambda$ 接近 1 时,接缝侧面密封槽上方出现首条横向裂纹(③)。弯矩达到峰值后, 密封槽侧边(④)及上方依次出现多条横向裂纹(⑤)。
破坏阶段侧面混凝土应变如 图 14 所示,其中① $\sim$ ⑦为应变片位置,接缝受压区主要集中在密封槽上方区域, 且由上至下快速降低。其中, 接缝顶部混凝土应变接近密封槽最上方混凝土应变的 2 倍, 而密封槽下方混凝土应变不超过 ${50}\times {10}^{-6}$ 。受接头构造影响(见 图 4 ),试验中接缝顶部中间的混凝土最先接触, 出现应力集中,一侧混凝土最先发生破坏; 而后接缝顶部中间承载降低, 受压区向两侧逐渐移动, 两侧混凝土承载增大, 并相继发生破坏。密封垫受压后在密封槽上方出现应力集中, 顶部混凝土接触并承受荷载后, 密封槽上方混凝土受拉, 最先出现裂纹。基于破坏过程可知, 接缝顶部混凝土为结构主要承载区域, 特别是螺栓正上方承载最高, 为最薄弱区域, 对于该区域性能的提升最为必要。
螺栓作为管片接头的重要连接件, 起到限制接头变形与提高接头刚度作用。 图 15 给出了破坏工况下螺栓应变与接缝侧面中部张开量随 $\lambda$ 增加的变化曲线。 由 图 15 可知: $\lambda$ 小于 0.50 时,接缝侧面中部处于压缩状态,且 $\lambda$ 越大压缩量越高; 此时,螺栓处于非工作状态,应变为0。 $\lambda$ 超过 0.50 后,接缝侧面中部逐渐张开, 螺栓应变呈快速增大趋势, 且下部应变增长较上部快; $\lambda$ 达到 0.80 后,接缝侧面中部张开量持续增大,但螺栓上部应变呈减小趋势; $\lambda$ 大于 0.89 后,接缝顶部中间混凝土出现裂纹和破坏, 整个接头受力状态改变, 螺栓应变增长趋势再次变化。
结合 图 12 中的接头抗弯刚度曲线可知:螺栓开始参与工作时, 接头抗弯刚度已降低至最大刚度的 2.7%(7.5 MN·m/rad), 且后续抗弯刚度下降速率并未出现明显变化;接头破坏时, 接缝侧面中部最大张开量小于 ${1.2}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ ,螺栓最大应变低于 ${2650}\times {10}^{-6}$ ,螺栓未发生屈服,且手孔处混凝土未开裂,螺栓套筒未损坏。即斜螺栓未充分发挥其抗拉性能, 其对于接头抗弯刚度或承载力的影响有限。究其原因, 斜螺栓位于接缝面中心位置, 承载时机晚、产生变形小, 可通过降低斜螺栓在接缝面的高度, 使斜螺栓更早参与接头承载。
本文开展了弹性工况与破坏工况下的钢纤维混凝土管片斜螺栓接头抗弯性能试验, 分析了斜螺栓接头的变形特征、抗弯性能、承载特性以及破坏机理,主要结论如下:
1) 斜螺栓接头试件承受的轴力越高, 则接缝刚度越高,接缝张开弯矩越大。接头承受轴力相同时,接头抗弯刚度随弯矩增大呈先急剧降低后趋于平缓的变化规律。即可通过主动提高轴力以增强接头抗弯刚度和承载力, 如采用增加螺栓预紧力或施加环向预应力等方式。
2) 密封垫压缩后会造成密封槽处出现应力集中, 且密封垫类似于转动铰的作用, 会加剧密封槽顶部区域混凝土的应力, 并加速该区域破坏。管片设计中应避免密封槽处应力集中的问题, 可选取与密封槽匹配的密封垫或优化密封槽构造。
3) 破坏工况下,斜螺栓在 $\lambda$ 达到 0.50,即接头抗弯刚度降低至最大刚度的 2.7%时开始工作, 且接头破坏时斜螺栓未发生屈服。设计中可减小斜螺栓插入角, 降低其通过接缝面的高度, 使斜螺栓更早参与接头承载。
4) 斜螺栓接头试件在 $\lambda$ 达到 0.89 时接缝顶部出现裂纹并立刻隆起,破坏模式为接缝顶部混凝土压溃。 接头试件破坏突然, 延性系数为 1.11。建议钢纤维管片设计中可采用高标号混凝土进行密封槽顶部混凝土浇筑,以提高该区域强度。
  • 深圳市地铁集团有限公司科研咨询服务项目(SZDTJSZX-ZC-2020-0022)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3800900)
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2024年第37卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.016
  • 接收时间:2024-05-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-30
  • 修回日期:2024-08-30
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深圳市地铁集团有限公司科研咨询服务项目(SZDTJSZX-ZC-2020-0022)
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3800900)
作者信息
    1 深圳市地铁集团有限公司 广东深圳 518000
    2 北京城建设计发展集团股份有限公司 北京 100037
    3 深圳大学 土木与交通工程学院 广东深圳 518060

通讯作者:

吴帆,男,博士,工程师,主要从事隧道结构设计和盾构施工技术研究工作,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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