Article(id=1149742002801131763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1703952000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-31, revisedDate=1722787200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049454640, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049454640, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049454640, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753063006700, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741999626043609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, year='2024', volume='37', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1752049453884, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753780113622, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157000912746139776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157000912746139777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, issueId=1149741999626043609, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149742002989875449, articleId=1149742002801131763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=EN, title=Research on Summer Thermal Environment and Comfort in Elevated Subway Stations in Wuhan, columnId=1152669340382966151, journalTitle=Urban Rapid Rail Transit, columnName=Forum of Rapid Rail Transit, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigated the thermal environment and comfort in elevated subway stations in Wuhan, determined passenger thermal comfort ranges, and examined the impact of station architectural forms on passenger comfort during typical summer days at five representative stations. The research combined instrumental measurements with subjective surveys. Linear fits were applied to the standard effective temperature (SET*) and mean thermal sensation vote (MTS) at two stations, and these were compared with the predicted thermal sensation (PTS) to determine passengers' thermal sensation ranges. The results indicated that the stations tended to fail to meet the requirements of the "Code for design code (GB 501572013)". Additionally, indoor air temperatures were frequently too high, relative humidity largely met the standard, and air velocities in most stations were low. Survey data suggest that station design significantly affects passenger thermal comfort, revealing a preference for open platforms during summer. Moreover, the PTS curve remained consistently higher than the SET*MTS curve, indicating that passengers' summer thermal adaptations exceeded expectations. Finally, common shading, ventilation, and thermal environment improvement measures for regions with hot summers and cold winters were proposed alongside theoretical insights for enhancing thermal comfort and supporting green transitions in elevated subway stations in Wuhan.

, correspAuthors=Xiaowei CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiaowei CHEN, Chi ZHANG, Caihong YANG, Yu HE, Bo WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149742017007239952, articleId=1149742002801131763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, language=CN, title=武汉高架地铁车站夏季热环境与热舒适研究, columnId=1152669340680761737, journalTitle=都市快轨交通, columnName=快轨论坛, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究武汉市高架地铁车站热环境与热舒适性,确定乘客热舒适区间,了解高架车站建筑形态对乘客热舒适的影响,使用仪器测量和主观问卷相结合的方法,在夏季典型日对5个典型高架车站进行研究。通过对2个车站的标准有效溫度(standard effective temperature,SET*)和平均热感觉投票(mean thermal voting, MTS)进行线性拟合,并与预测热感觉(predicted thermal sensation,PTS)进行对比,获得乘客的热感觉区间,为提供健康、舒适、节能的地铁环境,提出夏热冬冷地区改善热环境的措施。研究结果表明:多数时刻车站并不能满足《地铁设计规范》GB 50157—2013的要求,站内空气温度过高,车站相对湿度基本满足标准,大部分车站空气流速较低;车站形态与乘客热舒适有较大关系,夏季乘客更偏好开敞站台;PTS曲线始终高于 SET*MTS曲线,乘客夏季热适应能力超过预期。研究成果可以为该地区高架地铁车站热舒适提升及绿色转型提供理论参考。

, correspAuthors=陈晓卫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ihNEBUyhSfshwWDzgdBCFg==, magXml=wxWaIru3AakQoVzv35tcnA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=NLOcLzMqJgEl1bzqmLbVBw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=TPh69vpsFj2hd4DAJGdj6A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

陈晓卫,男,硕士,副教授,从事绿色建筑、城市轨道交通研究,

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陈晓卫,男,硕士,副教授,从事绿色建筑、城市轨道交通研究,

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陈晓卫,男,硕士,副教授,从事绿色建筑、城市轨道交通研究,

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Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2014., articleTitle=The effects of hot, moderate, and cold environments on human health, comfort and performance, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1153991669960663222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, awardId=HB22-YB113, language=CN, fundingSource=河北省文化艺术科学规划和旅游研究项目(HB22-YB113), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1153991664394822604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153991664399016908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, companyId=1153991664394822604, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Architecture and Art Hebei University of Engineering Handan Hebei 056038), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1153991664407405517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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caption=Classification of elevated subway stations by building openness, figureFileSmall=naKGKbo9msCFZy+KavDW7g==, figureFileBig=PW8+cebf86u8cLN8KCJ0Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153991667410526281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=CN, label=图 2, caption=高架地铁车站依建筑开敞程度分类, figureFileSmall=naKGKbo9msCFZy+KavDW7g==, figureFileBig=PW8+cebf86u8cLN8KCJ0Tw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153991667477635148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Distribution of measuring points on side and island platforms, figureFileSmall=wmVmGNmKbEVIP+eQ1wAtBw==, figureFileBig=EB5v4tlQdPZsY7eiRUyrGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153991667536355408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=CN, label=图 3, caption=侧、岛式站台测点分布, figureFileSmall=wmVmGNmKbEVIP+eQ1wAtBw==, 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journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Box plot of SET* at elevated stations in summer, figureFileSmall=rHi/RSQQhvSa3l3UZoqRzw==, figureFileBig=60c5uHV/Hg2oxt0CNiMQQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153991668790452349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=CN, label=图 12, caption=夏季高架车站 SET*箱型图, figureFileSmall=rHi/RSQQhvSa3l3UZoqRzw==, figureFileBig=60c5uHV/Hg2oxt0CNiMQQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153991668853366913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=EN, label=Figure 13, caption=The scatter plot of SET* and MTS, figureFileSmall=/Zy8W90D7cBvwyLhKGyYmQ==, figureFileBig=0qX8IS6u7WmPCXuPyFo9iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153991668949835911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=CN, label=图 13, caption=SET*与 MTS 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figureFileBig=3Qkz7HFSjpGCaemTca7g+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153991669197299863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=CN, label=图 15, caption=地铁车站主要自然通风形式, figureFileSmall=OXtIfpi/4p9HSBbDh7AWIQ==, figureFileBig=3Qkz7HFSjpGCaemTca7g+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1153991669256020122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Typical elevated subway station in Wuhan, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车站名称 二七路站 徐州新村站 三阳路站 宋家岗站 航空总部站
站台样式
通车日期 2010 2010 2018(改扩) 2016 2016
站台形式 岛式 侧式 侧式 岛式 岛式
建筑开敞程度 开敞 半开敞 封闭 半开敞 封闭
站台门形式 无站台门 无站台门 防护栏杆 半高站台门 半高站台门
客流里 较大 较大
所处地段 市区 市区 市区 郊区 郊区
), ArticleFig(id=1153991669327323293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=武汉市典型高架地铁车站, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车站名称 二七路站 徐州新村站 三阳路站 宋家岗站 航空总部站
站台样式
通车日期 2010 2010 2018(改扩) 2016 2016
站台形式 岛式 侧式 侧式 岛式 岛式
建筑开敞程度 开敞 半开敞 封闭 半开敞 封闭
站台门形式 无站台门 无站台门 防护栏杆 半高站台门 半高站台门
客流里 较大 较大
所处地段 市区 市区 市区 郊区 郊区
), ArticleFig(id=1153991669394432162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Test instruments and parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器名称 仪器型号 测试内容 仪器量程 仪器精度 测试 方法
温湿度 记录仪 COS-03-5 空气温度 相对湿度 $- {40} \sim {80}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 0~100RH $\pm {0.1}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ $\pm {1.5}\% \mathrm{{RH}}$ 固定自 动测量
热敏 风速仪 Testo 425 风速、 风温 $0 \sim {20}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ $- {20} \sim {70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ $\pm {0.03}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ $\pm {0.5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 手动 测量
黑球温度 记录仪 RS-HQ- USB-SJJ 黑球温度 $- {40} \sim$ 120°C $\pm {0.1}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 固定自 动测量
), ArticleFig(id=1153991669453152420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=测试仪器及参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器名称 仪器型号 测试内容 仪器量程 仪器精度 测试 方法
温湿度 记录仪 COS-03-5 空气温度 相对湿度 $- {40} \sim {80}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 0~100RH $\pm {0.1}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ $\pm {1.5}\% \mathrm{{RH}}$ 固定自 动测量
热敏 风速仪 Testo 425 风速、 风温 $0 \sim {20}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ $- {20} \sim {70}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ $\pm {0.03}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ $\pm {0.5}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 手动 测量
黑球温度 记录仪 RS-HQ- USB-SJJ 黑球温度 $- {40} \sim$ 120°C $\pm {0.1}^{ \circ }\mathrm{C}$ 固定自 动测量
), ArticleFig(id=1153991669511872678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Voting scales for subjective evaluation, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标尺 热感觉 湿感觉 风感觉 热舒适评价
+3 很热 非常潮湿 极大 -
+2 潮湿 较大 -
$+ 1$ 有点热 微湿 稍大 -
0 中性温度 刚好 中性 舒适
-1 有点冷 微干 稍小 轻微不舒适
  • 2
干燥 较小 不舒适
-3 很冷 非常干燥 极小 极不舒适
), ArticleFig(id=1153991669570592938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=CN, label=表 3, caption=主观评价的投票量表, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标尺 热感觉 湿感觉 风感觉 热舒适评价
+3 很热 非常潮湿 极大 -
+2 潮湿 较大 -
$+ 1$ 有点热 微湿 稍大 -
0 中性温度 刚好 中性 舒适
-1 有点冷 微干 稍小 轻微不舒适
  • 2
干燥 较小 不舒适
-3 很冷 非常干燥 极小 极不舒适
), ArticleFig(id=1153991669641896108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Standard deviation of physical environment of elevated stations in summer, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车站 空气温度/℃ 相对湿度/% 空气流速/(m/s)
站台 站厅 站台 站厅 站台 站厅
三阳路 1.68 1.70 6.02 6.33 0.47 0.26
徐州新村 1.75 1.60 7.05 8.00 0.49 0.16
二七路 1.62 1.48 6.38 6.54 0.90 0.15
航空总部 2.31 1.28 7.00 5.62 0.29 0.19
宋家岗 2.19 1.40 7.06 5.93 0.33 0.17
), ArticleFig(id=1153991669704810670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=CN, label=表 4, caption=夏季高架车站物理环境标准差, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车站 空气温度/℃ 相对湿度/% 空气流速/(m/s)
站台 站厅 站台 站厅 站台 站厅
三阳路 1.68 1.70 6.02 6.33 0.47 0.26
徐州新村 1.75 1.60 7.05 8.00 0.49 0.16
二七路 1.62 1.48 6.38 6.54 0.90 0.15
航空总部 2.31 1.28 7.00 5.62 0.29 0.19
宋家岗 2.19 1.40 7.06 5.93 0.33 0.17
), ArticleFig(id=1153991669767725234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Thermal sensation and physiological reaction of SET*, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SET*/℃ 热感觉 热舒适度 人坐着时的生理反应
37.5
很热 很不舒适 体温调节失效
34.5~37.5 很不满意 大量出汗
30.0~34.5 暖和 不满意 出汗
25.6~30.0 稍暖 稍不满意 轻度出汗,血管舒张
${22.2} \sim {25.6}$ 舒适 可接受 热中性
17.5 ~ 22.2 稍凉 稍不满意 血管收缩
14.5 ~ 17.5 不满意 体温缓慢下降
10.0~14.5 很不满意 寒战
), ArticleFig(id=1153991669826445492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146123302524792850, articleId=1149742002801131763, language=CN, label=表 5, caption=SET*的热感觉和生理反应 [ 13 ] , figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SET*/℃ 热感觉 热舒适度 人坐着时的生理反应
37.5
很热 很不舒适 体温调节失效
34.5~37.5 很不满意 大量出汗
30.0~34.5 暖和 不满意 出汗
25.6~30.0 稍暖 稍不满意 轻度出汗,血管舒张
${22.2} \sim {25.6}$ 舒适 可接受 热中性
17.5 ~ 22.2 稍凉 稍不满意 血管收缩
14.5 ~ 17.5 不满意 体温缓慢下降
10.0~14.5 很不满意 寒战
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武汉高架地铁车站夏季热环境与热舒适研究
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陈晓卫 , 张弛 , 杨彩虹 , 何宇 , 王博
都市快轨交通 | 快轨论坛 2024,37(6): 48-56
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都市快轨交通 | 快轨论坛 2024, 37(6): 48-56
武汉高架地铁车站夏季热环境与热舒适研究
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陈晓卫 , 张弛, 杨彩虹, 何宇, 王博
作者信息
  • 河北工程大学 建筑与艺术学院 河北邯郸 056038
  • 陈晓卫,男,硕士,副教授,从事绿色建筑、城市轨道交通研究,

Research on Summer Thermal Environment and Comfort in Elevated Subway Stations in Wuhan
Xiaowei CHEN , Chi ZHANG, Caihong YANG, Yu HE, Bo WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Architecture and Art Hebei University of Engineering Handan Hebei 056038
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.007
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为探究武汉市高架地铁车站热环境与热舒适性,确定乘客热舒适区间,了解高架车站建筑形态对乘客热舒适的影响,使用仪器测量和主观问卷相结合的方法,在夏季典型日对5个典型高架车站进行研究。通过对2个车站的标准有效溫度(standard effective temperature,SET*)和平均热感觉投票(mean thermal voting, MTS)进行线性拟合,并与预测热感觉(predicted thermal sensation,PTS)进行对比,获得乘客的热感觉区间,为提供健康、舒适、节能的地铁环境,提出夏热冬冷地区改善热环境的措施。研究结果表明:多数时刻车站并不能满足《地铁设计规范》GB 50157—2013的要求,站内空气温度过高,车站相对湿度基本满足标准,大部分车站空气流速较低;车站形态与乘客热舒适有较大关系,夏季乘客更偏好开敞站台;PTS曲线始终高于 SET*MTS曲线,乘客夏季热适应能力超过预期。研究成果可以为该地区高架地铁车站热舒适提升及绿色转型提供理论参考。

高架地铁车站  /  夏热冬冷地区  /  热环境  /  热舒适

This study investigated the thermal environment and comfort in elevated subway stations in Wuhan, determined passenger thermal comfort ranges, and examined the impact of station architectural forms on passenger comfort during typical summer days at five representative stations. The research combined instrumental measurements with subjective surveys. Linear fits were applied to the standard effective temperature (SET*) and mean thermal sensation vote (MTS) at two stations, and these were compared with the predicted thermal sensation (PTS) to determine passengers' thermal sensation ranges. The results indicated that the stations tended to fail to meet the requirements of the "Code for design code (GB 501572013)". Additionally, indoor air temperatures were frequently too high, relative humidity largely met the standard, and air velocities in most stations were low. Survey data suggest that station design significantly affects passenger thermal comfort, revealing a preference for open platforms during summer. Moreover, the PTS curve remained consistently higher than the SET*MTS curve, indicating that passengers' summer thermal adaptations exceeded expectations. Finally, common shading, ventilation, and thermal environment improvement measures for regions with hot summers and cold winters were proposed alongside theoretical insights for enhancing thermal comfort and supporting green transitions in elevated subway stations in Wuhan.

elevated subway station  /  hot summer and cold winter zone  /  thermal environment  /  thermal comfort
陈晓卫, 张弛, 杨彩虹, 何宇, 王博. 武汉高架地铁车站夏季热环境与热舒适研究. 都市快轨交通, 2024 , 37 (6) : 48 -56 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.007
Xiaowei CHEN, Chi ZHANG, Caihong YANG, Yu HE, Bo WANG. Research on Summer Thermal Environment and Comfort in Elevated Subway Stations in Wuhan[J]. Urban Rapid Rail Transit, 2024 , 37 (6) : 48 -56 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.007
在城镇人口不断增加的趋势下, 城市轨道交通以其较少的土地资源占用、高效的运力等优势, 得到迅速发展, 其运营里程逐年攀升。截至 2023 年底, 中国城市轨道交通运营里程达到11 232.65 km [ 1 ] 。其中高架线路的建造成本、运营成本等都远远低于地下线路。 但由于高架地铁车站建筑形态的特殊性, 内部热环境容易受到室外环境的影响。随着生活品质的不断提升, 人们对高架地铁车站的热舒适需求也不断提高。
在针对地铁车站环境的研究中, 大部分研究对象为地下车站,对高架车站的研究较少。CAO 等 [ 2 ] 研究了西安冬季高架地铁车站进站过程的热损失率(heat deficit rate, HDR), 结果表明自然通风车站并不能满足冬季乘客热舒适需求, 由此提出了优化维护结构、 加装空调设备的策略。张亚峰等 [ 3 ] 对沙特麦加轻轨站台进行热舒适调查,发现热中性温度为 ${31}^{\circ }\mathrm{C},{80}\%$ 满意率的温度区间为 ${27.7}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}\sim {34.3}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,由于乘客对沙漠气候的适应性, 使得预测平均投票(predicted mean vote, PMV)远高于实际平均投票(actual mean vote, AMV) 值。HAN 等 [ 4 ] 调查了韩国首尔地铁,得到其舒适范围为标准有效温度 ${15.9}\sim {31.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,相较于其他国家舒适范围较宽。由此可见, 人们对经常生活的当地气候有一定的热适应性, 且高架地铁车站大多采用自然通风, 热环境远不如地下车站稳定。因此本文选用更能反映人体调节和适用温度更广的标准有效温度(standard effective temperature, SET*)来评价乘客的热舒适。
本文采用实地调研、实测和问卷的方法对武汉市高架地铁车站进行热环境调查, 分析现有车站热环境存在的问题, 了解乘客对车站热舒适的需求, 构建夏季热舒适模型, 并提出热环境与热舒适优化策略。
武汉 $\left({{30.62}^{\circ }\mathrm{N},{114.30}^{\circ }\mathrm{E}}\right)$ 位于江汉平原东部,被长江及其最大支流汉江分为三镇, 湖泊面积超过全市面积的 1/4 ,其全年平均相对湿度均在 70%以上。夏季长 135 天,冬季长 110 天,春秋两季较短。属于夏热冬冷 A 区,全年平均温湿度见 图 1
为研究武汉市高架地铁车站夏季热环境及热舒适, 在夏季典型日 2023 年 8 月 1-6 日及地铁人群主要乘坐时间段 8:00-18:00 , 选取 5 座典型高架地铁车站进行热环境实测和热舒适调查, 这些车站的特征见 表 1 。高架地铁车站的开敞程度对内部热环境有较大影响, 图 2 将高架地铁车站的开敞程度划分为开敞式、 半开敞式和封闭式 3 种。选取的 5 个典型车站中, 1 号线徐州新村站、二七路站、三阳路站均无改善舒适措施,2 号线宋家岗站和航空总部站各设了 2 个 ${40}{\mathrm{\;m}}^{2}$ 的空调候车室。
根据《民用建筑室内热湿环境评价标准》(GB/T 50785-2012 ) [ 5 ] ,对选取的 5 个典型高架地铁车站进行热环境实测, 测试仪器及内容见表 2。在站台两端和中部各设置 1 个测试点, 其中侧式站台设置 A、B、C、 D、E、F 共 6 个点; 岛式站台设置 A、B、C 共 3 个点; 在空调候车室、站厅和室外分别设置K、G、W 各 1 个测试点, 测点分布见图 3 。在测试空气流速时选择没有列车进出站的时间段, 避免列车运行带来的风速变化,利用 Testo Smart 软件记录测试时间段 3 min 内的风速最大、最小和平均值。
乘客进站、检票、上楼、候车经过的一系列空间热环境差别较大, 且过程包括行走、站立等动作, 因此热感觉和代谢率处于一个动态的过程。为了准确了解乘客对站台的热舒适感觉,对在站台上停留 $1\mathrm{\;{min}}$ 以上的乘客进行热舒适问卷调查。根据 ASHRAE Standard 55-2013 [ 6 ] 和文献[ 5 ]建立热舒适问卷。问卷内容包括客观调查(如性别、年龄、乘坐频率、出行目的)和对热环境的主观满意度(包括热感觉、湿感觉、风感觉及相应偏好值等),主观评价的投票量表见 表 3
选取二七路站和航空总部站的室外测点来代表市区与郊区温湿度差异, 室外数据是在室外无遮挡情况下测量的,温湿度变化见 图 4 。夏季市区温度为 28.1~ ${46}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,相对湿度为 ${33.4}\%\sim {97.4}\%$ ,郊区温度为 ${27.3}\sim$ 44.9℃,相对湿度为 31.8%~90.1%;在白天(8:00-18:00), 市区和郊区室外平均温度分别为 ${38.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${38.1}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,平均相对湿度分别为 49.4%和 50.6%,差距较小;在晚上平均温度均为 ${32.1}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,平均相对湿度分别为 ${64.0}\%$ 和 61.4%,主要原因是市区测点距离长江较近,因此平均相对湿度更高。
5 个典型高架地铁车站的建筑风格不同, 武汉 2 号线 2 个车站的屋顶形态相似, 都是圆弧形, 航空总部站建筑形态封闭, 站台缺乏通风带走热量, 而宋家岗站的站台采用了百叶通风;站厅层方面,航空总部站采用飞机翱翔的建筑造型, 可以带来部分遮阳、隔热的效果, 宋家岗站仅在内部增设遮阳帘。通过温湿度记录仪获取实测时间段(2023 年 8 月 1-6 日每天 8:00- 18:00)中 5 个车站站台、站厅的空气温度, 并将其分别对比, 2 号线空气温度对比如图 5所示。在实测时间段内,航空总部站站台和站厅空气温度分别为30.6~39.5℃和30.6~36.4℃;宋家岗站的站台和站厅空气温度分别为30.2~38.8℃和31.2~36.8℃。
1 号线选取的 3 个车站中,三阳路站经过改扩,站台宽度扩大了约 4.5 倍, 最大净高扩大了约 1.5 倍, 虽然人流量较大, 但因空间较大降低了热发散。二七路站的站台立面无遮阳措施, 太阳高度角较低时对站台直接辐射, 但开敞的建筑形态带来的良好通风带走部分热量。徐州新村站屋顶遮阳板效果有限,且站台立面无遮阳措施、两端封闭。3 个站台空气温度对比见 图 6 。由 图 6 可知, 在实测时间段内, 徐州新村站空气温度为 ${30.6}^{\circ }{30.2}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,二七路站为 ${30.5}^{\circ }\sim {38.1}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,三阳路站为 ${30.7}\sim {38.0}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$
将 5 个典型车站的空气温度绘制成箱型图见图 7, 可以发现温度均超过了《地铁设计规范》(GB 50157- 2013)中夏季最高温度35℃的限值 [ 7 ] 。站台层受太阳热辐射影响更大, 因此站台层平均温度均高于站厅层, 其中徐州新村站台平均温度最高,为 35.4℃,宋家岗站台平均温度最低,为 34.5℃。空调候车室平均温度为26.8℃,显著低于站台温度,能为乘客提供一个较为舒适的候车环境。
武汉高架地铁车站除空调候车室外, 其余均为自然通风,因此湿度受周边环境影响较大。目前对于高架车站的湿度虽然没有相关标准规范, 但现有研究[ 8 ] 已表明过高或过低的湿度均会降低热舒适度, 且会导致健康问题。参考相关研究[ 9 - 10 ]确定乘客舒适湿度区间为 30%~70%。
将实测相对湿度绘制成箱型图如 图 8 所示。由 图 8 可知: 车站相对湿度基本在 50%~80%; 站台平均相对湿度均低于站厅, 候车室内有空调调节, 相对湿度基本在 30%~70%。
选取的 5 个典型车站均采用自然通风, 在夏季湿热气候条件下,太阳辐射温度较低,风速低于 ${0.6}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ 时,人会感觉非常不舒适 [ 11 ] 。根据实测数据绘制空气流速箱型图如 图 9 所示。由 图 9 可知: 二七路站台平均空气流速最大,实测最大瞬时风速为 ${4.17}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ ,这主要是因为其除屋顶外站台全开敞,空气流通顺畅, 其他 4 个站台风速都较低。站厅由于建筑尺度和窗户可开启扇面积较小, 导致空气流速均较低, 容易使乘客感到不适。
高架车站
对夏季实测时段 5 个典型车站的所有实测结果进行统计, 并计算标准差列于 表 4 。标准差越大, 表示该空间的物理环境波动越大。从 表 4 可知, 在夏季 1 号线站台的空气温度和相对湿度波动小于 2 号线, 站厅波动大于 2 号线。徐州新村站因周边树木较多、屋顶有开口, 因此相对湿度波动相对较大。 1 号线站台的空气流速波动大于 2 号线, 站厅因 5 个车站均相对封闭,因此波动基本相当。
1) 乘客基本信息。针对二七路站和航空总部站调查得到的总计 718 份有效问卷进行分析, 得出乘客的详细信息如 图 10 所示。由 图 10 可知: 地铁主要乘坐人群年龄为 18~30 岁;车站座位较少,因此主要选择站立乘客进行热舒适调查; 受试者大部分乘坐地铁较为频繁,因此调查也更具有代表性。
2) 服装热阻。对高架车站乘客着装进行统计, 并根据文献[ 5 ]中国有代表性成年服装热阻叠加计算, 得出夏季乘客平均服装热阻约为 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;{clo}}$
3) 新陈代谢率。地铁车站的乘客在行走和站立之间切换,行走速度约为 $2 \sim 3\mathrm{\;{km}}/\mathrm{h}$ ,根据文献[ 5 ]中常见活动代谢率,计算出乘客平均新陈代谢率约为 $2\mathrm{{met}}$
对问卷调查结果进行分析, 得到车站环境主观评价结果见 图 11图 11 (a)为两个车站热感觉的投票对比,“很热” 的比例分别为 30.9%和 37.9%,“热” 的比例分别为 26.3%和 30.1%,一半以上乘客都认为站台过热,“中性温度” 的乘客比例在二七路站为 11.5%,航空总部站仅为 3.2%,两个站的乘客对冷端的投票很少。 图 11 (b)为两个车站的湿感觉投票,认为 “刚好” 的乘客比例分别为 56.0%和 45.1%,虽然两个车站平均湿度均约为 60%,但乘客表现了良好的湿适应性,二七路站投票更高主要是因为地处市区,本地乘客更多。 图 11 (c)为两个站台风感觉投票,二七路站有 1.7%的乘客认为 “较小”,7.5%的乘客认为 “稍小”,但航空总部站有 12.0%的乘客认为 “极小”,27.9%的乘客认为 “较小”,35.4%的乘客认为 “稍小”,这说明大部分乘客对航空总部站风环境不满意, 两个站认为 “中性” 的乘客分别为 37.8%和 14.5%,因此二七路站吹风感较强, 这主要是由于建筑形态的不同而导致。 图 11 (d)是两个站的热舒适投票,可以发现一半以上的乘客处于不舒适区间,“轻微不舒适” 的投票比例分别为 31.7%和 26%,“舒适” 的比例分别为 12.7%和 8.6%。
通过以上对乘客主观评价分析可以发现, 两个车站的湿环境能满足大部分乘客的需求。热环境和热舒适都不能满足乘客需求, 大部分乘客都处于过热且不舒适的状态。风环境方面, 航空总部站不能满足乘客需求, 封闭式车站的内部空气流速较差。
SET 由 Gagge 根据二节点模型提出, 基于人体生理反应, 分析人体与周围空气传热而产生, 虽然最终以温度形式显示, 但实际上反映了人体在一定环境下的热感觉[ 12 ]。不同 SET 对应的热感觉、热舒适度和生理反应见 表 5
通过实测热环境参数和热舒适调查的乘客服装热阻和新陈代谢率,计算出各个车站的 SET 值并绘制成箱型图见 图 12 。根据 表 5 的 3 个中性 SET 等级,即 SET ${17.5}\sim {30}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ ,结合 图 12 对车站 SET 温度的统计, 可以发现夏季空调候车室热环境基本处于舒适水平甚至部分偏冷, 但站台和站厅的 SET 大部分时间却处于不舒适的状态。除航空总部站外, 其他车站站台的 SET 都小于站厅, 这是因为航空总部站的站台较为封闭, 通风能力较差, 因此 SET*反而更高。
以预测热感觉(predicted thermal sensation, PTS) 为因变量,利用 表 5 的数据绘制 SET -PTS 曲线,计算 718 份问卷对应的 SET 值,并使用温度频率法 [ 10 ] (bin 法)将 SET 以 0.5 °C 为间隔划分成多个区间, 以每一区间的平均 SET 为自变量, 平均热感觉投票(mean thermal voting, MTS)为因变量, 与 SET 进行一元线性拟合, 两个车站的 SET -MTS 线性回归方程的散点图如 图 13 所示。拟合线的斜率反映了乘客的热适应能力, 斜率越小, 热适应能力越强, 而截距则反映了中性温度。当SET ${}^{* }< {34.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,两个车站乘客热适应能力与 PTS 相似, 但中性温度均高于 PTS。当 SET*> ${34.5}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$ 时,两个车站乘客热适应能力均强于 $\mathrm{{PTS}}$
从分析结果来看, 在相同 SET*下, 乘客在二七路站的热感觉始终低于航空总部站,且随着温度的升高, 差距更明显。这主要是由于开敞的站台形态带来较高的空气流速, 促进汗液蒸发缓解了乘客的热不适。
高架地铁车站遮阳措施一般设置在站台侧面, 以防止太阳在低角度时对站台的直射。常见遮阳措施有百叶、穿孔遮阳板或遮阳篷, 后期在玻璃上贴抗光膜、 增加遮阳帘也是有效的遮阳措施。常见的遮阳措施形式如 图 14 所示, 应根据车站朝向、当地气候、经济性等不同条件有针对性地设立有效的遮阳措施。
地铁车站自然通风一般分为热压通风和活塞通风。热压通风即利用风力带来的气压变化或烟囱效应带来的热能变化来产生空气流动, 常见的有对流通风和烟囱通风。而活塞通风则利用列车行驶带动的空气流动进行通风。地铁车站主要的自然通风形式如 图 15 所示。
除上述遮阳、自然通风等被动式手段, 从技术难易和经济合理性出发,可实施的提高舒适度手段排序应为: 机械通风、局部设置空调候车室、封闭站台设置集中空调系统等主动措施。当前对高架地铁车站热环境要求的相关规范还较少, 随着人们对舒适的要求不断提高, 同时为考虑老人、儿童等弱势人群和地铁工作人员的热舒适需求, 应在绿色节能的基础上建立相关热舒适规范, 满足各类人群的乘车需求。
1) 在夏季实测时间段内, 大部分乘客对站台湿度基本满意, 但对温度和部分车站空气流速不满意, 其中航空总部站的站台平均空气流速最低,为 ${0.4}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ , 二七路站的站台瞬时最高空气流速最高,达到 ${4.19}\mathrm{\;m}/\mathrm{s}$ , 对乘客乘车安全无明显影响。
2) 夏季高架地铁车站的乘客主要为 ${18}\sim {30}$ 岁的年轻人,但 60 岁以上和 18 岁以下的乘客也占相当一部分比例。乘客平均服装热阻约为 ${0.4}\mathrm{{clo}}$ ,平均新陈代谢率约为 $2\mathrm{{met}}$
3) 乘客对热的适应和承受能力较强, 导致 PTS 全程高估了乘客的可接受温度, 且高估值随着 SET*的升高而增大。夏季高架地铁车站的空气流速对改善湿热环境十分重要, 空气流速高的车站可以大大缓解乘客因天气炎热造成的不适感。
本文仅对夏热冬冷地区典型城市武汉的高架地铁车站夏季热环境与热舒适进行了研究, 实际上, 光环境、声环境、空气质量等因素对地铁环境的影响也很大。后续将对影响地铁车站环境的多维因素进行研究, 探讨各变量之间的相互影响关系, 以营造健康、舒适、 节能的地铁环境。
  • 河北省文化艺术科学规划和旅游研究项目(HB22-YB113)
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2024年第37卷第6期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6073.2024.06.007
  • 接收时间:2023-12-31
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-31
  • 修回日期:2024-08-05
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河北省文化艺术科学规划和旅游研究项目(HB22-YB113)
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    河北工程大学 建筑与艺术学院 河北邯郸 056038
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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