Article(id=1149742004143309074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713283200000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-17, revisedDate=1715875200000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049454960, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049454960, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049454960, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049454960, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741999626043609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752049453884, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780113622, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000912746139776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000912746139777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149742004285915417, articleId=1149742004143309074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Smoke Exhaust Efficiency of Different Smoke Exhaust Outlets Opened in Subway Station Halls, columnId=1152669334582243706, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to the problem of a relatively single smoke exhaust mode and low smoke exhaust efficiency in the public area of a subway station, this study considered the public area of a certain urban rail transit station concourse as an example to establish eight different smoke exhaust conditions, focusing on the smoke exhaust efficiency of opening smoke exhaust outlets at different positions. Through simulations, the relationships between visibility, temperature, and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration over time under different working conditions were obtained. The research results show that when a fire occurs in the public area of a subway station concourse, it is not better to open more smoke exhaust outlets but to determine according to the opening position of the smoke exhaust outlets. Opening the smoke exhaust outlet during the horizontal spread stage of smoke will interfere with the horizontal layered flow of smoke and intensify the heat and material exchange between the upper layer of smoke and the lower layer of cold air, resulting in a decrease in the height layer with a temperature of 60°C and a visibility of 10 m, which is not conducive to personnel evacuation; When the fire source is located at the most unfavorable point of the smoke exhaust system in the middle of the public area on the concourse level, the smoke exhaust outlet near the smoke barrier wall in the middle of the public area on the concourse level should be opened normally to smoothly discharge the accumulated fire smoke.

, correspAuthors=Lele FAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lele FAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149742010006946234, articleId=1149742004143309074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=地铁站厅开启不同排烟口的排烟效率研究, columnId=1152669334955536763, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=机电工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对目前地铁车站站厅层公共区排烟模式较为单一、排烟效率低下的问题,以郑州市城市轨道交通车站站厅层公共区为例,设置了8种不同的排烟工况,着重研究开启不同位置排烟口的排烟效率,通过模拟,得到了不同工况下能见度、温度、CO浓度随时间的变化关系。研究结果表明:地铁车站站厅层公共区发生火灾时,并非开启的排烟口越多越好,而是要根据排烟风口的开启位置来确定;开启烟气水平蔓延阶段的排烟口会对烟气水平分层流动造成干扰,加剧上层烟气与下层冷空气的热交换与物质交换,导致温度为60℃的高度层及能见度为10m的高度层降低,不利于人员疏散;当火源处于站厅层公共区中部排烟系统最不利点时,站厅层公共区中部挡烟垂壁附近的排烟风口需正常打开,以便顺利排出该处聚集的火灾烟气。

, correspAuthors=范乐乐, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=3xweQ6tfH69l81v0u871LA==, magXml=8Ztc936JNx+CQ3RUmNFT/w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=B35BbEYMmjL3rGj+OM3V7A==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=evlhnud3D0pvSjBUbphMSA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

范乐乐,男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事地铁内通风及排烟研究,

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范乐乐,男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事地铁内通风及排烟研究,

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范乐乐,男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事地铁内通风及排烟研究,

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地铁站厅开启不同排烟口的排烟效率研究
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都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2024,37(6): 136-142
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都市快轨交通 | 机电工程 2024, 37(6): 136-142
地铁站厅开启不同排烟口的排烟效率研究
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范乐乐
作者信息
  • 中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 武汉 430063
  • 范乐乐,男,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事地铁内通风及排烟研究,

Smoke Exhaust Efficiency of Different Smoke Exhaust Outlets Opened in Subway Station Halls
Lele FAN
Affiliations
  • China Railway Siyuan Survey and Design Group Co., Ltd. Wuhan 430063
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.019
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针对目前地铁车站站厅层公共区排烟模式较为单一、排烟效率低下的问题,以郑州市城市轨道交通车站站厅层公共区为例,设置了8种不同的排烟工况,着重研究开启不同位置排烟口的排烟效率,通过模拟,得到了不同工况下能见度、温度、CO浓度随时间的变化关系。研究结果表明:地铁车站站厅层公共区发生火灾时,并非开启的排烟口越多越好,而是要根据排烟风口的开启位置来确定;开启烟气水平蔓延阶段的排烟口会对烟气水平分层流动造成干扰,加剧上层烟气与下层冷空气的热交换与物质交换,导致温度为60℃的高度层及能见度为10m的高度层降低,不利于人员疏散;当火源处于站厅层公共区中部排烟系统最不利点时,站厅层公共区中部挡烟垂壁附近的排烟风口需正常打开,以便顺利排出该处聚集的火灾烟气。

城市轨道交通  /  站厅火灾  /  仿真模拟  /  排烟模式  /  排烟效率  /  火灾动力学模拟

In response to the problem of a relatively single smoke exhaust mode and low smoke exhaust efficiency in the public area of a subway station, this study considered the public area of a certain urban rail transit station concourse as an example to establish eight different smoke exhaust conditions, focusing on the smoke exhaust efficiency of opening smoke exhaust outlets at different positions. Through simulations, the relationships between visibility, temperature, and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration over time under different working conditions were obtained. The research results show that when a fire occurs in the public area of a subway station concourse, it is not better to open more smoke exhaust outlets but to determine according to the opening position of the smoke exhaust outlets. Opening the smoke exhaust outlet during the horizontal spread stage of smoke will interfere with the horizontal layered flow of smoke and intensify the heat and material exchange between the upper layer of smoke and the lower layer of cold air, resulting in a decrease in the height layer with a temperature of 60°C and a visibility of 10 m, which is not conducive to personnel evacuation; When the fire source is located at the most unfavorable point of the smoke exhaust system in the middle of the public area on the concourse level, the smoke exhaust outlet near the smoke barrier wall in the middle of the public area on the concourse level should be opened normally to smoothly discharge the accumulated fire smoke.

urban rail transit  /  station hall fire  /  simulation  /  ventilation mode  /  smoke exhaust effect  /  fire dynamics simulator
范乐乐. 地铁站厅开启不同排烟口的排烟效率研究. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (6) : 136 -142 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.019
Lele FAN. Smoke Exhaust Efficiency of Different Smoke Exhaust Outlets Opened in Subway Station Halls[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (6) : 136 -142 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.019
当地铁车站发生火灾时, 人员的疏散及救援是非常重要的。地铁车站安全出口少、内部狭长, 因此疏散时间长、救援难度大,且火灾产生的烟气极易造成人员的伤亡,故有必要对地铁车站公共区排烟效率的提高进行研究。国内外相关学者对此方面关注较多, Rie 等 [ 1 ] 创建了 $1 :{40}$ 的实验台,通过实验结合数值模拟, 分析了地铁站站台公共区开启不同排烟口的最佳模式; Abu-Zaid 等 [ 2 ] 通过数值模拟分析了地铁站内不同火源位置下的烟气温度场和速度场对人员疏散的影响, Park 等因利用水灾动力学模拟软件(fire dynamic simulator, FDS)对地铁站内烟气的蔓延过程进行了模拟研究, 并给出站台机械排烟的最优方案; 钟委等{4} 利用 1:8 的小尺寸实验台研究了站厅两侧出入口对火灾烟气的影响;范乐乐等 [ 5 - 7 ] 研究了地铁车站站厅排烟管道在车站不同位置及下排烟风口、侧式排烟风口、 顶部排烟风口形式对于排烟效率的影响。目前地铁车站站厅层公共区的排烟工况较为单一 [ 7 ] ,缺少对于地铁车站站厅层公共区开启不同烟气蔓延阶段排烟口的细致研究, 基于此, 本文着重研究开启不同位置排烟口的排烟效率, 通过模拟仿真, 得出不同工况下的能见度、温度及 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 浓度的数据,为提升城市轨道交通的安全运营提供借鉴。
建立如 图 1 所示的几何模型, 该模型内站厅公共区几何尺寸为: ${101.2}\mathrm{\;m}\times {18.7}\mathrm{\;m}\times {4.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ (长 $\times$$\times$ 高); 站厅设置 4 个尺寸为 ${6.6}\mathrm{\;m}\times {3.8}\mathrm{\;m}$ (宽 $\times$ 高)的安全口。
该模型中 $o$ 点位于站厅公共区左下角, $x$ 轴、 $y$ 轴、 $z$ 轴分别与车站长度、宽度、高度方向平行。以公共区横向及纵向中心为界面, 将公共区划分为 4 个相互对称区域,该 4 个区域内分别设置一根 ${1.25}\mathrm{\;m}\times {0.50}\mathrm{\;m}$ (宽 $\times$ 高),底标高为 ${4.20}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的排烟管道,每根排烟管道上均匀设置 6 个侧式排烟风口。除公共区第一跨及最后一跨纵梁下翻 ${0.3}\mathrm{\;m}$ 外,其他纵梁下翻 ${1.2}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,同时沿公共区纵向中心部位设置一道底标高为 ${2.9}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的挡烟垂壁。
该模型内站厅公共区面积为 ,根据《地铁设计规范》(GB50157- 2013 )) 及《建筑防烟排烟系统技术标准》(GB51251-2017) 相关要求,计算得单根排烟风管对应的单位时间排烟量为 ,在排烟管道上 6 个排烟风口全部打开的情况下, 单个排烟风口的单位时间排烟量为 。站厅层公共区发生火灾时, 通过车站的 4 个安全出口以自然进风形式进行补风。
本文将火灾位置设置于站厅层排烟系统的最不利排烟点(46.6m,8.25m,0.6m),该点 $x$ 轴方向位于排烟管道的临末端, $y$ 轴方向位于上下两根排烟管道的中心,火灾范围为: $1\mathrm{m}\times 1\mathrm{\;m}$ (长 $\times$ 宽)。
结合相关研究 [ 10 ] 及地铁车站站厅公共区的装修材质, 火灾的热释放速率定为 3.0 MW。
火灾热释放速率的计算式为 [ 11 ]
$ Q =\alpha {t}^{2}$
式中, $Q$ 为热释放速率, $\mathrm{{kW}};\alpha$ 为热释放速率增长系数, 按超快速增长考虑 [ 11 ] 为时间, $\mathrm{s}$
通过计算得知,在发生火灾 ${126.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后火源热释放速率达到峰值, 随后保持相对稳定。
为研究不同长宽比侧式排烟风口的排烟效率, 设置排烟工况 I、II、III; 经计算,排烟管道上 $1\#$$2\#$ 、 3#排烟风口在烟气的水平蔓延段,4#排烟风口在烟气由径向蔓延段至水平蔓延段之间的过渡段;5#、6#排烟风口在烟气碰撞顶板后的径向蔓延段。为研究车站站厅公共区火灾时开启不同烟气蔓延阶段内排烟风口的排烟效率, 设置排烟工况IV、 V、VI、VII、VIII,8 种排烟工况具体为:
工况 I 一工况 III: 每根排烟管上均匀设置 6 个面积为 ${0.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ ,长宽比分别为 $1 : 1\text{、}2 : 1$ 、 4:1 的侧式排烟风口,在发生火灾 ${60}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时, 6 个排烟风口全打开。
工况IV ~工况VIII: 每根排烟管上均匀设置 6 个面积为 ${0.5}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 、长宽比为 $2 : 1$ 的侧式排烟风口,在发生火灾 ${60}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,分别打开沿 $x$ 轴方向上 $5\#$ 排烟风口, $6\#$ 排烟风口,5#、6#排烟风口,4#、5#、6#排烟风口, $3\#\text{、}4\#\text{、}5\#\text{、}6\#$ 排烟风口。
本文采用大涡模拟方法进行控制方程求解, 质量、 动量、能量、组分方程分别为
$\frac{\partial \rho }{\partial t}+ \nabla \cdot \left({\rho \mathbf{u}}\right)= 0 $
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({\rho \mathbf{u}}\right)+ \nabla \cdot \rho \mathbf{u}= {\rho g}+ \mathbf{f}+ \nabla \cdot {\tau }_{ij}$
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({\rho h}\right)+ \nabla \cdot \left({{\rho h}\mathbf{u}}\right)= \frac{\mathrm{{DP}}}{\mathrm{D}t}+ \dot{q}- \nabla \cdot {\mathbf{q}}_{\mathbf{w}}+ \Phi $
$\frac{\partial }{\partial t}\left({\rho {Y}_{i}}\right)+ \nabla \cdot \rho {Y}_{i}\bar{u}= \nabla \cdot \rho {D}_{i}\nabla {Y}_{i}+ {\dot{m}}_{i}$
式中, ${Y}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 种组分的质量分数; $\mathbf{u}$ 为速度矢量; ${\dot{m}}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 种组分的质量形成速率; ${D}_{i}$ 为第 $i$ 种组分的扩散系数; ${q}_{w}$ 为热通量矢量; $\dot{q}$ 为单位体积内物质的热释放速率; $P$ 为压力; $\rho$ 为密度; $\frac{\mathrm{D}}{\mathrm{D}t}$ 为质点导数算子; ${\tau }_{ij}$ 为变形速率张量的分量 $\left({i, j = 1,2,3}\right);\Phi$ 为单位质量流体在单位时间内由于黏性摩擦而耗散的机械能; $f$ 为单位质量力; $g$ 为重力加速度; $h$ 为单位质量流体的晗值; $\nabla$ 为标量函数的梯度; $\nabla$ . 为向量函数的散度; $\bar{u}$ 为平均速度。
根据文献[ 8 - 9 ]相关要求可知:①人员安全疏散至站外的时间应在 $6\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 内; ②当地铁车站站厅层发生火灾时,最小清晰高度经计算为 ${2.08}\mathrm{\;m}$
参考有关研究 [ 12 - 13 ] ,安全疏散指标为: 最小清晰高度 ${2.08}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处能见度 $>{10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、温度 $\leq {60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 浓度 $<$ 250 ppm。
工况 $\mathrm{I}\sim \mathrm{{III}}$ 均为发生火灾 ${60}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后开启排烟管道上 $1\#\sim 6\#$ 排烟风口,3 种工况下不同时刻纵向截面能见度分布如 图 2 所示。从 图 2 可知: 工况 I $\sim$ III中,能见度分布在 $t ={240}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时均达到稳定状态;随着时间的推移, $0 \sim {360}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内火源周边长度方向上 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内能见度小于 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ ,其他区域在高度 ${2.08}\mathrm{\;m}$ 以下能见度均大于 ${10}\mathrm{\;m};0 \sim {60}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内,3 种工况中能见度分布情况相同; ${60}\sim {360}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,能见度低于 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的区域范围由少至多依次为工况 II、工况 I 、工况III;在车站长度方向上某处, 当在高度方向上到达一定高度后, 能见度随着高度增加而降低。
工况 $\mathrm{I}\sim \mathrm{{III}}$ 下不同时刻纵向截面温度分布如 图 3 所示。从 图 3 可知: 工况 $\mathrm{I}\sim \mathrm{{III}}$ 中,温度在 $t ={240}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时均达到稳定状态;随着时间的推移, $0 \sim {360}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内火源周边长度方向上 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内温度超过 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,其他区域在高度 ${2.08}\mathrm{\;m}$ 以下温度均低于 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C};0 \sim {60}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内,工况 I ~ III中温度分布情况相同; ${60}\sim {360}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,温度高于 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的区域范围由少至多依次为:工况 $\mathrm{{II}}$ 、工况 $\mathrm{I}$ 、工况III;在车站长度方向上某处,当在高度方向上到达一定高度后, 温度随着高度增加而升高。
工况 $\mathrm{I}\sim \mathrm{{III}}$ 下不同时刻纵向截面 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 浓度分布如 图 4 所示。从 图 4 可知: 工况 I $\sim$ III中, CO 浓度分布在 $t ={240}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时均已达到稳定状态; 随着时间的推移, $0 \sim$ ${360}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内火源周边长度方向上 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 浓度超过 ${250}\mathrm{{ppm}}$ ,其他区域在高度 ${2.08}\mathrm{\;m}$ 以下 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 浓度均低于 ${250}\mathrm{{ppm}};0 \sim {60}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内,3 种工况内 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 浓度分布情况相同; ${60}\sim {360}\mathrm{\;s}$ ,工况 $\mathrm{I}\sim \mathrm{{III}}$ 三种排烟模式下 $\mathrm{{CO}}$ 浓度分布差别不大。
综上可知: 工况 $\mathrm{I}\sim \mathrm{{III}}$ 中,火源烟气发展在 $t ={240}\mathrm{s}$ 时均已达到稳定状态; 3 种工况中, 随着时间的推移, $0 \sim {360}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内火源周边长度方向上 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内不满足人员安全疏散需求, 其他区域均可满足人员的安全疏散需求; 排烟效果由好至差的工况依次为工况 II、工况 I 、工况III。
分析得出上述结论的原因为:①根据相关研究中火灾热释放速率公式 [ 11 ] 计算得知,在发生火灾 ${126.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ 后火源热释放速率达到峰值, 随后保持相对稳定, 工况 I 、工况 II 、工况III在 $t ={60}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时打开排烟风口,故在 ${186.4}\mathrm{\;s}$ 左右已达到稳定; ②根据流体力学原理可知, 在与气流垂直的截面上, 风管中部的风速、流量较风管侧壁处大,同时本文内风口中心位置与风管中心位置重合,长宽比为 $2 : 1$ 的风口相较长宽比为 $1 : 1$ 的风口更为靠近风管中部,从而使长宽比为 $2 : 1$ 的侧排烟风口较长宽比为 $1 : 1$ 的侧排烟风口的排烟流量大, 排烟效果好; 同时由于长宽比为 $4 : 1$ 的风口过于狭窄, 导致风口边缘效应严重, 造成排烟气流紊乱, 排烟效果较差。根据以上分析,推荐采用长宽比为 $2 : 1$ 的侧式排烟风口。
图 5$t ={240}\mathrm{\;s}$ 时,以沿车站长度方向 ( $x$ 轴方向) 部分位置 $(x = 5\text{、}{10}\text{、}{15}\text{、}{20}\text{、}{25}\text{、}{30}\text{、}{35}\text{、}{40}\text{、}{45}$${50}\mathrm{\;m}$ )为切片统计的工况 $\mathrm{{II}}$ 、工况 $\mathrm{{IV}}\sim$ 工况 $\mathrm{{VII}}$ 共计 6 个工况中, 开启不同排烟风口情况下, 疏散路径上能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 和温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层信息曲线图。
图 5 (a)可知: 能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层沿 $x$ 轴方向 $5 \sim {45}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内逐渐增高,在 $5 \sim {15}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内增加幅度较为明显,在 ${15}\sim {45}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内增加幅度较小,在 ${45}\sim {50}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层大幅下降; 各工况中能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层最低点均在 $x = 5\mathrm{\;m}$ 处, 最高点均在 $x ={45}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处; 工况 VII中能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层在各工况中均最高,工况 $\mathrm{{VI}}$ 次之;工况 $\mathrm{{IV}}$ 中能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层在 $x ={50}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处为各工况中最低; 工况 $\mathrm{V}$ 中能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层除 $x ={50}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处不为最低外,其他位置均为最低;工况 II、工况IV、工况 VIII在 $x = 5 \sim {45}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层互有高低。
图 5 (b)可知: 温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层沿 $x$ 轴方向 $5 \sim {45}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内逐渐增高,在 $5 \sim {15}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内增加幅度较为明显,在 ${15}\sim {45}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内增加幅度较小;在 ${45}\sim {50}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层大幅下降; 各工况中温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层最低点均在 $x ={50}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处,最高点均在 $x ={45}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处; 工况VII中温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层在各工况中均最高,工况VI次之; $x ={50}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处,工况IV 中温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层在各工况中最低,且明显低于其他工况; $x = 5\mathrm{\;m}$ 处,工况 $\mathrm{{II}}$ 中温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层在各工况中最低, 且明显低于其他工况; 工况 II、工况IV、工况 $\mathrm{V}$ 、工况 $\mathrm{{VII}}$$x = 5 \sim {45}\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层互有高低。
综上可知: 当能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 浓度为 ${250}\mathrm{{ppm}}$ 的高度层大于清晰高度 ${2.08}\mathrm{\;m}$ 时,即可满足人员的正常疏散;在 $x$ 轴某处,当在高度方向上到达一定高度后, 能见度随着高度增加而降低, 温度随着高度增加而增加,故能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 、温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{{CO}}$ 浓度为 ${250}\mathrm{{ppm}}$ 的高度层越高,越利于人员的疏散。
分析得出上述结论的原因为: 设定的着火点 $x$ 轴方向上介于 5 #排烟风口与 6 #排烟风口之间, $y$ 轴方向上介于上下两根排烟风管中间,未在排烟风管正下方。 火源燃烧之后产生的烟气一般分为 4 个阶段 [ 9 ] : 羽流自由上升段;烟气碰撞顶板后的径向蔓延段;由径向蔓延段至水平蔓延段之间的过渡段;烟气水平蔓延段。 火源燃烧后烟气向上移动, 碰触站厅层顶板后开始向左右两侧移动。
火源产生的烟气在向左移动的过程中, 可以自由地完成径向蔓延段、过渡段及水平蔓延段。火源产生的烟气在向右移动过程中于 $x ={50.6}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处受到挡烟垂壁的阻挡,形成反作用力,烟气的各个发展阶段被打乱, 继而烟气在站厅层公共区中部挡烟垂壁附近蓄积, 导致站厅层公共区中部挡烟垂壁附近的温度明显高于火源左侧等距离位置处, 能见度明显低于火源左侧等距离位置处。
在工况IV仅打开 5#排烟风口的情况下,由于 5#排烟风口在火源 $x$ 轴方向的左侧,火源产生的烟气漂浮至左侧部分,可以通过 5 #排烟风口排除一部分。火源 $x$ 轴右侧的烟气无开启的排烟风口,故导致工况IV在各工况中火源右侧 $x ={50}\mathrm{\;m}$ 处温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层最低,能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层最低。
在火源燃烧之后, 烟气碰撞顶板向左蔓延的过程中依次经过径向蔓延段、过渡段及水平蔓延段, 在过渡段内, 火源烟气介于二维径向运动至一维运动之间, 火源烟气在触及 $y$ 轴方向侧壁后会受到限制而沿着 $y$ 轴的侧壁墙向下蔓延而向下运动, 同时由于火源烟气的热浮力作用,沿着 $x$ 轴方向运动一段距离之后,会卷吸烟气层下方的冷空气,造成温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层及能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层逐渐降低。
在水平蔓延段内,烟气可近似为水平的一维运动, 上部的热烟气和下部的冷空气在相对运动过程中, 形成水平的剪切力作用, 从而将大量的冷空气卷吸到上部的烟气层中,导致温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层及能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层大幅降低。
工况 II 开启 $1\#\sim 6$ #所有排烟风口的情况下,由于 $1\#$$2\#$ 排烟风口在站厅层公共区出入口附近,火源燃烧时的补风主要从出入口进入,在 $1\#$$2\#$ 排烟风口的吸力作用下,出入口的低温补风将被吸入上层热烟气中, 一方面导致补风气流较为紊乱, 部分补风中夹杂热烟气;另一方面,造成上部热烟气与下部冷空气的剧烈热交换及物质交换, 故工况 II 的排烟效果并不理想。
工况Ⅷ开启 3#、4#、5#、6#排烟风口的情况下, 虽然未开启站厅层公共区出入口附近的 $1\#\text{、}2\#$ 排烟风口,但在该水平蔓延段 3 #排烟风口的作用下,同样会造成大量上部热烟气与下部冷空气的剧烈热交换及物质交换, 导致本工况的排烟效果不理想, 但总体上较工况 II 的排烟效果好。
工况VI为开启 5#、6#排烟风口,工况VII为开启 4#、 5#、6#排烟风口,经计算 4#、5#、6#均不在火灾烟气的水平蔓延阶段, 在开启对应排烟风口时, 并不会对烟气的流动造成大幅干扰,排烟效果较好,同时工况 Ⅶ相较工况 VI多开启了 4#排烟风口,排烟量加大,排烟效果整体较工况VI的排烟效果好。
通过以上对比分析可知: 地铁站厅层公共区发生火灾时, 并非开启的排烟口越多越好, 而是要根据排烟口的开启位置来定; 开启烟气水平蔓延阶段的排烟口会对烟气水平分层流动造成干扰, 加剧上层烟气与下层冷空气的热交换与物质交换,导致温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层及能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层降低,不利于人员疏散;当火源在站厅层公共区中部排烟系统最不利点时, 站厅层公共区中部挡烟垂壁附近的排烟风口需正常打开, 以便顺利排出该处聚集的火灾烟气。
针对以上部分工况, 对郑州市轨道交通 5 号线工程中某车站进行实测, 对比各实测工况排烟影像视频内容可知, 模拟结果与其基本吻合, 进一步验证了本研究成果的可行性及正确性。
同时, 为便于指导工程实际应用, 可在各排烟风管上各侧式排烟风口前增加 ${500}\mathrm{\;{mm}}$ 长的分支风管, 并在分支风管上增加电动风阀, 通过火灾自动报警系统 (fire alarm system, FAS)、环境与设备监控系统(building automatic system, BAS)预先设定火灾工况模式, 在 FAS 系统检测到站厅层公共区发生火灾时, 对应开启特定数量及位置的排烟风口, 以便提高站厅层公共区的排烟效率。
1) 在工况 $\mathrm{I}\sim \mathrm{{VII}}$ 中,随着时间的推移, $0 \sim {360}\mathrm{\;s}$ 内火源周边长度方向上 $3\mathrm{\;m}$ 范围内不满足人员安全疏散需求, 其他区域均可满足人员的安全疏散需求;
2) 当排烟口设置在风管中部时, 排烟口长宽比为 2:1 时排烟效果最好, 其次是长宽比为 1:1, 长宽比为 4:1 的工况中排烟效果最差;
3) 地铁站厅层公共区发生火灾时, 并非开启的排烟口越多越好, 而是要根据排烟风口的开启位置来定;
4) 开启烟气水平蔓延阶段的排烟口会对烟气水平分层流动造成干扰, 加剧上层烟气与下层冷空气的热交换与物质交换,导致温度为 ${60}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 的高度层及能见度为 ${10}\mathrm{\;m}$ 的高度层降低,不利于人员疏散;
5) 当火源在站厅层公共区中部排烟系统最不利点时, 站厅层公共区中部挡烟垂壁附近的排烟风口需正常打开,以便顺利排出该处聚集的火灾烟气。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2019YFC0605105)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.019
  • 接收时间:2024-04-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-17
  • 修回日期:2024-05-17
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国家重点研发计划资助项目(2019YFC0605105)
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    中铁第四勘察设计院集团有限公司 武汉 430063
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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